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US6004790A - Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase variants - Google Patents

Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase variants Download PDF

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US6004790A
US6004790A US08/947,965 US94796597A US6004790A US 6004790 A US6004790 A US 6004790A US 94796597 A US94796597 A US 94796597A US 6004790 A US6004790 A US 6004790A
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variant
amino acid
cgtase
alanine
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Lubbert Dijkhuizen
Bauke W. Dijkstra
Carsten Andersen
Claus von der Osten
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Novozymes AS
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/1048—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12N9/1051—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • C12N9/1074—Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (2.4.1.19)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/24—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2)
    • C12N9/2402—Hydrolases (3) acting on glycosyl compounds (3.2) hydrolysing O- and S- glycosyl compounds (3.2.1)
    • C12N9/2405—Glucanases
    • C12N9/2408—Glucanases acting on alpha -1,4-glucosidic bonds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
    • C12P19/18—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a glycosyl transferase, e.g. alpha-, beta- or gamma-cyclodextrins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Y—ENZYMES
    • C12Y204/00—Glycosyltransferases (2.4)
    • C12Y204/01—Hexosyltransferases (2.4.1)
    • C12Y204/01019—Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (2.4.1.19)

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to variants of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase. More specifically the invention relates to a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or product selectivity of a precursor CGTase enzyme, and CGTase variants derived from a precursor CGTase enzyme by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s), which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate. Moreover, the invention relates to DNA constructs encoding the CGTase variants, expression vectors, host cells and methods of producing the CGTase variants of the invention.
  • Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.19), also designated cyclodextrin glucanotransferase or cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, in the following termed CGTase, catalyses the conversion of starch and similar substrates into cyclomaltodextrins via an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction, thereby forming cyclomaltodextrins, in the following termed cyclodextrins (or CD), of various sizes.
  • CGTase Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.19)
  • CGTase catalyses the conversion of starch and similar substrates into cyclomaltodextrins via an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction, thereby forming cyclomaltodextrins, in the following termed cyclodextrins (
  • cyclodextrins of 6, 7 and 8 glucose units which are termed ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins, respectively.
  • cyclodextrins of 9, 10, and 11 glucose units which are termed ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrins, respectively.
  • Cyclodextrins are thus cyclic glucose oligomers with a hydrophobic internal cavity. They are able to form inclusion complexes with many small hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solutions, resulting in changes in physical properties, e.g. increased solubility and stability and decreased chemical reactivity and volatility. Cyclodextrins find applications particularly in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
  • CGTases have both starch-degrading activity and transglycosylation activity. Although some CGTases produce mainly ⁇ -cyclodextrins and some CGTases produce mainly ⁇ -cyclodextrins, CGTases usually form a mixture of ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins. Selective precipitation steps with organic solvents may be used for the isolation of separate ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins. To avoid expensive and environmentally harmful procedures, the availability of CGTases capable of producing an increased ratio of one particular type of cyclodextrin is desirable.
  • CGTases from different bacterial sources including CGTases obtained from Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Thermoanaerobacter and Thermoanaerobacterium have been described in the literature.
  • EP 614971 describes a Brevibacterium CGTase, Haeckel & Bahl [Haeckel K, Bahl H; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1989 60 333-338] describe Clostridium thermosulfurogenes CGTase, Podkovyrov & Zeikus [Podkovyrov S M, Zeikus J G; J. Bacteriol. 1992 174 5400-5405] describe a Clostridium thermohydrosulfricum CGTase, JP 7000183 describes a Corynebacterium CGTase, Binder et al.
  • thermophilic Actinomycetes have been reported [Abelian V A, Afyan K B, Avakian Z G, Melkumyan A G and Afrikian E G; Biochemistry (Moscow) 1995 60 (10) 1223-1229].
  • CGTases are functionally related to ⁇ -amylases. CGTases and ⁇ -amylases both degrade starch by hydrolysis of the ⁇ -(1,4)-glycosidic bonds, but produce virtually exclusively cyclic and linear products, respectively.
  • CGTases and ⁇ -amylases possess a high overall amino acid sequence identity, more than 60%.
  • CGTases and ⁇ -amylases share about 30% amino acid sequence identity.
  • the active site clefts of CGTases and ⁇ -amylases, located between the A and B domain are rather similar.
  • the catalytic site of CGTases is located in the A domain, and has three catalytic residues (in Bacillus circulans strain 251 these are Asp229, Glu257 and Asp328, respectively, cf. Strokopytov et al. 1995, op cit.).
  • a central amino acid residue is located in the B domain, around which residue the cyclodextrins are formed, i.e. the cyclization axis. Substitution of this central residue, e.g.
  • Nakamura et al. [Nakamura A, Haga K and Yamane K; Biochemistry 1994 33 9929-9936] describe the effects on substrate binding and cyclization characteristics by replacements carried out at four residues in the active center of a Bacillus sp. Strain 1011 CGTase.
  • a phenylalanine at position 183 has been replaced by leucine
  • a tyrosine at position 195 has been replaced by alanine
  • phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, valine, and tryptophan respectively
  • a phenylalanine at position 259 has been replaced by leucine
  • a phenylalanine at position 283 has been replaced by leucine.
  • Penninga et al. [Penninga D, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Lawson C L, Dijkstra B W, Bergsma J and Dijkhuizen L; Biochemistry 1995 34 3368-3376] describe the effect on activity and product selectivity of site-directed mutations in tyrosine at position 195 of a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase.
  • four CGTase variants have been produced, in which variants the tyrosine at position 195 have been replaced by phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine and glycine, respectively.
  • Fujiware et al. [Fujiwara S, Kakihara H, Sakaguchi K and Imanaka T; J. Bacteriol. 1992 174 (22) 7478-7481] describe CGTase variants derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus, in which a tyrosine residue at position 191 (corresponding to position 195 CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine, a tryptophan residue at position 254 (corresponding to position 258, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by valine, a phenylalanine at position 255 (corresponding to position 259, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine and isoleucine, respectively, a threonine residue at position 591 (corresponding to position 598, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine, and a tryptophan residue at position 629 (corresponding to position 636, CGTase numbering)
  • JP-A-7023781 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus sp. 1011, in which a tyrosine residue at position 195 has been replaced by leucine, valine, phenylalanine and isoleucine, respectively.
  • JP-A-5244945 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus TC-91, in which tyrosine residues at positions 222 and 286 (corresponding to positions 195 and 259, CGTase numbering) have been replaced by phenylalanine in order to increase the relative production of ⁇ -cyclodextrin to ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • JP-A-5041985 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus sp. #1011, in which histidine at residue 140 in region A, histidine at residue 233 in region B, and histidine at residue 327 in region C, respectively, have been replaced by arginine and asparagine residues, respectively.
  • EP 630,967 describes CGTase variants in which a tyrosine residue at position 211 of a Bacillus sp. 290-3 CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), at position 217 of a Bacillus sp. 1-1 CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), and at position 229 of a Bacillus circulans CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), have been substituted for tryptophan and serine.
  • the invention provides a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or product selectivity of a precursor CGTase enzyme, which method comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) of the precursor enzyme, which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate.
  • the invention provides a CGTase variant derived from a precursor CGTase enzyme by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s), which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate.
  • the invention provides a DNA construct encoding a CGTase variant of the invention.
  • the invention provides a recombinant expression vector comprising the DNA construct of the invention.
  • the invention provides a host cell comprising the DNA construct of the invention, or the recombinant expression vector of the invention.
  • the invention provides a method of producing a CGTase variant of the invention, which method comprises culturing the host cell of the invention under conditions permitting the production of the CGTase variant, and recovering the enzyme from the culture.
  • the invention provides CGTase variants for use in processes for the manufacture of cyclodextrins, in processes for the manufacture of linear oligosaccharides, and in processes for in situ generation of cyclodextrins.
  • a CGTase variant of this invention is a CGTase variant or mutated CGTase, having an amino acid sequence not found in nature.
  • a CGTase variant or mutated CGTase of this invention is a functional derivative of a precursor CGTase enzyme (i.e. the native, parental, or wild-type enzyme), and may be obtained by alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence of a precursor gene or its derivatives, encoding the precursor enzyme.
  • the CGTase variant or mutated CGTase may be expressed and produced when the DNA nucleotide sequence encoding the CGTase variant is inserted into a suitable vector in a suitable host organism.
  • the host organism is not necessarily identical to the organism from which the precursor gene originated.
  • enzyme variants have also been referred to as mutants or muteins.
  • substitution of serine with alanine in position 145 is designated as S145A.
  • Amino acid residues which represent insertions in relation to the amino acid sequence of the CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 are numbered by the addition of letters in alphabetical order to the preceding CGTase number, such as e.g. position 91aF for the "insert" Phe between Thr at position 91 and Gly at position 92 of the amino acid sequence of the CGTase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, cf. Table 1 (j).
  • P149* Deletion of a proline at position 149 is indicated as P149*, and an insertion between position 147 and 148 where no amino acid residue is present, is indicated as *147aD for insertion of an aspartic acid in position 147a.
  • slash marks e.g. S145A/D147L, representing mutations in positions 145 and 147 substituting serine with alanine and aspartic acid with leucine, respectively.
  • FIG. 1 shows a model of the structure of the active site cleft (domains A and B) of a CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, which has been complexed with a linear starch molecule, and residues involved in the enzyme-substrate interactions;
  • FIG. 2 shows the formation (% cyclodextrin) of ⁇ - ( ⁇ ), ⁇ - ( ⁇ ), and ⁇ -cyclodextrin ( ⁇ ) from 10% PaselliTM WA4 (pre-gelatinized drum-dried starch) during a 50 hour incubation at 50° C. catalyzed by (A) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (B) the Y89D CGTase variant, (C) the S146P CGTase variant, and (D) the Y89D/S146P CGTase variant;
  • A wild-type enzyme
  • B Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase
  • B the Y89D CGTase variant
  • C the S146P CGTase variant
  • D the Y89D/S146P CGTase variant
  • FIG. 3 shows the construction of plasmid pDP66K, subcloning steps are indicated adjacent to the arrows;
  • FIG. 4 shows the results of starch binding experiments (% of protein bound to raw starch) at starch concentrations of from 0 to 8% raw starch, ( ⁇ ) without ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and ( ⁇ ) with 0.1 mM ⁇ -cyclodextrin; (a) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (b) the W616A/W662A variant, and (c) the Y633A variant;
  • FIG. 5 shows the results of reaction kinetic experiments (activity, U/mg) on PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch) at concentrations of from 0 to 5% PaselliTM, ( ⁇ ) without ⁇ -cyclodextrin, ( ⁇ ) with 0.1 mM ⁇ -cyclodextrin, and ( ⁇ ) with 0.2 mM ⁇ -cyclodextrin; (a) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (b) the W616A/W662A variant, and (c) the Y633A variant;
  • PaselliTM SA2 i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch
  • FIG. 6 shows the results of reaction kinetic experiments (activity, U/mg) on raw starch at starch concentration of from 0 to 60% raw starch, ( ⁇ ) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), ( ⁇ ) the W616A/W662A variant, and ( ⁇ ) the Y633A variant; the dotted line indicates the modelled curve resulting from the supposed interaction between MBS2 on the E domain and MBS3 on the C domain;
  • FIG. 7 shows the product formation ( ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation; ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation, and ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (N193G, FIG. 7B, and Y89G, FIG. 7C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 7A) during incubation for 0 to 45 hours;
  • FIG. 8 shows the product formation ( ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation; ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation, and ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (*145aI, FIG. 8B, and D371G, FIG. 8C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 8A) during incubation for 0 to 45 hours;
  • FIG. 9 shows the product formation ( ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation; ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation, and ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (N193G, FIG. 9B, and Y89G, FIG. 9C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 9A) during incubation for 0 to 10 hours; and
  • FIG. 10 shows the product formation ( ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation; ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation, and ⁇ ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (145aI, FIG. 10B, and D371G, FIG. 10C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 10A) during incubation for 0 to 10 hours.
  • the present invention provides a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or increasing the product selectivity of a CGTase enzyme, thereby obtaining a CGTase variant having a modified substrate binding capability and/or an increased product selectivity, as compared to the precursor enzyme.
  • a CGTase variant of modified substrate binding capability is meant to describe a CGTase variant that is able to more efficiently act on its substrate, and/or a CGTase variant that is less affected by product inhibition.
  • product inhibition is meant to describe the phenomenon that increasing amounts of product reduce or even inhibit the substrate conversion. It is desirable to obtain CGTase variants that are less affected by product inhibition (i.e. variants of reduced product inhibition).
  • a CGTase variant of increased product selectivity is meant to describe a CGTase variant that is able to more selectively produce any of the various cyclodextrins thereby increasing the ratio of the desired product, as compared to the precursor enzyme.
  • the present invention is based on the concept of removing and/or introducing "obstacles" in the subsites of the active site cleft, the substrate binding cleft, or the groove leading to these clefts, thereby facilitating introduction of the substrate and its disposition in such a way that products of a predetermined size are obtained, and in such a way that substrate binding is not inhibited by the product.
  • CGTase enzyme By modifying the substrate binding of a CGTase enzyme, its product selectivity can be modified in order that the CGTase variant is able to more selectively produce any of the various cyclodextrins, ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins. Even CGTases capable of producing ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrins with 9, 10 and 11 glucose units, respectively, may be obtained. Modification of the substrate binding of a CGTase may also reduce the tendency of product inhibition, thereby increasing the cyclodextrin yield of the CGTase variant.
  • the concept of the invention may be expressed differently as the modification of enzyme-substrate side chain intermolecular interactions.
  • the intermolecular interactions between substrate and CGTase can be changed in order to direct the substrate to a specific location in the active site cleft, thereby obtaining a cyclic or linear product of predefined size, preferably ⁇ -, a ⁇ - or a ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or ⁇ -, ⁇ , and ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or a linear oligosaccharide of similar size, preferably of 2-12 glucose units, more preferred 2-9 glucose units.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units C to I, preferably C to H, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 6 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (6 glucose units).
  • the formation of larger cyclodextrins and/or larger linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit I to J of FIG. 1.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units F to J, preferably H and I, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 7 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (7 glucose units).
  • the formation of e.g. ⁇ -cyclodextrins and/or small linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to G of FIG. 1.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units H to K, preferably I and J, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 8 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (8 glucose units).
  • the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units J to M, preferably K and L, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 9 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (9 glucose units).
  • cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units K to N, preferably L and M, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 10 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (10 glucose units).
  • the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
  • the introduction of more intermolecular interactions in the region around glucose units L to O, preferably M and N, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 11 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ⁇ -cyclodextrins (11 glucose units).
  • the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
  • the formation of linear oligosaccharides of desired length may be increased by combining the above conditions with substitution at the cyclization axis, corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering.
  • the CGTase enzyme subjected to the method of the invention may be any CGTase found in nature.
  • the CGTase preferably is a microbial enzyme, preferably a bacterial enzyme, and preferably the CGTase is derived from a strain of Bacillus, a strain of Brevibacterium, a strain of Clostridium, a strain of Corynebacterium, a strain of Klebsiella, a strain of Micrococcus, a strain of Thermoanaerobium, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium, or a strain of Thermoactinomyces.
  • the CGTase is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, a strain of Bacillus subtilis, a strain of Klebsiella pneumonia, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter finnii, a strain of Clostridium thermoamylolyticum, a strain of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, or a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium thermos
  • the CGTase is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627 was deposited according to the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA, on Jun. 3, 1987.
  • the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251 has been deposited in the open collection at Rijksinstituut voor Kingsgezondheid (RIV), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and allotted the accession number RIV 11115, and thus is publicly available.
  • the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) of the enzyme, which residue(s) hold a position close to the substrate, when the substrate has bound to the CGTase enzyme at its substrate binding sites.
  • the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of two or more amino acid residue(s), preferably of three or more amino acid residue(s).
  • a CGTase amino acid residue holding a position close to the substrate indicates an amino acid residue located within the enzyme in a way that it is within a potential intermolecular (i.e. enzyme-substrate) interactive distance from a glucose unit of the substrate (i.e. a polysaccharide).
  • potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
  • an amino acid position close to the substrate indicates a distance less than 8 ⁇ (angstrom), preferably less than 5 ⁇ , more preferred less than 3 ⁇ , from the substrate.
  • these distances are calculated using the CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 [cf. Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600], complexed with a derivative of maltonanose, the coordinates of which have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank, Biology Department, Bldg. 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, N.Y. 11973-5000, USA, under the entry code 1DIJ.
  • Knowledge of this structure makes it possible to identify similar positions in other CGTases, having a known primary structure, which positions corresponds to the positions stated in e.g. Table 2, cf. also Table 1.
  • the method of the invention comprises substituting one or more amino acid residue(s) of the CGTase enzyme, which residue(s) are located in one or more of the A, B, C and/or E domains, cf. Table 1.
  • sequence alignment and molecular modelling of a CGTase enzyme found in nature amino acid residues located close to the substrate can be identified.
  • sequence alignment the tertiary structure of any homologous CGTase can be modelled based on known three-dimensional CGTase structures.
  • Table 2 presents a list of CGTase amino acid positions located within 8 ⁇ from the substrate, and therefore to be considered in the context of this invention.
  • the amino acid residues are identified by CGTase numbering, which allows identification of the corresponding amino acid positions in any CGTase enzyme.
  • the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Table 2, below.
  • the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Tables 3-5, below.
  • the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Tables 6-8, below.
  • the substrate binding and product selectivity of a CGTase variant of the invention can be designed by removing existing and/or introducing potential intermolecular interactions between the CGTase variant and its substrate.
  • intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrogen bonding potentials are generally the following:
  • amino acids do not in general possess the potential ability to form side chain hydrogen bonds (i.e. no H-bonding capability):
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with salt bridge formation potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with polar interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrophobic interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with aromatic interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • the present invention provides novel CGTase variants, having an amino acid sequence not found in nature.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is regarded a derivative of a precursor CGTase enzyme (i.e. the native, parental, or wild-type enzyme).
  • the substrate binding and/or product selectivity has been modified, as compared to the precursor CGTase enzyme, by replacement, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) holding a position close to the substrate.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention may be derived from any CGTase enzyme found in nature.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention preferably is derived from a microbial enzyme, preferably a bacterial enzyme, and preferably the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Bacillus, a strain of Brevibacterium, a strain of Clostridium, a strain of Corynebacterium, a strain of Klebsiella, a strain of Micrococcus, a strain of Thermoanaerobium, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium, or a strain of Thermoactinomyces.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, a strain of Bacillus subtilis, a strain of Klebsiella pneumonia, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter finnii, a strain of Clostridium thermoamylolyticum, a strain of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, or a strain of Thermoanaero
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • an amino acid residue holding a position close to the substrate indicates an amino acid residue located within the enzyme in such a way that it is within a potential intermolecular (i.e. enzyme-substrate) interactive distance from a glucose unit of the substrate (i.e. a polysaccharide).
  • a potential intermolecular i.e. enzyme-substrate
  • a glucose unit of the substrate i.e. a polysaccharide
  • Examples of potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
  • an amino acid position close to the substrate indicates a distance less than 8 ⁇ (angstrom), preferably less than 5 ⁇ , more preferred less than 3 ⁇ , from the substrate.
  • CGTases have substrate binding regions located at the A domain, at the B domain, at the C domain and at the E domain. Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a CGTase variant, in which variant a substitution, an insertion and/or a deletion have been introduced at one or more of the amino acid residue(s) located in one or more of the A, B, C and E domains.
  • the invention provides a CGTase variant, in which variant a substitution, an insertion and/or a deletion have been introduced at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 2.
  • CGTase numbering a substitutions at positions 195 and 198 (CGTase numbering) have been accomplished, the CGTase is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) has been introduced.
  • a CGTase comprising any of the following specific mutations: H140R, H140N, F183L, H233R, H233N, W258V, F259L, F259I, F259Y, F283L, H327R, H327N, T598F and/or W636F, is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention, unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion of amino acid residue(s) at one or more positions not stated here has been introduced.
  • CGTase comprising any of the following specific mutations: F195Y/F259Y, W258V/F259I, T598F/W636F, and F183L/F259L, is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention, unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion of amino acid residue(s) at one or more positions has been introduced. Therefore such CGTase variants are disclaimed according to the present invention.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Tables 3-5.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Tables 6-8.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • intermolecular enzyme/substrate interactions have been modified, as compared to the precursor enzyme.
  • potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions. Such modifications may be accomplished by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the above described positions, according to the following guidance.
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrogen bonding potentials are generally the following:
  • amino acids do not in general possess the potential ability to form side chain hydrogen bonds (i.e. no H-bonding capability):
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with salt bridge formation potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with polar interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrophobic interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • Amino acid residues having side chains with aromatic interaction potentials are generally the following:
  • variants are obtained, which possess an altered number of hydrogen bonds or other interactions in the subsites of the active cleft or in the groove leading to this cleft or on the maltose binding sites.
  • interactions on or before subsites C-I of the substrate should be increased, and interactions on subsites I and higher should be decreased.
  • sterical hindrance could be applied to prevent binding on subsites I and higher.
  • Mutations which increase hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.:
  • H233Q relative to subsite B of the substrate
  • L197D or L197E subsite D
  • N94Q or N94K or N94R or N94W or N94F subsite E
  • D371N or D371G subsite E+F
  • Y89D subsite E
  • A144K or A144R or A144D subsite H
  • N193D or N193E subsite H
  • Y167F in order to release the residue at position 193 for H-bonding to subsite H
  • T185R or T185E or T185D on maltose binding site 2, cf. below.
  • Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft, and thus make new enzyme-substrate interactions are e.g.:
  • Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.:
  • a mutation which increases the hydrogen bonding relative to subsite H is e.g. A144R.
  • a mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. N88K.
  • S145W or S145Y or S145F, and S146W or S146I or S146R or S146P prevent binding on subsite I of the substrate.
  • L600W or L600F or L600Y (of maltose binding site 2, cf. below).
  • an ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW.
  • Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft close to the active site and thus create space for larger cyclodextrins are e.g.:
  • N88P Y89* (a deletion), 91aY (an insertion), V92* or N92*, and N94*.
  • a mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. S146E.
  • Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.
  • Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds from subsites D, E, F, H, I and J of the substrate are e.g.:
  • a mutation which introduce sterical hindrance between subsites I and J of the substrate, designed to shift the product ratio towards the production of smaller cyclodextrins is e.g. D147W.
  • a ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • a ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (X195L).
  • a CGTase variant of the invention capable of forming linear oligosaccharides may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a glycine residue (X195G).
  • Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft close to the active site and thus create space for larger cyclodextrins are e.g.:
  • N88P Y89* (a deletion), 91aY (an insertion), V92* or N92*, and N94*.
  • a mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. S146E.
  • Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.
  • Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds from subsites D, E, F and H of the substrate are e.g.:
  • Mutations which change the binding properties at subsites I and J of the substrate are e.g.:
  • X145aI or *145aI via insertion
  • S145A, and Q148E in particular S145A/X145aI or A145A/*145aI, and X145aI/Q148E or *145aI/Q148E.
  • Mutations which reduce the coupling activity at subsites A, D and E are e.g.:
  • Mutations reducing the coupling activity by changing specific binding of cyclodextrins is e.g. R47Q.
  • V21F or V21Y are V21F or V21Y.
  • a ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
  • a ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (X195W).
  • the variants of the invention may be combined with a substitution at the central amino acid residue forming the cyclization axis, corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering.
  • a substitution at the central amino acid residue forming the cyclization axis corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering.
  • tyrosine and phenylalanine are predominant in wild-type CGTases (cf. Table 1).
  • glycine is introduced at this position (X195G).
  • a CGTase variant of the invention is an enzyme which has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 9, below. As indicated in this table, the introduction of one or more of these substitutions/insertions/deletions lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity in respect of ⁇ -, ⁇ - or ⁇ -cyclodextrins, respectively.
  • the E domain of the Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase has now been identified as a raw starch binding domain.
  • MBS maltose binding sites
  • a CGTase variant of the invention is an enzyme which has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 10, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
  • Mutations which reduces non-competitive product inhibition are e.g.:
  • Y633A (takes place on MBS2, this mutation completely removes non-competitive product inhibition), 599aP or 599aR or 599aH, and L600R.
  • Residues 595-605 form a loop next to MBS2. Insertion enlarges the loop, thereby preventing binding of a cyclodextrin to MBS2 by sterical hindrance, while the role of MBS2 in guidance of the substrate chain is preserved. Mutations at position 600 and adjacent residues could reduce the binding of cyclic products to MBS2, while the binding of linear substrates remains unaffected. Substitution of leucine at position 600 with aspartate, alanine or glycine has minor effects on product inhibition. Substitution with arginine, due to its large size and charged nature, affect binding of cyclodextrins, thereby reducing product inhibition.
  • Mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions around MBS1, leading to decreased product affinity are e.g. W616A and/or W662A.
  • Mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions around MBS2, leading to decreased product affinity are e.g. L600A or L600S, and/or Y663A.
  • a mutations that decreases electrostatic interactions around MBS3, leading to decreased product affinity is e.g. W413A.
  • Second (malto-oligosaccharide) substrate is contemplated caused by coupling reactions. Reduction of this coupling reaction may be achieved by reducing the binding of the first (cyclodextrin) and second (malto-oligosaccharide) substrate.
  • Mutations reducing competitive product inhibition by reducing cyclodextrin binding are e.g.:
  • R47A or R47Q or R47L Y89G, D196A or D196L, D371G or D371N or D371A or D371L, and R375G or R375Q or R375N or R375A or R375L.
  • Mutations reducing competitive product inhibition by reducing binding of the second substrate are e.g.:
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 11, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity, as indicated in the table.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, or a strain of Bacillus subtilis.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 12, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
  • the invention provides the following CGTase variants:
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 21 holds a tyrosine residue (F21Y).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 47 holds a glutamine residue (R47Q), or an alanine residue (R47A), or a leucine residue (R47L), or a histidine residue (R47H).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 88 holds a proline residue (N88P) or a lysine residue (N88K).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 89 holds an aspartic acid residue (Y89D), or an alanine residue (Y89A), or a glycine residue (Y89G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 91a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*91aA), or a tyrosine residue (*91aY).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 94 holds a glutamine residue (N94Q), or a lysine residue (N94K), or an arginine residue (N94R), or a tryptophan residue (N94W), or a phenylalanine residue (N94F), or in which variant position 94 has been deleted (N94*).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 135 holds a leucine residue (D135L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P143X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue (P143A), or a glycine residue (P143G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (A144X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue (A144R), or a lysine residue (A144K), or an aspartic acid residue (A144D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S145X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue (S145A), or a glutamic acid (S145E), or a tryptophan residue (S145W), or a glycine residue (S145G), or a phenylalanine residue (S145F), or a tyrosine residue (S145Y), or a leucine residue (S145L).
  • S145A alanine residue
  • S145E glutamic acid
  • S145W tryptophan residue
  • S145G glycine residue
  • S145F phenylalanine residue
  • S145Y tyrosine residue
  • leucine residue S145L
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*145aX).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (*145aI).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 146 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S146X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 146 holds a proline residue (S146P), or an isoleucine residue (S146I), or a glutamine residue (S146Q), or a tryptophan residue (S146W), or an arginine residue (S146R), or a glutamic acid residue (S146E).
  • S146P proline residue
  • S146I isoleucine residue
  • S146Q glutamine residue
  • S146W tryptophan residue
  • S146R arginine residue
  • S146E glutamic acid residue
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147 holds an isoleucine residue (D147I), or a leucine residue (D147L), or an alanine residue (D147A), or a serine residue (D147S), or a tryptophan residue (D147W).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*147aA).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*147aX).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 148 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (Q148X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 148 holds an alanine residue (Q148A), or a glycine residue (Q148G), or a glutamic acid residue (Q148E), or an asparagine residue (Q148N).
  • a CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P149X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 180 holds a serine residue (G180S), an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 185 holds an arginine residue (T185R), or a glutamic acid residue (T185E), or an aspartic acid residue (T185D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 193 holds a glycine residue (N193G), or an alanine residue (N193A), or an aspartic acid residue (N193D), or a glutamic acid residue (N193E).
  • a CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D196X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 196 holds an alanine residue (D196A), a serine residue (D196S), or a leucine residue (D196L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 197 holds an aspartic acid residue (L197D), or a glutamic acid residue (L197E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 232 holds a glutamine residue (K232Q), or an asparagine residue (K232N), or an alanine residue (K232A), or a leucine residue (K232L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 264 holds a glutamine residue (E264Q), or an alanine residue (E264A), or an asparagine residue (E264N), or a leucine residue (E264L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 371 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D371X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 371 holds a glycine residue (D371G), or an asparagine residue (D371N), or an alanine residue (D371A), or a leucine residue (D371L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 375 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (R375X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 375 holds a proline residue (R375P), or a glycine residue (R375G), or a glutamine residue (R375Q), or an asparagine residue (R375N), or an alanine residue (R375A), or a leucine residue (R375L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 599a (via insertion) holds a proline residue (*599aP), or an arginine residue (*599aR), or a histidine residue (*599aH).
  • a CGTase variant which variant position 600 has been substituted for a different naturally occurring amino acid residue, in particular a tryptophan residue (L600W), a phenylalanine residue (L600F), a tyrosine residue (L600Y), an arginine residue (L600R), a proline residue (L600P), or an asparagine residue (L600N).
  • a tryptophan residue L600W
  • a phenylalanine residue L600F
  • a tyrosine residue L600Y
  • an arginine residue L600R
  • L600P proline residue
  • asparagine residue L600N
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue (W616A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 633 holds an alanine residue (Y633A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W662A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 47 holds a histidine residue, and at position 135 holds a leucine residue (R47H/D135L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 88 holds a proline residue, and at position 143 holds a glycine residue (N88P/P143G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 89 holds an aspartic acid residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (Y89D/S146P).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 89 holds a glycine residue, and at position 193 holds a glycine residue (Y89G/N193G).
  • a CGTase variant in which variant positions 92 and 94 have been deleted (V92*/N94*).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue (P143A/A144R).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W), and which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 143-148 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), the partial amino acid sequence GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), the partial amino acid sequence GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or the partial amino acid sequence GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue, at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (A144R/S145A/S146P).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (S145A/*145aI).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a glycine residue (S145A/S146G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a leucine residue, and at position 148 holds an asparagine residue (S145L/Q148N).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a glutamic acid residue, and in position 146 holds a proline residue or a glutamine residue (S145E/S146P or S145E/S146Q).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue, and in position 146 holds a tryptophan residue, or an isoleucine residue, or an arginine residue (S145W/S146W or S145W/S146I or S145W/S146R).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (S145A/*145aI/Q148E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (*145aI/Q148E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue, and at position 193 holds a glutamine residue.
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue, and at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W616A/W662A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW.
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (Y195L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (Y195W).
  • the above CGTase variants are derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, or a strain of Bacillus subtilis.
  • the above CGTase variants are derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 13, below. Such modification lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity, as indicated in the table.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid residues corresponding to the positions stated in Table 14, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
  • the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
  • the invention provides the following CGTase variants, derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp., preferably the strain of Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof:
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 21 holds a phenylalanine residue (V21F) or a tyrosine residue (V21Y).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 47 holds a glutamine residue (K47Q), or an alanine residue (K47A), or a leucine residue (K47L), or a histidine residue (K47H), or an arginine residue (K47R).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 88 holds a lysine residue (P88K).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 89 holds an alanine residue (D89A), or a glycine residue (D89G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 91a holds an alanine residue (F91aA) or a tyrosine residue (F91aY), or in which variant position 91a has been deleted (F91a*).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 94 holds a glutamine residue (S94Q), or a lysine residue (S94K), or an arginine residue (S94R), or a tryptophan residue (S94W), or a phenylalanine residue (S94F), or in which variant position 94 has been deleted (S94*).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 135 holds a leucine residue (D135L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (p143X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue (P143A), or holds a glycine residue (P143G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (A145X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue (A144R), or a lysine residue (A144K), or an aspartic acid residue (A144D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S145X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue (S145A), or a glutamic acid (S145E), or a tryptophan residue (S145W), or a glycine residue (S145G), or a phenylalanine residue (S145F), or a tyrosine residue (S145Y), or a leucine residue (S145L).
  • S145A alanine residue
  • S145E glutamic acid
  • S145W tryptophan residue
  • S145G glycine residue
  • S145F phenylalanine residue
  • S145Y tyrosine residue
  • leucine residue S145L
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*145aX).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (*145aI).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 146 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (E145X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 146 holds a proline residue (E146P), or a serine residue (E146S), or an isoleucine residue (E146I), or a glutamine residue (E146Q), or a tryptophan residue (E146W), or an arginine residue (E146R).
  • E146P proline residue
  • E146S serine residue
  • E146I isoleucine residue
  • E146Q glutamine residue
  • E146W tryptophan residue
  • E146R arginine residue
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147 holds an isoleucine residue (T147I), or a leucine residue (T147L), or an alanine residue (T147A), or a serine residue (T147S), or a tryptophan residue (T147W).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*147aX).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*147aA).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 148 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D148X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 148 holds an alanine residue (D148A), or a glycine residue (D148G), or a glutamic acid residue (D148E), or an asparagine residue (D148N).
  • a CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P149X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 180 holds a serine residue (G180S), an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 185 holds an arginine residue (S185R), or a glutamic acid residue (S185E), or an aspartic acid residue (S185D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 186 holds an alanine residue (Y186A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 193 holds a glycine residue (N193G), or an alanine residue (N193A), or an aspartic acid residue (N193D), or a glutamic acid residue (N193E).
  • a CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D196X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 196 holds an alanine residue (D196A), a serine residue (D196S), or a leucine residue (D196L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 197 holds an aspartic acid residue (L197D), or a glutamic acid residue (L197E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 232 holds a glutamine residue (K232Q), or an asparagine residue (K232N), or an alanine residue (K232A), or a leucine residue (K232L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 259 holds a phenylalanine residue (Y259F).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 264 holds a glutamine residue (E264Q), or an alanine residue (E264A), or an asparagine residue (E264N), or a leucine residue (E264L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 268 holds an alanine residue (N268A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 371 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D371X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 371 holds a glycine residue (D371G), or an asparagine residue (D371N), or an alanine residue (D371A), or a leucine residue (D371L), or a glutamic acid residue (D371E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 375 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (R375X).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 375 holds a proline residue (R375P), or a glycine residue (R375G), or a glutamine residue (R375Q), or an asparagine residue (R375N), or an alanine residue (R375A), or a leucine residue (R375L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 599a (via insertion) holds a proline residue (*599aP), or an arginine residue (*599aR), or a histidine residue (*599aH).
  • a CGTase variant which variant position 600 has been substituted for a different amino acid residue, in particular a phenylalanine residue (W600F), a tyrosine residue (W600Y), an arginine residue (W600R), a proline residue (W600P), a leucine residue (W600L), or an asparagine residue (W600N).
  • W600F phenylalanine residue
  • W600Y tyrosine residue
  • W600R arginine residue
  • W600P proline residue
  • W600L leucine residue
  • W600N asparagine residue
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue (W616A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 633 holds an alanine residue (Y633A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W662A).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 47 holds a histidine residue or an arginine residue, and/or at position 135 holds a leucine residue (K47H/D135L or K47R/D135L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), or the partial amino acid sequence INDSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:58), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW, and/or at position 195 holds a tyrosine residue (F195Y).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence INDSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:58), and/or at positions 146-150 comprises the partial amino acid sequence SDQPS (SEQ ID NO:59).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (F195L).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (F195W).
  • a CGTase variant in which variant positions 92 and 94 have been deleted (G92*/S94*).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue (P143A/A144R).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W), and which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D), and/or at position 180 holds an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 143-148 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), the partial amino acid sequence GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), the partial amino acid sequence GRPAAA (SEQ ID NO:64), the partial amino acid sequence GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or the partial amino acid sequence GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12), and at position 195 holds a tyrosine residue (F195Y).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue, at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (A144R/S145A/E146P).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (S145A/*145aI).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a glycine residue (S145A/E146G).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a leucine residue, and at position 148 holds an asparagine residue (S145L/D148N).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a glutamic acid residue, and in position 146 holds a proline residue or a glutamine residue (S145E/E146P or S145E/E146Q).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue, and in position 146 holds a tryptophan residue, or an isoleucine residue, or an arginine residue (S145W/E146W or S145W/E146I or S145W/E146R).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (S145A/*145aI/D148E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (*145aI/D148E).
  • a CGTase variant which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue, and at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W616A/W662A).
  • CGTase variants of the invention follows the general principles of recombinant DNA technology, e.g. as described by Sambrook et al. [Sambrook J, Fritsch E F, Maniatis T; Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, New York], and known to the person skilled in the art.
  • the production takes rise in the provision of a DNA construct encoding CGTase variant of the invention.
  • the invention provides a DNA construct encoding a CGTase variant of the invention.
  • DNA construct is intended to indicate any nucleic acid molecule of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA or RNA origin.
  • construct is intended to indicate a nucleic acid segment which may be single- or double-stranded, and which may be based on a complete or partial naturally occurring nucleotide sequence encoding the CGTase variant of interest.
  • the construct may optionally contain other nucleic acid segments.
  • the DNA construct of the invention may be prepared by suitably modifying a DNA sequence encoding the precursor CGTase, which modification may bring about:
  • the modification of the DNA sequence may be performed by site-directed mutagenesis or by random mutagenesis, or by a combination of these techniques in accordance with well-known procedures, e.g. as described by Sambrook et al., op cit.
  • the DNA construct of the invention comprises one or more of the partial oligonucleotide sequences (primers) described in the examples below. These partial oligonucleotide sequences are in particular
  • the CGTase variant may be obtained by combining the DNA construct encoding the CGTase variant of the invention with an appropriate expression signal in an appropriate expression vector.
  • the expression vector of the invention may be any expression vector that is conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced.
  • the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid.
  • the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.
  • the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant preferably is operably linked to additional segments required for transcription of the DNA.
  • the expression vector is derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or may contain elements of both.
  • operably linked indicates that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g. transcription initiates in a promoter and proceeds through the DNA sequence coding for the CGTase variant.
  • the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant preferably should be operably connected to a suitable promoter and terminator sequence.
  • the promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.
  • the procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the CGTase variant, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op cit)
  • the promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.
  • suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the CGTase variant of the invention in bacterial host cells include the promoter of the Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene, the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAN amylase gene, the Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease gen, or the Bacillus pumilus xylanase or xylosidase gene, or by the phage Lambda P R or P L promoters or the E. coli lac, trp or tac promoters.
  • promoters for use in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes [Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1980 255 12073-12080; Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol Appl. Gen. 1982 1 419-434] or alcohol dehydrogenase genes [Young et al., in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals (Hollaender et al, Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982], or the TPI1 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311] or ADH2-4c [Russell et al., Nature 1983 304 652-654] promoters.
  • suitable promoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells are, for instance, the ADH3 promoter [McKnight et al., EMBO J. 1985 4 2093-2099] or the tpiA promoter.
  • suitable promoters are those derived from the gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, A. niger neutral ⁇ -amylase, A. niger acid stable ⁇ -amylase, A. niger or A. awamori glucoamylase (gluA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, A. oryzae alkaline protease, A. oryzae triose phosphate isomerase or A. nidulans acetamidase.
  • Preferred are the TAKA-amylase and gluA promoters.
  • the expression vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question.
  • the expression vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene [Russell P R; Gene 1985 40 125-130], or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate.
  • selectable markers include amdS, pyrG, argB, niaD and sC.
  • a secretory signal sequence (also known as a leader sequence, prepro sequence or pre sequence) may be provided in the expression vector.
  • the secretory signal sequence is joined to the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase in the correct reading frame.
  • Secretory signal sequences are commonly positioned 5' to the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant.
  • the secretory signal sequence may be that normally associated with the CGTase or may be from a gene encoding another secreted protein.
  • the expression vector of the invention may comprise a secretory signal sequence substantially identical to the secretory signal encoding sequence of the Bacillus licheniformis ⁇ -amylase gene, e.g. as described in WO 86/05812.
  • measures for amplification of the expression may be taken, e.g. by tandem amplification techniques, involving single or double crossing-over, or by multicopy techniques, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,316 or WO 91/09129.
  • the expression vector may include a temperature sensitive origin of replication, e.g. as described in EP 283,075.
  • Procedures for ligating DNA sequences encoding the CGTase variant, the promoter and optionally the terminator and/or secretory signal sequence, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op cit).
  • the invention provides a host cell comprising the DNA construct of the invention and/or the recombinant expression vector of the invention.
  • the host cell of the invention into which the DNA construct or the recombinant expression vector of the invention is to be introduced, may be any cell, preferably a non-pathogenic cell, which is capable of producing the CGTase variant and includes bacteria, yeast, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells.
  • Examples of bacterial host cells which, on cultivation, are capable of producing the CGTase variant of the invention are grampositive bacteria such as strains of Bacillus, in particular a strain of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, B. megatherium, B. pumilus, B. thuringiensis or B. agaradherens, or strains of Streptomyces, in particular a strain of S. lividans or S. murinus, or gramnegative bacteria such as Echerichia coli.
  • the transformation of the bacteria may be effected by protoplast transformation or by using competent cells in a manner known per se (cf. Sambrook et al., op cit).
  • the CGTase When expressing the CGTase variant in bacteria such as E. coli, the CGTase may be retained in the cytoplasm, typically as insoluble granules (known as inclusion bodies), or may be directed to the periplasmic space by a bacterial secretion sequence. In the former case, the cells are lysed and the granules are recovered and denatured after which the CGTase is refolded by diluting the denaturing agent. In the latter case, the CGTase may be recovered from the periplasmic space by disrupting the cells, e.g. by sonication or osmotic shock, to release the contents of the periplasmic space and recovering the CGTase variant.
  • yeasts cells include cells of Saccharomyces spp. or Schizosaccharomyces spp., in particular strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces reteyveri.
  • Methods for transforming yeast cells with heterologous DNA and producing heterologous polypeptides therefrom are described, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311, U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373, U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008, 5,037,743, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,075, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Transformed cells are selected by a phenotype determined by a selectable marker, commonly drug resistance or the ability to grow in the absence of a particular nutrient, e.g. leucine.
  • a preferred vector for use in yeast is the POT1 vector disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373.
  • the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant of the invention may be preceded by a signal sequence and optionally a leader sequence , e.g. as described above.
  • suitable yeast cells are strains of Kluyveromyces, such as K. lactis, Hansenula, e.g. H. polymorpha, or Pichia, e.g. P. pastoris [Gleeson et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 1986 132 3459-3465; U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,279].
  • Examples of other fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp., Neurospora spp., Fusarium spp. or Trichoderna spp., in particular strains of A. oryzae, A. nidulans or A. niger.
  • Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins have been described in e.g., EP 272,277 and EP 230,023.
  • the transformation of F. oxysporum may, for instance, be carried out as described by Malardier et al., Gene 1989 78 147-156.
  • the transformed or transfected host cell described above is then cultured in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions permitting the expression of the CGTase, after which the resulting CGTase variant is recovered from the culture.
  • the medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells, such as minimal or complex media containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection).
  • the CGTase variant produced by the cells may then be recovered from the culture medium by conventional procedures including separating the host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulphate, purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e. g. ion exchange chromatography, gelfiltration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like, dependent on the type of CGTase in question.
  • a salt e.g. ammonium sulphate
  • the present invention provides a method of producing the CGTase variant of the invention, wherein a suitable host cell, which has been transformed with a DNA sequence encoding the CGTase, is cultured under conditions permitting the production of the enzyme, and the resulting enzyme is recovered from the culture.
  • the medium used to culture the transformed host cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells in question.
  • the expressed CGTase may conveniently be secreted into the culture medium and may be recovered therefrom by well-known procedures including separating the cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating proteinaceous components of the medium by means of a salt such as ammonium sulphate, followed by chromatographic procedures such as ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.
  • the CGTase variant of the invention find application in processes for the manufacture of cyclodextrins for various industrial applications, particularly in the food, cosmetic, chemical, agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.
  • the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of cyclodextrins, in particular ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and/or ⁇ -cyclodextrins.
  • the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of ⁇ -, ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or mixtures hereof.
  • the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or mixtures hereof.
  • the CGTase variants of the invention may also be used in a process for the manufacture of linear oligosaccharides, in particular linear oligosaccharides of 2 to 12 glucose units, preferably linear oligosaccharides of 2 to 9 glucose units.
  • the CGTase variants of the invention may be used for in situ generation of cyclodextrins.
  • the CGTase variants of the invention may be added to a substrate containing medium in which the enzyme variants are capable of forming the desired cyclodextrins.
  • This application is particularly well suited for being implemented in methods of producing baked products, in methods for stabilizing chemical products during their manufacture, and in detergent compositions.
  • CGTase variants of the invention therefore also may be used for implementation into bread-improving additives, e.g. dough compositions, dough additives, dough conditioners, pre-mixes, and similar preparations conventionally used for adding to the flour and/or the dough during processes for making bread or other baked products.
  • bread-improving additives e.g. dough compositions, dough additives, dough conditioners, pre-mixes, and similar preparations conventionally used for adding to the flour and/or the dough during processes for making bread or other baked products.
  • Cyclodextrins have an inclusion ability useful for stabilization, solubilization, etc.
  • cyclodextrins can make oxidizing and photolytic substances stable, volatile substances non-volatile, poorly-soluble substances soluble, and odoriferous substances odorless, etc. and thus are useful to encapsulate perfumes, vitamins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and fungicides.
  • Cyclodextrins are also capable of binding lipophilic substances such as cholesterol, to remove them from egg yolk, butter, etc.
  • Cyclodextrins also find utilization in products and processes relating to plastics and rubber, where they have been used for different purposes in plastic laminates, films, membranes, etc. Also cyclodextrins have been used for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics.
  • the CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 [cf. Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600] was soaked in a buffer solution containing the non-hydrolyzable tetrasaccharide acarbose, and an X-ray structure of the CGTase including the pseudo-tetrasaccharide located in the catalytic site was obtained, cf. Strokopytov et al.
  • a nonasaccharide (A-I) was formed in an enzyme-substrate-complex structure. Coordinates of this structure have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank, Biology Department, Bldg. 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, N.Y. 11973-5000, USA, under the entry code 1DIJ.
  • J-L trisaccharide
  • the residues listed in FIG. 1 are referring to Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase and comprise only the closest contacts between the substrate and the enzyme. By changing the number of hydrogen-bonds and other interactions between the enzyme and the substrate, the product selectivity can be altered. Normally, cleavage of the starch takes place between glucose unit B and C in the model.
  • the structure of a Thermoanaerobacter CGTase was modelled based on the known structure of Bacillus circulans CGTase. Again the computer program InsightTM from Biosym was employed, using the homology module, according to the manufacturers instructions. The substrate found in Bacillus circulans was docked into the Thermoanaerobacter model, and the positions stated in Tables 5-7 identified.
  • This example describes the construction of three ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants, in which site-directed mutagenesis have lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active site cleft.
  • the variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
  • Mutant proteins were produced by the use of an amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis strain, and purified using affinity chromatography.
  • CGTase activity was determined by incubating appropriately diluted enzyme solutions with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0, for 5-10 minutes at 50° C.
  • Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate.
  • the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein.
  • One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce 1 ⁇ mol of ⁇ -cyclodextrin per minute.
  • ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation was subsequently determined by use of HPLC (cf. below).
  • Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under industrial production process conditions. For this purpose 0.1 U/ml CGTase was incubated with 10% PaselliTM WA4 (i.e. jet-cooked, pre-gelatinized drum-dried starch) in a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 50° C. for 45 hours. Samples were collected at regular intervals of time, boiled for 5 minutes, and the products formed analyzed by HPLC using a 25 cm Econosil-NH 2 10 micron column (Alltech Associates Inc., USA) eluted with acetonitril/water (60/40% v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute.
  • PaselliTM WA4 i.e. jet-cooked, pre-gelatinized drum-dried starch
  • Variants were designed in order to increase ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation.
  • a tyrosine residue at position 89 was changed into an aspartic acid residue (Y89D), which introduces an additional hydrogen bond with subsite F of the substrate, cf. FIG. 1.
  • This gives rise to stronger binding of the amylose chain in the active site cleft, with the formation of smaller cyclodextrins.
  • an increase in ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming activities was detected, with a simultaneous decrease in the ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming activity, as seen from the ratio of cyclodextrins produced from PaselliTM WA4, cf. Table 16, below, and in the cyclodextrin formation profiles, cf. FIG. 2B.
  • This example describes the construction of two CGTase variants, holding mutations in the E domain cleft.
  • the variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
  • MBS maltose binding sites
  • Mutations were introduced by a method based on two PCR reactions using VENT-DNA polymerase. For each mutation specific oligonucleotides were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis and sequencing. Variants were obtained from an amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis strain and were purified using affinity chromatography.
  • Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175] was used for recombinant DNA manipulations and site-directed mutagenesis.
  • E. coli DH5 ⁇ [Hanahan D; J. Mol Biol. 1983 166 557] was used for the production of monomeric supercoiled plasmid DNA for sequencing.
  • CGTases variants were produced with the ⁇ -amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361].
  • the fragment containing the kanamycin-resistance marker was ligated with the largest fragment from plasmid pDP66S [Penninga D, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Lawson C L, Dijkstra B W, Bergsma J, Dijkhuizen L; Biochemistry 1995 34 3368-3376] containing the Bacillus circulans CGTase gene, digested with HIndIII and XbaI (made blunt with Klenow polymerase).
  • the resulting CGTase protein expression shuttle vector pDP66K with the CGTase gene under control of the erthromycin-inducible p32 promotor [van der Vossen J M B M, Kodde J, Haandrikman A J, Venema G, Kok J; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1992 58 3142-3149], was transformed to E. coli MC1061 under selection for erythromycin and kanamycin resistance, cf. FIG. 3.
  • CGTase Variants As only relatively low stability with plasmid pDP66S (8.5 kb) [Saenger W; Angew. Chem. 1980 19 344-362] was found, pDP66K (7.7 kb) was constructed, cf. FIG. 3, with the CGTase gene under the control of the strong p32 promotor [van der Vossen J M B M, Kodde J, Haandrikman A J, Venema G, Kok J; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1992 58 3142-3149]. Plasmid pDP66K containing the additional antibiotic resistance marker for kanamycin appeared to be considerably more stable in E. coli as well as in B.
  • subtilis cells than plasmid pDP66S containing the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance cassette.
  • a shuttle vector Using this shuttle vector, a high extracellular production of wild-type enzyme and CGTase variants was obtained reproducibly in batch fermentations with the ⁇ -amylase and protease negative B. subtilis Strain DB104A.
  • a single 51 erlenmeyer flask with 11 B. subtilis Strain DB104A culture allowed purification to homogeneity of up to 25 mg of the CGTase variants. Mutations were constructed via site-directed (PCR) mutagenesis. Using specific oligonucleotide primers a mutation frequency close to 70% was observed. All mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing.
  • Plasmid carrying bacterial strains were grown on LB medium in presence of the antibiotics erythromycin and kanamycin, at concentrations of 100 and 5 ⁇ g/ml for E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively [Sambrook et al., op cit]. When appropriate, agar plates contained 1% starch to screen for halo formation. Bacillus subtilis Strain DB 104A was grown in a 51 flask, containing 11 medium with 2% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 1% sodium chloride and 1% casamino acids (pH 7.0) with 10 ⁇ g/ml erythromycin and 5 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin.
  • Plasmid pDP66K carrying the right restriction site was transformed to E. coli DH5 ⁇ cells. DNA sequence determination was performed on supercoiled plasmid DNA using the dideoxy-chain termination method [Sanger F, Coulson A R; J. Mol Biol. 1975 94 441-448] and the T7-sequencing kit from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Sweden.
  • Plasmid pDP66K carrying positively characterized mutant CGtase genes, was transformed to Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A. The organism was grown to an optical density of 4.5 determined at 600 nm in a 51 flask (for approx. 36 hours). Under these conditions high extracellular CGTase levels were produced. The culture was centrifuged ( ⁇ 10,000 g) at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The (mutant) CGTases were further purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using a 30 ML ⁇ -cyclodextrin-Sepharose-6FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden) [Sundberg L, Porath J; J. Chromatogr.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin Forming Activity ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate and after incubation for 3 minutes at 50° C. 0.1-0.1 units of activity were used. The ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined based on its ability to form a stable colorless inclusion complex with phenolphthalein. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to form 1 ⁇ mol of ⁇ -cyclodextrin per minute.
  • Raw Starch Binding Properties were studied by incubating 6 ⁇ g/ml of enzyme with increasing amounts (0-10%) of granular potato starch (PaselliTM SA2, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) for 1 hour at 4° C., with and without 0.1 mM of ⁇ -cyclodextrin (equilibrium was reached within 10 minutes). After incubation, protein bound to the starch granules was spun down for 1 minute at 4° C. and at 10,000 ⁇ g, and the remaining ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming activity of the supernatant was determined as described above.
  • PaselliTM SA2 available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands
  • maltose binding site 1 (MBS1) includes two tryptophan residues
  • the double mutation W616A/W662A was constructed. In this way we created comparable changes in the two binding sites, which were designed to completely remove the hydrophobic interactions of the aromatic residues with the glucose units of the substrate.
  • the two separate CGTase variants, W616A and W662A gave intermediate results compared to the double mutant, W616A/W662A.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin on raw starch binding indicates that it can inhibit the binding by competition with a starch chain for the binding sites of the enzyme. This effect is more pronounced for the variants produced as compared to the wild-type, indicating that when one MBS is deleted, competition of ⁇ -cyclodextrin with raw starch for the remaining site is stronger. This also indicates a form of cooperativity between MBS's.
  • the Y633A variant has the same "n” value as the wild-type enzyme. This suggests that sites other than MBS2 cooperate with MBS1 in binding.
  • This example describes the construction of several ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants, in which site directed mutagenesis has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the active site cleft.
  • the variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van MOntfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
  • Mutations were introduced with a PCR method using VENT-DNA polymerase (New-England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA).
  • a first PCR reaction was carried out with a mutagenesis primer for the coding strand, plus a primer downstream on the template strand.
  • the reaction product was subsequently used as primer in a second PCR reaction together with a primer upstream on the coding strand.
  • the product of the last reaction was cut with PvuII and SalI and exchanged with the corresponding fragment (1200 bp) from the vector pDP66K (cf. FIG. 3).
  • the resulting (mutant) plasmid was transformed to E. coli MC1061 cells [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175].
  • Plasmid pDP66K carrying the right restriction site was transformed to E. coli DH5 ⁇ cells [Hanahan D; J. Mol Biol. 1983 166 557]. DNA sequence determination was performed on supercoiled plasmid DNA using the dideoxy-chain termination method [Sanger F, Coulson A R; J. Mol Biol. 1975 94 441-448] and the T7-sequencing kit from Pharmacia-LKB Biotechnology, Sweden.
  • Plasmid pDP66K carrying positively characterized mutant cgt genes, was transformed to B. subtilis strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. The organism was grown to an optical density at 600 nm of 4.5 in a 51 flask (for approx. 36 hours). Under these conditions high extracellular CGTase levels were produced.
  • the culture was centrifuged at 4° C. for 30 minutes at 10,000 ⁇ g.
  • the CGTases variant in the culture supernatants were further purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, using a 30 ml ⁇ -cyclodextrin-Sepharose-6FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden) [Sundberg L, Porath J; J. Chromatogr. 1974 90 87-98] with a maximal capacity of 3.5 mg protein per ml. After washing with 10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5), bound CGTase was eluted with the same buffer containing 10 mg/ml ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • ⁇ -cyclodextrin forming activity was determined by incubating an appropriately diluted enzyme sample (0.1-0.2 units of activity) for 3 minutes at 50° C. PaselliTM SA2 (5% solution partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50 (AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands), was used as a substrate. The ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined based on its ability to form a stable colorless inclusion complex with phenolphthalein. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce 1 ⁇ mol of ⁇ -cyclodextrin per minute.
  • Cyclodextrin forming activity was also measured under production process conditions.
  • 0.1 U/ml CGTase was incubated with 10% PaselliTM WA4 (i.e. jet-cooked, pregelatinized drum-dried starch) in a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 50° C. for 45 hours.
  • Samples were collected at regular time intervals, diluted 10 times, boiled for 8 min. and the products formed analyzed by HPLC using a 25 cm Econosphere-NH 2 5 micron column (Alltech Associates Inc., USA) eluted with acetonitrile/water (60/40 v/v) at 1 ml per min.
  • the variants of this example were designed in order to increase ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation.
  • the N193G, Y89G, D371G, D371N and the Y89G/N193G CGTase variants were all designed with the intention to decrease the interactions between the amylose chain and the first part of the active site cleft (Subsites C-G). As a result, the amylose chain would be able to move further into the active site cleft, thereby changing the ratio of cyclodextrins towards the ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrins.
  • the N193G CGTase variant demonstrates a rapid increase in ⁇ -cyclodextrin (FIGS. 7 and 9).
  • the ratio is changed already dramatically after 5 hours of incubation (Table 20) towards ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • Table 21 the ratio has changed towards ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation only.
  • This mutation seems particularly well suited for combination with other mutations, e.g. D371G or D371N.
  • the Y89G CGTase variant results in a small change towards ⁇ -cyclodextrin after 45 hours of incubation at the expense of ⁇ -cyclodextrin (cf. FIG. 7 and Table 21).
  • the D371N and D371G CGTase variants both show a shift towards formation of the larger cyclodextrins (cf. FIG. 8 and Table 21). Both ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin increased at the expense of ⁇ -cyclodextrin. This shift is more pronounced at early incubation times (cf. Table 20 and FIG. 10).
  • the Y89G/N193G CGTase double mutant resulted in a shift from ⁇ -cyclodextrin to both ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin (cf. Table 21).
  • this mutation could give rise to a single shift to ⁇ -cyclodextrin.
  • the *145aI CGTase variant was constructed on the basis of alignment studies. This insertion mutation seems especially advantageous for obtaining ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants. Both short incubation times (cf. FIG. 10 and Table 20) and long incubation times (cf. FIG. 8 and Table 21) gave a shift from ⁇ -cyclodextrin to both ⁇ -and ⁇ -cyclodextrin. Also, in order to obtain a single shift to ⁇ -cyclodextrin, this mutation seems particularly well suited for combination with other mutations, e.g. D371G or D371N.
  • the N326Q CGTase variant was constructed and shown to cause a shift from ⁇ -cyclodextrin to ⁇ - and ⁇ -cyclodextrin formation (cf. Table 21).
  • This example describes the construction of 24 ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (A1-A24), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
  • the variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
  • Mutations were introduced by a method based on PCR by the use of PWO polymerase. For each mutation, specific oligonucleotides (primers) were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing. Mutant proteins were expressed in either Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175], or in the ⁇ -amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. Proteins were purified from the media using affinity chromatography (AfC) and/or anion-exchange chromatography (AEC).
  • AfC affinity chromatography
  • AEC anion-exchange chromatography
  • Phadebas amylase test Phadebas tablets (PhadebasTM Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate.
  • This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance. After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
  • the enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard.
  • the enzyme standard was TermamylTM (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
  • KNU One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit
  • CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 60° C.
  • Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate.
  • the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein, and the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green.
  • the activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg).
  • One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one ⁇ mol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
  • Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions.
  • a precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl 2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 60° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
  • oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
  • A3 F195Y+143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:12);
  • A4 F195Y+87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11)+143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:12);
  • the Spe I--Bst X I fragment of A2 was ligated into the CGTase gene holding the F195Y mutation.
  • the F195Y was introduced by the use of the A3 primer;
  • the 146-150(SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59) mutations were introduced using the primer 5'-CTCCTGCATCATCTGATCAACCGTCCTTTGGGGAAAATGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:52);
  • the G180N mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTACGGAAACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:33);
  • the G180D mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTACGGAGACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:34);
  • the G179N mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATAATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:35);
  • the G179S mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATAGTGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3'(SEQ ID NO:36);
  • the G179D mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATGATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3'(SEQ ID NO:37).
  • experiment A1 the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the initial rate of both ⁇ -CD formation and of ⁇ -CD formation has decreased.
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has increased, whereas the ⁇ -CD ratio has decreased.
  • the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (IKYSG*VNN (SEQ ID NO:11)), and simultaneously the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units E, F and H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate.
  • the initial rate of ⁇ -CD formation has decreased.
  • the ⁇ -CD ratio has decreased.
  • experiment A5 the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the initial rate of ⁇ -CD formation has increased, whereas the initial rate of both ⁇ -CD formation and of ⁇ -CD formation has decreased.
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has increased whereas the ⁇ -CD ratio has decreased.
  • G180 was replaced by 180N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • G180 was replaced by 180D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • G179 was replaced by 179N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • G179 was replaced by 179S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • G179 was replaced by 179D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
  • This example describes the construction of 15 ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (B1-B9), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
  • the variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
  • Mutations were introduced by a method based on PCR by the use of PWO polymerase. For each mutation, specific oligonucleotides (primers) were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing. Mutant proteins were expressed in either Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175], or in the ⁇ -amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. Proteins were purified from the media using affinity chromatography (AfC) and/or anion-exchange chromatography (AEC).
  • AfC affinity chromatography
  • AEC anion-exchange chromatography
  • Phadebas amylase test Phadebas tablets (PhadebasTM Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate.
  • This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance. After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
  • the enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard.
  • the enzyme standard was TermamylTM (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
  • KNU One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit
  • CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 85° C.
  • Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate.
  • the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein, and the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green.
  • the activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg).
  • One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one ⁇ mol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
  • Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions.
  • a precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl 2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 85° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
  • oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
  • experiment B1 S145 was replaced by 145A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the initial rate of both ⁇ -CD formation and of ⁇ -CD formation has increased.
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has decreased whereas the ⁇ -CD ratio has increased.
  • experiment B2 E146 was replaced by 146S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the initial rate of both ⁇ -CD formation and of ⁇ -CD formation has increased.
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has decreased.
  • T147 was replaced by 147A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has decreased, whereas the ⁇ -CD ratio has increased.
  • experiment B4 T147 was replaced by 147L in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1).
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has decreased, whereas the ⁇ -CD ratio has increased.
  • experiment B9 the loop at positions 87 to 94 was replaced by (IKYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) in order to increase the contacts between the enzyme and glucose units E and F (cf. FIG. 1).
  • experiment B 10 5'-TTACCGTAATTTATATGACTTAGCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:67) was used to introduce the F195Y mutation.
  • the 87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) mutations was introduced using primer B9. Simultaneously, the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate.
  • This example describes the construction of 9 ⁇ -cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (C1-C9), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
  • the variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
  • Variants were introduced by a method based on Unique Site Elimination (USE), following the protocol from the supplier (Stratagene®).
  • the unique restriction site BsaMI at the plasmid opposite to the CGTase gene was removed by the use of the 5'P-CACTGTTCCTTCGAACGCGTAACCTTAAATACC-3' (SEQ ID NO:69) oligonucleotide.
  • "P” indicates a 5' phosphorylation necessary for the procedure.
  • For each mutation specific oligonucleotides were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing.
  • Phadebas amylase test Phadebas tablets (PhadebasTM Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate.
  • This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance, After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
  • the enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard.
  • the enzyme standard was TermamylTM (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
  • KNU One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit
  • CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 85° C.
  • Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% PaselliTM SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate.
  • the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein and the ⁇ -cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green.
  • the activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg). One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one ⁇ mol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
  • Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions.
  • a precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl 2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 60° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
  • oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
  • experiment C1 N193 were replaced by 193A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H.
  • the ratio of ⁇ -CD has decreased, and the ratio of ⁇ -CD has increased.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to variants of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase. More specifically the invention relates to a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or product selectivity of a precursor CGTase enzyme, and CGTase variants derived from a precursor CGTase enzyme by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s), which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate. Moreover, the invention relates to DNA constructs encoding the CGTase variants, expression vectors, host cells and methods of producing the CGTase variants of the invention.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. PCT/DK96/00179 filed Apr. 22, 1996 and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 of Danish application Ser. Nos. 0477/95, 1173/95 and 1281/95 filed Apr. 21, 1995, Oct. 17, 1995 and Nov. 16, 1995, respectively, the contents of which are fully incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to variants of cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase. More specifically the invention relates to a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or product selectivity of a precursor CGTase enzyme, and CGTase variants derived from a precursor CGTase enzyme by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s), which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate. Moreover, the invention relates to DNA constructs encoding the CGTase variants, expression vectors, host cells and methods of producing the CGTase variants of the invention.
BACKGROUND ART
Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase (E.C. 2.4.1.19), also designated cyclodextrin glucanotransferase or cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase, in the following termed CGTase, catalyses the conversion of starch and similar substrates into cyclomaltodextrins via an intramolecular transglycosylation reaction, thereby forming cyclomaltodextrins, in the following termed cyclodextrins (or CD), of various sizes. Commercially most important are cyclodextrins of 6, 7 and 8 glucose units, which are termed α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins, respectively. Commercially less important are cyclodextrins of 9, 10, and 11 glucose units, which are termed δ-, ε-, and ζ-cyclodextrins, respectively.
Cyclodextrins are thus cyclic glucose oligomers with a hydrophobic internal cavity. They are able to form inclusion complexes with many small hydrophobic molecules in aqueous solutions, resulting in changes in physical properties, e.g. increased solubility and stability and decreased chemical reactivity and volatility. Cyclodextrins find applications particularly in the food, cosmetic, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Most CGTases have both starch-degrading activity and transglycosylation activity. Although some CGTases produce mainly α-cyclodextrins and some CGTases produce mainly β-cyclodextrins, CGTases usually form a mixture of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. Selective precipitation steps with organic solvents may be used for the isolation of separate α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. To avoid expensive and environmentally harmful procedures, the availability of CGTases capable of producing an increased ratio of one particular type of cyclodextrin is desirable.
CGTases from different bacterial sources, including CGTases obtained from Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Klebsiella, Micrococcus, Thermoanaerobacter and Thermoanaerobacterium have been described in the literature.
Thus Kimura et al. [Kimura K, Kataoka S, Ishii Y, Takano T and Yamane K; J. Bacteriol. 1987 169 4399-4402] describe a Bacillus sp. 1011 CGTase, Kaneko et al. [Kaneko T, Hamamoto T and Horikoshi K; J. Gen. Microbiol. 1988 134 97-105] describe a Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2 CGTase, Kaneko et al. [Kaneko T, Song K B, Hamamoto T, Kudo T and Horikoshi K; J. Gen. Microbiol. 1989 135 3447-3457] describe a Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1 CGTase, Itkor et al. [Itkor P, Tsukagoshi N and Udaka S; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990 166 630-636] describe a Bacillus sp. B1018 CGTase, Schmid et al. [Schmid G, Englbrecht A, Schmid D; Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Cyclodextrins (Huber O, Szejtli J, Eds.), 1988 71-76] describe a Bacillus sp. 1-1 CGTase, Kitamoto et al. [Kitamoto N, Kimura T, Kito Y, Ohmiya K; J. Ferment. Bioeng. 1992 74 345-351] describe a Bacillus sp. KC201 CGTase, Sakai et al. [Sakai S, Kubota M, Nakada T, Torigoe K, Ando O and Sugimoto T; J. Jpn. Soc. Starch. Sci. 1987 34 140-147] describe a Bacillus stearothermophilis CGTase and a Bacillus macerans CGTase, Takano et al. [Takano T, Fukuda M, Monma M, Kobayashi S, Kainuma K and Yamane K; J. Bacteriol. 1986 166 (3) 1118-1122] describe a Bacillus macerans CGTase, Sin et al. [Sin K A, Nakamura A, Kobayashi K, Masaki H and Uozumi T; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1991 35 600-605] describe a Bacillus ohbensis CGTase, Nitschke et al. [Nitschke L, Heeger K, Bender H and Schultz G; Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1990 33 542-546] describe a Bacillus circulans CGTase, Hill et al. [Hill D E, Aldape R and Rozzell J D; Nucleic Acids Res. 1990 18 199] describe a Bacillus licheniformis CGTase, Tomita et al. [Tomita K, Kaneda M, Kawamura K and Nakanishi K; J. Ferm. Bioeng. 1993 75 (2) 89-92] describe a Bacillus autolyticus CGTase, Jamuna et al. [Jamuna R, Saswathi N, Sheela R and Ramakrishna S V; Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 1993 43 163-176] describe a Bacillus cereus CGTase, Akimaru et al. [Akimaru K, Yagi T and Yamamoto S; J. Ferm. Bioeng. 1991 71 (5) 322-328] describe a Bacillus coagulans CGTase, Schmid G [Schmid G; New Trends in Cyclodextrins and Derivatives (Duchene D, Ed.), Editions de Sante, Paris, 1991, 25-54] describes a Bacillus firmus CGTase, Abelian et al. [Abelian V A, Adamian M O, Abelian L A A, Balayan A M and Afrikian E K; Biochememistry (Moscow) 1995 60 (6) 665-669] describe a Bacillus halophilus CGTase, and Kato et al. [Kato T and Horikoshi K; J. Jpn. Soc. Starch Sci. 1986 33 (2) 137-143] describe a Bacillus subtilis CGTase.
EP 614971 describes a Brevibacterium CGTase, Haeckel & Bahl [Haeckel K, Bahl H; FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 1989 60 333-338] describe Clostridium thermosulfurogenes CGTase, Podkovyrov & Zeikus [Podkovyrov S M, Zeikus J G; J. Bacteriol. 1992 174 5400-5405] describe a Clostridium thermohydrosulfricum CGTase, JP 7000183 describes a Corynebacterium CGTase, Binder et al. [Binder F, Huber O and Bock A; Gene 1986 47 269-277] describe a Klebsiella pneumoniae CGTase, U.S. Pat. No. 4,317,881 describes a Micrococcus CGTase, and Wind et al. [Wind R D, Liebl W, Buitelaar R M, Penninga D, Spreinat A, Dijkhuizen L, Bahl H; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1995 61 (4) 1257-1265] describe Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes CGTase.
A CGTase produced by Thermoanaerobacter sp. has been reported by Norman & Jorgensen [Norman B E, Jorgensen S T; Denpun Kagaku 1992 39 99-106, and WO 89/03421], however, its amino acid sequence has never been disclosed. Here we report the nucleotide sequence encoding the Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase (presented as SEQ ID:NO 1), as well as its amino acid sequence (presented as SEQ ID:NO 2).
Also, CGTases from thermophilic Actinomycetes have been reported [Abelian V A, Afyan K B, Avakian Z G, Melkumyan A G and Afrikian E G; Biochemistry (Moscow) 1995 60 (10) 1223-1229].
Recently protein engineering has been employed in order to modify certain CGTases to selectively produce more or less of a specific cyclodextrin.
The Structure of CGTases
CGTases are functionally related to α-amylases. CGTases and α-amylases both degrade starch by hydrolysis of the α-(1,4)-glycosidic bonds, but produce virtually exclusively cyclic and linear products, respectively.
Members of the CGTase family possess a high overall amino acid sequence identity, more than 60%. CGTases and α-amylases share about 30% amino acid sequence identity. However, the active site clefts of CGTases and α-amylases, located between the A and B domain (Asp229, Glu257 and Asp328), are rather similar.
Recently, the tertiary structures of CGTases were determined. Thus, Hofman et al. [Hofman B E, Bender H, Schultz G E; J. Mol. Biol. 1989 209 793-800] and Klein & Schulz [Klein C, Schulz G E; J. Mol. Biol. 1991 217 737-750] report the tertiary structure of a CGTase derived from Bacillus circulans Strain 8, Kubota et al. [Kubota M, Matsuura Y, Sakai S and Katsube Y; Denpun Kagaku 1991 38 141-146] report the tertiary structure of a CGTase derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus TC-91, Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van Monifort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600] report the tertiary structure of a CGTase derived from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, Strokopytov et al. [Strokopytov B, Penninga D, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, Dijkhuizen L and Dijkstra B W; Biochemistry 1995 34 2234-2240] report the tertiary structure of a CGTase derived from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, which CGTase has been complexed with acarbose, an effective CGTase inhibitor, and Knegtel et al. [Knegtel R M A, Wind R D, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, Buitelaar R M, Dijkhuizen L and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1996 256 611-622] report the tertiary structure of a CGTase derived from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes.
These and other studies reveal that Bacillus circulans CGTases are composed of five domains. The three-dimensional structures also reveal that the N-terminal domains of CGTases have structural similarities to those of α-amylases, whereas the C-terminal domains were found to be unique to CGTases.
The catalytic site of CGTases is located in the A domain, and has three catalytic residues (in Bacillus circulans strain 251 these are Asp229, Glu257 and Asp328, respectively, cf. Strokopytov et al. 1995, op cit.). A central amino acid residue is located in the B domain, around which residue the cyclodextrins are formed, i.e. the cyclization axis. Substitution of this central residue, e.g. tyrosine at residue 188 in Bacillus ohbensis (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering) in order to increase the relative production of γ-cyclodextrin to β-cyclodextrin has been the object of the study described by Sin et al. [Sin K, Nakamura A, Masaki H, Matsuura Y and Uozumi T; Journal of Biotechnology 1994 32 283-288] and JP-A-5219948.
Nakamura et al. [Nakamura A, Haga K and Yamane K; Biochemistry 1994 33 9929-9936] describe the effects on substrate binding and cyclization characteristics by replacements carried out at four residues in the active center of a Bacillus sp. Strain 1011 CGTase. In these CGTase variants, a phenylalanine at position 183 has been replaced by leucine, a tyrosine at position 195 has been replaced by alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, threonine, valine, and tryptophan, respectively, a phenylalanine at position 259 has been replaced by leucine, and a phenylalanine at position 283 has been replaced by leucine.
Penninga et al. [Penninga D, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Lawson C L, Dijkstra B W, Bergsma J and Dijkhuizen L; Biochemistry 1995 34 3368-3376] describe the effect on activity and product selectivity of site-directed mutations in tyrosine at position 195 of a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase. In this publication four CGTase variants have been produced, in which variants the tyrosine at position 195 have been replaced by phenylalanine, tryptophan, leucine and glycine, respectively.
Fujiware et al. [Fujiwara S, Kakihara H, Sakaguchi K and Imanaka T; J. Bacteriol. 1992 174 (22) 7478-7481] describe CGTase variants derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus, in which a tyrosine residue at position 191 (corresponding to position 195 CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine, a tryptophan residue at position 254 (corresponding to position 258, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by valine, a phenylalanine at position 255 (corresponding to position 259, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine and isoleucine, respectively, a threonine residue at position 591 (corresponding to position 598, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine, and a tryptophan residue at position 629 (corresponding to position 636, CGTase numbering) has been replaced by phenylalanine.
JP-A-7023781 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus sp. 1011, in which a tyrosine residue at position 195 has been replaced by leucine, valine, phenylalanine and isoleucine, respectively.
JP-A-5244945 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus stearothermophilus TC-91, in which tyrosine residues at positions 222 and 286 (corresponding to positions 195 and 259, CGTase numbering) have been replaced by phenylalanine in order to increase the relative production of α-cyclodextrin to β-cyclodextrin.
JP-A-5041985 describes CGTase variants derived from Bacillus sp. #1011, in which histidine at residue 140 in region A, histidine at residue 233 in region B, and histidine at residue 327 in region C, respectively, have been replaced by arginine and asparagine residues, respectively.
EP 630,967 describes CGTase variants in which a tyrosine residue at position 211 of a Bacillus sp. 290-3 CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), at position 217 of a Bacillus sp. 1-1 CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), and at position 229 of a Bacillus circulans CGTase (corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering), have been substituted for tryptophan and serine.
Up to now, all efforts in making CGTase variants have lead to substitutions in the region around the active site, in particular at the central cyclization residue, corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering. Only few CGTase variants holding substitutions at more distant regions have been suggested, and the manufacture of these variants have not been based on any particular concept.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to provide novel variants of CGTases, which variants, when compared to the precursor enzyme, show increased product selectivity and/or reduced product inhibition.
Accordingly, in its first aspect, the invention provides a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or product selectivity of a precursor CGTase enzyme, which method comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) of the precursor enzyme, which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate.
In another aspect, the invention provides a CGTase variant derived from a precursor CGTase enzyme by substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s), which amino acid residue(s) holds a position close to the substrate.
In a third aspect, the invention provides a DNA construct encoding a CGTase variant of the invention.
In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a recombinant expression vector comprising the DNA construct of the invention.
In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a host cell comprising the DNA construct of the invention, or the recombinant expression vector of the invention.
In a sixth aspect, the invention provides a method of producing a CGTase variant of the invention, which method comprises culturing the host cell of the invention under conditions permitting the production of the CGTase variant, and recovering the enzyme from the culture.
In further aspects, the invention provides CGTase variants for use in processes for the manufacture of cyclodextrins, in processes for the manufacture of linear oligosaccharides, and in processes for in situ generation of cyclodextrins.
Amino Acids
In the context of this invention the following symbols and abbreviations for amino acids and amino acid residues are used:
______________________________________                                    
A      =          Ala    =        Alanine                                 
  C = Cys = Cysteine                                                      
  D = Asp = Aspartic acid                                                 
  E = Glu = Glutamic acid                                                 
  F = Phe = Phenylalanine                                                 
  G = Gly = Glycine                                                       
  H = His = Histidine                                                     
  I = Ile = Isoleucine                                                    
  K = Lys = Lysine                                                        
  L = Leu = Leucine                                                       
  M = Met = Methionine                                                    
  N = Asn = Asparagine                                                    
  P = Pro = Proline                                                       
  Q = Gln = Glutamine                                                     
  R = Arg = Arginine                                                      
  S = Ser = Serine                                                        
  T = Thr = Threonine                                                     
  V = Val = Valine                                                        
  W = Trp = Tryptophan                                                    
  Y = Tyr = Tyrosine                                                      
  B = Asx = Asp or Asn                                                    
  Z = Glx = Glu or Gln                                                    
  X = Xaa = Any amino acid                                                
*      =          Deletion or absent amino acid                           
______________________________________
CGTase Variants
A CGTase variant of this invention is a CGTase variant or mutated CGTase, having an amino acid sequence not found in nature.
A CGTase variant or mutated CGTase of this invention is a functional derivative of a precursor CGTase enzyme (i.e. the native, parental, or wild-type enzyme), and may be obtained by alteration of a DNA nucleotide sequence of a precursor gene or its derivatives, encoding the precursor enzyme. The CGTase variant or mutated CGTase may be expressed and produced when the DNA nucleotide sequence encoding the CGTase variant is inserted into a suitable vector in a suitable host organism. The host organism is not necessarily identical to the organism from which the precursor gene originated.
In the literature, enzyme variants have also been referred to as mutants or muteins.
CGTase Numbering
In the context of this invention a specific numbering of amino acid residue positions in CGTase enzymes is employed. By alignment of the amino acid sequences of various known CGTases it is possible to unambiguously allot a CGTase amino acid position number to any amino acid residue position in any CGTase enzyme, which amino acid sequence is known.
Using the numbering system originating from the amino acid sequence of the CGTase obtained from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, which sequence is shown in Table 1 (a), aligned with the amino acid sequence of a number of other known CGTases, it is possible to indicate the position of an amino acid residue in a CGTase enzyme unambiguously.
In describing the various CGTase variants produced or contemplated according to the invention, the following nomenclatures are adapted for ease of reference:
[Original amino acid; Position; Substituted amino acid]
Accordingly, the substitution of serine with alanine in position 145 is designated as S145A.
Amino acid residues which represent insertions in relation to the amino acid sequence of the CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, are numbered by the addition of letters in alphabetical order to the preceding CGTase number, such as e.g. position 91aF for the "insert" Phe between Thr at position 91 and Gly at position 92 of the amino acid sequence of the CGTase from Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, cf. Table 1 (j).
Deletion of a proline at position 149 is indicated as P149*, and an insertion between position 147 and 148 where no amino acid residue is present, is indicated as *147aD for insertion of an aspartic acid in position 147a.
Multiple mutations are separated by slash marks ("/"), e.g. S145A/D147L, representing mutations in positions 145 and 147 substituting serine with alanine and aspartic acid with leucine, respectively.
If a substitution is made by mutation in e.g. a CGTase derived from a strain of Bacillus circulans, the product is designated e.g. "B. circulans/S145A".
All positions referred to in this application by CGTase numbering refer to the CGTase numbers described above.
              TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Amino Acid Sequence Alignment, CGTase Numbering and Domains               
  of Selected CGTases of Different Bacterial Origin                       
  a Bacillus circulans 251 (SEQ ID NO: 70); b Bacillus sp. 1-1 (SEQ ID    
 NO: 71); c Bacillus sp. 38-2 (SEQ ID NO: 72); d Bacillus sp. 1011 (SEQ   
 ID NO: 73); e Bacillus licheniformis (SEQ ID NO: 74); f Bacillus         
 macerans (SEQ ID NO: 75); g Bacillus ohbensis (SEQ ID NO: 76);           
 h Bacillus stearothermophilus (SEQ ID NO: 77); i Klebsiella pneumoniae   
 (SEQ ID NO: 78); j Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627 (SEQ ID NO: 2).         
  No     a      b   c   d    e   f   g    h   i   j                       
                           Domain                                         
______________________________________                                    
 1   A      E     A   A    D   S   D    A   E   A    A                    
   2 P A P P A P * G P P A                                                
   3 D D D D D D * N B D A                                                
   4 T * T T T T * * E T A                                                
   5 S * S S * S * * T S A                                                
   6 V V V V V V V * Y V A                                                
   7 S T S S T D T L * S A                                                
   8 N N N N N N N N * N A                                                
   9 K K K K K K K K * V A                                                
   10 Q V Q Q Q V V V L V A                                               
   11 N N N N N N N N D N A                                               
   12 F Y F F F F Y F F Y A                                               
   13 S S S S S S T T R S A                                               
   14 T D T T T T R S K T A                                               
   14a * K * * * * R * K * A                                              
   15 D D D D D D D D E D A                                               
   16 V V V V V V V V T V A                                               
   17 I I I I I I I V I I A                                               
   18 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
   19 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q F Q A                                               
   20 I I I I V I I I L I A                                               
   21 F V F F F V V V F V A                                               
   22 T T T T T T T V L T A                                               
   23 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
   24 R R R R R R R R R R A                                               
   25 F F F F F F F F F F A                                               
   26 S S S S L A S V S L A                                               
   27 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
   28 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
   29 N N N N N D D N D N A                                               
   30 P P P P P R P T P P A                                               
   31 A G A A S T S S S S A                                               
   32 N N N N N N N N N N A                                               
   33 N N N N N N N N N N A                                               
   34 P P P P P P P P A P A                                               
   35 T S T T T A T S G T A                                               
   36 G G G G G G G G F G A                                               
   37 A A A A A D A A N D A                                               
   38 A I A A A A I L S L A                                               
   39 F F F F F F Y F A Y A                                               
   40 D S D D D S S S T D A                                               
   41 G Q G G G G Q S Y P A                                               
   42 T N S S T D D G D T A                                               
   43 C C C C C R C C P H A                                               
   44 T I T T S S S T N T A                                               
   45 N D N N N N D N N S A                                               
   46 L L L L L L L L L L A                                               
   47 R H R R K K H R K K A                                               
   48 L K L L L L K K K K A                                               
   49 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
   50 C C C C C F C C T F A                                               
   51 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
   52 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
   53 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
   54 W W W W W W W W L W A                                               
   55 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q R Q A                                               
   56 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
   57 I I I I L I I I L I A                                               
   58 I I I I V I I I L I A                                               
   59 N D N N N D D N N N A                                               
   60 K K K K K K K K K K A                                               
   61 I I I I I I I I L I A                                               
   62 N N N N N N N N * N A                                               
   63 D D D D D D D D * D A                                               
   64 G G G G N G G G P G A                                               
   65 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
   66 L L L L F L L L L L A                                               
   67 T T T T S T T T K T A                                               
   68 G D G G D G D D S G A                                               
   69 M L M M L M L M L M A                                               
   70 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
   71 V I I I V V I V V I A                                               
   72 T T T T T T T T T T A                                               
   73 A A A A A A A A S A A                                               
   74 I L I I L L I I I I A                                               
   75 W W W W W W W W W W A                                               
   76 I I I I I I I I I I A                                               
   77 S S S S S S S S T S A                                               
   78 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q P Q A                                               
   79 P P P P P P P P P P A                                               
   80 V V V V V V V V I V A                                               
   81 B B E E E E E E D E A                                               
   82 N N N N N N N N N N A                                               
   83 I V I I I I V V V I A                                               
   84 Y Y Y Y F T Y F N Y A                                               
   85 S A S S A S A S N A A                                               
   86 I * V V T V * V T V A                                               
   87 I L I I I I L M D L A                                               
   88 N H N N N K H N * P A                                               
   89 Y P Y Y Y Y P D * D A                                               
   90 S S S S S S S A A S A                                               
   91 G G G G G G G S A T A                                               
   91a * Y * * * * Y * * F A                                              
   92 V * V V V V * * * G A                                               
   93 N * H N T N * G G G A                                               
   94 N * N N N N * S N S A                                               
   95 T T T T T T T A T T A                                               
   96 A S A A A S S S G S A                                               
   97 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
   98 H H H H H H H H H H A                                               
   99 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  100 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
  101 W W W W W W W W W W A                                               
  102 A A A A A A A A G A A                                               
  103 R R R R R R R R R R A                                               
  104 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
  105 F Y F F F F Y F Y F A                                               
  106 K K K K K K K K F K A                                               
  107 K K K K K Q R K R K A                                               
  108 T T T T T T T P I T A                                               
  109 N N N N N N N N D N A                                               
  110 P P P P P D P P E P A                                               
  111 A Y A A Y A F F H F A                                               
  112 Y Y Y Y F F Y F F F A                                               
  113 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  114 T N T T T D D T N S A                                               
  115 I F M M M F F L L F A                                               
  116 A D Q Q T A S S D T A                                               
  117 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
  118 F F F F F F F F F F A                                               
  119 Q D K K Q Q D Q K Q A                                               
  120 N R N N N N R R E N A                                               
  121 L L L L L L L L L L A                                               
  122 I M I I V I M V T I A                                               
  123 A S D D T D D D S A A                                               
  124 A T T T T T T A L T A                                               
  125 A A A A A L A A M A A                                               
  126 H H H H H T H H H H A                                               
  127 A S A A A L S A S A A                                               
  128 K N H H K I N K P H A                                               
  129 N G N N G T G G D N A                                               
  130 I I I I I S I I Y I A                                               
  131 K K K K K R K K N K A                                               
  132 V V V V I S V V M V A                                               
  133 I I I I I D I I K I A                                               
  134 I M I I I R M I L I A                                               
  135 D D D D D L D D V D A                                               
  136 F F F F F R F F L F A                                               
  137 A T A A A P T A D A A                                               
  138 P P P P P Q P P Y P A                                               
  139 N N N N N P N N A N A                                               
  140 H H H H H H H H P H A                                               
  141 T S T T T V S T N T A                                               
  142 S S S S S S S S H S A                                               
  143 P P P P P G P P S P A                                               
  144 A A A A A R A A N A B                                               
  145 S L S S M A L S A S B                                               
  146 S E S S E G E E N E B                                               
  147 D T D D T T T T D T B                                               
  148 Q N D D D N D N E D B                                               
  149 P P P P T P P P N P B                                               
  150 S N S S S G S S E T B                                               
  151 F Y F F F F Y Y P Y B                                               
  152 A V A A A A A M G G B                                               
  153 E E E E E E B E A E B                                               
  154 N N N N N N N N L N B                                               
  155 G G G G G G G G Y G B                                               
  156 R A R R K A A R R R B                                               
  157 L I L L L L V L D L B                                               
  158 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y G Y B                                               
  159 D D D D D D N D V D B                                               
  160 N N N N N N D N F N B                                               
  161 G G G G G G G G I G B                                               
  162 T A N N N S V T T V B                                               
  163 L L L L L L L L D L B                                               
  164 L L L L V L I L Y L B                                               
  165 G G G G G G G G P G B                                               
  166 G N G G G A N G T G B                                               
  167 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y B                                               
  168 T S T T T S S T V T B                                               
  169 N N N N N N N N A N B                                               
  170 D D D D D D D D A D B                                               
  171 T Q T T T T P A N T B                                               
  172 Q Q Q Q N A N N T N B                                               
  173 N N N N G G N M G G B                                               
  174 L L L L Y L L Y W Y B                                               
  175 F F F F F F F F Y F B                                               
  176 H H H H H H H H H H B                                               
  177 H H H H H H H H H H B                                               
  178 N N Y Y N N N N N Y B                                               
  179 G G G G G G G G G G B                                               
  180 G G G G G G G G G G B                                               
  181 T T T T S T T T V T B                                               
  182 D D D D D D D T T N B                                               
  182a * * * * * * * * N * B                                              
  183 F F F F F F F F W F B                                               
  184 S S S S S S S S N S B                                               
  185 T S T T T T S S D S B                                               
  186 T Y I I L I Y L F Y B                                               
  187 E E E E E E E E F E B                                               
  188 N D N N N D D D Q D B                                               
  189 G S G G G G S G V G B                                               
  190 I I I I I I I I K I B                                               
  191 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y B                                               
  192 K R K K K K R R H R B                                               
  193 N N N N N N N N N N B                                               
  194 L L L L L L L L L L B                                               
  195 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y F F F B                                               
  196 D D D D D D D D N D B                                               
  197 L L L L L L L L L L B                                               
  198 A A A A A A A A S A B                                               
  199 D D D D D D D D D D B                                               
  200 L Y L L L I Y L L L B                                               
  201 N D N N N N D N N D B                                               
  202 H L H H H H L H Q Q B                                               
  203 N N N N N N N Q S Q B                                               
  204 N N N N N N N N N N B                                               
  205 S T S S S N T P T S A                                               
  206 T V S S T A V V D T A                                               
  207 V M V V J M M I V I A                                               
  208 D D D D D D D D Y D A                                               
  209 V Q V V T A Q R Q S A                                               
  210 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y A                                               
  211 L L L L F F L L L L A                                               
  212 K K K K K K K K L K A                                               
  213 D E D D D S E D D A A                                               
  214 A S A A A A S A G A A                                               
  215 I I I I I I I V S I A                                               
  216 K K K K K D K K K K A                                               
  217 M F M M L L L M F L A                                               
  218 W W W W W W W W W W A                                               
  219 L L L L L L L I I L A                                               
  220 D D D D D G D D D D A                                               
  221 L K L L M M K M A M A                                               
  222 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  223 I I V V V V I I V I A                                               
  224 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
  225 G G G G G G G G A G A                                               
  226 I I J I I I I I I I A                                               
  227 R R R R R R R R R R A                                               
  228 M V V V V F V M I M A                                               
  229 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
  230 A A A A A A A A A A A                                               
  231 V V V V V V V V I V A                                               
  232 K K K K K K K K K K A                                               
  233 H H H H H Q H H H H A                                               
  234 M M M M M Y M M M M A                                               
  235 P S P P P P S P D A A                                               
  236 F E F F Q F E F K F A                                               
  237 G G G G G G G G S G A                                               
  238 W W W W W W W W F W A                                               
  239 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q I Q A                                               
  240 K T K K K K T K Q K A                                               
  241 S S S S N S S S K N A                                               
  242 F L F F W F L L W F A                                               
  243 M M M M M V M M T M A                                               
  244 A S S A S S S D S D A                                               
  245 A B T T S S D E D S A                                               
  246 V I I I I I I I I I A                                               
  247 N Y N N Y Y Y D Y L A                                               
  248 N S N N A G A N D S A                                               
  249 Y H Y Y H G H Y Y Y A                                               
  249a * * * * * D * * S * A                                              
  250 K K K K K H E R K R A                                               
  251 P P P P P P P P S P A                                               
  252 V V V V V V V V I V A                                               
  253 F F F F F F F F G F A                                               
  254 T T N T T T T T R T A                                               
  255 F F F F F F F F E F A                                               
  256 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  257 E E E E E E E E F E A                                               
  258 W W W W W W W W F W A                                               
  259 F F F F F Y F F F Y A                                               
  260 L L L L L L L L F L A                                               
  261 G G G G G G G S G G A                                               
  262 V S V V S A S E E T A                                               
  263 N G N N A D G N W N A                                               
  264 E E E E A Q E E F E A                                               
  265 V V I I P T V V G V A                                               
  266 S D S S D D D D A D A                                               
  267 P P P P A G P A S P A                                               
  268 E Q E E D D Q N A N A                                               
  269 N N Y Y N N N N N N A                                               
  270 H H H H T I H H T T A                                               
  271 K H Q Q D K H Y T Y A                                               
  272 F F F F F F F F T F A                                               
  273 A A A A A A A A G A A                                               
  274 N N N N N N N N V N A                                               
  275 E E E E E E E E D E A                                               
  276 S S S S S S S S G S A                                               
  277 G G G G G G G G N G A                                               
  278 M M M M M M M M A M A                                               
  279 S N S S S N S S I S A                                               
  280 L L L L L L L L D L A                                               
  281 L L L L L L L L Y L A                                               
  282 D D D D D D D D A D A                                               
  283 F F F F F F F F N F A                                               
  284 R Q P R R E Q R T R A                                               
  285 F F F F F Y F F S F A                                               
  286 A G A A N A G G G A A                                               
  287 Q Q Q Q S Q Q Q S Q A                                               
  288 K T K K A E T K A K A                                               
  289 V I A A V V I L L V A                                               
  290 R R R R R R R R L R A                                               
  291 Q N Q Q N E D Q D Q A                                               
  292 V V V V V V V V F V A                                               
  293 F L F F F F L L G F A                                               
  294 R K R R R R M R F R A                                               
  295 D D D D D D D N R D A                                               
  296 N R N N N K G N D N A                                               
  297 T T T T T T S S T T A                                               
  298 D S D D S E S D L D A                                               
  299 N N N N N T N N E T A                                               
  300 M W M M M M W W R M A                                               
  301 Y Y Y Y Y K Y Y V Y A                                               
  302 G D G G A D D G L G A                                               
  303 L F L L L L F F V L A                                               
  304 K N K K D Y N N G D A                                               
  305 A E A A S E E Q R S A                                               
  306 M M M M M V M M S M A                                               
  307 L I L L L L I I G I A                                               
  308 E T E E T A A Q N Q A                                               
  309 G S G G A S S D T S A                                               
  310 S T S S T T T T M T A                                               
  311 A E E B A B B A K A A                                               
  312 A K V V A S E S T A A                                               
  313 D E D D D Q D A L D A                                               
  314 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N Y A                                               
  315 A N A A N D D D S N A                                               
  316 Q E Q Q Q Y E B Y F A                                               
  317 V V V V V I V V L I A                                               
  318 D I N N N N I L I N A                                               
  319 D D D D D N D D K D A                                               
  320 Q Q Q Q Q M Q Q R M A                                               
  321 V V V V V V V V Q V A                                               
  322 T T T T T T T T T T A                                               
  323 F F F F F F F F V F A                                               
  324 I I I I I I I I F I A                                               
  325 D D D D D D D D T D A                                               
  326 N N N N N N N N S N A                                               
  327 H H H H H H H H D H A                                               
  328 D D D D D D D D D D A                                               
  329 M M M M M M M M W M A                                               
  330 E S E E D D S D Q D A                                               
  331 R R R R R R R R V R A                                               
  332 F F F F F F F F V F A                                               
  333 H S H H K Q S M F Y A                                               
  334 A V T T T V F I M T A                                               
  335 S G S S S A B D D G A                                               
  336 N S N N A G Q G N * A                                               
  337 A S G G V S S G H G A                                               
  338 N S D D N G S D D S A                                               
  339 R N R R N T N P M T A                                               
  340 R R R R R R R R A R A                                               
  341 K Q K K R A H K R P A                                               
  342 L T L L L T T V I V A                                               
  343 E D E E E E D D G E A                                               
  344 Q M Q Q Q Q I M T Q A                                               
  345 A A A A A A A A A A A                                               
  346 L L L L L L L L L L A                                               
  347 A A A A A A A A R A A                                               
  348 F V F F F L V V S F A                                               
  349 T L T T T T L L N T A                                               
  350 L L L L L L L L A L A                                               
  351 T T T T T T T T T T A                                               
  352 S S S S S S S S T S A                                               
  353 R R R R R R R R F R A                                               
  354 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  355 V V V V V V V V P V A                                               
  356 P P P P P P P P G P A                                               
  357 A T A A A A T N N A A                                               
  358 I I I I I I I I N I A                                               
  359 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y E Y A                                               
  360 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y T Y A                                               
  361 G G G G G G G G G G A                                               
  362 T T S S T T T T G T A                                               
  363 E E E E E E E E S E A                                               
  364 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A                                               
  365 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y S Y A                                               
  366 M V M M L M L M E M A                                               
  367 S T S S T T T T A T A                                               
  368 G G G G G G G G F G A                                               
  369 G G G G N D G N A N A                                               
  370 T N N N G G N G Q G A                                               
  371 D D D D D D D D K D A                                               
  372 P P P P P P P P R P A                                               
  373 D E D D D N E N I Y A                                               
  374 N N N N N N N N D N A                                               
  375 R R R R R R R R L R A                                               
  376 A K A A G A K K G A A                                               
  377 R P R R K M P M L M A                                               
  378 I L I L M M M M V M A                                               
  379 P K P P P T S S A T A                                               
  380 S T S S S S D S T S A                                               
  381 F F F F F F F F M F A                                               
  382 S D S S S N D N T D A                                               
  383 T R T T K T R K V T A                                               
  384 S S T T S G T N R T A                                               
  385 T T T T T T T T G T A                                               
  386 T N T T T T N R I T A                                               
  387 A S A A A A S A P A A                                               
  388 Y Y Y Y F Y Y Y A Y A                                               
  389 Q Q Q Q N K Q Q I N A                                               
  390 V I V V V V I V Y V A                                               
  391 I I I I I I I I Y I A                                               
  392 Q S Q Q S Q S Q G K A                                               
  393 K K K K K A T K T K A                                               
  394 L L L L L L L L E L A                                               
  395 A A A A A A A S H A A                                               
  396 P S P P P P S S Y P A                                               
  397 L L L L L L L L A L A                                               
  398 R R R R R R R R A R A                                               
  399 K Q K K K K Q R N K A                                               
  400 C T S S S S N N F S A                                               
  401 N N N N N N N N T N A                                               
  402 P S P P P P P P S P A                                               
  403 A A A A A A A A N A A                                               
  404 I L I I I I L L S I A                                               
  405 A G A A A A G A F A A                                               
  406 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y G Y A                                               
  407 G G G G G G G G Q G C                                               
  408 S T S S S T N D V T C                                               
  409 T T T T T T T T G Q C                                               
  410 Q T Q H Q T S E S K C                                               
  411 E E E E Q E E Q D Q C                                               
  412 R R R R R R R R P R C                                               
  413 W W W W W W W W Y W C                                               
  414 I L I I I V I I N I C                                               
  415 N N N N N N N N R N C                                               
  416 N E N N N N S G E N C                                               
  417 D D D D D D D D k D C                                               
  418 V I V V V V V V M V C                                               
  419 L Y I I Y L Y Y P Y C                                               
  420 I I I I I I I V G I C                                               
  421 Y Y Y Y Y I Y Y F Y C                                               
  422 E E E E E E E E D E C                                               
  423 R R R R R R R R T R C                                               
  424 K T K K K K S Q E Q C                                               
  425 F F F F F F F F S F C                                               
  426 G G G G G G G G E G C                                               
  427 S N N N K S D K A N C                                               
  428 N S N N S S S D F N C                                               
  429 V I V V V A V V S V C                                               
  430 A V A A A A V V I A C                                               
  431 V L V V V L L L I L C                                               
  432 V T V V V V T V K V C                                               
  433 A A A A A A A R T A C                                               
  434 V V i I V I V V L I C                                               
  435 N N N N N N N N G N C                                               
  436 R S R R R R S R D R C                                               
  437 N * N N N N * S L N C                                               
  438 L S M M L S G S R L C                                               
  439 N N N N T S D S K S C                                               
  440 A S T T T A T S S T C                                               
  441 P N P P P A S N S S C                                               
  442 A Q A A T Y Y Y P Y C                                               
  443 S T S S S P T S A Y C                                               
  444 I I I I I I I I I I C                                               
  445 S T T T T S N T Q T C                                               
  446 G N G G N G N G N G C                                               
  447 L L L L L L L L G L C                                               
  448 V N V V N L N F T Y C                                               
  449 T T T T T S T T Y T C                                               
  450 S S S S S S S A T A C                                               
  451 L L L L L L L L E L C                                               
  452 P P P R P P P P L P C                                               
  453 Q Q Q R S A Q A W A C                                               
  454 G G G A G G G G V G C                                               
  455 S N S S T T Q T N T C                                               
  456 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y D Y C                                               
  457 N T N N T S T T D S C                                               
  458 D D D D D D D D I D C                                               
  459 V E V V V V E Q L M C                                               
  460 L L L L L L L L V L C                                               
  461 G Q G G G N Q G F G C                                               
  462 G Q G G G G Q G E G C                                               
  463 L R I I V L L L R L C                                               
  464 L L L L L L L L R L C                                               
  465 N D N N N N D D S N C                                               
  466 G G G G G G G G G G C                                               
  467 N N N N N N N N N S C                                               
  468 T T T T N S E T D S C                                               
  469 L I L L I I I I I I C                                               
  470 S T T T T T T Q V T C                                               
  471 V V V V S V V V I V C                                               
  472 G N G G S G N G V S C                                               
  473 S A A A G S S S A S C                                               
  474 G N G G G G N N L N C                                               
  475 G G G G N G G G N G C                                               
  476 A A A A I A A S R S C                                               
  477 A V A A * V V V G V C                                               
  478 S N S S S T D N E T C                                               
  479 N S N N S N S A A P C                                               
  480 F F F F F F F F N F C                                               
  481 T Q T T T T Q D T T C                                               
  482 L L L L L L L L I L C                                               
  483 A R A A A A S G N A C                                               
  484 N A P P A A A P V P C                                               
  485 G N G G G G N G K G C                                               
  486 G S G G A G G B N E C                                               
  487 T V T T T T V V I V C                                               
  488 A A A A A A S G A A C                                               
  489 V V V V V V V V V V C                                               
  490 W W W W W W W W P W C                                               
  491 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q A N Q C                                               
  492 Y V Y Y Y Y I Y G Y C                                               
  493 T S T T T T T S V V C                                               
  494 A N T T A A E A Y S C                                               
  495 A W D D S P B T P T C                                               
  496 T S A A E E H E S T D                                               
  497 A T T T T T A S L N D                                               
  498 T S A T T S S T I P D                                               
  499 P P P P P P P P G P D                                               
  500 T L I I T A L I N L D                                               
  501 I I N I I I I I N I D                                               
  502 G G G G G G G G S G D                                               
  503 H Q N N H N H H V H D                                               
  504 V V V V V V V V S V D                                               
  505 G G G G G G G G V G D                                               
  506 P P P P P P P P A P D                                               
  507 M M M M V T M M N T D                                               
  508 M M M M M M M M K M D                                               
  509 A G A A G G G G R T D                                               
  510 K K K K K Q K Q T K D                                               
  511 P A A P P P H V T A D                                               
  512 G G G G G G G G L G D                                               
  513 V N V V N N N H T Q D                                               
  514 T T T T V I T Q L T D                                               
  515 I I I I V V V V M I D                                               
  516 T T T T T T T T Q T D                                               
  517 I V I I I I I I N I D                                               
  518 D S D D D D T D E D D                                               
  519 G G G G G G G G A G D                                               
  520 R E R R R R B E V R D                                               
  521 G G A G G G G G V G D                                               
  522 F F * F F F F F I F D                                               
  523 G G S G G G G G R G D                                               
  524 S D A S S G D T S T D                                               
  525 S E R G A T N N Q T D                                               
  526 K R Q K K A E T S A D                                               
  527 G G G G G G G G D G D                                               
  528 T S T T T T S T D Q D                                               
  529 V V V V V V V V A V D                                               
  530 Y L Y Y Y Y L K E L D                                               
  531 F F F F F F F F N F D                                               
  532 G D G G G G D G P G D                                               
  533 T S T T T T S T T T D                                               
  534 T T T T T T D T V T D                                               
  535 A S A A A A F A Q P D                                               
  536 V S V V V V S A S A D                                               
  537 S E T T T T D N I T D                                               
  538 G * G G G G * * N * D                                               
  539 A * A A S S * * F * D                                               
  540 D * D D A G * * T * D                                               
  541 I I I I I I V V C I D                                               
  542 T I V V T V L V N V D                                               
  543 S S A A S S S S N S D                                               
  544 W W W W W W W W G W D                                               
  545 E S E E E E S S Y E D                                               
  546 D N D D D D D N T D D                                               
  547 T T T T T T T N I T D                                               
  548 Q K Q Q Q Q K Q S E D                                               
  549 I I I I I I I I G V D                                               
  550 K S Q Q K K E V Q K D                                               
  551 V V V V V A V V S V D                                               
  552 K K K K T V S A V K D                                               
  553 I V I I I I V V Y V D                                               
  554 P P L P P P P P I P D                                               
  555 A N R A P K D N I A D                                               
  556 V V V V V V V V G L D                                               
  557 A A P P A A T S N T D                                               
  558 G G G G G A A P I P D                                               
  559 G G G G G G G G P G D                                               
  560 N Y I I D K H K Q K D                                               
  561 Y Y Y Y Y T Y Y L Y D                                               
  562 N D D D A G D N G N D                                               
  563 I L I I V V I I G I D                                               
  564 K S R R K S S T W T D                                               
  565 V V V V V V V V D L D                                               
  566 A V A A A K V Q L K D                                               
  567 N T N N A T N S T T D                                               
  568 A A A A * S A S K A D                                               
  569 A A A A N S G S A S D                                               
  570 G N G G G G D G V G D                                               
  571 T I A A V T S Q K V D                                               
  572 A K A A N A Q T I T D                                               
  573 S S S S S S S S S S D                                               
  574 N P N N N N P A P N D                                               
  575 V T I I A T T A T S D                                               
  576 Y Y Y Y Y F Y Y Q Y D                                               
  577 D K D D N K D D Y N D                                               
  578 N E N N D S K N P N D                                               
  579 F F F F F F F F Q I D                                               
  580 B E E E T N B E W N D                                               
  581 V V V V I V V V S V D                                               
  582 L L L L L L L L A L D                                               
  583 S S T T S T T T S T D                                               
  584 G G G G G G G N L G E                                               
  585 D N D D D D D D E N E                                               
  586 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q L Q E                                               
  587 V V V V V V V V P V E                                               
  588 S S T T S T S S S C E                                               
  589 V V V V V V I V D V E                                               
  590 R R R R R R R R L R E                                               
  591 F F F F F F F F N F E                                               
  592 V G V V V L A V V V E                                               
  593 V V I I I V V V E V E                                               
  594 N N N N N N N N W N E                                               
  595 N N N N N Q N N K N E                                               
  596 A A A A A A A A C A E                                               
  597 T T T T T N T T V T E                                               
  598 T T T T T T T T K T E                                               
  599 A S A A A N S N R V E                                               
  600 L P L L L Y L L N W E                                               
  601 G G G G G G G G E G E                                               
  602 Q T Q Q E T T Q T E E                                               
  603 N N N N N N N N N N E                                               
  604 V L V V I V L I P V E                                               
  605 Y Y F F Y Y Y Y T Y E                                               
  606 L I L L L L M I A L E                                               
  607 T V T T T V V V N T E                                               
  608 G G G G G G G G V G E                                               
  609 S N N N N N N N E N E                                               
  610 V V V V V A V V W V E                                               
  611 S N S S S A N Y Q A E                                               
  612 E E E E E E E E S E E                                               
  613 L L L L L L L L G L E                                               
  614 G G G G G G G G A G E                                               
  615 N N N N N T N N N N E                                               
  616 W W W W W W W W N W E                                               
  617 D D D D T D D D Q D E                                               
  618 P A P P T P P T F T E                                               
  619 A D N N G N D S N S E                                               
  620 K K N N A K Q K S K E                                               
  621 A A A A A A A A N A E                                               
  621a * * * * S * * * * * E                                              
  622 I I I I I I I I D I E                                               
  623 G G G G G G G G T G E                                               
  624 P P P P P P P P Q P E                                               
  625 M M M M A M M M T M E                                               
  626 Y F Y Y F Y P F T F E                                               
  627 N N N N N N N N N N E                                               
  628 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q G Q E                                               
  629 V V V V V V V V S V E                                               
  630 V M V V I I M V F V E                                               
  631 Y Y Y Y H A Y Y F Y E                                               
  632 Q Q Q Q A K Q S  Q E                                                
  633 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y  Y E                                                
  634 P P P P P P P P  P E                                                
  635 N T T T T S T T  T E                                                
  636 W W W W W W W W  W E                                                
  637 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y  Y E                                                
  638 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y I  Y E                                                
  639 D D D D D D D D  D E                                                
  640 V I V V V V I V  V E                                                
  641 S S S S S S S S  S E                                                
  642 V V V V V V V V  V E                                                
  643 P P P P P P P P  P E                                                
  644 A A A A A A A E  A E                                                
  645 G G G G G G E G  G E                                                
  646 K K Q Q K T E K  T E                                                
  647 T N T T Q K N T  T E                                                
  648 I L I I L L L I  I E                                                
  649 E E E E E D E E  E E                                                
  650 F Y F F F F Y F  F E                                                
  651 K K K K K K K K  K E                                                
  652 F Y F F F F F F  F E                                                
  653 L I L L F I I I  I E                                                
  654 K K K K K K K K  K E                                                
  655 K K K K K K K K  K E                                                
  656 Q D Q Q N G D D  N E                                                
  657 G Q G G G G S S  G E                                                
  658 S N S S A G S Q  S E                                                
  658a * G * * * * G G  * E                                               
  659 T N T T T T N N  T E                                                
  660 V V V V I V V V  V E                                                
  661 T V T T T T V T  T E                                                
  662 W W W W W W W W  W E                                                
  663 E Q E B B B B B  E E                                                
  664 G S G G G G S S  G E                                                
  665 G G G G G G G G  G E                                                
  666 S N A A S G N S  Y E                                                
  667 N N N N N N N N  N E                                                
  668 H R R R H H H H  H E                                                
  669 T T T T T T T V  V E                                                
  670 F Y P P P Y Y Y  Y E                                                
  671 T T T T T T T T  T E                                                
  672 A S T T T T T T  T E                                                
  673 P P P P P P P P  P E                                                
  674 S T T T T A A T  T E                                                
  675 S T S S S S T N  S E                                                
  676 G G G G G G G T  G E                                                
  677 T T T T T V T T  T E                                                
  678 A D A A A G D G  A E                                                
  679 T T T T T T T K  T E                                                
  680 I V V V V V V I  V E                                                
  681 N M N N T T L I  I E                                                
  682 V I V V I V V V  V E                                                
  683 N N N N N D D D  D E                                                
  684 W W W W W W W W  W E                                                
  685 Q  Q Q Q Q Q Q  Q E                                                 
  686 P  P P  N  N  P E                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 *Amino acid residue absent in this position
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a model of the structure of the active site cleft (domains A and B) of a CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, which has been complexed with a linear starch molecule, and residues involved in the enzyme-substrate interactions;
FIG. 2 shows the formation (% cyclodextrin) of α- (), β- (▪), and γ-cyclodextrin (▴) from 10% Paselli™ WA4 (pre-gelatinized drum-dried starch) during a 50 hour incubation at 50° C. catalyzed by (A) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (B) the Y89D CGTase variant, (C) the S146P CGTase variant, and (D) the Y89D/S146P CGTase variant;
FIG. 3 shows the construction of plasmid pDP66K, subcloning steps are indicated adjacent to the arrows;
FIG. 4 shows the results of starch binding experiments (% of protein bound to raw starch) at starch concentrations of from 0 to 8% raw starch, () without β-cyclodextrin, and (∘) with 0.1 mM β-cyclodextrin; (a) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (b) the W616A/W662A variant, and (c) the Y633A variant;
FIG. 5 shows the results of reaction kinetic experiments (activity, U/mg) on Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch) at concentrations of from 0 to 5% Paselli™, () without β-cyclodextrin, (∘) with 0.1 mM β-cyclodextrin, and (♦) with 0.2 mM β-cyclodextrin; (a) wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (b) the W616A/W662A variant, and (c) the Y633A variant;
FIG. 6 shows the results of reaction kinetic experiments (activity, U/mg) on raw starch at starch concentration of from 0 to 60% raw starch, () wild-type enzyme (Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase), (□) the W616A/W662A variant, and (▪) the Y633A variant; the dotted line indicates the modelled curve resulting from the supposed interaction between MBS2 on the E domain and MBS3 on the C domain;
FIG. 7 shows the product formation (∘ α-cyclodextrin formation; □ β-cyclodextrin formation, and Δ γ-cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (N193G, FIG. 7B, and Y89G, FIG. 7C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 7A) during incubation for 0 to 45 hours;
FIG. 8 shows the product formation (∘ α-cyclodextrin formation; □ β-cyclodextrin formation, and Δ γ-cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (*145aI, FIG. 8B, and D371G, FIG. 8C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 8A) during incubation for 0 to 45 hours;
FIG. 9 shows the product formation (∘ α-cyclodextrin formation; □ β-cyclodextrin formation, and Δ γ-cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (N193G, FIG. 9B, and Y89G, FIG. 9C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 9A) during incubation for 0 to 10 hours; and
FIG. 10 shows the product formation (∘ α-cyclodextrin formation; □ β-cyclodextrin formation, and Δ γ-cyclodextrin formation) of two CGTase variants of the invention (145aI, FIG. 10B, and D371G, FIG. 10C) compared to the wild-type enzyme (from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, FIG. 10A) during incubation for 0 to 10 hours.
DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
Methods of Making CGTase Variants
In its first aspect, the present invention provides a method of modifying the substrate binding and/or increasing the product selectivity of a CGTase enzyme, thereby obtaining a CGTase variant having a modified substrate binding capability and/or an increased product selectivity, as compared to the precursor enzyme.
In the context of this invention, a CGTase variant of modified substrate binding capability is meant to describe a CGTase variant that is able to more efficiently act on its substrate, and/or a CGTase variant that is less affected by product inhibition. In the context of this invention, product inhibition is meant to describe the phenomenon that increasing amounts of product reduce or even inhibit the substrate conversion. It is desirable to obtain CGTase variants that are less affected by product inhibition (i.e. variants of reduced product inhibition).
Moreover, in the context of this invention, a CGTase variant of increased product selectivity is meant to describe a CGTase variant that is able to more selectively produce any of the various cyclodextrins thereby increasing the ratio of the desired product, as compared to the precursor enzyme.
The present invention is based on the concept of removing and/or introducing "obstacles" in the subsites of the active site cleft, the substrate binding cleft, or the groove leading to these clefts, thereby facilitating introduction of the substrate and its disposition in such a way that products of a predetermined size are obtained, and in such a way that substrate binding is not inhibited by the product.
By modifying the substrate binding of a CGTase enzyme, its product selectivity can be modified in order that the CGTase variant is able to more selectively produce any of the various cyclodextrins, α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins. Even CGTases capable of producing δ-, ε-, and ζ-cyclodextrins with 9, 10 and 11 glucose units, respectively, may be obtained. Modification of the substrate binding of a CGTase may also reduce the tendency of product inhibition, thereby increasing the cyclodextrin yield of the CGTase variant.
The concept of the invention may be expressed differently as the modification of enzyme-substrate side chain intermolecular interactions. By introducing specific mutations according to the invention, the intermolecular interactions between substrate and CGTase can be changed in order to direct the substrate to a specific location in the active site cleft, thereby obtaining a cyclic or linear product of predefined size, preferably α-, a β- or a γ-cyclodextrin, or δ-, ε, and ζ-cyclodextrins, or a linear oligosaccharide of similar size, preferably of 2-12 glucose units, more preferred 2-9 glucose units.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units C to I, preferably C to H, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 6 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for α-cyclodextrins (6 glucose units). Moreover, the formation of larger cyclodextrins and/or larger linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit I to J of FIG. 1.
In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units F to J, preferably H and I, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 7 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for β-cyclodextrins (7 glucose units). Moreover, the formation of e.g. α-cyclodextrins and/or small linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to G of FIG. 1.
In a third preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units H to K, preferably I and J, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 8 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for γ-cyclodextrins (8 glucose units). Moreover, the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
In a fourth preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units J to M, preferably K and L, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 9 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for δ-cyclodextrins (9 glucose units).
Moreover, the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
In a fifth preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units K to N, preferably L and M, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 10 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ε-cyclodextrins (10 glucose units). Moreover, the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
In a sixth preferred embodiment of the invention, the introduction of more intermolecular interactions (e.g. more hydrogen bonding potential) in the region around glucose units L to O, preferably M and N, of FIG. 1, will lock the substrate in a position 11 glucose units from the catalytic site (between glucose units B and C of FIG. 1), and lead to increased product selectivity for ζ-cyclodextrins (11 glucose units). Moreover, the formation of smaller cyclodextrins and/or linear oligosaccharides may simultaneously be reduced by reducing potential intermolecular interactions of glucose unit C to H of FIG. 1.
In a seventh preferred embodiment of the invention, the formation of linear oligosaccharides of desired length may be increased by combining the above conditions with substitution at the cyclization axis, corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering.
The CGTase enzyme subjected to the method of the invention may be any CGTase found in nature. However, the CGTase preferably is a microbial enzyme, preferably a bacterial enzyme, and preferably the CGTase is derived from a strain of Bacillus, a strain of Brevibacterium, a strain of Clostridium, a strain of Corynebacterium, a strain of Klebsiella, a strain of Micrococcus, a strain of Thermoanaerobium, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium, or a strain of Thermoactinomyces.
In more preferred embodiments, the CGTase is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, a strain of Bacillus subtilis, a strain of Klebsiella pneumonia, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter finnii, a strain of Clostridium thermoamylolyticum, a strain of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, or a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes.
In most preferred embodiments, the CGTase is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
The strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627 was deposited according to the Budapest Treaty on the International Recognition of the Deposit of Microorganisms for the Purposes of Patent Procedure at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Md. 20852, USA, on Jun. 3, 1987. The strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251 has been deposited in the open collection at Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid (RIV), Bilthoven, The Netherlands, and allotted the accession number RIV 11115, and thus is publicly available.
The method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) of the enzyme, which residue(s) hold a position close to the substrate, when the substrate has bound to the CGTase enzyme at its substrate binding sites. In more specific aspects, the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion of two or more amino acid residue(s), preferably of three or more amino acid residue(s).
In the context of this invention, a CGTase amino acid residue holding a position close to the substrate indicates an amino acid residue located within the enzyme in a way that it is within a potential intermolecular (i.e. enzyme-substrate) interactive distance from a glucose unit of the substrate (i.e. a polysaccharide). Examples of potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, an amino acid position close to the substrate indicates a distance less than 8 Å (angstrom), preferably less than 5 Å, more preferred less than 3 Å, from the substrate.
In a more preferred embodiment of this invention, these distances are calculated using the CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 [cf. Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600], complexed with a derivative of maltonanose, the coordinates of which have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank, Biology Department, Bldg. 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, N.Y. 11973-5000, USA, under the entry code 1DIJ. Knowledge of this structure makes it possible to identify similar positions in other CGTases, having a known primary structure, which positions corresponds to the positions stated in e.g. Table 2, cf. also Table 1.
CGTases have substrate binding regions located at the A domain, at the B domain, at the C domain and at the E domain of the enzyme. Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the method of the invention comprises substituting one or more amino acid residue(s) of the CGTase enzyme, which residue(s) are located in one or more of the A, B, C and/or E domains, cf. Table 1.
By sequence alignment and molecular modelling of a CGTase enzyme found in nature, amino acid residues located close to the substrate can be identified. By using sequence alignment, the tertiary structure of any homologous CGTase can be modelled based on known three-dimensional CGTase structures.
Table 2, below, presents a list of CGTase amino acid positions located within 8 Å from the substrate, and therefore to be considered in the context of this invention. The amino acid residues are identified by CGTase numbering, which allows identification of the corresponding amino acid positions in any CGTase enzyme.
Preferably, the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Table 2, below.
              TABLE 2                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 8 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                
______________________________________                                    
19     142        192    301     476  634                                 
  21 143 193 304 596 635                                                  
  46 144 194 326 597 636                                                  
  47 145 195 327 598 649                                                  
  75 146 196 328 599 650                                                  
  78 147 197 329 600 651                                                  
  82 148 198 370 601 652                                                  
  87 149 199 371 602 653                                                  
  88 150 227 372 603 655                                                  
  89 151 228 374 604 656                                                  
  90 154 229 375 605 660                                                  
  94 167 230 410 607 661                                                  
  95 168 231 411 608 662                                                  
  96 176 232 412 609 663                                                  
  97 177 233 413 615 664                                                  
  98 178 257 414 616 665                                                  
  99 179 258 415 617 666                                                  
  100 180 259 416 618 667                                                 
  101 181 260 418 624 668                                                 
  102 182 261 420 625 685                                                 
  135 183 262 443 626 686                                                 
  136 184 264 444 627                                                     
  137 185 266 445 628                                                     
  138 186 268 446 629                                                     
  139 187 281 447 631                                                     
  140 188 283 448 632                                                     
  141 189 287 449 633                                                     
______________________________________
By molecular modelling of the CGTase obtained from Bacillus circulans Strain 251, the amino acid positions presented in Tables 3-5, below, have been identified as positions close to the substrate, i.e. at a distance of 8 Å, 5 Å and 3 Å, respectively.
In a more preferred embodiment, the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Tables 3-5, below.
              TABLE 3                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 8 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in B. circulans Strain 251 (CGTase Numbering)      
______________________________________                                    
Gln-19 Ser-142  Gly-189  Phe-0283                                         
                                Leu-447 Val-629                           
  Phe-21 Pro-143 Lys-192 Gln-287 Val-448 Tyr-631                          
  Arg-47 Ala-144 Asn-193 Tyr-301 Thr-449 Gln-632                          
  Trp-75 Ser-145 Leu-194 Lys-304 Ala-476 Tyr-633                          
  Gln-78 Ser-146 Phe-195 Asn-326 Ala-596 Pro-634                          
  Asn-82 Asp-147 Asp-196 His-327 Thr-597 Asn-635                          
  Ile-87 Gln-148 Leu-197 Asp-328 Thr-598 Trp-636                          
  Asn-88 Pro-149 Ala-198 Met-329 Ala-599 Glu-649                          
  Tyr-89 Ser-150 Asp-199 Thr-370 Leu-600 Phe-650                          
  Ser-90 Phe-151 Arg-227 Asp-371 Gly-601 Lys-651                          
  Asn-94 Asn-154 Met-228 Pro-372 Gln-602 Phe-652                          
  Thr-95 Tyr-167 Asp-229 Asn-374 Asn-603 Lys-655                          
  Ala-96 Thr-168 Ala-230 Arg-375 Val-604 Gln-656                          
  Tyr-97 His-176 Val-231 Gln-410 Tyr-605 Val-660                          
  His-98 His-177 Lys-232 Glu-411 Thr-607 Thr-661                          
  Gly-99 Asn-178 His-233 Arg-412 Gly-608 Trp-662                          
  Tyr-100 Gly-179 Glu-257 Trp-413 Ser-609 Glu-663                         
  Trp-101 Gly-180 Trp-258 Ile-414 Asn-615 Gly-664                         
  Ala-102 Thr-181 Phe-259 Asn-415 Trp-616 Gly-665                         
  Asp-135 Asp-182 Leu-260 Asn-416 Asp-617 Ser-666                         
  Phe-136 Phe-183 Gly-261 Val-418 Pro-618 Asn-667                         
  Ala-137 Ser-184 Val-262 Ile-420 Pro-624 His-668                         
  Pro-138 Thr-185 Glu-264 Ser-443 Met-625 Gln-685                         
  Asn-139 Thr-186 Ser-266 Ile-444 Tyr-626 Pro-686                         
  His-140 Glu-187 Glu-268 Ser-445 Asn-627                                 
  Thr-141 Asn-188 Leu-281 Gly-446 Gln-628                                 
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 4                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 5 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in B circulans Strain 251 (CGTase Numbering)       
______________________________________                                    
Tyr-89 Pro-149  Asn-193  Leu-260                                          
                                Asn-415 Tyr-626                           
  His-98 Ser-150 Leu-194 Gly-261 Gly-446 Asn-627                          
  Tyr-100 Tyr-167 Phe-195 Glu-264 Leu-447 Gln-628                         
  Trp-101 Gly-179 Asp-196 Tyr-301 Val-448 Tyr-633                         
  Ala-137 Gly-180 Leu-197 His-327 Thr-598 Trp-636                         
  His-140 Thr-181 Arg-227 Asp-328 Ala-599 Glu-649                         
  Pro-143 Asp-182 Asp-229 Asp-371 Leu-600 Lys-651                         
  Ala-144 Phe-183 Ala-230 Arg-375 Gly-601 Trp-662                         
  Ser-145 Ser-184 Lys-232 Glu-411 Gln-602 Glu-663                         
  Ser-146 Thr-185 His-233 Arg-412 Asn-603 Asn-667                         
  Asp-147 Glu-187 Glu-257 Trp-413 Trp-616                                 
  Gln-148 Asn-188 Phe-259 Ile-414 Met-625                                 
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 5                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 3 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in B. circulans Strain 251 (CGTase Numbering)      
______________________________________                                    
Tyr-89 Asp-147  Asn-193  Phe-259                                          
                                Thr-598 Gln-628                           
  His-98 Gln-148 Phe-195 His-327 Ala-599 Tyr-633                          
  Tyr-100 Gly-180 Asp-196 Asp-328 Leu-600 Trp-636                         
  Trp-101 Asp-182 Asp-229 Asp-371 Gly-601 Lys-651                         
  His-140 Phe-183 Lys-232 Glu-411 Gln-602 Asn-667                         
  Ser-145 Ser-184 His-233 Ile-414 Asn-603                                 
  Ser-146 Thr-185 Glu-257 Gly-446 Asn-627                                 
______________________________________
In a similar manner, molecular modelling of the CGTase obtained from the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, has revealed the amino acid positions presented in Tables 6-8, below, as being positions close to the substrate, i.e. at a distance of 8 Å, 5 Å and 3 Å, respectively.
In another preferred embodiment, the method of the invention comprises substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) identified in Tables 6-8, below.
              TABLE 6                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 8 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in Thermoanaerobacter sp. (CGTase Numbering)       
______________________________________                                    
Gln-19 His-140  Tyr-186   Glu-264                                         
                                 Tyr-443                                  
                                        Met-625                           
  Val-21 Thr-141 Glu-187 Asp-266 Ile-444 Phe-626                          
  Leu-46 Ser-142 Asp-188 Asn-268 Thr-445 Asn-627                          
  Lys-47 Pro-143 Gly-189 Leu-281 Gly-446 Gln-628                          
  Trp-75 Ala-144 Arg-192 Phe-283 Leu-447 Gln-632                          
  Gln-78 Ser-145 Asn-193 Gln-287 Tyr-448 Tyr-633                          
  Asn-82 Glu-146 Leu-194 Tyr-301 Ser-476 Pro-634                          
  Leu-87 Thr-147 Phe-195 Asn-326 Ala-596 Thr-635                          
  Pro-88 Asp-148 Asp-196 His-327 Thr-597 Trp-636                          
  Asp-89 Pro-149 Leu-197 Asp-328 Thr-598 Glu-649                          
  Phe-91a Thr-150 Ala-198 Met-329 Val-599 Phe-650                         
  Ser-94 Tyr-151 Asp-199 Gly-370 Trp-600 Lys-651                          
  Thr-95 Asn-154 Arg-227 Asp-371 Gly-601 Phe-652                          
  Ser-96 Tyr-167 Met-228 Pro-372 Glu-602 Ile-653                          
  Tyr-97 Thr-168 Asp-229 Asn-374 Asn-603 Lys-655                          
  His-98 His-176 Ala-230 Arg-375 Val-604 Asn-656                          
  Gly-99 His-177 Val-231 Lys-410 Tyr-605 Thr-661                          
  Tyr-100 Tyr-178 Lys-232 Gln-411 Thr-607 Trp-662                         
  Trp-101 Gly-179 His-233 Arg-412 Gly-608 Glu-663                         
  Ala-102 Gly-180 Glu-257 Trp-413 Asn-609 Gly-664                         
  Asp-135 Thr-181 Trp-258 Ile-414 Asn-615 Gly-665                         
  Phe-136 Asn-182 Tyr-259 Asn-415 Trp-616 Tyr-666                         
  Ala-137 Phe-183 Leu-260 Asn-416 Asp-617 Asn-667                         
  Pro-138 Ser-184 Gly-261 Val-418 Thr-618 His-668                         
  Asn-139 Ser-185 Thr-262 Ile-420 Pro-624 Gln-685                         
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 7                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 5 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in Thermoanaerobacter sp. (CGTase Numbering)       
______________________________________                                    
Lys-47                                                                    
      Lys-148   Asn-193  Gly-261                                          
                                Thr-445 Gln-628                           
  Ser-94 Pro-149 Leu-194 Glu-264 Gly-446 Tyr-633                          
  Tyr-97 Thr-150 Phe-195 Asp-266 Leu-447 Trp-636                          
  His-98 Tyr-151 Asp-196 Tyr-301 Tyr-448 Glu-649                          
  Tyr-100 Tyr-167 Leu-197 His-327 Thr-598 Lys-651                         
  Trp-101 Gly-179 Arg-227 Asp-328 Val-599 Trp-662                         
  Ala-137 Gly-180 Asp-229 Asp-371 Trp-600 Glu-663                         
  His-140 Thr-181 Ala-230 Arg-375 Gly-601 Gly-665                         
  Pro-143 Asn-182 Lys-232 Gln-411 Glu-602 Asn-667                         
  Ala-144 Phe-183 His-233 Arg-412 Asn-603                                 
  Ser-145 Ser-184 Glu-257 Trp-413 Trp-616                                 
  Glu-146 Ser-185 Tyr-259 Ile-414 Met-625                                 
  Thr-147 Tyr-186 Leu-260 Asn-415 Asn-627                                 
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 8                                                     
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Amino Acid Residues less than 3 Å from the Substrate           
  Positions Identified in Thermoanaerobacter sp. (CGTase Numbering)       
______________________________________                                    
His-98                                                                    
      Thr-147   Phe-195  Asp-328                                          
                                Thr-598 Asn-627                           
  Tyr-100 Gly-180 Asp-229 Asp-371 Val-599 Tyr-633                         
  Trp-101 Phe-183 His-233 Arg-375 Trp-600 Lys-651                         
  His-140 Ser-184 Glu-257 Gln-411 Gly-601 Asn-667                         
  Ser-145 Ser-185 Tyr-259 Ile-414 Glu-602                                 
  Glu-146 Asn-193 His-327 Gly-446 Asn-603                                 
______________________________________
As described above, the substrate binding and product selectivity of a CGTase variant of the invention can be designed by removing existing and/or introducing potential intermolecular interactions between the CGTase variant and its substrate.
Examples of intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrogen bonding potentials (i.e. having H-bonding capability) are generally the following:
Ser (S), Thr (T), Asn (N), Gln (Q), His (H), Asp (D), Tyr (Y), Glu (E), Lys (K), Arg (R), Trp (W), and Cys (C).
Correspondingly the following amino acids do not in general possess the potential ability to form side chain hydrogen bonds (i.e. no H-bonding capability):
Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Phe (F), Gly (G), Met (M), and Pro (P).
Amino acid residues having side chains with salt bridge formation potentials are generally the following:
Asp (D), Glu (E), Lys (K), Arg (R), and His (H).
Amino acid residues having side chains with polar interaction potentials are generally the following:
Asp (D), Asn (N), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Lys (K), Arg (R), His (H), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), and Cys (C).
Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrophobic interaction potentials are generally the following:
Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Phe (F), Met (M), Pro (P), and part of the Arg (R), Glu (E) and Gln (Q) side-chains.
Amino acid residues having side chains with aromatic interaction potentials are generally the following:
His (H), Phe (F), Tyr (Y) and Trp (W).
CGTase Variants
In its second aspect, the present invention provides novel CGTase variants, having an amino acid sequence not found in nature. Functionally, the CGTase variant of the invention is regarded a derivative of a precursor CGTase enzyme (i.e. the native, parental, or wild-type enzyme).
In a CGTase variant of the invention, the substrate binding and/or product selectivity has been modified, as compared to the precursor CGTase enzyme, by replacement, insertion and/or deletion of one or more amino acid residue(s) holding a position close to the substrate.
The CGTase variant of the invention may be derived from any CGTase enzyme found in nature. However, the CGTase variant of the invention preferably is derived from a microbial enzyme, preferably a bacterial enzyme, and preferably the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Bacillus, a strain of Brevibacterium, a strain of Clostridium, a strain of Corynebacterium, a strain of Klebsiella, a strain of Micrococcus, a strain of Thermoanaerobium, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium, or a strain of Thermoactinomyces.
In more preferred embodiments, the CGTase variant of the invention is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, a strain of Bacillus subtilis, a strain of Klebsiella pneumonia, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, a strain of Thermoanaerobacter finnii, a strain of Clostridium thermoamylolyticum, a strain of Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum, or a strain of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosulfurigenes.
In most preferred embodiments, the CGTase variant of the invention is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
In the context of this invention, an amino acid residue holding a position close to the substrate indicates an amino acid residue located within the enzyme in such a way that it is within a potential intermolecular (i.e. enzyme-substrate) interactive distance from a glucose unit of the substrate (i.e. a polysaccharide).
Examples of potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions.
In a preferred embodiment of this invention, an amino acid position close to the substrate indicates a distance less than 8 Å (angstrom), preferably less than 5 Å, more preferred less than 3 Å, from the substrate.
Moreover, CGTases have substrate binding regions located at the A domain, at the B domain, at the C domain and at the E domain. Consequently, in a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a CGTase variant, in which variant a substitution, an insertion and/or a deletion have been introduced at one or more of the amino acid residue(s) located in one or more of the A, B, C and E domains.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a CGTase variant, in which variant a substitution, an insertion and/or a deletion have been introduced at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 2.
However, if a substitutions at positions 195 and 198 (CGTase numbering) have been accomplished, the CGTase is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid residue(s) has been introduced. Moreover, a CGTase comprising any of the following specific mutations: H140R, H140N, F183L, H233R, H233N, W258V, F259L, F259I, F259Y, F283L, H327R, H327N, T598F and/or W636F, is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention, unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion of amino acid residue(s) at one or more positions not stated here has been introduced. Finally, a CGTase comprising any of the following specific mutations: F195Y/F259Y, W258V/F259I, T598F/W636F, and F183L/F259L, is not contemplated a CGTase variant of the invention, unless additional substitution, insertion and/or deletion of amino acid residue(s) at one or more positions has been introduced. Therefore such CGTase variants are disclaimed according to the present invention.
In a more preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Tables 3-5. Preferably the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, or a strain of Bacillus subtilis. Most preferred, the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
In another preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Tables 6-8. Preferably the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
In a CGTase variant of the invention, the intermolecular enzyme/substrate interactions have been modified, as compared to the precursor enzyme. Examples of potential intermolecular interactions include, but are not limited to hydrogen bonding, salt bridge formation, polar interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and aromatic interactions. Such modifications may be accomplished by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the above described positions, according to the following guidance.
Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrogen bonding potentials (i.e. having H-bonding capability) are generally the following:
Ser (S), Thr (T), Asn (N), Gln (Q), His (H), Asp (D), Tyr (Y), Glu (E), Lys (K), Arg (R), Trp (W), and Cys (C).
Correspondingly the following amino acids do not in general possess the potential ability to form side chain hydrogen bonds (i.e. no H-bonding capability):
Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Phe (F), Gly (G), Met (M), and Pro (P).
Amino acid residues having side chains with salt bridge formation potentials are generally the following:
Asp (D), Glu (E), Lys (K), Arg (R), and His (H).
Amino acid residues having side chains with polar interaction potentials are generally the following:
Asp (D), Asn (N), Glu (E), Gln (Q), Lys (K), Arg (R), His (H), Tyr (Y), Trp (W), and Cys (C).
Amino acid residues having side chains with hydrophobic interaction potentials are generally the following:
Ala (A), Val (V), Leu (L), Ile (I), Phe (F), Met (M), Pro (P), and part of the Arg (R), Glu (E) and Gln (Q) side-chains.
Amino acid residues having side chains with aromatic interaction potentials are generally the following:
His (H), Phe (F), Tyr (Y) and Trp (W).
By the method of the invention variants are obtained, which possess an altered number of hydrogen bonds or other interactions in the subsites of the active cleft or in the groove leading to this cleft or on the maltose binding sites.
By altering subsites in the binding cleft it is possible to manipulate the number of sugars which are able to bind and thus alter the ratios of α-, β-, γ-cyclodextrins, etc., produced by the enzyme.
In particular, when construction of α-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variants is contemplated, interactions on or before subsites C-I of the substrate (cf. FIG. 1) should be increased, and interactions on subsites I and higher should be decreased. Alternatively sterical hindrance could be applied to prevent binding on subsites I and higher. For instance, starting from an Bacillus CGTase, the following mutations are contemplated, separately or in combinations.
Less coupling and disproportionating activity is achieved by removing interactions between the enzyme and the donor/acceptor, i.e. between the CGTase and subsites A, B, C and D. Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds are e.g.:
H233Q, D135L, R47L or R47Q.
Mutations which increase hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.:
H233Q (relative to subsite B of the substrate), L197D or L197E (subsite D), N94Q or N94K or N94R or N94W or N94F (subsite E), D371N or D371G (subsite E+F), Y89D (subsite E), A144K or A144R or A144D (subsite H), N193D or N193E (subsite H), Y167F (in order to release the residue at position 193 for H-bonding to subsite H), and T185R or T185E or T185D (on maltose binding site 2, cf. below).
Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft, and thus make new enzyme-substrate interactions are e.g.:
N88P and P143G.
Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.:
S145E or S145A, and S146P or S146Q or S146G (relative to subsite I of the substrate).
A mutation which increases the hydrogen bonding relative to subsite H is e.g. A144R.
A mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. N88K.
Mutations which leads to sterical hindrance are e.g.:
S145W or S145Y or S145F, and S146W or S146I or S146R or S146P (prevent binding on subsite I of the substrate).
Mutations which increase electrostatic interactions (stacking) are e.g.:
L600W or L600F or L600Y (of maltose binding site 2, cf. below).
In a preferred embodiment, an α-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW.
In order to produce an enzyme with an improved product selectivity towards β-cyclodextrins it is necessary to circumvent the production of both smaller and larger cyclic products. A rationale might be to prevent the production of α-cyclodextrin by removing hydrogen bonds between the enzyme and substrate, which enable the substrate to move more quickly into the active site. Conversely, introduction of hydrogen bonds at relevant positions slow down the movement of substrate leading to the production of larger cyclodextrins. This approach, coupled with the substitution of amino acid residues which cause sterical hindrance for smaller amino acid residues at positions designed to block the movement of substrate, prevent the formation of cyclodextrins larger than β-cyclodextrin. Therefore, if construction of β-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variants is contemplated, the following mutations are contemplated, separately or in combinations, also starting from an Bacillus CGTase.
Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft close to the active site and thus create space for larger cyclodextrins (β- and γ-cyclodextrins) are e.g.:
N88P, Y89* (a deletion), 91aY (an insertion), V92* or N92*, and N94*.
A mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. S146E.
Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.
S145L, and Q148N.
Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds from subsites D, E, F, H, I and J of the substrate are e.g.:
R375G, D371G, D371N, Y89G, N193G, S145A, Q148A, and *145aI.
A mutation which introduce sterical hindrance between subsites I and J of the substrate, designed to shift the product ratio towards the production of smaller cyclodextrins is e.g. D147W.
In a preferred embodiment, a β-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
In another preferred embodiment, a β-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (X195L).
In a third preferred embodiment, a CGTase variant of the invention capable of forming linear oligosaccharides may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a glycine residue (X195G).
Similarly, if construction of γ-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variants is contemplated, the following mutations are contemplated, separately or in combinations, again starting from an Bacillus CGTase.
Mutations which alter the conformation of the substrate binding cleft close to the active site and thus create space for larger cyclodextrins (β- and γ-cyclodextrins) are e.g.:
N88P, Y89* (a deletion), 91aY (an insertion), V92* or N92*, and N94*.
A mutation which increases hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate is e.g. S146E.
Mutations which decrease hydrogen bonding relative to the substrate are e.g.
S145L, and Q148N.
Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds from subsites D, E, F and H of the substrate are e.g.:
N193G, R375G, D371G, and D371N.
A mutation which remove hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic stacking from subsites D, E, F and H of the substrate e.g. Y89G.
Mutations which change the binding properties at subsites I and J of the substrate are e.g.:
X145aI or *145aI (via insertion), S145A, and Q148E, in particular S145A/X145aI or A145A/*145aI, and X145aI/Q148E or *145aI/Q148E.
Mutations which reduce the coupling activity at subsites A, D and E are e.g.:
R375G, D371G, K232Q, and E264Q.
Mutations reducing the coupling activity by changing specific binding of cyclodextrins is e.g. R47Q.
In particular, when considering CGTase variants derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, mutations which lead to less hydrolysis, obtained by removing water molecules close to the active site, are e.g.:
V21F or V21Y.
Less coupling and disproportionating activity is achieved by removing interactions between the enzyme and the donor/acceptor, i.e. between the CGTase and subsites A, B, C and D. Mutations which remove hydrogen bonds are e.g.:
Y259F, H233Q, and D135L.
In a preferred embodiment, a γ-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
In another preferred embodiment, a γ-cyclodextrin forming CGTase variant of the invention may be a variant, which at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (X195W).
In a third preferred embodiment, in order to obtain linear oligosaccharides of a desired length, the variants of the invention may be combined with a substitution at the central amino acid residue forming the cyclization axis, corresponding to position 195, CGTase numbering. At this position, tyrosine and phenylalanine are predominant in wild-type CGTases (cf. Table 1). By changing this residue, the cyclization properties are affected, and cyclization may be prohibited. In a preferred embodiment, glycine is introduced at this position (X195G).
In yet another preferred embodiment, a CGTase variant of the invention is an enzyme which has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 9, below. As indicated in this table, the introduction of one or more of these substitutions/insertions/deletions lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity in respect of α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins, respectively.
                                  TABLE 9                                 
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CGTase Variants of Increased Product Selectivity                          
  Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                
Position                                                                  
    α-cyclodextrin                                                  
               β-cyclodextrin                                        
                             γ-cyclodextrin                         
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 21 F,Y        F,Y           F,Y                                          
   47 Q,L A,Q,H,R,L A,Q,H,R,L                                             
   87 I,H I,H I,H                                                         
   88 P,N,K,H P,N,K,H P,N,K,H                                             
   89 D,G,A,Y,E,* D,G,A,E,K,R,Y,P,* D,G,A,Y,P,*                           
   90 S G,A,S G,A,S                                                       
   91 A,V,D,G,T A,V,G,S,T A,V,G,S                                         
   91a A,V,G,Y,* A,V,G,Y,F,* A,V,G,Y,F,*                                  
   92 G,V,* G,V,* G,V,*                                                   
   93 G,N,* G,N,H,T,* G,N,H,T,*                                           
   94 Q,K,R,W,F,N,S,* Q,K,R,W, F, N,S,* Q,K,R,W,F,N,S,*                   
   98 H G,A G,A                                                           
  101 W G,A G,A,F,Y                                                       
  135 L,D L,D L,D                                                         
  140 A,R,N A,R,N A,R,N                                                   
  143 G,S,A P P                                                           
  144 K,R,D,A,N,E,Q A A                                                   
  145 A,E,W,P,G,F,Y,P,R,K A,E,L,W A,E,L,W                                 
  145a P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,* P,A,I,Q,S I,A,Q,P,S                              
  146 P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,G,E,* P,A,I,Q,S,E,K,D,N,R,F,W,* I,A,Q,P,S,E         
                              147 A,L,I,F,T,* A,L,I,F,W,G,Y,R,D,T,*       
                             S,T,A,D                                      
  147a * * D,N,E,Q,T                                                      
  148 G,A,N G,A,N,Q D,E,R,K,Y,F,N,Q                                       
  149 P W,P L,I,F,W,P                                                     
  150 A,G A,S A,S,N                                                       
  167 P,F,Y A,F,Y A,F,P,Y                                                 
  168 S,T S,T S,T                                                         
  178 N,Y N,Y N,Y                                                         
  179 S,N,D G,S,N,D G,S,N,D                                               
  180 S,N,D G,S,N,D G,S,N,D                                               
  183 F,W,Y,A F,W,Y,A F,W,Y,A                                             
  185 P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D                                       
  192 K,R K,R K,R                                                         
  193 G,D,E,N,Q G,A,N G,A,N                                               
  195 Y,F L,I,W,Y,F L,I,W,F,Y                                             
  196 A,D,N,S A,D,N,S A,D,N,S                                             
  197 D,E,L D,E,L D,E,L                                                   
  232 K,Q,L K,Q,L K,Q,L                                                   
  233 H,Q,N,I H,Q,N,I H,Q,N,I                                             
  259 F,W,Y,A F,W,Y,A F,W,Y,A                                             
  264 Q Q Q                                                               
  326 Q,F,L Q,F,L Q,F,L                                                   
  370 G T,N T,N                                                           
  371 A,D,S,N,G,E,Q A,G,N,D,S A,G,N,V,L,I,D,S                             
  373 D,N,Y D,E,Y D,E,Y                                                   
  375 R,K A,P,G,R,K A,P,G,R,K                                             
  600 X X X                                                               
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 X = any natural amino acid residue                                       
 *deleted or absent residue
In respect to product binding and product inhibition, the E domain of the Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase has now been identified as a raw starch binding domain. In the maltose dependent crystal structure, three maltose molecules have been found on each enzyme molecule on contact points between these molecules (maltose binding sites, MBS). Two of these maltoses are bound to specific sites on the E domain (MBS1 and MBS2, near 616 and 662), the third site is located on the C domain (MBS3, near 413). Thus, the binding sites on the E domain are required for the conversion of raw starch into cyclodextrins. Experiments, as conducted below, indicate that the enzyme binds to the raw starch granule via MBS1, while MBS2 guides a starch chain protruding from the granule to the active site.
In another preferred embodiment, a CGTase variant of the invention is an enzyme which has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 10, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
For instance, in the context of this invention, the following mutations, starting from an Bacillus CGTase, are contemplated, separately or in combination, in order to reduce product inhibition.
Mutations which reduces non-competitive product inhibition are e.g.:
Y633A (takes place on MBS2, this mutation completely removes non-competitive product inhibition), 599aP or 599aR or 599aH, and L600R.
Residues 595-605 form a loop next to MBS2. Insertion enlarges the loop, thereby preventing binding of a cyclodextrin to MBS2 by sterical hindrance, while the role of MBS2 in guidance of the substrate chain is preserved. Mutations at position 600 and adjacent residues could reduce the binding of cyclic products to MBS2, while the binding of linear substrates remains unaffected. Substitution of leucine at position 600 with aspartate, alanine or glycine has minor effects on product inhibition. Substitution with arginine, due to its large size and charged nature, affect binding of cyclodextrins, thereby reducing product inhibition.
Mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions around MBS1, leading to decreased product affinity are e.g. W616A and/or W662A.
Mutations that decrease electrostatic interactions around MBS2, leading to decreased product affinity are e.g. L600A or L600S, and/or Y663A.
A mutations that decreases electrostatic interactions around MBS3, leading to decreased product affinity is e.g. W413A.
Competitive product inhibition is contemplated caused by coupling reactions. Reduction of this coupling reaction may be achieved by reducing the binding of the first (cyclodextrin) and second (malto-oligosaccharide) substrate.
Mutations reducing competitive product inhibition by reducing cyclodextrin binding are e.g.:
R47A or R47Q or R47L, Y89G, D196A or D196L, D371G or D371N or D371A or D371L, and R375G or R375Q or R375N or R375A or R375L.
Mutations reducing competitive product inhibition by reducing binding of the second substrate are e.g.:
K232Q or K232N or K232A or K232L, E264A or E264N or E264L, T186A, and E268A.
              TABLE 10                                                    
______________________________________                                    
CGTase Variants of Reduced Product Inhibition                             
  Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                
______________________________________                                    
        47        A,Q,L                                                   
   89 G                                                                   
  100 A,I,L,F,Y                                                           
  185 R,E,D                                                               
  186 A                                                                   
  196 A,L,D                                                               
  232 K,Q,N,A,L                                                           
  264 A,N,L                                                               
  268 A                                                                   
  339 A                                                                   
  371 G,N,A,L,D,S,E,Q                                                     
  375 G,Q,N,A,L,R,K                                                       
  382 A,L,V                                                               
  384 A,L,V                                                               
  413 A,V,G,W                                                             
  598 A,V,G,P,T                                                           
  599a P,R,H                                                              
  600 X                                                                   
  603 A,V,L,G,N                                                           
  616 A,I,L,G,W                                                           
  626 A,I,V,L,G                                                           
  627 A,V,L,G,N                                                           
  628 A,V,L,G,Q                                                           
  633 A,V,L,I,G,Y                                                         
  636 I,L,A,G,W                                                           
  649 A,G                                                                 
  651 A,G,V,K                                                             
  662 A,L,I,G,W                                                           
  667 A,N                                                                 
______________________________________                                    
 X = any natural amino acid residue
In a preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 11, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity, as indicated in the table.
More preferred, the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, or a strain of Bacillus subtilis.
Most preferred, the CGTase variant is derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
                                  TABLE 11                                
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Bacillus Derived CGTase Variants of Increased Product Selectivity         
 Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                 
Position                                                                  
    α-cyclodextrin                                                  
               β-cyclodextrin                                        
                            γ-cyclodextrin                          
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 21 F,Y        F,Y          F,Y                                           
   47 Q,L A,Q,H,R,L A,Q,H,R,L                                             
   87 H H H                                                               
   88 P,N,K,H P,N,K,H P,N,K,H                                             
   89 D,G,A,E,* D,G,A,E,K,R,P,* D,G,A,P,*                                 
   90 -- G,A G,A                                                          
   91 A,V,D,T A,V,S,T A,V,S                                               
   91a A,V,G,Y,* A,V,G,Y,F,* A,V,G,Y,F,*                                  
   92 G,* G,* G,*                                                         
   93 G,* G,H,T,* G,H,T,*                                                 
   94 Q,K,R,W,F,S,* Q,K,R,W,F,S,* Q,K,R,W,F,S,*                           
   98 -- G,A G,A                                                          
  101 -- G,A G,A,F,Y                                                      
  135 L L L                                                               
  140 A,R,N A,R,N A,R,N                                                   
  143 G,S P P                                                             
  144 K,R,D,A,N,E,Q A A                                                   
  145 A,E,W,P,G,F,Y,P,R,K A,E,L,W A,E,L,W                                 
  145a P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,* P,A,I,Q,S I,A,Q,P,S                              
  146 P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,G,E,* P,A,I,Q,S,E,K,D,N,R,F,W,* I,A,Q,P,S,E         
                             147 A,L,I,F,* A,L,I,F,W,G,Y,R,D,T,* S,T,A,D  
                             147a * * D,N,E,Q,T                           
  148 G,A,N G,A,N D,E,R,K,Y,F,N                                           
  149 -- W L,I,F,W                                                        
  150 A,G A A,S,N                                                         
  167 P,F A,F A,F,P                                                       
  168 S,T S,T S,T                                                         
  178 N,Y N,Y N,Y                                                         
  179 S,N,D S,N,D S,N,D                                                   
  180 S,N,D S,N,D S,N,D                                                   
  183 W,Y,A W,Y,A W,Y,A                                                   
  185 P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D                                       
  192 K,R K,R K,R                                                         
  193 G,D,E,Q G,A G,A                                                     
  195 F L,I,W,F L,I,W,F                                                   
  196 A,S,N,G A,S,N,G A,S,N,G                                             
  197 D,E D,E D,E                                                         
  232 Q,L Q,L Q,L                                                         
  233 Q,N,I Q,N,I Q,N,I                                                   
  259 F,W,A F,W,A F,W,A                                                   
  264 Q Q Q                                                               
  326 Q,F,L Q,F,L Q,F,L                                                   
  370 G T,N T,N                                                           
  371 A,S,N,G,E,Q A,G,N,S A,G,N,V,L,I,S                                   
  373 D,N,Y D,E,Y D,E,Y                                                   
  375 -- A,P,G,K A,P,G,K                                                  
  600 X X X                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 X = any natural amino acid residue                                       
 -- conserved residue                                                     
 * deleted or absent residue
In another preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Bacillus, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 12, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
              TABLE 12                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Bacillus Derived CGTase Variants of Reduced Product Inhibition            
  Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                
______________________________________                                    
        47         A,Q,L                                                  
   89 G                                                                   
  100 A,I,L,F                                                             
  185 R,E,D                                                               
  186 A                                                                   
  196 A,L                                                                 
  232 Q,N,A,L                                                             
  264 A,N,L                                                               
  268 A                                                                   
  339 A                                                                   
  371 G,N,A,L,S,E,Q                                                       
  375 G,Q,N,A,L,K                                                         
  382 A,L,V                                                               
  384 A,L,V                                                               
  413 A,V,G                                                               
  598 A,V,G,P                                                             
  599a P,R,H                                                              
  600 X                                                                   
  603 A,V,L,G                                                             
  616 A,I,L,G                                                             
  626 A,I,V,L,G                                                           
  627 A,V,L,G                                                             
  628 A,V,L,G                                                             
  633 A,V,L,I,G                                                           
  636 I,L,A,G                                                             
  649 A,G                                                                 
  651 A,G,V                                                               
  662 A,L,I,G                                                             
  667 A                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 X = any natural amino acid residue
As its most preferred embodiments, the invention provides the following CGTase variants:
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 21 holds a tyrosine residue (F21Y).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 47 holds a glutamine residue (R47Q), or an alanine residue (R47A), or a leucine residue (R47L), or a histidine residue (R47H).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 88 holds a proline residue (N88P) or a lysine residue (N88K).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 89 holds an aspartic acid residue (Y89D), or an alanine residue (Y89A), or a glycine residue (Y89G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 91a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*91aA), or a tyrosine residue (*91aY).
A CGTase variant, in which variant position 92 has been deleted (V92*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 94 holds a glutamine residue (N94Q), or a lysine residue (N94K), or an arginine residue (N94R), or a tryptophan residue (N94W), or a phenylalanine residue (N94F), or in which variant position 94 has been deleted (N94*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 135 holds a leucine residue (D135L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P143X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue (P143A), or a glycine residue (P143G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (A144X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue (A144R), or a lysine residue (A144K), or an aspartic acid residue (A144D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S145X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue (S145A), or a glutamic acid (S145E), or a tryptophan residue (S145W), or a glycine residue (S145G), or a phenylalanine residue (S145F), or a tyrosine residue (S145Y), or a leucine residue (S145L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*145aX).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (*145aI).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 146 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S146X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 146 holds a proline residue (S146P), or an isoleucine residue (S146I), or a glutamine residue (S146Q), or a tryptophan residue (S146W), or an arginine residue (S146R), or a glutamic acid residue (S146E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D147X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147 holds an isoleucine residue (D147I), or a leucine residue (D147L), or an alanine residue (D147A), or a serine residue (D147S), or a tryptophan residue (D147W).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*147aA).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*147aX).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 148 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (Q148X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 148 holds an alanine residue (Q148A), or a glycine residue (Q148G), or a glutamic acid residue (Q148E), or an asparagine residue (Q148N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P149X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds an isoleucine residue (P149I).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 167 holds a phenylalanine residue (Y167F).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 180 holds a serine residue (G180S), an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 185 holds an arginine residue (T185R), or a glutamic acid residue (T185E), or an aspartic acid residue (T185D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 186 holds an alanine residue (T186A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 193 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (N193X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 193 holds a glycine residue (N193G), or an alanine residue (N193A), or an aspartic acid residue (N193D), or a glutamic acid residue (N193E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 195 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (Y195X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D196X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds an alanine residue (D196A), a serine residue (D196S), or a leucine residue (D196L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 197 holds an aspartic acid residue (L197D), or a glutamic acid residue (L197E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 232 holds a glutamine residue (K232Q), or an asparagine residue (K232N), or an alanine residue (K232A), or a leucine residue (K232L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 233 holds a glutamine residue (H233Q).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 264 holds a glutamine residue (E264Q), or an alanine residue (E264A), or an asparagine residue (E264N), or a leucine residue (E264L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 268 holds an alanine residue (E268A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 371 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D371X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 371 holds a glycine residue (D371G), or an asparagine residue (D371N), or an alanine residue (D371A), or a leucine residue (D371L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 375 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (R375X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 375 holds a proline residue (R375P), or a glycine residue (R375G), or a glutamine residue (R375Q), or an asparagine residue (R375N), or an alanine residue (R375A), or a leucine residue (R375L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 599a (via insertion) holds a proline residue (*599aP), or an arginine residue (*599aR), or a histidine residue (*599aH).
A CGTase variant, which variant position 600 has been substituted for a different naturally occurring amino acid residue, in particular a tryptophan residue (L600W), a phenylalanine residue (L600F), a tyrosine residue (L600Y), an arginine residue (L600R), a proline residue (L600P), or an asparagine residue (L600N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue (W616A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 633 holds an alanine residue (Y633A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W662A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 47 holds a histidine residue, and at position 135 holds a leucine residue (R47H/D135L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 88 holds a proline residue, and at position 143 holds a glycine residue (N88P/P143G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 89 holds an aspartic acid residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (Y89D/S146P).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 89 holds a glycine residue, and at position 193 holds a glycine residue (Y89G/N193G).
A CGTase variant, in which variant positions 92 and 94 have been deleted (V92*/N94*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue (P143A/A144R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W), and which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 143-148 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), the partial amino acid sequence GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), the partial amino acid sequence GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or the partial amino acid sequence GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue, at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (A144R/S145A/S146P).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (S145A/*145aI).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a glycine residue (S145A/S146G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a leucine residue, and at position 148 holds an asparagine residue (S145L/Q148N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a glutamic acid residue, and in position 146 holds a proline residue or a glutamine residue (S145E/S146P or S145E/S146Q).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue, and in position 146 holds a tryptophan residue, or an isoleucine residue, or an arginine residue (S145W/S146W or S145W/S146I or S145W/S146R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (S145A/*145aI/Q148E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (*145aI/Q148E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue, and at position 193 holds a glutamine residue.
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue, and at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W616A/W662A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW.
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (Y195L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (Y195W).
Preferably, the above CGTase variants are derived from a strain of Bacillus autolyticus, a strain of Bacillus cereus, a strain of Bacillus circulans, a strain of Bacillus circulans var. alkalophilus, a strain of Bacillus coagulans, a strain of Bacillus firmus, a strain of Bacillus halophilus, a strain of Bacillus macerans, a strain of Bacillus megaterium, a strain of Bacillus ohbensis, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus, or a strain of Bacillus subtilis.
Most preferred, the above CGTase variants are derived from the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 1011, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 38-2, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain 17-1, the strain Bacillus sp. 1-1, the strain Bacillus sp. Strain B1018, the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 8, or the strain Bacillus circulans Strain 251, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid positions corresponding to the positions stated in Table 13, below. Such modification lead to CGTase variants of increased product selectivity, as indicated in the table.
Preferably the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
                                  TABLE 13                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Thermoanaerobacter Derived CGTase Variants of Increased Product Selectivit
 Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering                                 
Position                                                                  
    α-cyclodextrin                                                  
              β-cyclodextrin                                         
                          γ-cyclodextrin                            
__________________________________________________________________________
 21 F,Y       F,Y         F,Y                                             
   47 Q,L A,Q,H,R,L A,Q,H,R,L                                             
   87 I,H I,H I,H                                                         
   88 N,K,H N,K,H N,K,H                                                   
   89 G,A,Y,E,* G,A,E,K,R,Y,P,* G,A,Y,P,*                                 
   90 -- G,A G,A                                                          
   91 A,V,D,G A,V,G,S A,V,G,S                                             
   91a A,V,G,Y,* A,V,G,Y,* A,V,G,Y,*                                      
   92 V,* V,* V,*                                                         
   93 N,* N,H,T,* N,H,T,*                                                 
   94 Q,K,R,W,F,N,* Q,K,R,W,F,N,* Q,K,R,W,F,N,*                           
   98 -- G,A G,A                                                          
  101 -- G,A G,A,F,Y                                                      
  135 L L L                                                               
  140 A,R,N A,R,N A,R,N                                                   
  143 G,S -- --                                                           
  144 K,R,D,N,E,Q -- --                                                   
  145 A,E,W,P,G,F,Y,P,R,K A,E,L,W A,E,L,W                                 
  145a P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,* P,A,I,Q,S I,A,Q,P,S                              
  146 P,A,F,Q,S,W,I,R,G,* P,A,I,Q,S,K,D,N,R,F,W,* I,A,Q,P,S               
  147 A,L,I,F,* A,L,I,F,W,G,Y,R,D,* S,A,D                                 
  147a * * D,N,E,Q,T                                                      
  148 G,A,N G,A,N,Q E,R,K,Y,F,N,Q                                         
  149 -- W L,I,F,W                                                        
  150 A,G A,S A,S,N                                                       
  167 P,F A,F A,F,P                                                       
  168 S S S                                                               
  178 N N N                                                               
  179 S,N,D S,N,D S,N,D                                                   
  180 S,N,D S,N,D S,N,D                                                   
  183 W,Y,A W,Y,A W,Y,A                                                   
  185 P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D P,H,R,E,D                                       
  192 K K K                                                               
  193 G,D,E,Q G,A G,A                                                     
  195 Y L,I,W,Y L,I,W,Y                                                   
  196 A,S,N,G A,S,N,G A,S,N,G                                             
  197 D,E D,E D,E                                                         
  232 Q,L Q,L Q,L                                                         
  233 Q,N.I Q,N,I Q,N,I                                                   
  259 F,W,A F,W,A F,W,A                                                   
  264 Q Q Q                                                               
  326 Q,F,L Q,F,L Q,F,L                                                   
  370 -- T,N T,N                                                          
  371 A,S,N,G,E,Q A,G,N,S A,G,N,V,L,I,S                                   
  373 D,N D,E D,E                                                         
  375 -- A,P,G,K A,P,G,K                                                  
  600 X X X                                                               
__________________________________________________________________________
 X = any natural amino acid residue                                       
 -- conserved residue                                                     
 * deleted or absent residue
In yet another preferred embodiment, the CGTase variant of the invention is a CGTase variant derived from an enzyme obtainable from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter, which enzyme has been modified by substitution, insertion and/or deletion at one or more of the amino acid residues corresponding to the positions stated in Table 14, below. Such modifications lead to CGTase variants of reduced product inhibition.
Preferably the CGTase variant is derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp. ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof.
              TABLE 14                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Thermoanaerobacter Derived CGTase Variants of Reduced                     
  Product Inhibition Positions Identified by CGTase Numbering             
______________________________________                                    
        47         A,Q,L                                                  
   89 G                                                                   
  100 A,I,L,F                                                             
  185 R,E,D                                                               
  186 A                                                                   
  196 A,L                                                                 
  232 Q,N,A,L                                                             
  264 A,N,L                                                               
  268 A                                                                   
  339 A                                                                   
  371 G,N,A,L,S,E,Q                                                       
  375 G,Q,N,A,L,K                                                         
  382 A,L,V                                                               
  384 A,L,V                                                               
  413 A,V,G                                                               
  598 A,V,G,P                                                             
  599a P,R,H                                                              
  600 X                                                                   
  603 A,V,L,G                                                             
  616 A,I,L,G                                                             
  626 A,I,V,L,G                                                           
  627 A,V,L,G                                                             
  628 A,V,L,G                                                             
  633 A,V,L,I,G                                                           
  636 I,L,A,G                                                             
  649 A,G                                                                 
  651 A,G,V                                                               
  662 A,L,I,G                                                             
  667 A                                                                   
______________________________________                                    
 X = any natural amino acid residue
As its most preferred embodiments, the invention provides the following CGTase variants, derived from a strain of Thermoanaerobacter sp., preferably the strain of Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627, or a mutant or a variant thereof:
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 21 holds a phenylalanine residue (V21F) or a tyrosine residue (V21Y).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 47 holds a glutamine residue (K47Q), or an alanine residue (K47A), or a leucine residue (K47L), or a histidine residue (K47H), or an arginine residue (K47R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 88 holds a lysine residue (P88K).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 89 holds an alanine residue (D89A), or a glycine residue (D89G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 91a holds an alanine residue (F91aA) or a tyrosine residue (F91aY), or in which variant position 91a has been deleted (F91a*).
A CGTase variant, in which variant position 92 has been deleted (G92*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 94 holds a glutamine residue (S94Q), or a lysine residue (S94K), or an arginine residue (S94R), or a tryptophan residue (S94W), or a phenylalanine residue (S94F), or in which variant position 94 has been deleted (S94*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 135 holds a leucine residue (D135L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (p143X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue (P143A), or holds a glycine residue (P143G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (A145X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue (A144R), or a lysine residue (A144K), or an aspartic acid residue (A144D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (S145X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue (S145A), or a glutamic acid (S145E), or a tryptophan residue (S145W), or a glycine residue (S145G), or a phenylalanine residue (S145F), or a tyrosine residue (S145Y), or a leucine residue (S145L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*145aX).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (*145aI).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 146 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (E145X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 146 holds a proline residue (E146P), or a serine residue (E146S), or an isoleucine residue (E146I), or a glutamine residue (E146Q), or a tryptophan residue (E146W), or an arginine residue (E146R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (T147X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147 holds an isoleucine residue (T147I), or a leucine residue (T147L), or an alanine residue (T147A), or a serine residue (T147S), or a tryptophan residue (T147W).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds a natural amino acid residue (*147aX).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 147a (via insertion) holds an alanine residue (*147aA).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 148 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D148X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 148 holds an alanine residue (D148A), or a glycine residue (D148G), or a glutamic acid residue (D148E), or an asparagine residue (D148N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (P149X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 149 holds an isoleucine residue (P149I).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 167 holds a phenylalanine residue (Y167F).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 180 holds a serine residue (G180S), an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 185 holds an arginine residue (S185R), or a glutamic acid residue (S185E), or an aspartic acid residue (S185D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 186 holds an alanine residue (Y186A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 193 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (N193X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 193 holds a glycine residue (N193G), or an alanine residue (N193A), or an aspartic acid residue (N193D), or a glutamic acid residue (N193E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 195 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (F195X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D196X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 196 holds an alanine residue (D196A), a serine residue (D196S), or a leucine residue (D196L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 197 holds an aspartic acid residue (L197D), or a glutamic acid residue (L197E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 232 holds a glutamine residue (K232Q), or an asparagine residue (K232N), or an alanine residue (K232A), or a leucine residue (K232L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 233 holds a glutamine residue (H233Q).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 259 holds a phenylalanine residue (Y259F).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 264 holds a glutamine residue (E264Q), or an alanine residue (E264A), or an asparagine residue (E264N), or a leucine residue (E264L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 268 holds an alanine residue (N268A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 371 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (D371X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 371 holds a glycine residue (D371G), or an asparagine residue (D371N), or an alanine residue (D371A), or a leucine residue (D371L), or a glutamic acid residue (D371E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 375 holds a natural amino acid residue different from that of the wild-type enzyme (R375X).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 375 holds a proline residue (R375P), or a glycine residue (R375G), or a glutamine residue (R375Q), or an asparagine residue (R375N), or an alanine residue (R375A), or a leucine residue (R375L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 599a (via insertion) holds a proline residue (*599aP), or an arginine residue (*599aR), or a histidine residue (*599aH).
A CGTase variant, which variant position 600 has been substituted for a different amino acid residue, in particular a phenylalanine residue (W600F), a tyrosine residue (W600Y), an arginine residue (W600R), a proline residue (W600P), a leucine residue (W600L), or an asparagine residue (W600N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue (W616A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 633 holds an alanine residue (Y633A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W662A).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 47 holds a histidine residue or an arginine residue, and/or at position 135 holds a leucine residue (K47H/D135L or K47R/D135L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), or the partial amino acid sequence INDSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:58), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRW, and/or at position 195 holds a tyrosine residue (F195Y).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence INDSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:58), and/or at positions 146-150 comprises the partial amino acid sequence SDQPS (SEQ ID NO:59).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (F195L).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 87-94 comprises the partial amino acid sequence HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and which variant at position 195 holds a leucine residue (F195W).
A CGTase variant, in which variant positions 92 and 94 have been deleted (G92*/S94*).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds an alanine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue (P143A/A144R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 143 holds a glycine residue, and at position 144 holds an arginine residue, and at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue (P143G/A144R/S145W), and which variant at position 179 holds a serine residue (G179S), an asparagine residue (G179N), or an aspartic acid residue (G179D), and/or at position 180 holds an asparagine residue (G180N), or an aspartic acid residue (G180D).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 143-148 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), the partial amino acid sequence GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), the partial amino acid sequence GRPAAA (SEQ ID NO:64), the partial amino acid sequence GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or the partial amino acid sequence GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12).
A CGTase variant, which variant at positions 143-151 comprises the partial amino acid sequence GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12), and at position 195 holds a tyrosine residue (F195Y).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 144 holds an arginine residue, at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a proline residue (A144R/S145A/E146P).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue (S145A/*145aI).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, and at position 146 holds a glycine residue (S145A/E146G).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a leucine residue, and at position 148 holds an asparagine residue (S145L/D148N).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a glutamic acid residue, and in position 146 holds a proline residue or a glutamine residue (S145E/E146P or S145E/E146Q).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds a tryptophan residue, and in position 146 holds a tryptophan residue, or an isoleucine residue, or an arginine residue (S145W/E146W or S145W/E146I or S145W/E146R).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145 holds an alanine residue, at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (S145A/*145aI/D148E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 145a (via insertion) holds an isoleucine residue, and at position 148 holds a glutamic acid residue (*145aI/D148E).
A CGTase variant, which variant at position 616 holds an alanine residue, and at position 662 holds an alanine residue (W616A/W662A).
Methods of Producing CGTase Variants
The production of the CGTase variants of the invention follows the general principles of recombinant DNA technology, e.g. as described by Sambrook et al. [Sambrook J, Fritsch E F, Maniatis T; Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989, New York], and known to the person skilled in the art.
Formally, the production takes rise in the provision of a DNA construct encoding CGTase variant of the invention.
DNA Constructs
In another aspect, the invention provides a DNA construct encoding a CGTase variant of the invention. As defined herein, the term "DNA construct" is intended to indicate any nucleic acid molecule of cDNA, genomic DNA, synthetic DNA or RNA origin. The term "construct" is intended to indicate a nucleic acid segment which may be single- or double-stranded, and which may be based on a complete or partial naturally occurring nucleotide sequence encoding the CGTase variant of interest. The construct may optionally contain other nucleic acid segments.
The DNA construct of the invention may be prepared by suitably modifying a DNA sequence encoding the precursor CGTase, which modification may bring about:
(i) introduction of one or more amino acid residues at one or more different sites in the amino acid sequence; and/or
(ii) substitution of one or more amino acid residues at one or more different sites in the amino acid sequence; and/or
(iii) deletion of one or more amino acid residues at one or more sites in the amino acid sequence.
The modification of the DNA sequence may be performed by site-directed mutagenesis or by random mutagenesis, or by a combination of these techniques in accordance with well-known procedures, e.g. as described by Sambrook et al., op cit.
In more preferred embodiments, the DNA construct of the invention comprises one or more of the partial oligonucleotide sequences (primers) described in the examples below. These partial oligonucleotide sequences are in particular
______________________________________                                    
5'-G GTC GTT TAC CAG GCG  CCG AAC TGG-3' (Y633A) (SEQ                     
  ID NO: 13);                                                             
  5'-GC GAG CTC GGG AAC GCG GAC CCG-3' (W616A:) (SEQ ID NO:               
  14);                                                                    
  5'-CC GTC ACC GCG GAA GGC GGC-3' (W662A) (SEQ ID NO: 15);               
  5'-GC ATC TAC AAG GGC CTG TACGAT CTC G-3' (N193G) (SEQ                  
  ID NO: 16);                                                             
  5'-GCA TCA TCA ATG GAT CCG GCG TAA AC-3' (Y89G) (SEQ                    
  ID NO: 17);                                                             
  5'-CAT ACG TCG CCC GCT AGC ATT TCC GAC CAG CCT TCC-3'                   
  (145aI) (SEQ ID NO: 18);                                                
  5'-CG GGC GGG ACC GGT CCG GAC AAC CG-3' (D371G) (SEQ                    
  ID NO: 19);                                                             
  5'-G TCG GGC GGT ACC AAT CCG GAC AAC C-3' (D371N) (SEQ                  
  ID NO: 20);                                                             
  5'-CG TTC ATC GAT CAG CAT GAC ATG G-3' (N326Q) (SEQ ID                  
  NO: 21);                                                                
  5'-GC ATC ATC AAT GAT TCC GGA GTA AAC AAC ACG GC-3'                     
  (Y89D); (SEQ ID NO: 65) and                                             
  5'-G CCC GCC TCT CCG GAC CAG CCT TC-3' (S146P) (SEQ                     
  ID NO: 22);                                                             
  and the the partial oligonucleotide sequences (primers) described as    
 primers A1-A24, primers B1-B15, and C1-C9, of Examples 5, 6 and 7.       
______________________________________
Expression Vectors
Subsequent to modification, the CGTase variant may be obtained by combining the DNA construct encoding the CGTase variant of the invention with an appropriate expression signal in an appropriate expression vector.
The expression vector of the invention may be any expression vector that is conveniently subjected to recombinant DNA procedures, and the choice of vector will often depend on the host cell into which it is to be introduced. Thus, the vector may be an autonomously replicating vector, i.e. a vector which exists as an extrachromosomal entity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomal replication, e.g. a plasmid. Alternatively, the vector may be one which, when introduced into a host cell, is integrated into the host cell genome and replicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has been integrated.
In the expression vector of the invention, the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant preferably is operably linked to additional segments required for transcription of the DNA. In general, the expression vector is derived from plasmid or viral DNA, or may contain elements of both. The term, "operably linked" indicates that the segments are arranged so that they function in concert for their intended purposes, e.g. transcription initiates in a promoter and proceeds through the DNA sequence coding for the CGTase variant.
Thus, in the expression vector of the invention, the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant preferably should be operably connected to a suitable promoter and terminator sequence. The promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell. The procedures used to ligate the DNA sequences coding for the CGTase variant, the promoter and the terminator, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op cit)
The promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the host cell of choice and may be derived from genes encoding proteins either homologous or heterologous to the host cell.
Examples of suitable promoters for directing the transcription of the DNA encoding the CGTase variant of the invention in bacterial host cells include the promoter of the Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase gene, the Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase gene, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens BAN amylase gene, the Bacillus subtilis alkaline protease gen, or the Bacillus pumilus xylanase or xylosidase gene, or by the phage Lambda PR or PL promoters or the E. coli lac, trp or tac promoters.
Examples of suitable promoters for use in yeast host cells include promoters from yeast glycolytic genes [Hitzeman et al., J. Biol. Chem. 1980 255 12073-12080; Alber and Kawasaki, J. Mol Appl. Gen. 1982 1 419-434] or alcohol dehydrogenase genes [Young et al., in Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms for Chemicals (Hollaender et al, Eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1982], or the TPI1 [U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311] or ADH2-4c [Russell et al., Nature 1983 304 652-654] promoters.
Examples of suitable promoters for use in filamentous fungus host cells are, for instance, the ADH3 promoter [McKnight et al., EMBO J. 1985 4 2093-2099] or the tpiA promoter. Examples of other useful promoters are those derived from the gene encoding A. oryzae TAKA amylase, Rhizomucor miehei aspartic proteinase, A. niger neutral α-amylase, A. niger acid stable α-amylase, A. niger or A. awamori glucoamylase (gluA), Rhizomucor miehei lipase, A. oryzae alkaline protease, A. oryzae triose phosphate isomerase or A. nidulans acetamidase. Preferred are the TAKA-amylase and gluA promoters.
The expression vector of the invention may further comprise a DNA sequence enabling the vector to replicate in the host cell in question. The expression vector may also comprise a selectable marker, e.g. a gene the product of which complements a defect in the host cell, such as the gene coding for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) or the Schizosaccharomyces pombe TPI gene [Russell P R; Gene 1985 40 125-130], or one which confers resistance to a drug, e.g. ampicillin, kanamycin, tetracyclin, chloramphenicol, neomycin, hygromycin or methotrexate. For filamentous fungi, selectable markers include amdS, pyrG, argB, niaD and sC.
To direct the CGTase into the secretory pathway of the host cells, a secretory signal sequence (also known as a leader sequence, prepro sequence or pre sequence) may be provided in the expression vector. The secretory signal sequence is joined to the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase in the correct reading frame. Secretory signal sequences are commonly positioned 5' to the DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant. The secretory signal sequence may be that normally associated with the CGTase or may be from a gene encoding another secreted protein.
In a preferred embodiment, the expression vector of the invention may comprise a secretory signal sequence substantially identical to the secretory signal encoding sequence of the Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase gene, e.g. as described in WO 86/05812.
Also, measures for amplification of the expression may be taken, e.g. by tandem amplification techniques, involving single or double crossing-over, or by multicopy techniques, e.g. as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,316 or WO 91/09129. Alternatively the expression vector may include a temperature sensitive origin of replication, e.g. as described in EP 283,075.
Procedures for ligating DNA sequences encoding the CGTase variant, the promoter and optionally the terminator and/or secretory signal sequence, respectively, and to insert them into suitable vectors containing the information necessary for replication, are well known to persons skilled in the art (cf., for instance, Sambrook et al., op cit).
Host Cells
In yet another aspect the invention provides a host cell comprising the DNA construct of the invention and/or the recombinant expression vector of the invention.
The host cell of the invention, into which the DNA construct or the recombinant expression vector of the invention is to be introduced, may be any cell, preferably a non-pathogenic cell, which is capable of producing the CGTase variant and includes bacteria, yeast, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells.
Examples of bacterial host cells which, on cultivation, are capable of producing the CGTase variant of the invention are grampositive bacteria such as strains of Bacillus, in particular a strain of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. lentus, B. brevis, B. stearothermophilus, B. alkalophilus, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. coagulans, B. circulans, B. lautus, B. megatherium, B. pumilus, B. thuringiensis or B. agaradherens, or strains of Streptomyces, in particular a strain of S. lividans or S. murinus, or gramnegative bacteria such as Echerichia coli. The transformation of the bacteria may be effected by protoplast transformation or by using competent cells in a manner known per se (cf. Sambrook et al., op cit).
When expressing the CGTase variant in bacteria such as E. coli, the CGTase may be retained in the cytoplasm, typically as insoluble granules (known as inclusion bodies), or may be directed to the periplasmic space by a bacterial secretion sequence. In the former case, the cells are lysed and the granules are recovered and denatured after which the CGTase is refolded by diluting the denaturing agent. In the latter case, the CGTase may be recovered from the periplasmic space by disrupting the cells, e.g. by sonication or osmotic shock, to release the contents of the periplasmic space and recovering the CGTase variant.
Examples of suitable yeasts cells include cells of Saccharomyces spp. or Schizosaccharomyces spp., in particular strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Saccharomyces kluyveri. Methods for transforming yeast cells with heterologous DNA and producing heterologous polypeptides therefrom are described, e.g. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,311, U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373, U.S. Pat. No. 4,870,008, 5,037,743, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,845,075, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference. Transformed cells are selected by a phenotype determined by a selectable marker, commonly drug resistance or the ability to grow in the absence of a particular nutrient, e.g. leucine. A preferred vector for use in yeast is the POT1 vector disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,373. The DNA sequence encoding the CGTase variant of the invention may be preceded by a signal sequence and optionally a leader sequence , e.g. as described above. Further examples of suitable yeast cells are strains of Kluyveromyces, such as K. lactis, Hansenula, e.g. H. polymorpha, or Pichia, e.g. P. pastoris [Gleeson et al., J. Gen. Microbiol. 1986 132 3459-3465; U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,279].
Examples of other fungal cells are cells of filamentous fungi, e.g. Aspergillus spp., Neurospora spp., Fusarium spp. or Trichoderna spp., in particular strains of A. oryzae, A. nidulans or A. niger. The use of Aspergillus spp. for the expression of proteins have been described in e.g., EP 272,277 and EP 230,023. The transformation of F. oxysporum may, for instance, be carried out as described by Malardier et al., Gene 1989 78 147-156.
The transformed or transfected host cell described above is then cultured in a suitable nutrient medium under conditions permitting the expression of the CGTase, after which the resulting CGTase variant is recovered from the culture.
The medium used to culture the cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells, such as minimal or complex media containing appropriate supplements. Suitable media are available from commercial suppliers or may be prepared according to published recipes (e.g. in catalogues of the American Type Culture Collection). The CGTase variant produced by the cells may then be recovered from the culture medium by conventional procedures including separating the host cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating the proteinaceous components of the supernatant or filtrate by means of a salt, e.g. ammonium sulphate, purification by a variety of chromatographic procedures, e. g. ion exchange chromatography, gelfiltration chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like, dependent on the type of CGTase in question.
Method of Producing CGTase Variants
In a still further aspect, the present invention provides a method of producing the CGTase variant of the invention, wherein a suitable host cell, which has been transformed with a DNA sequence encoding the CGTase, is cultured under conditions permitting the production of the enzyme, and the resulting enzyme is recovered from the culture.
The medium used to culture the transformed host cells may be any conventional medium suitable for growing the host cells in question. The expressed CGTase may conveniently be secreted into the culture medium and may be recovered therefrom by well-known procedures including separating the cells from the medium by centrifugation or filtration, precipitating proteinaceous components of the medium by means of a salt such as ammonium sulphate, followed by chromatographic procedures such as ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, or the like.
Industrial Applications
The CGTase variant of the invention find application in processes for the manufacture of cyclodextrins for various industrial applications, particularly in the food, cosmetic, chemical, agrochemical and pharmaceutical industries.
Therefore, in another aspect, the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of cyclodextrins, in particular α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, and/or ζ-cyclodextrins. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins, or mixtures hereof. In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides CGTase variants for use in a process for the manufacture of δ-, ε-, and Λ-cyclodextrins, or mixtures hereof.
The CGTase variants of the invention may also be used in a process for the manufacture of linear oligosaccharides, in particular linear oligosaccharides of 2 to 12 glucose units, preferably linear oligosaccharides of 2 to 9 glucose units.
In yet another preferred embodiment, the CGTase variants of the invention may be used for in situ generation of cyclodextrins. In this way the CGTase variants of the invention may be added to a substrate containing medium in which the enzyme variants are capable of forming the desired cyclodextrins. This application is particularly well suited for being implemented in methods of producing baked products, in methods for stabilizing chemical products during their manufacture, and in detergent compositions.
Certain cyclodextrins are known to improve the quality of baked products. The CGTase variants of the invention therefore also may be used for implementation into bread-improving additives, e.g. dough compositions, dough additives, dough conditioners, pre-mixes, and similar preparations conventionally used for adding to the flour and/or the dough during processes for making bread or other baked products.
Cyclodextrins have an inclusion ability useful for stabilization, solubilization, etc. Thus cyclodextrins can make oxidizing and photolytic substances stable, volatile substances non-volatile, poorly-soluble substances soluble, and odoriferous substances odorless, etc. and thus are useful to encapsulate perfumes, vitamins, dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides and fungicides. Cyclodextrins are also capable of binding lipophilic substances such as cholesterol, to remove them from egg yolk, butter, etc.
Cyclodextrins also find utilization in products and processes relating to plastics and rubber, where they have been used for different purposes in plastic laminates, films, membranes, etc. Also cyclodextrins have been used for the manufacture of biodegradable plastics.
EXAMPLES
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following examples which are not intended to be in any way limiting to the scope of the invention as claimed.
Example 1
Crystal Structure and Molecular Modelling of a CGTase Enzymes
The CGTase from Bacillus circulans Strain 251 [cf. Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600] was soaked in a buffer solution containing the non-hydrolyzable tetrasaccharide acarbose, and an X-ray structure of the CGTase including the pseudo-tetrasaccharide located in the catalytic site was obtained, cf. Strokopytov et al. [Strokopytov B, Penninga D, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, Dijkhuizen L and Dijkstra B W; Biochemistry 1995 34 2234-2240]. Coordinates of this structure have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank, Biology Department, Bldg. 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, N.Y. 11973-5000, USA, under the entry code 1CXG.
By additional soaking in a buffer containing maltoheptaose, a nonasaccharide (A-I) was formed in an enzyme-substrate-complex structure. Coordinates of this structure have been deposited with the Protein Data Bank, Biology Department, Bldg. 463, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, N.Y. 11973-5000, USA, under the entry code 1DIJ. By further adding a trisaccharide (J-L) to the non-reducing end of the nonasaccharide by computer modelling, the substrate binding cleft and the residues involved herein in the A and B domain have been located.
By aid of a computer program, Insight™ Software Package from Biosym, using subset-zone function, positions within selected distances could be identified. In this way Tables 1-4 were generated.
The residues listed in FIG. 1 are referring to Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase and comprise only the closest contacts between the substrate and the enzyme. By changing the number of hydrogen-bonds and other interactions between the enzyme and the substrate, the product selectivity can be altered. Normally, cleavage of the starch takes place between glucose unit B and C in the model.
By computer modelling, a trisaccharide has been added to the reducing end of the acarbose (A) and to the non-reducing end of a pentasaccaride located in the E-domain, and hereby linking together the substrate binding sites in the A-B and E-domains. In total a substrate of 20 glucose-units has been located in the enzyme.
The structure of a Thermoanaerobacter CGTase was modelled based on the known structure of Bacillus circulans CGTase. Again the computer program Insight™ from Biosym was employed, using the homology module, according to the manufacturers instructions. The substrate found in Bacillus circulans was docked into the Thermoanaerobacter model, and the positions stated in Tables 5-7 identified.
Example 2
Construction of α-cyclodextrin Producing CGTase Variants from Bacillus
This example describes the construction of three α-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants, in which site-directed mutagenesis have lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active site cleft. The variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
For construction of the variants a method based on PCR for site-directed mutagenesis. The following oligonucleotides (primers) were used to produce the mutations:
______________________________________                                    
Y89G: 5'-GCA TCA TCA ATG GAT CCG GCG TAA AC-3' (Bam HI)                   
        (SEQ ID NO: 17); and                                              
  S146P: 5'-G CCC GCC TCT CCG GAC CAG CCT TC-3' (BspE I)                  
   (SEQ ID NO: 22).                                                       
______________________________________
Successful mutagenesis resulted in appearance of the underlined restriction sites, allowing rapid screening of potential mutants.
The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis and sequencing. Mutant proteins were produced by the use of an amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis strain, and purified using affinity chromatography.
CGTase activity was determined by incubating appropriately diluted enzyme solutions with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0, for 5-10 minutes at 50° C.
Cyclodextrin forming activity (transglycosylation activity) was determined using 5% Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate. The β-cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce 1 μmol of β-cyclodextrin per minute. α- and β-cyclodextrin formation was subsequently determined by use of HPLC (cf. below).
Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under industrial production process conditions. For this purpose 0.1 U/ml CGTase was incubated with 10% Paselli™ WA4 (i.e. jet-cooked, pre-gelatinized drum-dried starch) in a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 50° C. for 45 hours. Samples were collected at regular intervals of time, boiled for 5 minutes, and the products formed analyzed by HPLC using a 25 cm Econosil-NH 2 10 micron column (Alltech Associates Inc., USA) eluted with acetonitril/water (60/40% v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml per minute.
Results
Variants were designed in order to increase α-cyclodextrin formation. In the first experiment, a tyrosine residue at position 89 was changed into an aspartic acid residue (Y89D), which introduces an additional hydrogen bond with subsite F of the substrate, cf. FIG. 1. This gives rise to stronger binding of the amylose chain in the active site cleft, with the formation of smaller cyclodextrins. In result an increase in β-cyclodextrin forming activities was detected, with a simultaneous decrease in the β-cyclodextrin forming activity, as seen from the ratio of cyclodextrins produced from Paselli™ WA4, cf. Table 16, below, and in the cyclodextrin formation profiles, cf. FIG. 2B.
In a second experiment, serine at position 146 was changed into a proline residue (S146P). This gives rise to a dramatic change in the hydrogen network at subsite I of the substrate, cf. FIG. 1. As seen from Table 15 below, this mutation has a substantial impact on the cyclodextrin forming activities. The α-cyclodextrin forming activity increased drastically at the expense of the β-cyclodextrin forming activity. There was little effect on the γ-cyclodextrin forming activity. This also corresponds with the ratio of cyclodextrins determined and presented in Table 16 and in FIG. 2C.
In a third experiment, a double mutation was accomplished. In this experiment tyrosine at position 89 was changed into an aspartic acid residue, and serine at position 146 was changed into a proline residue (Y89D/S146P). These mutations results in a combination of the effects seen from the two single mutations carried out as described above. This variant possesses the largest α-cyclodextrin forming activity, cf. Table 15, and the largest formation of α-cyclodextrin, cf. Table 16 and FIG. 2D.
              TABLE 15                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Specific Activities of α- β- AND γ-CD Forming CGTases    
           Cyclization Activity (U/mg)                                    
Enzyme     α      β  γ                                   
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type   2           280     80                                        
  Y89D  5 270 47                                                          
  S146P 25 104 82                                                         
  Y89D/S146P 35 109 79                                                    
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 16                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation from 10% Paselli ™ WA4                 
  (at 50° C. and for 50 hours)                                     
           Cyclodextrin Produced (%)                                      
Enzyme     α      β  γ                                   
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  14           63      23                                        
  Y89D 17 63 20                                                           
  S146P 26 55 19                                                          
  Y89D/S146P 31 51 18                                                     
______________________________________
Example 3
Mutations in the E-domain of a Bacillus CGTase
This example describes the construction of two CGTase variants, holding mutations in the E domain cleft. The variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van Montfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L, and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol. Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
Two maltose binding sites (MBS) have been identified in the E domain and in this experiment it is found that these sites are of particular importance for the raw starch binding properties of the enzyme. The first site (MBS1) includes tryptophan at positions 616 and 662, which bind a maltose unit through van der Waals contacts of their indole groups with the glucose rings of the substrate. In the second site (MBS2), the in most cases conserved tyrosine at position 633, forms van der Waals contacts with a glucose residue of the substrate. Hydrogen bonds with surrounding residues enhance binding at these sites. MBS2 is located near the groove leading to the active site.
Mutations were introduced by a method based on two PCR reactions using VENT-DNA polymerase. For each mutation specific oligonucleotides were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis and sequencing. Variants were obtained from an amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis strain and were purified using affinity chromatography.
Bacterial Strains and Plasmids: Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175] was used for recombinant DNA manipulations and site-directed mutagenesis. E. coli DH5α [Hanahan D; J. Mol Biol. 1983 166 557] was used for the production of monomeric supercoiled plasmid DNA for sequencing. CGTases variants were produced with the α-amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. The fragment containing the kanamycin-resistance marker was ligated with the largest fragment from plasmid pDP66S [Penninga D, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Lawson C L, Dijkstra B W, Bergsma J, Dijkhuizen L; Biochemistry 1995 34 3368-3376] containing the Bacillus circulans CGTase gene, digested with HIndIII and XbaI (made blunt with Klenow polymerase). The resulting CGTase protein expression shuttle vector pDP66K, with the CGTase gene under control of the erthromycin-inducible p32 promotor [van der Vossen J M B M, Kodde J, Haandrikman A J, Venema G, Kok J; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1992 58 3142-3149], was transformed to E. coli MC1061 under selection for erythromycin and kanamycin resistance, cf. FIG. 3.
Construction of CGTase Variants: As only relatively low stability with plasmid pDP66S (8.5 kb) [Saenger W; Angew. Chem. 1980 19 344-362] was found, pDP66K (7.7 kb) was constructed, cf. FIG. 3, with the CGTase gene under the control of the strong p32 promotor [van der Vossen J M B M, Kodde J, Haandrikman A J, Venema G, Kok J; Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1992 58 3142-3149]. Plasmid pDP66K containing the additional antibiotic resistance marker for kanamycin appeared to be considerably more stable in E. coli as well as in B. subtilis cells than plasmid pDP66S containing the streptomycin/spectinomycin resistance cassette. Using this shuttle vector, a high extracellular production of wild-type enzyme and CGTase variants was obtained reproducibly in batch fermentations with the α-amylase and protease negative B. subtilis Strain DB104A. A single 51 erlenmeyer flask with 11 B. subtilis Strain DB104A culture allowed purification to homogeneity of up to 25 mg of the CGTase variants. Mutations were constructed via site-directed (PCR) mutagenesis. Using specific oligonucleotide primers a mutation frequency close to 70% was observed. All mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis and DNA sequencing.
Growth Conditions: Plasmid carrying bacterial strains were grown on LB medium in presence of the antibiotics erythromycin and kanamycin, at concentrations of 100 and 5 μg/ml for E. coli and Bacillus subtilis, respectively [Sambrook et al., op cit]. When appropriate, agar plates contained 1% starch to screen for halo formation. Bacillus subtilis Strain DB 104A was grown in a 51 flask, containing 11 medium with 2% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 1% sodium chloride and 1% casamino acids (pH 7.0) with 10 μg/ml erythromycin and 5 μg/ml kanamycin.
DNA Manipulations: Restriction endonucleases and Klenow enzyme were purchased from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Sweden, and used according to the manufacturers instructions. DNA manipulations and calcium chloride transformation of E. coli strains were accomplished as described [Sambrook et al., op cit]. Transformation of Bacillus subtilis was performed as described by Bron [Harwood C R and Cutting S M, Eds.; Modern Microbiological Methods for Bacillus, 1990, Wiley & Sons, New York/Chichester; "Plasmids", pp. 146-147].
Site-directed Mutagenesis: To introduce mutations we used a method based on two PCR reactions using VENT-DNA polymerase (New-England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA), in which a first PCR was carried out using a mutagenesis primer on the coding strand plus a primer 910-1050 bp downstream on the template strand. The product of this reaction (910-1050 bp) was subsequently used as primer in the second PCR together with a primer 760-900 bp upstream on the coding strand. The product of the last reaction (1800 bp) was cut with Bg1I and HindIII and exchanged with the corresponding fragment (600 bp) from the vector pDP66K. The resulting (mutant) plasmid was transformed to E. coli MC 1061 cells. The following oligonucleotides (primers) were used to produce the mutations:
______________________________________                                    
Y633A: 5'-G GTC GTT TAC CAG GCG CCG AAC TGG-3'                            
   (SEQ ID NO: 13)                                                        
  W616A: 5'-GC GAG CTC GGG AAC GCG GAC CCG-3'                             
   (SEQ ID NO: 14)                                                        
  W662A: 5'-CC GTC ACC GCG GAA GGC GGC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 15)                 
______________________________________
Successful mutagenesis resulted in the appearance of the underlined restriction sites, allowing rapid screening of potential mutations. For Y633A this restriction site was NarI, for W616A SacI, and for W662A SacII.
DNA Sequencing: Plasmid pDP66K carrying the right restriction site was transformed to E. coli DH5α cells. DNA sequence determination was performed on supercoiled plasmid DNA using the dideoxy-chain termination method [Sanger F, Coulson A R; J. Mol Biol. 1975 94 441-448] and the T7-sequencing kit from Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Sweden.
Production and Purification of CGTase Variants: Plasmid pDP66K, carrying positively characterized mutant CGtase genes, was transformed to Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A. The organism was grown to an optical density of 4.5 determined at 600 nm in a 51 flask (for approx. 36 hours). Under these conditions high extracellular CGTase levels were produced. The culture was centrifuged (×10,000 g) at 4° C. for 30 minutes. The (mutant) CGTases were further purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using a 30 ML α-cyclodextrin-Sepharose-6FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden) [Sundberg L, Porath J; J. Chromatogr. 1974 90 87-98] with a maximal capacity of 3.5 mg protein per ml. After washing with 10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5), bound CGTase was eluted with the same buffer containing 10 mg/ml α-cyclodextrin.
Enzyme Assays
β-cyclodextrin Forming Activity: β-cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate and after incubation for 3 minutes at 50° C. 0.1-0.1 units of activity were used. The β-cyclodextrin formed was determined based on its ability to form a stable colorless inclusion complex with phenolphthalein. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to form 1 μmol of β-cyclodextrin per minute.
Raw Starch Binding Properties: Raw starch binding properties were studied by incubating 6 μg/ml of enzyme with increasing amounts (0-10%) of granular potato starch (Paselli™ SA2, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) for 1 hour at 4° C., with and without 0.1 mM of β-cyclodextrin (equilibrium was reached within 10 minutes). After incubation, protein bound to the starch granules was spun down for 1 minute at 4° C. and at 10,000×g, and the remaining β-cyclodextrin forming activity of the supernatant was determined as described above.
Kinetic Studies: Kinetic studies on Paselli™ SA2 (AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) were performed by determination of the β-cyclodextrin forming activity of the enzyme on Paselli™ concentrations ranging from 0 to 5%, with and without addition of 0.1 or 0.2 mM of β-cyclodextrin. In these experiments approx. 0.6 μg/ml (0.15-0.18 units) of enzyme was used.
Kinetic Studies: Alternatively, kinetic studies on raw starch were performed by incubating 6 μg/ml of enzyme for 10 minutes with raw starch concentrations in the range of from 0 to 50%. β-cyclodextrin formation was determined as described above.
The data collected from these kinetic and binding studies were fitted using the Hill equation, yielding Ymax and K50 values for the binding studies, and Vmax and K50 values for the kinetic studies. Ki values were calculated as follows. ##EQU1## Results
Since maltose binding site 1 (MBS1) includes two tryptophan residues, the double mutation W616A/W662A was constructed. In this way we created comparable changes in the two binding sites, which were designed to completely remove the hydrophobic interactions of the aromatic residues with the glucose units of the substrate. The two separate CGTase variants, W616A and W662A, gave intermediate results compared to the double mutant, W616A/W662A.
From the results presented in FIGS. 4-6, in which the curves are better fitted to a Hill equation than to a Michaelis-Menten equation, indicates that there is a form of cooperativity involved in the reaction and binding kinetics.
The results of the raw starch binding experiments are presented in Table 17 and FIG. 4. Determination of raw starch binding revealed a sharp decrease for the W616A/W662A variant, indicating that MBS1 is required and has the highest affinity for substrate binding. The Y633A variant shows only small decreases in affinity and Ymax, which suggests that MBS2 has only little contribution to raw starch binding.
The effect of β-cyclodextrin on raw starch binding indicates that it can inhibit the binding by competition with a starch chain for the binding sites of the enzyme. This effect is more pronounced for the variants produced as compared to the wild-type, indicating that when one MBS is deleted, competition of β-cyclodextrin with raw starch for the remaining site is stronger. This also indicates a form of cooperativity between MBS's.
The Hill factor "n", indicating the degree of cooperativity involved in raw starch binding is strongly decreased in the W616A/W662A variant, showing that MBS1 contributes highly to cooperative binding. The Y633A variant has the same "n" value as the wild-type enzyme. This suggests that sites other than MBS2 cooperate with MBS1 in binding.
The results of the reaction kinetics on hydrolysed potato starch (Paselli™ SA2) are presented in Table 18 and FIG. 5. These results show another role for MBS2 in the wild-type enzyme. The lower affinity for Paselli™ of the Y633A variant suggests that the substrate might be less efficiently guided to the active site in the absence of this binding site. This is also supported by the decrease of factor "n" to approx. 1, which shows that the cooperativity observed in reaction kinetics has been lost in this variant. The shift from non-competitive to competitive inhibition by β-cyclodextrin implies that MBS2 is responsible for the non-competitive product inhibition. The results with the W616A/W662A variant show that MBS1 is only slightly involved in degradation of Paselli™.
The results of the reaction kinetics on raw starch are presented in Table 19 and FIG. 6. These results show a high decrease in affinity when either of the MBS's are deleted, indicating that for activity on raw starch both MBS's are equally important. At high raw starch concentrations, however, the curve representing the W616A/W662A variant aligns to that of the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that a binding site other than MBS1 takes over its function. This site might be MBS3 on the C domain.
From these experiments it is concluded that the E domain with its binding sites is required for the conversion of raw starch into cyclodextrins. The enzyme binds to the raw starch granule via MBS1, while MBS2 guides the starch chain protruding from the granule to the active site.
              TABLE 17                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Binding Properties on Raw Starch                                          
           Y.sub.max    K.sub.50 (% RS)                                   
                                  n                                       
       0 mM    0.1 mM   0 mM  0.1 mM                                      
                                    0 mM   0.1 mM                         
  Enzyme β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD      
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type                                                                 
       96.2 ±                                                          
               76.4 ±                                                  
                        0.70 ±                                         
                              0.89 ±                                   
                                    1.71 ±                             
                                           1.25 ±                      
   3.3 1.3 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.06                                            
  W616A/ 48.7 ± 33.4 ± 2.36 ± 2.27 ± 1.19 ± 1.07 ±      
                                            W662A 1.3 2.0 0.13 0.30 0.06  
                                           0.07                           
  Y633A 90.8 ± 58.4 ± 0.99 ± 2.70 ± 1.73 ± 1.34 ±       
                                             2.2 5.9 0.05 0.58 0.12       
______________________________________                                    
                                           0.20                           

                                  TABLE 18                                
__________________________________________________________________________
Kinetic Properties Determined on Paselli ™ SA2                         
        V.sub.max   K.sub.50                                              
  (units/mg) (% Paselli ™ SA2)                                         
        0 mM                                                              
            0.1 mM                                                        
                0.2 mM                                                    
                    0 mM                                                  
                        0.1 mM                                            
                            0.2 mM K.sub.i                                
  Enzyme β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD β-CD n    
                                   (nM)                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
Wild type                                                                 
        280.4                                                             
            221.0                                                         
                184.5                                                     
                    0.098                                                 
                        0.077                                             
                            0.071                                         
                                1.40                                      
                                   0.38                                   
   ±2.6 ±3.7 ±1.6 ±0.003 ±0.005 ±0.002 ±0.12         
                                   ±0.02                               
  W616A/W662A 247.2 224.5 212.6 0.115 0.104 0.109 1.26 1.11               
   ±3.0 ±1.6 ±1.2 ±0.005 ±0.002 ±0.002 ±0.12         
                                   ±0.14                               
  Y633A 316.2 316.5 317.2 0.23 0.35 0.44 0.98 0.21                        
   ±3.6 ±6.1 ±5.5 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.03 ±0.15 ±0.04   
__________________________________________________________________________

              TABLE 19                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Kinetic Properties Determined on Raw Starch                               
                    V.sub.max K.sub.50                                    
  Enzyme (units/mg) (% RS)                                                
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type       153.1 ± 4.8                                            
                          18.4 ± 1.3                                   
  W616A/W662A (153.1) (42.5)                                              
  Y633A 159.5 ± 5.0 42.5 ± 2.7                                      
______________________________________
Example 4
Construction of β-and γ-cyclodextrin Producing CGTase Variants from Bacillus
This example describes the construction of several β-and γ-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants, in which site directed mutagenesis has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the active site cleft. The variants are derived from a Bacillus circulans Strain 251 CGTase (i.e. the wild-type enzyme), obtained as described by Lawson et al. [Lawson C L, van MOntfort R, Strokopytov B, Rozeboom H J, Kalk K H, de Vries G E, Penninga D, Dijkhuizen L and Dijkstra B W; J. Mol Biol. 1994 236 590-600].
Mutations were introduced with a PCR method using VENT-DNA polymerase (New-England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., USA). A first PCR reaction was carried out with a mutagenesis primer for the coding strand, plus a primer downstream on the template strand. The reaction product was subsequently used as primer in a second PCR reaction together with a primer upstream on the coding strand. The product of the last reaction was cut with PvuII and SalI and exchanged with the corresponding fragment (1200 bp) from the vector pDP66K (cf. FIG. 3). The resulting (mutant) plasmid was transformed to E. coli MC1061 cells [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175].
The following oligonucleotides (primers) were used to produce the mutations:
N193G:                                                                    
     5'-GC ATC TAC AAG GGC CTG TACGAT CTC G-3'                            
                                      (Dra II)                            
                                           (SEQ ID NO: 16);               
   - Y89G: 5'-GCA TCA TCA ATG GAT CCG GCG TAA AC-3' (Bam HI) (SEQ ID NO:  
                                                       17);               
   - *145aI: 5'-CAT ACG TCG CCC GCT AGC ATT TCC GAC CAG CCT TCC-3' (Nhe   
                                                       I) (SEQ ID NO:     
                                                       18);               
   - D371G: 5'-CG GGC GGG ACC GGT CCG GAC AAC CG-3' (Pin AI) (SEQ ID NO:  
                                                       19);               
   - D371N: 5'-G TCG GGC GGT ACC AAT CCG GAC AAC C-3' (Kpn I) (SEQ ID NO: 
                                                       20); and           
   - N326Q: 5'-CG TTC ATC GAT CAG CAT GAC ATG G-3' (Cla I) (SEQ ID NO:    
                                                       21).
Successful mutagenesis resulted in appearance of the underlined restriction sites, allowing rapid screening of potential mutants.
Plasmid pDP66K carrying the right restriction site was transformed to E. coli DH5αcells [Hanahan D; J. Mol Biol. 1983 166 557]. DNA sequence determination was performed on supercoiled plasmid DNA using the dideoxy-chain termination method [Sanger F, Coulson A R; J. Mol Biol. 1975 94 441-448] and the T7-sequencing kit from Pharmacia-LKB Biotechnology, Sweden.
Plasmid pDP66K, carrying positively characterized mutant cgt genes, was transformed to B. subtilis strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. The organism was grown to an optical density at 600 nm of 4.5 in a 51 flask (for approx. 36 hours). Under these conditions high extracellular CGTase levels were produced.
The culture was centrifuged at 4° C. for 30 minutes at 10,000×g. The CGTases variant in the culture supernatants were further purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography, using a 30 ml α-cyclodextrin-Sepharose-6FF column (Pharmacia, Sweden) [Sundberg L, Porath J; J. Chromatogr. 1974 90 87-98] with a maximal capacity of 3.5 mg protein per ml. After washing with 10 mM sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.5), bound CGTase was eluted with the same buffer containing 10 mg/ml α-cyclodextrin.
β-cyclodextrin forming activity was determined by incubating an appropriately diluted enzyme sample (0.1-0.2 units of activity) for 3 minutes at 50° C. Paselli™ SA2 (5% solution partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50 (AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands), was used as a substrate. The β-cyclodextrin formed was determined based on its ability to form a stable colorless inclusion complex with phenolphthalein. One unit of activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce 1 μmol of β-cyclodextrin per minute.
Cyclodextrin forming activity was also measured under production process conditions. For this purpose 0.1 U/ml CGTase was incubated with 10% Paselli™ WA4 (i.e. jet-cooked, pregelatinized drum-dried starch) in a 10 mM sodium citrate buffer (pH 6.0) at 50° C. for 45 hours. Samples were collected at regular time intervals, diluted 10 times, boiled for 8 min. and the products formed analyzed by HPLC using a 25 cm Econosphere-NH 2 5 micron column (Alltech Associates Inc., USA) eluted with acetonitrile/water (60/40 v/v) at 1 ml per min.
Results
The variants of this example were designed in order to increase β-and γ-cyclodextrin formation. The N193G, Y89G, D371G, D371N and the Y89G/N193G CGTase variants were all designed with the intention to decrease the interactions between the amylose chain and the first part of the active site cleft (Subsites C-G). As a result, the amylose chain would be able to move further into the active site cleft, thereby changing the ratio of cyclodextrins towards the β-and γ-cyclodextrins.
The N193G CGTase variant demonstrates a rapid increase in β-cyclodextrin (FIGS. 7 and 9). As a result, the ratio is changed already dramatically after 5 hours of incubation (Table 20) towards α-and β-cyclodextrin. However, after 45 hours (Table 21) the ratio has changed towards α-cyclodextrin formation only. This mutation seems particularly well suited for combination with other mutations, e.g. D371G or D371N.
The Y89G CGTase variant results in a small change towards β-cyclodextrin after 45 hours of incubation at the expense of α-cyclodextrin (cf. FIG. 7 and Table 21).
The D371N and D371G CGTase variants both show a shift towards formation of the larger cyclodextrins (cf. FIG. 8 and Table 21). Both β-and γ-cyclodextrin increased at the expense of α-cyclodextrin. This shift is more pronounced at early incubation times (cf. Table 20 and FIG. 10).
The Y89G/N193G CGTase double mutant resulted in a shift from β-cyclodextrin to both α-and γ-cyclodextrin (cf. Table 21). In combination with other mutations, in particular D371G or D371N, this mutation could give rise to a single shift to β-cyclodextrin.
The *145aI CGTase variant was constructed on the basis of alignment studies. This insertion mutation seems especially advantageous for obtaining β-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants. Both short incubation times (cf. FIG. 10 and Table 20) and long incubation times (cf. FIG. 8 and Table 21) gave a shift from β-cyclodextrin to both α-and γ-cyclodextrin. Also, in order to obtain a single shift to β-cyclodextrin, this mutation seems particularly well suited for combination with other mutations, e.g. D371G or D371N.
The N326Q CGTase variant was constructed and shown to cause a shift from α-cyclodextrin to β- and γ-cyclodextrin formation (cf. Table 21).
Finally, combinations of the above mutations seems straightforward in order to obtain CGTase variants with increased β- and/or γ-cyclodextrin formation.
              TABLE 20                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation from 10% Paselli ™ WA4                 
  (at 50° C. for 5 hours)                                          
         Cyclodextrins Produced (%)                                       
Enzyme   α       β   γ                                   
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type                                                                 
          7.4 ± 1.4 70.8 ± 1.8                                      
                                21.8 ± 0.5                             
  N193G 13.5 ± 0.2 57.5 ± 0.7 29.0 ± 0.8                         
  Y89G  9.5 ± 1.2 72.4 ± 2.1 18.0 ± 1.0                          
  *145aI 18.8 ± 1.2 46.3 ± 1.3 34.3 ± 1.5                        
  D371G  2.4 ± 0.2 71.8 ± 1.6 25.9 ± 1.4                         
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 21                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation from 10% Paselli ™ WA4                 
  (at 50° C. for 45 hours)                                         
           Cyclodextrins Produced (%)                                     
Enzyme     α     β   γ                                   
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  14.4 ± 1.0                                                  
                       67.7 ± 0.7                                      
                                18.0 ± 0.8                             
  N193G 25.5 ± 0.1 60.4 ± 0.2 14.1 ± 0.4                         
  Y89G 12.7 ± 0.3 69.3 ± 0.6 18.0 ± 0.3                          
  *145aI 24.6 ± 0.5 53.5 ± 0.8 21.9 ± 0.7                        
  D371G  4.4 ± 0.1 73.9 ± 0.1 21.7 ± 0.1                         
  D371N  6.5 ± 0.5 73.4 ± 0.5 20.1 ± 0.4                         
  N326Q  5.0 ± 0.1 75.4 ± 0.1 19.6 ± 0.2                         
  Y89G/N193G 18.8 ± 0.6 53.8 ± 0.7 27.4 ± 0.3                    
  N193G/Q148E 17.5 ± 0.5 60.9 ± 0.7 21.6 ± 0.8                   
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 22                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Specific Activities of Initial Cyclization                                
          Cyclization Activity (U/mg)                                     
Enzyme    α      β  γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type 2            280     53                                         
  *145aI  111 59                                                          
  N193G  132 66                                                           
  N326Q 3 63 14                                                           
  D371N 25 108 30                                                         
  D371G 7 81 29                                                           
______________________________________
Example 5
Construction of α-cyclodextrin Producing CGTase Variants from Thermoanaerobacter
This example describes the construction of 24 α-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (A1-A24), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
The variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
Mutations were introduced by a method based on PCR by the use of PWO polymerase. For each mutation, specific oligonucleotides (primers) were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing. Mutant proteins were expressed in either Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175], or in the α-amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. Proteins were purified from the media using affinity chromatography (AfC) and/or anion-exchange chromatography (AEC).
Enzyme Assays
Enzymatic activity was measured by a slightly modified procedure of the Phadebas amylase test (Pharmacia). Phadebas tablets (Phadebas™ Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate. This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance. After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
The enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard. The enzyme standard was Termamyl™ (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit (KNU) is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e. at 37° C. +/-0.05; 0.0003 M Ca2+ ; and pH 5.6) dextrinizes 5.26 g starch dry substance Merck Amylum solubile. Below the activity is expressed in Novo Units (NU) per ml.
CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 60° C.
Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate. The α-cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the β-cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein, and the γ-cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green. The activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg). One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one μmol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions. A precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 60° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
The results of these experiments are discussed and presented in tables 23-25, below. In Table 25, the figures are the ratio at maximum total level of cyclodextrin.
Oligonucleotide Primers
The following oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
A1:                                                                       
  143-151(GRAGTNPG)             (SEQ ID NO: 12);                          
   5'-AATCATACATCTGGACGAGCAGGTACCAACCCGACTTTGGGGAAAA                      
   TGGTAC-3' (SEQ ID NO: 23);                                             
  A2: 87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO: 11) + 143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:    
                                          12);
Using the B9 variant (87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11), described in Example 6 below, as starting point, the 143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:12) mutations was introduced using the A1 primer;
A3: F195Y+143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:12);
5'-TTACCGTAATTTATATGACTTAGCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:67) was used to introduce the F195Y mutation and using this variant as starting point, the 87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) mutations was introduced using the A1 primer;
A4: F195Y+87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11)+143-151(GRAGTNPG) (SEQ ID NO:12);
The Spe I--Bst X I fragment of A2 was ligated into the CGTase gene holding the F195Y mutation. The F195Y was introduced by the use of the A3 primer;
__________________________________________________________________________
A5:                                                                       
  P143G-A144R-S145W;                                                      
    5'-ATCATACATCCGGACGATGGGAGACAGACCCTACC-3' (SEQ ID NO:24);             
   - A6: 87-94 (INDSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:58);                                
   -      5'-CATTTACGCAGTTATCAATGATTCCGGAGTTAACAATACATCCTATCATGG-3' (SEQ  
ID NO:25);                                                                
   - A7: 87-94 (INDSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:58) + 146-150 (SDQPS) (SEQ ID       
NO:59);                                                                   
__________________________________________________________________________
Using the A6 variant (87-94(INDSG-VNN)) (SEQ ID NO:58) as starting point, the 146-150(SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59) mutations were introduced using the primer 5'-CTCCTGCATCATCTGATCAACCGTCCTTTGGGGAAAATGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:52);
__________________________________________________________________________
A8:                                                                       
   143-148 (GRGPAA) (SEQ ID NO:10);                                       
   -        5'-CAAATCATACATCTGGACGAGGACCGGCCGCACCTACCTATGGGG-3' (SEQ ID   
   NO:26);                                                                
   - A9:  143-148 (GRAPAA) (SEQ ID NO:9);                                 
   -     5'-CAAATCATACATCTGGACGAGCACCGGCCGCACCTACCTATGGGG-3' (SEQ ID      
   NO:27);                                                                
   - A10: 143-148 (GRA**A) (SEQ ID NO:7);                                 
   -      5'-CAAATCATACATCTGGACGAGCAGCACCTACCTATGGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:28);   
     - A11: 143-148 (GRPAAA) (SEQ ID NO:64);                              
   -      5'-CAAATCATACATCTGGACGACCTGCAGCAGCTCCTACCTATGGGG-3' (SEQ ID     
   NO:29);                                                                
   - A12: G180S;                                                          
   -      5'-CCATCATTACGGATCCACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:30);            
   - A13: A144R;                                                          
   -      5'-CATACATCTCCTCGATCGGAGACAGACCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:31);             
   - A14: P143A-A144R;                                                    
   -      5'-CATACATCTGCTCGATCGGAGACAGACCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:32);             
   - A15: G180N;                                                          
   -      5'-CCATCATTACGGAAACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:33);            
   - A16: G180D;                                                          
   -   5'-CCATCATTACGGAGACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:34);               
   - A17: G180N + P143G-A144R-S145W;                                      
__________________________________________________________________________
Using the A5 variant (P143G-A144R-S145W) as starting point, the G180N mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTACGGAAACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:33);
A18: G180D+P143G-A144R-S145W;
Using the A5 variant (P143G-A144R-S145W) as starting point, the G180D mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTACGGAGACACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:34);
__________________________________________________________________________
A19:                                                                      
    G179N;                                                                
 5'-CCATCATTATAATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:35);                     
   - A20: G179S;                                                          
   -        5'-CCATCATTATAGTGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:36);          
   - A21: G179D;                                                          
   -          5'-CCATCATTATGATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:37);        
  - A22: G179N + P143G-A144R-S145W;                                       
__________________________________________________________________________
Using the A5 variant (P143G-A144R-S145W) as starting point, the G179N mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATAATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3' (SEQ ID NO:35);
A23: G179S+P143G-A144R-S145W;
Using the A5 variant (P143G-A144R-S145W) as starting point, the G179S mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATAGTGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3'(SEQ ID NO:36); and
A24: G179D+P143G-A144R-S145W;
Using the A5 variant (P143G-A144R-S145W) as starting point, the G179D mutation was introduced using the primer 5'-CCATCATTATGATGGAACTAATTTTTCATC-3'(SEQ ID NO:37).
Results
The variants of this example were designed in order to increase α-cyclodextrin formation.
In experiment A1, the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has increased, whereas the β-CD ratio has decreased.
In experiment A2, the loop at positions 87 to 94 was replaced by (IKYSG*VNN (SEQ ID NO:11)), and simultaneously the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units E, F and H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased.
In experiment A3, the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate. The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has increased whereas the β-CD ratio has decreased.
In experiment A4, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (IKYSG*VNN (SEQ ID NO:11)), and simultaneously the loop at positions 143 to 151 was replaced by (GRAGTNPG (SEQ ID NO:12)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units E, F and H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate. The initial rate of β-CD formation has decreased. In the CD-production assay, the β-CD ratio has decreased.
In experiment A5, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of α-CD formation has increased, whereas the initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has increased whereas the β-CD ratio has decreased.
In experiment A6, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (IKDSG*VNN (SEQ ID NO:66)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units E and F (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A7, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (IKDSG*VNN (SEQ ID NO:66)), and simultaneously the loop at positions 146 to 150 was replaced by (SDQPS (SEQ ID NO:59)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units E and F, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A8, the loop at positions 143 to 148 was replaced by (GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A9, the loop at positions 143 to 148 was replaced by (GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A10, the loop at positions 143 to 148 was replaced by (GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7)) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A11, the region at positions 143 to 148 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased more significantly than the initial rate of α-CD formation, which results in an increased ration between α-cd formation and β-CD formation.
In experiment A12, G180 was replaced by 180S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A13, A144 was replaced by 144R in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A14, P143-A144 was replaced by 143A-144R in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A15, G180 was replaced by 180N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A16, G180 was replaced by 180D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A17, G180 was replaced by 180N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A18, G180 was replaced by 180D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A19, G179 was replaced by 179N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A20, G179 was replaced by 179S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A21, G179 was replaced by 179D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A22, G179 was replaced by 179N in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment ABBE, G179 was replaced by 179S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment A24, G179 was replaced by 179D in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H (cf. FIG. 1). Simultaneously, the region at positions 143 to 145 was replaced by (GRW) in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H, and in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose units I and J by making a sterical hindrance (cf. FIG. 1).
              TABLE 23                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Production, Purification and Enzyme Activities of CGTases                 
                                 Enzyme activity                          
  Enzyme               Host         Purification method      (NU/mg)      
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type                                                                 
       E. coli    AfC          1513                                       
  A1                  E. coli             AfC                   432       
                                A2                  E. coli               
                               AfC                   1009                 
  A                   E. coli             AfC                   1404      
                                A4                  E. coli               
                               AfC                   1082                 
  A5                  E. coli         AfC + AEC                 2100      
                                A9                  E. coli               
  A10                 E. coli                                             
  A11                 E. coli         AfC + AEC                 2200      
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 24                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Specific Activities of α-, β- and γ-CD Forming CGTases   
           Cyclization Activity (U/mg)                                    
Enzyme     α       β                                           
                               γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  39            49    40                                         
  A1                                            26             29         
                                A2                                        
                                    32             36                     
  A                                             24             26         
                                A4                                        
                                   32             39                      
  A5                            43            27             27           
  A11                           20             6              13          
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 25                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation at Optimum CD Formation                   
           Cyclodextrin produced (%)                                      
Enzyme     α       β                                           
                               γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  39            45    17                                         
  A1                            42             38             20          
  A2                            38             45             17          
  A                             42             38             20          
  A4                            39             41             20          
  A5                            42             37             20          
______________________________________
Example 6
Construction of β-cyclodextrin Producing CGTase Variants from Thermoanaerobacter
This example describes the construction of 15 β-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (B1-B9), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
The variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
Mutations were introduced by a method based on PCR by the use of PWO polymerase. For each mutation, specific oligonucleotides (primers) were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing. Mutant proteins were expressed in either Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175], or in the α-amylase and protease negative Bacillus subtilis Strain DB104A [Smith H, de Jong A, Bron S, Venema G; Gene 1988 70 351-361]. Proteins were purified from the media using affinity chromatography (AfC) and/or anion-exchange chromatography (AEC).
Enzyme Assays
Enzymatic activity was measured by a slightly modified procedure of the Phadebas amylase test (Pharmacia). Phadebas tablets (Phadebas™ Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate. This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance. After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
The enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard. The enzyme standard was Termamyl™ (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit (KNU) is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e. at 37° C. +/-0.05; 0.0003 M Ca2+ ; and pH 5.6) dextrinizes 5.26 g starch dry substance Merck Amylum solubile. Below the activity is expressed in Novo Units (NU) per ml.
CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 85° C.
Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate. The α-cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the β-cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein, and the γ-cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green. The activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg). One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one μmol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions. A precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 85° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
The results of these experiments are discussed and presented in tables 26-28, below. In Table 28, the figures are the ratio at maximum total level of cyclodextrin.
Oligonucleotide Primers
The following oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
__________________________________________________________________________
B1:                                                                       
  S145A;                                                                  
       5'-CTCCTGCAGCTGAGACAGACCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:38);                       
   - B2: E146S;                                                           
   -        5'-CTCCTGCATCGTCGACAGACCC-3' (SEQ ID NO:39);                  
   - B3: T147A;                                                           
   -     5'-TCAGAGGCGGATCCTACCTATGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:40);                    
   - B4: T147L;                                                           
   -     5'-TCAGAGCTCGACCCTACCTATGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:41);                    
   - B5: D148A;                                                           
   -     5'-CAGAGACGGCGCCTACCTATGGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:42);                   
   - B6: D89A;                                                            
   -     5'-CGCAGTTTTGCCGGCTTCCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:43);                      
   - B7: F91aA;                                                           
   -     5'-TCCACTGCCGGCGGAAGCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:44);                       
   - B8:  F91a*;                                                          
   -      5'-AGATTCTACCGGTGGAAGCAC-3' (SEQ ID NO:45);                     
   - B9:  87-94 (IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11);                               
   -       5'-TTTACGCAGTTATTAAATATTCCGGCGTTAACAACACATCCTATCATGG-3'        
__________________________________________________________________________
(SEQ ID NO:46). This variant is also used in the construction of A2 of Example 5, above;
B10: F195Y+87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11);
5'-TTACCGTAATTTATATGACTTAGCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:67) was used to introduce the F195Y mutation. Using this variant as starting point, the 87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) mutations was introduced using primer B9. Simultaneously, the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate;
__________________________________________________________________________
B11:                                                                      
   D196S;                                                                 
      5'-CGTAATTTATTCTCGCTAGCAGATTTAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:68);                  
   - B12: D196A;                                                          
   -       5'-CGTAATTTATTCGCGCTAGCAGATTTAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:47);             
   - B13: D371N;                                                          
   -          5'-CAGGTAATGGTAACCCTTATAATAGAGC-3' (SBQ ID NO:48);          
   - B14: D371G;                                                          
   -       5'-CAGGTAATGGAGGGCCTTATAATAGAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:49); and         
  - B15: D371A;                                                           
  -    5'-CAGGTAATGGAGCGCCTTATAATAGAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:50).                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Results
The variants of this example were designed in order to increase β-cyclodextrin formation.
In experiment B1, S145 was replaced by 145A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has increased. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased whereas the β-CD ratio has increased.
In experiment B2, E146 was replaced by 146S in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I (cf. FIG. 1). The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has increased. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased.
In experiment B3, T147 was replaced by 147A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1). In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased, whereas the β-CD ratio has increased.
In experiment B4, T147 was replaced by 147L in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J (cf. FIG. 1). In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased, whereas the β-CD ratio has increased.
In experiment B5, D148 was replaced by 148A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased, whereas the β-CD ratio has increased.
In experiment B6, D89 was replaced by 89A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit F. The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased.
In experiment B7, Y91a was replaced by 91aA in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit F. The initial rate of both β-CD formation and of γ-CD formation has decreased.
In experiment B8, Y91a was replaced by Y91a* (deleted) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit F. The initial rate of β-CD formation has decreased.
In experiment B9, the loop at positions 87 to 94 was replaced by (IKYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) in order to increase the contacts between the enzyme and glucose units E and F (cf. FIG. 1).
In experiment B 10, 5'-TTACCGTAATTTATATGACTTAGCAG-3' (SEQ ID NO:67) was used to introduce the F195Y mutation. Using this variant as starting point, the 87-94(IKYSG-VNN) (SEQ ID NO:11) mutations was introduced using primer B9. Simultaneously, the F195 was replaced by 195Y in order to decrease the contact between enzyme and substrate.
In experiment B11, D196 was replaced by 196S in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment B12, D196 was replaced by 196A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment BBB, D371 was replaced by 371N in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment B14, D371 was replaced by 371G in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment B15, D371 was replaced by 371A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
              TABLE 26                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Production, Purification and Enzyme Activities of CGTases                 
                                 Enzyme activity                          
  Enzyme                Host          Purification method  (NU/ml)        
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type                                                                 
       Bacillus   AfC          1513                                       
  B1                   Bacillus             AfC                 1925      
                                B2                   Bacillus             
                               AfC                 2290                   
  B3                   Bacillus             AfC                 1636      
                                B4                   Bacillus             
                               AfC                 1949                   
  B5                   Bacillus             AfC                  1839     
                                B6                   E. coli              
                               AfC                 1908                   
  B7                   E. coli              AfC                 1686      
                                B8                   E. coli              
                               AfC                 1212                   
  B9                   E. coli              AfC                 1862      
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 27                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Specific Activities of α-, β- and γ-CD Forming CGTases   
           Cyclization Activity (U/mg)                                    
Enzyme     α      β γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  39           131    96                                         
  B1                                               150            140     
                                B2                                        
                                      140            120                  
  B3                                               120            84      
                                B4                                        
                                      110            97                   
  B5                                               120            82      
                                B6                                        
                                      101            84                   
  B7                                               107            80      
                                B8                                        
                                      118            97                   
  B9                                               131                    
______________________________________                                    
                               63                                         

              TABLE 28                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation at Optimum CD Formation                   
           Cyclodextrin produced (%)                                      
Enzyme     α       β                                           
                               γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type  39            45    17                                         
  B1                            35            49             16           
  B2                            35            46             18           
  B3                            35            48             16           
  B4                            35            49             16           
  B5                            35            49             16           
  B9                            35            48             17           
______________________________________
Example 7
Construction of β-cyclodextrin Producing CGTase Variants from Thermoanaerobacter
This example describes the construction of 9 β-cyclodextrin producing CGTase variants (C1-C9), in which site-directed mutagenesis either has lead to an altered number of hydrogen bonds in the subsites of the active cleft or, alternatively, to sterical hindrance in parts of the substrate binding left.
The variants are derived from a Thermoanaerobacter sp. CGTase obtained according to WO 89/03421, and having the nucleotide and amino acid sequences presented as SEQ ID NOS:1-2 (i.e. the wild-type enzyme).
Variants were introduced by a method based on Unique Site Elimination (USE), following the protocol from the supplier (Stratagene®). The unique restriction site BsaMI at the plasmid opposite to the CGTase gene was removed by the use of the 5'P-CACTGTTCCTTCGAACGCGTAACCTTAAATACC-3' (SEQ ID NO:69) oligonucleotide. In this oligonucleotide, "P" indicates a 5' phosphorylation necessary for the procedure. For each mutation specific oligonucleotides were developed. The mutations were confirmed by restriction analysis whenever possible, and by sequencing. Mutant proteins were expressed in either Escherichia coli MC1061 [Meissner P S, Sisk W P, Berman M L; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987 84 4171-4175]. Proteins were purified from the media using affinity chromatography (AfC).
Enzyme Assays
Enzymatic activity was measured by a slightly modified procedure of the Phadebas amylase test (Pharmacia). Phadebas tablets (Phadebas™ Amylase Test, Pharmacia) are used as substrate. This substrate is a cross-linked insoluble blue-colored starch polymer, which is mixed with bovine serum albumin and a buffer substance, After suspension in water, starch is hydrolyzed by the enzyme, thereby yielding blue fragments. The determination is carried out after incubation at 60° C., pH 6.2, in 0.15 nM calcium for 15 minutes. The absorbance of the resulting blue solution, determined at 620 nm, corresponds the enzymatic activity.
The enzyme activity is compared to that of an enzyme standard, and the activity is expressed in the same unit as that of the enzyme standard. The enzyme standard was Termamyl™ (Novo Nordisk A/D, Denmark), the amylolytic activity of which has been be determined using potato starch as substrate. This method is based on the break-down of modified potato starch by the enzyme, and the reaction is followed by mixing samples of the starch/enzyme solution with an iodine solution. Initially, a blackish-blue color is formed, but during the break-down of the starch the blue color gets weaker and gradually turns into a reddish-brown, which is compared to a colored glass standard.
One Kilo Novo alfa Amylase Unit (KNU) is defined as the amount of enzyme which, under standard conditions (i.e. at 37° C. +/-0.05; 0.0003 M Ca2+ ; and pH 5.6) dextrinizes 5.26 g starch dry substance Merck Amylum solubile. Below the activity is expressed in Novo Units (NU) per ml.
CGTase activity was determined by incubating diluted enzyme with substrate in 10 mM sodium citrate, pH 6.0 for 4-10 minutes at 85° C.
Cyclodextrin forming activity was determined using 5% Paselli™ SA2 (i.e. partially hydrolysed potato starch with an average degree of polymerization of 50, available from AVEBE, Foxhol, The Netherlands) as substrate. The α-cyclodextrin formed was determined with Methyl-orange, the β-cyclodextrin formed was determined with phenolphthalein and the γ-cyclodextrin formed was determined with bromo cresol green. The activity is expressed in units per mg (U/mg). One unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme able to produce one βmol of the specific cyclodextrin per minute.
Cyclodextrin formation was also determined under conventional industrial production process conditions. A precooked 10% amylopectin solution in 0.5 mM CaCl2 at pH 5.5 was incubated with 50 NU of CGTase per gram of substrate, at 60° C. and for 24 hours. Samples are regularly withdrawn and boiled for 10 minutes at a pH of 2.5-3 prior to analysis by HPLC.
The results of these experiments are discussed and presented in tables 29-31, below. In Table 31, the figures are the ratio at maximum total level of cyclodextrin.
Oligonucleotide Primers
The following oligonucleotides were synthesized in order to initiate the site-directed mutagenesis (the numbers indicate positions according to the CGTase numbering):
__________________________________________________________________________
C1:                                                                       
  N193A;                                                                  
        5'P-TTACCGTGCACTATTTGACTTAGC-3' (SEQ ID NO:51);                   
   - C2:  146-150(SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59);                                  
   -         5'P-CTCCTGCATCATCTGATCAACCGTCCTTTGGGGAAAATGG-3' (SEQ ID      
NO:52);                                                                   
   - C3:  145-148 (AELA) (SEQ ID NO:60);                                  
   -         5'P-CATCTCCTGCAGCAGAGCTCGCACCTACCTATGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:53);   
  - C4: 145-148(AEWA) (SEQ ID NO:61);                                     
  -        5'P-CATCTCCTGCAGCAGAGTGGGCACCTACCTATGGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:54);     
  - C5: 87-94 (INYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:62);                                 
  -           5'P-CATTTACGCAGTTATCAATTATTCCGGAGTTAACAATACATCCTATCATGG-3'  
(SEQ ID NO:55);                                                           
   - C6: 87-94(HP*SGY***) (SEQ ID NO:3);                                  
   -        5'P-CATTTACGCAGTTCATCCTTCCGGGTATACATCCTATCATGG-3' (SEQ ID     
NO:56);                                                                   
   - C7: 145-148 (LETN) (SEQ ID NO:63);                                   
   -         5'P-TACATCTCCTGCACTCGAGACAAATCCTACCTATGG-3' (SEQ ID NO:57);  
  - C8: 87-94(HP*SGY***) (SEQ ID NO:3) + 145-148(LETN) (SEQ ID NO:63);    
  Both primers listed as C6 and C7 were used simultaneously;              
  - C9: 87-94(INYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:62) + 146-150(SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59);  
  Both primers listed C2 and C5 were used simultaneously.                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Results
The variants of this example were designed in order to increase β-cyclodextrin formation.
In experiment C1, N193 were replaced by 193A in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit H. In the CD-production assay, the ratio of α-CD has decreased, and the ratio of β-CD has increased.
In experiment C2, the region at positions 146-150 was replaced by (SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
In experiment C3, the region at positions 145-148 was replaced by (AELA) (SEQ ID NO:60) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
In experiment C4, the region at positions 145-148 was replaced by (AEWA) (SEQ ID NO:61) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
In experiment C5, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (INYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:62) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment C6, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (HP*SGY***) (SEQ ID NO:3) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F.
In experiment C7, the region at positions 145-148 was replaced by (LETN) (SEQ ID NO:63) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
In experiment C8, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (HP*SGY***) (SEQ ID NO:3) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F. Simultaneously, the region at positions 145-148 was replaced by (LETN) (SEQ ID NO:63) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
In experiment C9, the loop at positions 87-94 was replaced by (INYSG*VNN) (SEQ ID NO:62) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit E and glucose unit F. Simultaneously, the region at positions 145-148 was replaced by (SDQPS) (SEQ ID NO:59) in order to decrease the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit J, and in order to increase the interactions between the enzyme and glucose unit I.
              TABLE 29                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Production, Purification and Enzyme Activities of CGTases                 
                                 Enzyme activity                          
  Enzyme               Host         Purification method  (NU/ml)          
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type                                                                 
       E. coli    AfC          1513                                       
  C1                  E. coli            AfC                 1643         
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 30                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Specific Activities of α-, β- and γ-CD Forming CGTases   
          Cyclization Activity (U/mg)                                     
Enzyme    α       β γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type 39            131    96                                         
  C1  102 90                                                              
______________________________________                                    

              TABLE 31                                                    
______________________________________                                    
Ratio of Cyclodextrin Formation at Optimum CD Formation                   
          Cyclodextrin produced (%)                                       
Enzyme    α       β γ                                    
______________________________________                                    
Wild-type 39            45     17                                         
  C1 35 49 16                                                             
______________________________________                                    

__________________________________________________________________________
#             SEQUENCE LISTING                                            
   - -  - - <160> NUMBER OF SEQ ID NOS: 78                                
   - - <210> SEQ ID NO 1                                                  
  <211> LENGTH: 2133                                                      
  <212> TYPE: DNA                                                         
  <213> ORGANISM: Thermoanaerobacter sp.                                  
  <220> FEATURE:                                                          
  <221> NAME/KEY: CDS                                                     
  <222> LOCATION: (82)...(2130)                                           
   - - <400> SEQUENCE: 1                                                  
   - - atgaagaaaa cgcttaaact tctgtcgatt ctgttgataa ccattgctct tc -        
#ttttcagc     60                                                          
   - - tcaattccat ccgtaccggc a gca ccg gat act tca gtt - #tcc aat gtt gtc 
     111                                                                  
                   - #      Ala Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Ser - #Asn Val Val    
                   - #       1           - #    5              - #     10 
  - - aat tat tca aca gat gta atc tac cag ata gt - #c aca gac cgt ttt tta 
     159                                                                  
 Asn Tyr Ser Thr Asp Val Ile Tyr Gln Ile Va - #l Thr Asp Arg Phe Leu      
                  15 - #                 20 - #                 25        
  - - gat ggg aat ccc agt aat aat cca aca ggc ga - #c tta tat gac cct acc 
     207                                                                  
 Asp Gly Asn Pro Ser Asn Asn Pro Thr Gly As - #p Leu Tyr Asp Pro Thr      
              30     - #             35     - #             40            
  - - cat act agt tta aag aaa tat ttt ggt ggc ga - #t tgg cag ggt att att 
     255                                                                  
 His Thr Ser Leu Lys Lys Tyr Phe Gly Gly As - #p Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile      
          45         - #         50         - #         55                
  - - aac aaa att aat gat ggt tat ctt act ggt at - #g gga att aca gct ata 
     303                                                                  
 Asn Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly Tyr Leu Thr Gly Me - #t Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile      
      60             - #     65             - #     70                    
  - - tgg att tcg caa cct gta gaa aac att tac gc - #a gtt ttg cca gat tcc 
     351                                                                  
 Trp Ile Ser Gln Pro Val Glu Asn Ile Tyr Al - #a Val Leu Pro Asp Ser      
  75                 - # 80                 - # 85                 - # 90 
  - - act ttt ggc gga agc aca tcc tat cat ggt ta - #c tgg gca cga gac ttc 
     399                                                                  
 Thr Phe Gly Gly Ser Thr Ser Tyr His Gly Ty - #r Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe      
                  95 - #                100 - #                105        
  - - aaa aag aca aat ccc ttt ttt gga agc ttt ac - #a gat ttt caa aat ctc 
     447                                                                  
 Lys Lys Thr Asn Pro Phe Phe Gly Ser Phe Th - #r Asp Phe Gln Asn Leu      
             110      - #           115      - #           120            
  - - ata gca aca gct cat gct cac aat ata aaa gt - #t ata ata gac ttt gca 
     495                                                                  
 Ile Ala Thr Ala His Ala His Asn Ile Lys Va - #l Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala      
         125          - #       130          - #       135                
  - - cca aat cat aca tct cct gca tca gag aca ga - #c cct acc tat ggg gaa 
     543                                                                  
 Pro Asn His Thr Ser Pro Ala Ser Glu Thr As - #p Pro Thr Tyr Gly Glu      
     140              - #   145              - #   150                    
  - - aat ggt aga tta tat gac aat gga gta tta ct - #t ggt ggt tat acc aat 
     591                                                                  
 Asn Gly Arg Leu Tyr Asp Asn Gly Val Leu Le - #u Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn      
 155                 1 - #60                 1 - #65                 1 -  
#70                                                                       
   - - gat aca aat gga tat ttc cat cat tat gga gg - #a act aat ttt tca    
tca      639                                                              
  Asp Thr Asn Gly Tyr Phe His His Tyr Gly Gl - #y Thr Asn Phe Ser Ser     
                 175  - #               180  - #               185        
  - - tat gaa gat gga att tac cgt aat tta ttt ga - #c tta gca gat tta gat 
     687                                                                  
 Tyr Glu Asp Gly Ile Tyr Arg Asn Leu Phe As - #p Leu Ala Asp Leu Asp      
             190      - #           195      - #           200            
  - - cag cag aat agc act att gat tca tat tta aa - #a gcg gca att aaa cta 
     735                                                                  
 Gln Gln Asn Ser Thr Ile Asp Ser Tyr Leu Ly - #s Ala Ala Ile Lys Leu      
         205          - #       210          - #       215                
  - - tgg tta gac atg ggg att gat ggt ata cgc at - #g gat gca gtc aaa cac 
     783                                                                  
 Trp Leu Asp Met Gly Ile Asp Gly Ile Arg Me - #t Asp Ala Val Lys His      
     220              - #   225              - #   230                    
  - - atg gca ttt gga tgg caa aag aac ttt atg ga - #t tct att tta agt tat 
     831                                                                  
 Met Ala Phe Gly Trp Gln Lys Asn Phe Met As - #p Ser Ile Leu Ser Tyr      
 235                 2 - #40                 2 - #45                 2 -  
#50                                                                       
   - - aga cca gtt ttt aca ttt ggc gag tgg tac ct - #t gga acc aat gaa    
gta      879                                                              
  Arg Pro Val Phe Thr Phe Gly Glu Trp Tyr Le - #u Gly Thr Asn Glu Val     
                 255  - #               260  - #               265        
  - - gat cct aat aat acg tat ttt gca aat gaa ag - #t ggt atg agc ctt ctt 
     927                                                                  
 Asp Pro Asn Asn Thr Tyr Phe Ala Asn Glu Se - #r Gly Met Ser Leu Leu      
             270      - #           275      - #           280            
  - - gat ttt aga ttt gct caa aaa gtt cgt caa gt - #a ttc aga gac aat aca 
     975                                                                  
 Asp Phe Arg Phe Ala Gln Lys Val Arg Gln Va - #l Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr      
         285          - #       290          - #       295                
  - - gac act atg tat gga ctt gat tcg atg att ca - #g tct act gca gca gat 
    1023                                                                  
 Asp Thr Met Tyr Gly Leu Asp Ser Met Ile Gl - #n Ser Thr Ala Ala Asp      
     300              - #   305              - #   310                    
  - - tat aat ttc ata aat gat atg gtt aca ttt at - #a gat aat cat gac atg 
    1071                                                                  
 Tyr Asn Phe Ile Asn Asp Met Val Thr Phe Il - #e Asp Asn His Asp Met      
 315                 3 - #20                 3 - #25                 3 -  
#30                                                                       
   - - gac aga ttt tat aca gga ggc agt aca cgg cc - #t gtt gag caa gcg    
tta     1119                                                              
  Asp Arg Phe Tyr Thr Gly Gly Ser Thr Arg Pr - #o Val Glu Gln Ala Leu     
                 335  - #               340  - #               345        
  - - gca ttt act tta act tct cgc ggt gta cct gc - #t ata tat tac ggt aca 
    1167                                                                  
 Ala Phe Thr Leu Thr Ser Arg Gly Val Pro Al - #a Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Thr      
             350      - #           355      - #           360            
  - - gag caa tat atg aca ggt aat gga gac cct ta - #t aat aga gct atg atg 
    1215                                                                  
 Glu Gln Tyr Met Thr Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro Ty - #r Asn Arg Ala Met Met      
         365          - #       370          - #       375                
  - - acg tca ttt gac acc aca acg acg gca tat aa - #t gtg ata aaa aag ctt 
    1263                                                                  
 Thr Ser Phe Asp Thr Thr Thr Thr Ala Tyr As - #n Val Ile Lys Lys Leu      
     380              - #   385              - #   390                    
  - - gct cca ctg cgt aaa tct aac cct gca att gc - #t tac ggt aca caa aaa 
    1311                                                                  
 Ala Pro Leu Arg Lys Ser Asn Pro Ala Ile Al - #a Tyr Gly Thr Gln Lys      
 395                 4 - #00                 4 - #05                 4 -  
#10                                                                       
   - - cag cga tgg ata aat aat gat gtt tac att ta - #t gaa aga caa ttt    
ggt     1359                                                              
  Gln Arg Trp Ile Asn Asn Asp Val Tyr Ile Ty - #r Glu Arg Gln Phe Gly     
                 415  - #               420  - #               425        
  - - aat aac gtt gct ctt gtt gct att aat cgt aa - #t ctt tca acg agc tat 
    1407                                                                  
 Asn Asn Val Ala Leu Val Ala Ile Asn Arg As - #n Leu Ser Thr Ser Tyr      
             430      - #           435      - #           440            
  - - tac att acc ggc ttg tac acc gca ttg cct gc - #g gga aca tat tct gac 
    1455                                                                  
 Tyr Ile Thr Gly Leu Tyr Thr Ala Leu Pro Al - #a Gly Thr Tyr Ser Asp      
         445          - #       450          - #       455                
  - - atg ctt ggc gga tta tta aat ggc agt agt at - #t aca gta tct agt aat 
    1503                                                                  
 Met Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu Asn Gly Ser Ser Il - #e Thr Val Ser Ser Asn      
     460              - #   465              - #   470                    
  - - ggt tct gta aca ccg ttt acc ctt gcg cct gg - #t gaa gtt gca gta tgg 
    1551                                                                  
 Gly Ser Val Thr Pro Phe Thr Leu Ala Pro Gl - #y Glu Val Ala Val Trp      
 475                 4 - #80                 4 - #85                 4 -  
#90                                                                       
   - - cag tat gtc agt aca act aat cct cca ttg at - #a gga cat gta gga    
ccg     1599                                                              
  Gln Tyr Val Ser Thr Thr Asn Pro Pro Leu Il - #e Gly His Val Gly Pro     
                 495  - #               500  - #               505        
  - - aca atg aca aag gca ggg cag act ata acc at - #a gat gga agg gga ttt 
    1647                                                                  
 Thr Met Thr Lys Ala Gly Gln Thr Ile Thr Il - #e Asp Gly Arg Gly Phe      
             510      - #           515      - #           520            
  - - ggc aca aca gca ggt caa gta tta ttt ggg ac - #a act cct gca act att 
    1695                                                                  
 Gly Thr Thr Ala Gly Gln Val Leu Phe Gly Th - #r Thr Pro Ala Thr Ile      
         525          - #       530          - #       535                
  - - gtg tca tgg gaa gat act gaa gta aaa gta aa - #a gtt cct gct tta act 
    1743                                                                  
 Val Ser Trp Glu Asp Thr Glu Val Lys Val Ly - #s Val Pro Ala Leu Thr      
     540              - #   545              - #   550                    
  - - cct gga aaa tat aac att aca tta aaa aca gc - #a tca gga gtt aca agc 
    1791                                                                  
 Pro Gly Lys Tyr Asn Ile Thr Leu Lys Thr Al - #a Ser Gly Val Thr Ser      
 555                 5 - #60                 5 - #65                 5 -  
#70                                                                       
   - - aat agc tat aac aat atc aat gtt tta acg gg - #a aat cag gta tgt    
gtt     1839                                                              
  Asn Ser Tyr Asn Asn Ile Asn Val Leu Thr Gl - #y Asn Gln Val Cys Val     
                 575  - #               580  - #               585        
  - - aga ttt gta gta aat aat gct aca acc gtg tg - #g gga gaa aat gta tat 
    1887                                                                  
 Arg Phe Val Val Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr Val Tr - #p Gly Glu Asn Val Tyr      
             590      - #           595      - #           600            
  - - ctt acg ggc aat gta gct gaa ctt ggc aac tg - #g gat aca tcg aag gca 
    1935                                                                  
 Leu Thr Gly Asn Val Ala Glu Leu Gly Asn Tr - #p Asp Thr Ser Lys Ala      
         605          - #       610          - #       615                
  - - ata gga cca atg ttt aac cag gtt gtg tat ca - #a tat cct acg tgg tat 
    1983                                                                  
 Ile Gly Pro Met Phe Asn Gln Val Val Tyr Gl - #n Tyr Pro Thr Trp Tyr      
     620              - #   625              - #   630                    
  - - tac gat gta agt gtg cct gct ggt act act at - #a gag ttt aag ttt ata 
    2031                                                                  
 Tyr Asp Val Ser Val Pro Ala Gly Thr Thr Il - #e Glu Phe Lys Phe Ile      
 635                 6 - #40                 6 - #45                 6 -  
#50                                                                       
   - - aag aaa aat ggt agt act gta acc tgg gaa gg - #t gga tac aac cac    
gta     2079                                                              
  Lys Lys Asn Gly Ser Thr Val Thr Trp Glu Gl - #y Gly Tyr Asn His Val     
                 655  - #               660  - #               665        
  - - tat act aca ccc act tct ggt aca gct act gt - #a att gta gac tgg caa 
    2127                                                                  
 Tyr Thr Thr Pro Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Thr Va - #l Ile Val Asp Trp Gln      
             670      - #           675      - #           680            
  - - ccg tga                - #                  - #                  -  
#         2133                                                            
  Pro                                                                     
   - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 2                                             
  <211> LENGTH: 683                                                       
  <212> TYPE: PRT                                                         
  <213> ORGANISM: Thermoanaerobacter sp.                                  
   - - <400> SEQUENCE: 2                                                  
   - - Ala Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Ser Asn Val Val As - #n Tyr Ser Thr Asp    
Val                                                                       
   1               5  - #                10  - #                15        
  - - Ile Tyr Gln Ile Val Thr Asp Arg Phe Leu As - #p Gly Asn Pro Ser Asn 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Pro Thr Gly Asp Leu Tyr Asp Pro Thr Hi - #s Thr Ser Leu Lys Lys 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Tyr Phe Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile As - #n Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Tyr Leu Thr Gly Met Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Tr - #p Ile Ser Gln Pro Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ala Val Leu Pro Asp Ser Th - #r Phe Gly Gly Ser Thr 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Ser Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Ly - #s Lys Thr Asn Pro Phe 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Phe Gly Ser Phe Thr Asp Phe Gln Asn Leu Il - #e Ala Thr Ala His Ala 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - His Asn Ile Lys Val Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pr - #o Asn His Thr Ser Pro 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ala Ser Glu Thr Asp Pro Thr Tyr Gly Glu As - #n Gly Arg Leu Tyr Asp 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Asn Gly Val Leu Leu Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn As - #p Thr Asn Gly Tyr    
Phe                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His His Tyr Gly Gly Thr Asn Phe Ser Ser Ty - #r Glu Asp Gly Ile Tyr 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Arg Asn Leu Phe Asp Leu Ala Asp Leu Asp Gl - #n Gln Asn Ser Thr Ile 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Asp Ser Tyr Leu Lys Ala Ala Ile Lys Leu Tr - #p Leu Asp Met Gly Ile 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Asp Gly Ile Arg Met Asp Ala Val Lys His Me - #t Ala Phe Gly Trp Gln 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Lys Asn Phe Met Asp Ser Ile Leu Ser Tyr Ar - #g Pro Val Phe Thr    
Phe                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Gly Glu Trp Tyr Leu Gly Thr Asn Glu Val As - #p Pro Asn Asn Thr Tyr 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Phe Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Leu As - #p Phe Arg Phe Ala Gln 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Lys Val Arg Gln Val Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr As - #p Thr Met Tyr Gly Leu 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Asp Ser Met Ile Gln Ser Thr Ala Ala Asp Ty - #r Asn Phe Ile Asn Asp 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Met Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met As - #p Arg Phe Tyr Thr    
Gly                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Gly Ser Thr Arg Pro Val Glu Gln Ala Leu Al - #a Phe Thr Leu Thr Ser 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Thr Gl - #u Gln Tyr Met Thr Gly 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Asn Gly Asp Pro Tyr Asn Arg Ala Met Met Th - #r Ser Phe Asp Thr Thr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Thr Thr Ala Tyr Asn Val Ile Lys Lys Leu Al - #a Pro Leu Arg Lys Ser 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Thr Gln Lys Gl - #n Arg Trp Ile Asn    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asp Val Tyr Ile Tyr Glu Arg Gln Phe Gly As - #n Asn Val Ala Leu Val 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ala Ile Asn Arg Asn Leu Ser Thr Ser Tyr Ty - #r Ile Thr Gly Leu Tyr 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Thr Ala Leu Pro Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ser Asp Me - #t Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Asn Gly Ser Ser Ile Thr Val Ser Ser Asn Gl - #y Ser Val Thr Pro Phe 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Ala Pro Gly Glu Val Ala Val Trp Gl - #n Tyr Val Ser Thr    
Thr                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Asn Pro Pro Leu Ile Gly His Val Gly Pro Th - #r Met Thr Lys Ala Gly 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Gln Thr Ile Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Gly Phe Gl - #y Thr Thr Ala Gly Gln 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Val Leu Phe Gly Thr Thr Pro Ala Thr Ile Va - #l Ser Trp Glu Asp Thr 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Glu Val Lys Val Lys Val Pro Ala Leu Thr Pr - #o Gly Lys Tyr Asn Ile 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Lys Thr Ala Ser Gly Val Thr Ser As - #n Ser Tyr Asn Asn    
Ile                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asn Val Leu Thr Gly Asn Gln Val Cys Val Ar - #g Phe Val Val Asn Asn 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Ala Thr Thr Val Trp Gly Glu Asn Val Tyr Le - #u Thr Gly Asn Val Ala 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Thr Ser Lys Ala Il - #e Gly Pro Met Phe Asn 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Gln Val Val Tyr Gln Tyr Pro Thr Trp Tyr Ty - #r Asp Val Ser Val Pro 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ala Gly Thr Thr Ile Glu Phe Lys Phe Ile Ly - #s Lys Asn Gly Ser    
Thr                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Tyr Asn His Val Ty - #r Thr Thr Pro Thr Ser 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Gly Thr Ala Thr Val Ile Val Asp Trp Gln Pr - #o                     
         675          - #       680                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 3                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 5                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (87)...(94)                                              
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 3                                                   
  - - His Pro Ser Gly Tyr                                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 4                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 9                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(151)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 4                                                   
  - - Pro Ala Leu Glu Thr Asn Pro Asn Phe                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 5                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 9                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(151)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 5                                                   
  - - Pro Ala Ala Glu Thr Trp Pro Ala Phe                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 6                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 9                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(151)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 6                                                   
  - - Pro Ala Ala Glu Ala Asp Pro Asn Phe                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 7                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 4                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 7                                                   
  - - Gly Arg Ala Ala                                                     
  1                                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 8                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 6                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 8                                                   
  - - Gly Arg Ala Ala Ala Ala                                             
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 9                                              
 <211> LENGTH: 6                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 9                                                   
  - - Gly Arg Ala Pro Ala Ala                                             
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 10                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 6                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 10                                                  
  - - Gly Arg Gly Pro Ala Ala                                             
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 11                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 8                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (87)...(94)                                              
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 11                                                  
  - - Ile Lys Tyr Ser Gly Val Asn Asn                                     
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 12                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 9                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(151)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 12                                                  
  - - Gly Arg Ala Gly Thr Asn Pro Gly Phe                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 13                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 25                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 13                                                  
  - - ggtcgtttac caggcgccga actgg          - #                  - #       
        25                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 14                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 23                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 14                                                  
  - - gcgagctcgg gaacgcggac ccg           - #                  - #        
        23                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 15                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 20                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: Nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 15                                                  
  - - ccgtcaccgc ggaaggcggc            - #                  - #           
       - # 20                                                             
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 16                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 27                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 16                                                  
  - - gcatctacaa gggcctgtac gatctcg          - #                  - #     
        27                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 17                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 26                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 17                                                  
  - - gcatcatcaa tggatccggc gtaaac          - #                  - #      
        26                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 18                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 36                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 18                                                  
  - - catacgtcgc ccgctagcat ttccgaccag ccttcc      - #                  - 
#       36                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 19                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 25                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 19                                                  
  - - cgggcgggac cggtccggac aaccg          - #                  - #       
        25                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 20                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 26                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 20                                                  
  - - gtcgggcggt accaatccgg acaacc          - #                  - #      
        26                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 21                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 24                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 21                                                  
  - - cgttcatcga tcagcatgac atgg          - #                  - #        
        24                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 22                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 24                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 22                                                  
  - - gcccgcctct ccggaccagc cttc          - #                  - #        
        24                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 23                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 52                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 23                                                  
  - - aatcatacat ctggacgagc aggtaccaac ccgactttgg ggaaaatggt ac - #       
      52                                                                  
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 24                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 35                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 24                                                  
  - - atcatacatc cggacgatgg gagacagacc ctacc       - #                  - 
#       35                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 25                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 51                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial Sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 25                                                  
  - - catttacgca gttatcaatg attccggagt taacaataca tcctatcatg g - #        
     51                                                                   
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 26                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 45                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 26                                                  
  - - caaatcatac atctggacga ggaccggccg cacctaccta tgggg   - #             
     - #45                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 27                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 45                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 27                                                  
  - - caaatcatac atctggacga gcaccggccg cacctaccta tgggg   - #             
     - #45                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 28                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 39                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 28                                                  
  - - caaatcatac atctggacga gcagcaccta cctatgggg      - #                 
 - #    39                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 29                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 45                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 29                                                  
  - - caaatcatac atctggacga cctgcagcag ctcctaccta tgggg   - #             
     - #45                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 30                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 30                                                  
  - - ccatcattac ggatccacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 31                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 29                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 31                                                  
  - - catacatctc ctcgatcgga gacagaccc         - #                  - #    
        29                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 32                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 29                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 32                                                  
  - - catacatctg ctcgatcgga gacagaccc         - #                  - #    
        29                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 33                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 33                                                  
  - - ccatcattac ggaaacacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 34                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 34                                                  
  - - ccatcattac ggagacacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 35                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 35                                                  
  - - ccatcattat aatggaacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 36                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 36                                                  
  - - ccatcattat agtggaacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 37                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 30                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 37                                                  
  - - ccatcattat gatggaacta atttttcatc         - #                  - #   
        30                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 38                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 22                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 38                                                  
  - - ctcctgcagc tgagacagac cc           - #                  - #         
        22                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 39                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 22                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 39                                                  
  - - ctcctgcatc gtcgacagac cc           - #                  - #         
        22                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 40                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 23                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 40                                                  
  - - tcagaggcgg atcctaccta tgg           - #                  - #        
        23                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 41                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 23                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 41                                                  
  - - tcagagctcg accctaccta tgg           - #                  - #        
        23                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 42                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 24                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 42                                                  
  - - cagagacggc gcctacctat gggg          - #                  - #        
        24                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 43                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 21                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 43                                                  
  - - cgcagttttg ccggcttcca c           - #                  - #          
        - #21                                                             
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 44                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 20                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 44                                                  
  - - tccactgccg gcggaagcac            - #                  - #           
       - #20                                                              
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 45                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 21                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 45                                                  
  - - agattctacc ggtggaagca c           - #                  - #          
       21                                                                 
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 46                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 49                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 46                                                  
  - - tttacgcagt tattaaatat tccggcgtta acaacacatc ctatcatgg  - #          
    49                                                                    
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 47                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 28                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 47                                                  
  - - cgtaatttat tcgcgctagc agatttag         - #                  - #     
       28                                                                 
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 48                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 28                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 48                                                  
  - - caggtaatgg taacccttat aatagagc         - #                  - #     
       28                                                                 
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 49                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 28                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 49                                                  
  - - caggtaatgg agggccttat aatagagc         - #                  - #     
       28                                                                 
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 50                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 28                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 50                                                  
  - - caggtaatgg agcgccttat aatagagc         - #                  - #     
        28                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 51                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 24                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 51                                                  
  - - ttaccgtgca ctatttgact tagc          - #                  - #        
        24                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 52                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 40                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 52                                                  
  - - ctcctgcatc atctgatcaa ccgtcctttg gggaaaatgg     - #                 
 - #    40                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 53                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 35                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 53                                                  
  - - catctcctgc agcagagctc gcacctacct atggg       - #                  - 
#       35                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 54                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 35                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 54                                                  
  - - catctcctgc agcagagtgg gcacctacct atggg       - #                  - 
#       35                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 55                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 51                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 55                                                  
  - - catttacgca gttatcaatt attccggagt taacaataca tcctatcatg g - #        
     51                                                                   
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 56                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 42                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 56                                                  
  - - catttacgca gttcatcctt ccgggtatac atcctatcat gg    - #               
   - #  42                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 57                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 36                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 57                                                  
  - - tacatctcct gcactcgaga caaatcctac ctatgg      - #                  - 
#       36                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 58                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 8                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (87)...(94)                                              
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 58                                                  
  - - Ile Asn Asp Ser Gly Val Asn Asn                                     
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 59                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 5                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (146)...(150)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 59                                                  
  - - Ser Asp Gln Pro Ser                                                 
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 60                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 4                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (145)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 60                                                  
  - - Ala Glu Leu Ala                                                     
  1                                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 61                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 4                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (145)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 61                                                  
  - - Ala Glu Trp Ala                                                     
  1                                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 62                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 8                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (87)...(94)                                              
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 62                                                  
  - - Ile Asn Tyr Ser Gly Val Asn Asn                                     
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 63                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 4                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (145)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 63                                                  
  - - Leu Glu Thr Asn                                                     
  1                                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 64                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 6                                                          
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                  
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                  
 <222> LOCATION: (143)...(148)                                            
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 64                                                  
  - - Gly Arg Pro Ala Ala Ala                                             
  1               5                                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 65                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 34                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 65                                                  
  - - gcatcatcaa tgattccgga gtaaacaaca cggc       - #                  -  
#        34                                                               
   - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 66                                            
  <211> LENGTH: 8                                                         
  <212> TYPE: PRT                                                         
  <213> ORGANISM: Unknown                                                 
  <220> FEATURE:                                                          
  <221> NAME/KEY: VARIANT                                                 
  <222> LOCATION: (87)...(94)                                             
   - - <400> SEQUENCE: 66                                                 
   - - Ile Lys Asp Ser Gly Val Asn Asn                                    
   1               5                                                      
   - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 67                                            
  <211> LENGTH: 26                                                        
  <212> TYPE: DNA                                                         
  <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                     
  <220> FEATURE:                                                          
  <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                     
   - - <400> SEQUENCE: 67                                                 
   - - ttaccgtaat ttatatgact tagcag          - #                  - #     
         26                                                               
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 68                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 28                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 68                                                  
  - - cgtaatttat tctcgctagc agatttag         - #                  - #     
        28                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 69                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 33                                                         
 <212> TYPE: DNA                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Artificial sequence                                      
 <220> FEATURE:                                                           
 <223> OTHER INFORMATION: nucleotide                                      
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 69                                                  
  - - cactgttcct tcgaacgcgt aaccttaaat acc       - #                  - # 
        33                                                                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 70                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 686                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus circulans                                       
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 70                                                  
  - - Ala Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Ser Asn Lys Gln As - #n Phe Ser Thr Asp Val 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Ile Tyr Gln Ile Phe Thr Asp Arg Phe Ser As - #p Gly Asn Pro Ala Asn 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Pro Thr Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Gly Thr Cy - #s Thr Asn Leu Arg Leu 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Tyr Cys Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile As - #n Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Tyr Leu Thr Gly Met Gly Val Thr Ala Ile Tr - #p Ile Ser Gln Pro Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser Ile Ile Asn Tyr Ser Gl - #y Val Asn Asn Thr Ala 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Lys Ly - #s Thr Asn Pro Ala Tyr 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Gly Thr Ile Ala Asp Phe Gln Asn Leu Ile Al - #a Ala Ala His Ala Lys 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Asn Ile Lys Val Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pro As - #n His Thr Ser Pro Ala 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ser Ser Asp Gln Pro Ser Phe Ala Glu Asn Gl - #y Arg Leu Tyr Asp Asn 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gly Thr Leu Leu Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn Asp Th - #r Gln Asn Leu Phe    
His                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His Asn Gly Gly Thr Asp Phe Ser Thr Thr Gl - #u Asn Gly Ile Tyr Lys 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp Leu Asn His As - #n Asn Ser Thr Val Asp 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Val Tyr Leu Lys Asp Ala Ile Lys Met Trp Le - #u Asp Leu Gly Ile Asp 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Gly Ile Arg Met Asp Ala Val Lys His Met Pr - #o Phe Gly Trp Gln Lys 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Phe Met Ala Ala Val Asn Asn Tyr Lys Pr - #o Val Phe Thr Phe    
Gly                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Glu Trp Phe Leu Gly Val Asn Glu Val Ser Pr - #o Glu Asn His Lys Phe 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Leu Asp Ph - #e Arg Phe Ala Gln Lys 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Val Arg Gln Val Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr Asp As - #n Met Tyr Gly Leu Lys 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Ala Met Leu Glu Gly Ser Ala Ala Asp Tyr Al - #a Gln Val Asp Asp Gln 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met Glu Ar - #g Phe His Ala Ser    
Asn                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Ala Asn Arg Arg Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala Leu Al - #a Phe Thr Leu Thr Ser 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Thr Gl - #u Gln Tyr Met Ser Gly 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Gly Thr Asp Pro Asp Asn Arg Ala Arg Ile Pr - #o Ser Phe Ser Thr Ser 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gln Val Ile Gln Lys Leu Al - #a Pro Leu Arg Lys Cys 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Ser Thr Gln Gl - #u Arg Trp Ile Asn    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asp Val Leu Ile Tyr Glu Arg Lys Phe Gly Se - #r Asn Val Ala Val Val 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ala Val Asn Arg Asn Leu Asn Ala Pro Ala Se - #r Ile Ser Gly Leu Val 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Thr Ser Leu Pro Gln Gly Ser Tyr Asn Asp Va - #l Leu Gly Gly Leu Leu 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Asn Gly Asn Thr Leu Ser Val Gly Ser Gly Gl - #y Ala Ala Ser Asn Phe 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Ala Ala Gly Gly Thr Ala Val Trp Gl - #n Tyr Thr Ala Ala    
Thr                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Ala Thr Pro Thr Ile Gly His Val Gly Pro Me - #t Met Ala Lys Pro Gly 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Val Thr Ile Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Gly Phe Gl - #y Ser Ser Lys Gly Thr 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Val Tyr Phe Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Ser Gly Al - #a Asp Ile Thr Ser Trp 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Glu Asp Thr Gln Ile Lys Val Lys Ile Pro Al - #a Val Ala Gly Gly Asn 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Tyr Asn Ile Lys Val Ala Asn Ala Ala Gly Th - #r Ala Ser Asn Val    
Tyr                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asp Asn Phe Glu Val Leu Ser Gly Asp Gln Va - #l Ser Val Arg Phe Val 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Val Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Gly Gln As - #n Val Tyr Leu Thr Gly 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Ser Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Pro Al - #a Lys Ala Ile Gly Pro 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Met Tyr Asn Gln Val Val Tyr Gln Tyr Pro As - #n Trp Tyr Tyr Asp Val 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Val Pro Ala Gly Lys Thr Ile Glu Phe Ly - #s Phe Leu Lys Lys    
Gln                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Gly Ser Thr Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Ser As - #n His Thr Phe Thr Ala 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Pro Ser Ser Gly Thr Ala Thr Ile Asn Val As - #n Trp Gln Pro         
         675          - #       680          - #       685                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 71                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 676                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus sp.                                             
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 71                                                  
  - - Glu Ala Asp Val Thr Asn Lys Val Asn Tyr Se - #r Lys Asp Val Ile Tyr 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Gln Ile Val Thr Asp Arg Phe Ser Asp Gly As - #n Pro Gly Asn Asn Pro 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Ser Gly Ala Ile Phe Ser Gln Asn Cys Ile As - #p Leu His Lys Tyr Cys 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asp Lys Il - #e Asn Asp Gly Tyr Leu 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Thr Asp Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Leu Trp Ile Se - #r Gln Pro Val Glu Asn 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Val Tyr Ala Leu His Pro Ser Gly Tyr Thr Se - #r Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Ala Arg Asp Tyr Lys Lys Thr Asn Pro Tyr Ty - #r Gly Asn Phe Asp Asp 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Phe Asp Arg Leu Met Ser Thr Ala His Ser As - #n Gly Ile Lys Val Ile 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Met Asp Phe Thr Pro Asn His Ser Ser Pro Al - #a Leu Glu Thr Asn Pro 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Asn Tyr Val Glu Asn Gly Ala Ile Tyr Asp As - #n Gly Ala Leu Leu Gly 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Asn Tyr Ser Asn Asp Gln Gln Asn Leu Phe Hi - #s His Asn Gly Gly    
Thr                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - Asp Phe Ser Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ser Ile Tyr Ar - #g Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Ala Asp Tyr Asp Leu Asn Asn Thr Val Met As - #p Gln Tyr Leu Lys Glu 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Ser Ile Lys Phe Trp Leu Asp Lys Gly Ile As - #p Gly Ile Arg Val Asp 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Ala Val Lys His Met Ser Glu Gly Trp Gln Th - #r Ser Leu Met Ser Glu 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ile Tyr Ser His Lys Pro Val Phe Thr Phe Gl - #y Glu Trp Phe Leu    
Gly                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Ser Gly Glu Val Asp Pro Gln Asn His His Ph - #e Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Met Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Gln Phe Gly Gln Th - #r Ile Arg Asn Val Leu 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Lys Asp Arg Thr Ser Asn Trp Tyr Asp Phe As - #n Glu Met Ile Thr Ser 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Thr Glu Lys Glu Tyr Asn Glu Val Ile Asp Gl - #n Val Thr Phe Ile Asp 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Asn His Asp Met Ser Arg Phe Ser Val Gly Se - #r Ser Ser Asn Arg    
Gln                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Thr Asp Met Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Thr Se - #r Arg Gly Val Pro Thr 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Thr Glu Gln Tyr Val Thr Gl - #y Gly Asn Asp Pro Glu 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Asn Arg Lys Pro Leu Lys Thr Phe Asp Arg Se - #r Thr Asn Ser Tyr Gln 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Ile Ile Ser Lys Leu Ala Ser Leu Arg Gln Th - #r Asn Ser Ala Leu Gly 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Tyr Gly Thr Thr Thr Glu Arg Trp Leu Asn Gl - #u Asp Ile Tyr Ile    
Tyr                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Glu Arg Thr Phe Gly Asn Ser Ile Val Leu Th - #r Ala Val Asn Ser Ser 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Asn Ser Asn Gln Thr Ile Thr Asn Leu Asn Th - #r Ser Leu Pro Gln Gly 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Asn Tyr Thr Asp Glu Leu Gln Gln Arg Leu As - #p Gly Asn Thr Ile Thr 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Val Asn Ala Asn Gly Ala Val Asn Ser Phe Gl - #n Leu Arg Ala Asn Ser 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Val Ala Val Trp Gln Val Ser Asn Pro Ser Th - #r Ser Pro Leu Ile    
Gly                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Gln Val Gly Pro Met Met Gly Lys Ala Gly As - #n Thr Ile Thr Val Ser 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Gly Glu Gly Phe Gly Asp Glu Arg Gly Ser Va - #l Leu Phe Asp Ser Thr 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Ser Ser Glu Ile Ile Ser Trp Ser Asn Thr Ly - #s Ile Ser Val Lys Val 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Pro Asn Val Ala Gly Gly Tyr Tyr Asp Leu Se - #r Val Val Thr Ala Ala 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Asn Ile Lys Ser Pro Thr Tyr Lys Glu Phe Gl - #u Val Leu Ser Gly    
Asn                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Gln Val Ser Val Arg Phe Gly Val Asn Asn Al - #a Thr Thr Ser Pro Gly 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Thr Asn Leu Tyr Ile Val Gly Asn Val Asn Gl - #u Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Ala Asp Lys Ala Ile Gly Pro Met Phe Asn Gl - #n Val Met Tyr Gln Tyr 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Pro Thr Trp Tyr Tyr Asp Ile Ser Val Pro Al - #a Gly Lys Asn Leu Glu 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Tyr Lys Tyr Ile Lys Lys Asp Gln Asn Gly As - #n Val Val Trp Gln    
Ser                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Gly Asn Asn Arg Thr Tyr Thr Ser Pro Thr Th - #r Gly Thr Asp Thr Val 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Met Ile Asn Trp                                                     
         675                                                              
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 72                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 685                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus sp.                                             
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 72                                                  
  - - Ala Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Ser Asn Lys Gln As - #n Phe Ser Thr Asp Val 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Ile Tyr Gln Ile Phe Thr Asp Arg Phe Ser As - #p Gly Asn Pro Ala Asn 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Pro Thr Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Gly Ser Cy - #s Thr Asn Leu Arg Leu 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Tyr Cys Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile As - #n Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Tyr Leu Thr Gly Met Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Tr - #p Ile Ser Gln Pro Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser Val Ile Asn Tyr Ser Gl - #y Val His Asn Thr Ala 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Lys Ly - #s Thr Asn Pro Ala Tyr 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Gly Thr Met Gln Asp Phe Lys Asn Leu Ile As - #p Thr Ala His Ala His 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Asn Ile Lys Val Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pro As - #n His Thr Ser Pro Ala 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ser Ser Asp Asp Pro Ser Phe Ala Glu Asn Gl - #y Arg Leu Tyr Asp Asn 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gly Asn Leu Leu Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn Asp Th - #r Gln Asn Leu Phe    
His                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His Tyr Gly Gly Thr Asp Phe Ser Thr Ile Gl - #u Asn Gly Ile Tyr Lys 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp Leu Asn His As - #n Asn Ser Ser Val Asp 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Val Tyr Leu Lys Asp Ala Ile Lys Met Trp Le - #u Asp Leu Gly Val Asp 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Gly Ile Arg Val Asp Ala Val Lys His Met Pr - #o Phe Gly Trp Gln Lys 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Phe Met Ser Thr Ile Asn Asn Tyr Lys Pr - #o Val Phe Asn Phe    
Gly                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Glu Trp Phe Leu Gly Val Asn Glu Ile Ser Pr - #o Glu Tyr His Gln Phe 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Leu Asp Ph - #e Pro Phe Ala Gln Lys 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Ala Arg Gln Val Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr Asp As - #n Met Tyr Gly Leu Lys 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Ala Met Leu Glu Gly Ser Glu Val Asp Tyr Al - #a Gln Val Asn Asp Gln 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met Glu Ar - #g Phe His Thr Ser    
Asn                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Gly Asp Arg Arg Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala Leu Al - #a Phe Thr Leu Thr Ser 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Gl - #u Gln Tyr Met Ser Gly 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Gly Asn Asp Pro Asp Asn Arg Ala Arg Ile Pr - #o Ser Phe Ser Thr Thr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gln Val Ile Gln Lys Leu Al - #a Pro Leu Arg Lys Ser 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Ser Thr Gln Gl - #u Arg Trp Ile Asn    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asp Val Ile Ile Tyr Glu Arg Lys Phe Gly As - #n Asn Val Ala Val Val 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ala Ile Asn Arg Asn Met Asn Thr Pro Ala Se - #r Ile Thr Gly Leu Val 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Thr Ser Leu Pro Gln Gly Ser Tyr Asn Asp Va - #l Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Asn Gly Asn Thr Leu Thr Val Gly Ala Gly Gl - #y Ala Ala Ser Asn Phe 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly Thr Ala Val Trp Gl - #n Tyr Thr Thr Asp    
Ala                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Thr Ala Pro Ile Asn Gly Asn Val Gly Pro Me - #t Met Ala Lys Ala Gly 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Val Thr Ile Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Ala Ser Al - #a Arg Gln Gly Thr Val 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Tyr Phe Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Thr Gly Ala As - #p Ile Val Ala Trp Glu 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Asp Thr Gln Ile Gln Val Lys Ile Leu Arg Va - #l Pro Gly Gly Ile Tyr 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Asp Ile Arg Val Ala Asn Ala Ala Gly Ala Al - #a Ser Asn Ile Tyr    
Asp                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asn Phe Glu Val Leu Thr Gly Asp Gln Val Th - #r Val Arg Phe Val Ile 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Gly Gln Asn Va - #l Phe Leu Thr Gly Asn 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Pro Asn As - #n Ala Ile Gly Pro Met 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Tyr Asn Gln Val Val Tyr Gln Tyr Pro Thr Tr - #p Tyr Tyr Asp Val Ser 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Val Pro Ala Gly Gln Thr Ile Glu Phe Lys Ph - #e Leu Lys Lys Gln    
Gly                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Ser Thr Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Ala Asn Ar - #g Thr Phe Thr Thr Pro 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Thr Val Asn Val Asn Tr - #p Gln Pro             
         675          - #       680          - #       685                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 73                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 686                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus sp.                                             
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 73                                                  
  - - Ala Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Ser Asn Lys Gln As - #n Phe Ser Thr Asp Val 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Ile Tyr Gln Ile Phe Thr Asp Arg Phe Ser As - #p Gly Asn Pro Ala Asn 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Pro Thr Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Gly Ser Cy - #s Thr Asn Leu Arg Leu 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Tyr Cys Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile As - #n Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Tyr Leu Thr Gly Met Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Tr - #p Ile Ser Gln Pro Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Glu Asn Ile Tyr Ser Val Ile Asn Tyr Ser Gl - #y Val Asn Asn Thr Ala 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Lys Ly - #s Thr Asn Pro Ala Tyr 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Gly Thr Met Gln Asp Phe Lys Asn Leu Ile As - #p Thr Ala His Ala His 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Asn Ile Lys Val Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pro As - #n His Thr Ser Pro Ala 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ser Ser Asp Asp Pro Ser Phe Ala Glu Asn Gl - #y Arg Leu Tyr Asp Asn 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gly Asn Leu Leu Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn Asp Th - #r Gln Asn Leu Phe    
His                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His Tyr Gly Gly Thr Asp Phe Ser Thr Ile Gl - #u Asn Gly Ile Tyr Lys 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp Leu Asn His As - #n Asn Ser Ser Val Asp 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Val Tyr Leu Lys Asp Ala Ile Lys Met Trp Le - #u Asp Leu Gly Val Asp 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Gly Ile Arg Val Asp Ala Val Lys His Met Pr - #o Phe Gly Trp Gln Lys 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Phe Met Ala Thr Ile Asn Asn Tyr Lys Pr - #o Val Phe Thr Phe    
Gly                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Glu Trp Phe Leu Gly Val Asn Glu Ile Ser Pr - #o Glu Tyr His Gln Phe 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Leu Asp Ph - #e Arg Phe Ala Gln Lys 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Ala Arg Gln Val Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr Asp As - #n Met Tyr Gly Leu Lys 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Ala Met Leu Glu Gly Ser Glu Val Asp Tyr Al - #a Gln Val Asn Asp Gln 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met Glu Ar - #g Phe His Thr Ser    
Asn                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Gly Asp Arg Arg Lys Leu Glu Gln Ala Leu Al - #a Phe Thr Leu Thr Ser 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Ser Gl - #u Gln Tyr Met Ser Gly 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Gly Asn Asp Pro Asp Asn Arg Ala Arg Leu Pr - #o Ser Phe Ser Thr Thr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Thr Thr Ala Tyr Gln Val Ile Gln Lys Leu Al - #a Pro Leu Arg Lys Ser 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Ser Thr His Gl - #u Arg Trp Ile Asn    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asp Val Ile Ile Tyr Glu Arg Lys Phe Gly As - #n Asn Val Ala Val Val 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ala Ile Asn Arg Asn Met Asn Thr Pro Ala Se - #r Ile Thr Gly Leu Val 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Thr Ser Leu Arg Arg Ala Ser Tyr Asn Asp Va - #l Leu Gly Gly Ile Leu 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Asn Gly Asn Thr Leu Thr Val Gly Ala Gly Gl - #y Ala Ala Ser Asn Phe 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Ala Pro Gly Gly Thr Ala Val Trp Gl - #n Tyr Thr Thr Asp    
Ala                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Thr Thr Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Val Gly Pro Me - #t Met Ala Lys Pro Gly 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Val Thr Ile Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Gly Phe Gl - #y Ser Gly Lys Gly Thr 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Val Tyr Phe Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Thr Gly Al - #a Asp Ile Val Ala Trp 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Glu Asp Thr Gln Ile Gln Val Lys Ile Pro Al - #a Val Pro Gly Gly Ile 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Tyr Asp Ile Arg Val Ala Asn Ala Ala Gly Al - #a Ala Ser Asn Ile    
Tyr                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asp Asn Phe Glu Val Leu Thr Gly Asp Gln Va - #l Thr Val Arg Phe Val 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Ile Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Gly Gln As - #n Val Phe Leu Thr Gly 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Asn Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Asp Pro As - #n Asn Ala Ile Gly Pro 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Met Tyr Asn Gln Val Val Tyr Gln Tyr Pro Th - #r Trp Tyr Tyr Asp Val 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Val Pro Ala Gly Gln Thr Ile Glu Phe Ly - #s Phe Leu Lys Lys    
Gln                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Gly Ser Thr Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Ala As - #n Arg Thr Phe Thr Thr 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Pro Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Thr Val Asn Val As - #n Trp Gln Pro         
         675          - #       680          - #       685                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 74                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 685                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus licheniformis                                   
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 74                                                  
  - - Ala Asp Ala Asp Thr Ala Val Thr Asn Lys Gl - #n Asn Phe Ser Thr Asp 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Val Ile Tyr Gln Val Phe Thr Asp Arg Phe Le - #u Asp Gly Asn Pro Ser 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Asn Pro Thr Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Gly Th - #r Cys Ser Asn Leu Lys 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Leu Tyr Cys Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Leu Va - #l Asn Lys Ile Asn Asp 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Asn Tyr Phe Ser Asp Leu Gly Val Thr Ala Le - #u Trp Ile Ser Gln Pro 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Val Glu Asn Ile Phe Ala Thr Ile Asn Tyr Se - #r Gly Val Thr Asn Thr 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Ala Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Ly - #s Lys Thr Asn Pro Tyr 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Phe Gly Thr Met Thr Asp Phe Gln Asn Leu Va - #l Thr Thr Ala His Ala 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Lys Gly Ile Lys Ile Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pr - #o Asn His Thr Ser Pro 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ala Met Glu Thr Asp Thr Ser Phe Ala Glu As - #n Gly Lys Leu Tyr Asp 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Asn Gly Asn Leu Val Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn As - #p Thr Asn Gly Tyr    
Phe                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His His Asn Gly Gly Ser Asp Phe Ser Thr Le - #u Glu Asn Gly Ile Tyr 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Lys Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp Leu Asn Hi - #s Asn Asn Ser Thr Ile 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Asp Thr Tyr Phe Lys Asp Ala Ile Lys Leu Tr - #p Leu Asp Met Gly Val 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Asp Gly Ile Arg Val Asp Ala Val Lys His Me - #t Pro Gln Gly Trp Gln 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Lys Asn Trp Met Ser Ser Ile Tyr Ala His Ly - #s Pro Val Phe Thr    
Phe                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Gly Glu Trp Phe Leu Gly Ser Ala Ala Pro As - #p Ala Asp Asn Thr Asp 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Phe Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Leu As - #p Phe Arg Phe Asn Ser 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Ala Val Arg Asn Val Phe Arg Asp Asn Thr Se - #r Asn Met Tyr Ala Leu 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Asp Ser Met Leu Thr Ala Thr Ala Ala Asp Ty - #r Asn Gln Val Asn Asp 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Gln Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met As - #p Arg Phe Lys Thr    
Ser                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Ala Val Asn Asn Arg Arg Leu Glu Gln Ala Le - #u Ala Phe Thr Leu Thr 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Ser Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Th - #r Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro Asp Asn Arg Gly Lys Me - #t Pro Ser Phe Ser Lys 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Ser Thr Thr Ala Phe Asn Val Ile Ser Lys Le - #u Ala Pro Leu Arg Lys 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Ser Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Ser Thr Gl - #n Gln Arg Trp Ile    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asn Asp Val Tyr Ile Tyr Glu Arg Lys Phe Gl - #y Lys Ser Val Ala Val 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Val Ala Val Asn Arg Asn Leu Thr Thr Pro Th - #r Ser Ile Thr Asn Leu 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Asn Thr Ser Leu Pro Ser Gly Thr Tyr Thr As - #p Val Leu Gly Gly Val 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Leu Asn Gly Asn Asn Ile Thr Ser Ser Gly Gl - #y Asn Ile Ser Ser Phe 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Thr Leu Ala Ala Gly Ala Thr Ala Val Trp Gl - #n Tyr Thr Ala Ser    
Glu                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Thr Thr Pro Thr Ile Gly His Val Gly Pro Va - #l Met Gly Lys Pro Gly 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Asn Val Val Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Gly Phe Gl - #y Ser Ala Lys Gly Thr 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Val Tyr Phe Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Thr Gly Se - #r Ala Ile Thr Ser Trp 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Glu Asp Thr Gln Ile Lys Val Thr Ile Pro Pr - #o Val Ala Gly Gly Asp 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Tyr Ala Val Lys Val Ala Ala Asn Gly Val As - #n Ser Asn Ala Tyr    
Asn                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asp Phe Thr Ile Leu Ser Gly Asp Gln Val Se - #r Val Arg Phe Val Ile 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Asn Asn Ala Thr Thr Ala Leu Gly Glu Asn Il - #e Tyr Leu Thr Gly Asn 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Val Ser Glu Leu Gly Asn Trp Thr Thr Gly Al - #a Ala Ser Ile Gly Pro 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Ala Phe Asn Gln Val Ile His Ala Tyr Pro Th - #r Trp Tyr Tyr Asp Val 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Val Pro Ala Gly Lys Gln Leu Glu Phe Ly - #s Phe Phe Lys Lys    
Asn                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Gly Ala Thr Ile Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Ser As - #n His Thr Phe Thr Thr 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Pro Thr Ser Gly Thr Ala Thr Val Thr Ile As - #n Trp Gln             
         675          - #       680          - #       685                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 75                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 687                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus macerans                                        
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 75                                                  
  - - Ser Pro Asp Thr Ser Val Asp Asn Lys Val As - #n Phe Ser Thr Asp Val 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Ile Tyr Gln Ile Val Thr Asp Arg Phe Ala As - #p Gly Asp Arg Thr Asn 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Asn Pro Ala Gly Asp Ala Phe Ser Gly Asp Ar - #g Ser Asn Leu Lys Leu 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Tyr Phe Gly Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile As - #p Lys Ile Asn Asp Gly 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Tyr Leu Thr Gly Met Gly Val Thr Ala Leu Tr - #p Ile Ser Gln Pro Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Glu Asn Ile Thr Ser Val Ile Lys Tyr Ser Gl - #y Val Asn Asn Thr Ser 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Tyr His Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Lys Gl - #n Thr Asn Asp Ala Phe 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Gly Asp Phe Ala Asp Phe Gln Asn Leu Ile As - #p Thr Ala His Ala His 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Asn Ile Lys Val Val Ile Asp Phe Ala Pro As - #n His Thr Ser Pro Ala 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Asp Arg Asp Asn Pro Gly Phe Ala Glu Asn Gl - #y Gly Met Tyr Asp Asn 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gly Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Ser Asn Asp Th - #r Ala Gly Leu Phe    
His                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - His Asn Gly Gly Thr Asp Phe Ser Thr Ile Gl - #u Asp Gly Ile Tyr Lys 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Asn Leu Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp Ile Asn His As - #n Asn Asn Ala Met Asp 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Ala Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ala Ile Asp Leu Trp Le - #u Gly Met Gly Val Asp 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Gly Ile Arg Phe Asp Ala Val Lys His Met Pr - #o Phe Gly Trp Gln Lys 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ser Phe Val Ser Ser Ile Tyr Gly Gly Asp Hi - #s Pro Val Phe Thr    
Phe                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Gly Glu Trp Tyr Leu Gly Ala Asp Gln Thr As - #p Gly Asp Asn Ile Lys 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Phe Ala Asn Glu Ser Gly Met Asn Leu Leu As - #p Phe Glu Tyr Ala Gln 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Glu Val Arg Glu Val Phe Arg Asp Lys Thr Gl - #u Thr Met Lys Asp Leu 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Tyr Glu Val Leu Ala Ser Thr Glu Ser Gln Ty - #r Asp Tyr Ile Asn Asn 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Met Val Thr Phe Ile Asp Asn His Asp Met As - #p Arg Phe Gln Val    
Ala                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Gly Ser Gly Thr Arg Ala Thr Glu Gln Ala Le - #u Ala Leu Thr Leu Thr 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Ser Arg Gly Val Pro Ala Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Th - #r Glu Gln Tyr Met Thr 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Gly Asp Gly Asp Pro Asn Asn Arg Ala Met Me - #t Thr Ser Phe Asn Thr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Gly Thr Thr Ala Tyr Lys Val Ile Gln Ala Le - #u Ala Pro Leu Arg Lys 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Ser Asn Pro Ala Ile Ala Tyr Gly Thr Thr Th - #r Glu Arg Trp Val    
Asn                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Asn Asp Val Leu Ile Ile Glu Arg Lys Phe Gl - #y Ser Ser Ala Ala Leu 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Val Ala Ile Asn Arg Asn Ser Ser Ala Ala Ty - #r Pro Ile Ser Gly Leu 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Leu Ser Ser Leu Pro Ala Gly Thr Tyr Ser As - #p Val Leu Asn Gly Leu 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Leu Asn Gly Asn Ser Ile Thr Val Gly Ser Gl - #y Gly Ala Val Thr Asn 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Phe Thr Leu Ala Ala Gly Gly Thr Ala Val Tr - #p Gln Tyr Thr Ala    
Pro                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Glu Thr Ser Pro Ala Ile Gly Asn Val Gly Pr - #o Thr Met Gly Gln Pro 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Gly Asn Ile Val Thr Ile Asp Gly Arg Gly Ph - #e Gly Gly Thr Ala Gly 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Thr Val Tyr Phe Gly Thr Thr Ala Val Thr Gl - #y Ser Gly Ile Val Ser 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Trp Glu Asp Thr Gln Ile Lys Ala Val Ile Pr - #o Lys Val Ala Ala Gly 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Lys Thr Gly Val Ser Val Lys Thr Ser Ser Gl - #y Thr Ala Ser Asn    
Thr                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Phe Lys Ser Phe Asn Val Leu Thr Gly Asp Gl - #n Val Thr Val Arg Phe 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Leu Val Asn Gln Ala Asn Thr Asn Tyr Gly Th - #r Asn Val Tyr Leu Val 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Gly Asn Ala Ala Glu Leu Gly Ser Trp Asp Pr - #o Asn Lys Ala Ile Gly 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Pro Met Tyr Asn Gln Val Ile Ala Lys Tyr Pr - #o Ser Trp Tyr Tyr Asp 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Val Ser Val Pro Ala Gly Thr Lys Leu Asp Ph - #e Lys Phe Ile Lys    
Lys                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Gly Gly Gly Thr Val Thr Trp Glu Gly Gly Gl - #y Asn His Thr Tyr Thr 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Thr Pro Ala Ser Gly Val Gly Thr Val Thr Va - #l Asp Trp Gln Asn     
         675          - #       680          - #       685                
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 76                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 675                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus ohbensis                                        
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 76                                                  
  - - Asp Val Thr Asn Lys Val Asn Tyr Thr Arg As - #p Val Ile Tyr Gln Ile 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Val Thr Asp Arg Phe Ser Asp Gly Asp Pro Se - #r Asn Asn Pro Thr Gly 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Ala Ile Tyr Ser Gln Asp Cys Ser Asp Leu Hi - #s Lys Tyr Cys Gly Gly 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asp Lys Ile Asn As - #p Gly Tyr Leu Thr Asp 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Leu Gly Ile Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Ser Gln Pr - #o Val Glu Asn Val Tyr 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Ala Leu His Pro Ser Gly Tyr Thr Ser Tyr Hi - #s Gly Tyr Trp Ala Arg 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Asp Tyr Lys Arg Thr Asn Pro Phe Tyr Gly As - #p Phe Ser Asp Phe Asp 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Arg Leu Met Asp Thr Ala His Ser Asn Gly Il - #e Lys Val Ile Met Asp 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Phe Thr Pro Asn His Ser Ser Pro Ala Leu Gl - #u Thr Asp Pro Ser Tyr 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ala Glu Asn Gly Ala Val Tyr Asn Asp Gly Va - #l Leu Ile Gly Asn Tyr 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Ser Asn Asp Pro Asn Asn Leu Phe His His As - #n Gly Gly Thr Asp    
Phe                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - Ser Ser Tyr Glu Asp Ser Ile Tyr Arg Asn Le - #u Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asp 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Tyr Asp Leu Asn Asn Thr Val Met Asp Gln Ty - #r Leu Lys Glu Ser Ile 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Lys Leu Trp Leu Asp Lys Gly Ile Asp Gly Il - #e Arg Val Asp Ala Val 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Lys His Met Ser Glu Gly Trp Gln Thr Ser Le - #u Met Ser Asp Ile Tyr 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ala His Glu Pro Val Phe Thr Phe Gly Glu Tr - #p Phe Leu Gly Ser    
Gly                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Glu Val Asp Pro Gln Asn His His Phe Ala As - #n Glu Ser Gly Met Ser 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Leu Leu Asp Phe Gln Phe Gly Gln Thr Ile Ar - #g Asp Val Leu Met Asp 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Gly Ser Ser Asn Trp Tyr Asp Phe Asn Glu Me - #t Ile Ala Ser Thr Glu 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Glu Asp Tyr Asp Glu Val Ile Asp Gln Val Th - #r Phe Ile Asp Asn His 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Asp Met Ser Arg Phe Ser Phe Glu Gln Ser Se - #r Asn Arg His Thr    
Asp                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Ile Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Thr Ser Arg Gl - #y Val Pro Thr Ile Tyr 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Tyr Gly Thr Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Gly Gly As - #n Asp Pro Glu Asn Arg 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Lys Pro Met Ser Asp Phe Asp Arg Thr Thr As - #n Ser Tyr Gln Ile Ile 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Ser Thr Leu Ala Ser Leu Arg Gln Asn Asn Pr - #o Ala Leu Gly Tyr Gly 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Asn Thr Ser Glu Arg Trp Ile Asn Ser Asp Va - #l Tyr Ile Tyr Glu    
Arg                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Ser Phe Gly Asp Ser Val Val Leu Thr Ala Va - #l Asn Ser Gly Asp Thr 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ser Tyr Thr Ile Asn Asn Leu Asn Thr Ser Le - #u Pro Gln Gly Gln Tyr 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Thr Asp Glu Leu Gln Gln Leu Leu Asp Gly As - #n Glu Ile Thr Val Asn 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Ser Asn Gly Ala Val Asp Ser Phe Gln Leu Se - #r Ala Asn Gly Val Ser 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Val Trp Gln Ile Thr Glu Glu His Ala Ser Pr - #o Leu Ile Gly His    
Val                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Gly Pro Met Met Gly Lys His Gly Asn Thr Va - #l Thr Ile Thr Gly Glu 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Gly Phe Gly Asp Asn Glu Gly Ser Val Leu Ph - #e Asp Ser Asp Phe Ser 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Asp Val Leu Ser Trp Ser Asp Thr Lys Ile Gl - #u Val Ser Val Pro Asp 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Val Thr Ala Gly His Tyr Asp Ile Ser Val Va - #l Asn Ala Gly Asp Ser 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gln Ser Pro Thr Tyr Asp Lys Phe Glu Val Le - #u Thr Gly Asp Gln    
Val                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Ser Ile Arg Phe Ala Val Asn Asn Ala Thr Th - #r Ser Leu Gly Thr Asn 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Leu Tyr Met Val Gly Asn Val Asn Glu Leu Gl - #y Asn Trp Asp Pro Asp 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Gln Ala Ile Gly Pro Met Phe Asn Gln Val Me - #t Tyr Gln Tyr Pro Thr 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Trp Tyr Tyr Asp Ile Ser Val Pro Ala Glu Gl - #u Asn Leu Glu Tyr Lys 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Phe Ile Lys Lys Asp Ser Ser Gly Asn Val Va - #l Trp Glu Ser Gly    
Asn                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Asn His Thr Tyr Thr Thr Pro Ala Thr Gly Th - #r Asp Thr Val Leu Val 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Asp Trp Gln                                                         
         675                                                              
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 77                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 680                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Bacillus stearothermophilus                              
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 77                                                  
  - - Ala Gly Asn Leu Asn Lys Val Asn Phe Thr Se - #r Asp Val Val Tyr Gln 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Ile Val Val Asp Arg Phe Val Asp Gly Asn Th - #r Ser Asn Asn Pro Ser 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Gly Ala Leu Phe Ser Ser Gly Cys Thr Asn Le - #u Arg Lys Tyr Cys Gly 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Gly Asp Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Asn Lys Ile As - #n Asp Gly Tyr Leu Thr 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Asp Met Gly Val Thr Ala Ile Trp Ile Ser Gl - #n Pro Val Glu Asn Val 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Phe Ser Val Met Asn Asp Ala Ser Gly Ser Al - #a Ser Tyr His Gly Tyr 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Trp Ala Arg Asp Phe Lys Lys Pro Asn Pro Ph - #e Phe Gly Thr Leu Ser 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Asp Phe Gln Arg Leu Val Asp Ala Ala His Al - #a Lys Gly Ile Lys Val 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Ile Ile Asp Phe Ala Pro Asn His Thr Ser Pr - #o Ala Ser Glu Thr Asn 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Pro Ser Tyr Met Glu Asn Gly Arg Leu Tyr As - #p Asn Gly Thr Leu Leu 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Gly Gly Tyr Thr Asn Asp Ala Asn Met Tyr Ph - #e His His Asn Gly    
Gly                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - Thr Thr Phe Ser Ser Leu Glu Asp Gly Ile Ty - #r Arg Asn Leu Phe Asp 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Leu Ala Asp Leu Asn His Gln Asn Pro Val Il - #e Asp Arg Tyr Leu Lys 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Asp Ala Val Lys Met Trp Ile Asp Met Gly Il - #e Asp Gly Ile Arg Met 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Asp Ala Val Lys His Met Pro Phe Gly Trp Gl - #n Lys Ser Leu Met Asp 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Glu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Arg Pro Val Phe Thr Ph - #e Gly Glu Trp Phe    
Leu                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Ser Glu Asn Glu Val Asp Ala Asn Asn His Ty - #r Phe Ala Asn Glu Ser 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Gly Met Ser Leu Leu Asp Phe Arg Phe Gly Gl - #n Lys Leu Arg Gln Val 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Leu Arg Asn Asn Ser Asp Asn Trp Tyr Gly Ph - #e Asn Gln Met Ile Gln 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Asp Thr Ala Ser Ala Tyr Asp Glu Val Leu As - #p Gln Val Thr Phe Ile 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Asp Asn His Asp Met Asp Arg Phe Met Ile As - #p Gly Gly Asp Pro    
Arg                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Lys Val Asp Met Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Th - #r Ser Arg Gly Val Pro 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Asn Ile Tyr Tyr Gly Thr Glu Gln Tyr Met Th - #r Gly Asn Gly Asp Pro 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Asn Asn Arg Lys Met Met Ser Ser Phe Asn Ly - #s Asn Thr Arg Ala Tyr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Gln Val Ile Gln Lys Leu Ser Ser Leu Arg Ar - #g Asn Asn Pro Ala Leu 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Ala Tyr Gly Asp Thr Glu Gln Arg Trp Ile As - #n Gly Asp Val Tyr    
Val                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Tyr Glu Arg Gln Phe Gly Lys Asp Val Val Le - #u Val Ala Val Asn Arg 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Ser Ser Ser Ser Asn Tyr Ser Ile Thr Gly Le - #u Phe Thr Ala Leu Pro 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Ala Gly Thr Tyr Thr Asp Gln Leu Gly Gly Le - #u Leu Asp Gly Asn Thr 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Ile Gln Val Gly Ser Asn Gly Ser Val Asn Al - #a Phe Asp Leu Gly Pro 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Gly Glu Val Gly Val Trp Ala Tyr Ser Ala Th - #r Glu Ser Thr Pro    
Ile                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Ile Gly His Val Gly Pro Met Met Gly Gln Va - #l Gly His Gln Val Thr 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Ile Asp Gly Glu Gly Phe Gly Thr Asn Thr Gl - #y Thr Val Lys Phe Gly 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Thr Thr Ala Ala Asn Val Val Ser Trp Ser As - #n Asn Gln Ile Val Val 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Ala Val Pro Asn Val Ser Pro Gly Lys Tyr As - #n Ile Thr Val Gln Ser 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Ser Ser Gly Gln Thr Ser Ala Ala Tyr Asp As - #n Phe Glu Val Leu    
Thr                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Asn Asp Gln Val Ser Val Arg Phe Val Val As - #n Asn Ala Thr Thr Asn 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Leu Gly Gln Asn Ile Tyr Ile Val Gly Asn Va - #l Tyr Glu Leu Gly Asn 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Trp Asp Thr Ser Lys Ala Ile Gly Pro Met Ph - #e Asn Gln Val Val Tyr 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
  - - Ser Tyr Pro Thr Trp Tyr Ile Asp Val Ser Va - #l Pro Glu Gly Lys Thr 
 625                 6 - #30                 6 - #35                 6 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Ile Glu Phe Lys Phe Ile Lys Lys Asp Ser Gl - #n Gly Asn Val Thr    
Trp                                                                       
                  645  - #               650  - #               655       
  - - Glu Ser Gly Ser Asn His Val Tyr Thr Thr Pr - #o Thr Asn Thr Thr Gly 
             660      - #           665      - #           670            
  - - Lys Ile Ile Val Asp Trp Gln Asn                                     
         675          - #       680                                       
  - -  - - <210> SEQ ID NO 78                                             
 <211> LENGTH: 624                                                        
 <212> TYPE: PRT                                                          
 <213> ORGANISM: Klebsiella pneumoniae                                    
  - - <400> SEQUENCE: 78                                                  
  - - Glu Pro Glu Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Phe Arg Ly - #s Glu Thr Ile Tyr Phe 
  1               5  - #                10  - #                15         
  - - Leu Phe Leu Asp Arg Phe Ser Asp Gly Asp Pr - #o Ser Asn Asn Ala Gly 
             20      - #            25      - #            30             
  - - Phe Asn Ser Ala Thr Tyr Asp Pro Asn Asn Le - #u Lys Lys Tyr Thr Gly 
         35          - #        40          - #        45                 
  - - Gly Asp Leu Arg Gly Leu Ile Asn Lys Leu Pr - #o Tyr Leu Lys Ser Leu 
     50              - #    55              - #    60                     
  - - Gly Val Thr Ser Ile Trp Ile Thr Pro Pro Il - #e Asp Asn Val Asn Asn 
 65                  - #70                  - #75                  - #80  
  - - Thr Asp Ala Ala Gly Asn Thr Gly Tyr His Gl - #y Tyr Trp Gly Arg Asp 
                 85  - #                90  - #                95         
  - - Tyr Phe Arg Ile Asp Glu His Phe Gly Asn Le - #u Asp Asp Phe Lys Glu 
             100      - #           105      - #           110            
  - - Leu Thr Ser Leu Met His Ser Pro Asp Tyr As - #n Met Lys Leu Val Leu 
         115          - #       120          - #       125                
  - - Asp Tyr Ala Pro Asn His Ser Asn Ala Asn As - #p Glu Asn Glu Phe Gly 
     130              - #   135              - #   140                    
  - - Ala Leu Tyr Arg Asp Gly Val Phe Ile Thr As - #p Tyr Pro Thr Asn Val 
 145                 1 - #50                 1 - #55                 1 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Ala Ala Asn Thr Gly Trp Tyr His His Asn Gl - #y Gly Val Thr Asn    
Trp                                                                       
                  165  - #               170  - #               175       
  - - Asn Asp Phe Phe Gln Val Lys Asn His Asn Le - #u Phe Asn Leu Ser Asp 
             180      - #           185      - #           190            
  - - Leu Asn Gln Ser Asn Thr Asp Val Tyr Gln Ty - #r Leu Leu Asp Gly Ser 
         195          - #       200          - #       205                
  - - Lys Phe Trp Ile Asp Ala Gly Val Asp Ala Il - #e Arg Ile Asp Ala Ile 
     210              - #   215              - #   220                    
  - - Lys His Met Asp Lys Ser Phe Ile Gln Lys Tr - #p Thr Ser Asp Ile Tyr 
 225                 2 - #30                 2 - #35                 2 -  
#40                                                                       
   - - Asp Tyr Ser Lys Ser Ile Gly Arg Glu Gly Ph - #e Phe Phe Phe Gly    
Glu                                                                       
                  245  - #               250  - #               255       
  - - Trp Phe Gly Ala Ser Ala Asn Thr Thr Thr Gl - #y Val Asp Gly Asn Ala 
             260      - #           265      - #           270            
  - - Ile Asp Tyr Ala Asn Thr Ser Gly Ser Ala Le - #u Leu Asp Phe Gly Phe 
         275          - #       280          - #       285                
  - - Arg Asp Thr Leu Glu Arg Val Leu Val Gly Ar - #g Ser Gly Asn Thr Met 
     290              - #   295              - #   300                    
  - - Lys Thr Leu Asn Ser Tyr Leu Ile Lys Arg Gl - #n Thr Val Phe Thr Ser 
 305                 3 - #10                 3 - #15                 3 -  
#20                                                                       
   - - Asp Asp Trp Gln Val Val Phe Met Asp Asn Hi - #s Asp Met Ala Arg    
Ile                                                                       
                  325  - #               330  - #               335       
  - - Gly Thr Ala Leu Arg Ser Asn Ala Thr Thr Ph - #e Gly Pro Gly Asn Asn 
             340      - #           345      - #           350            
  - - Glu Thr Gly Gly Ser Gln Ser Glu Ala Phe Al - #a Gln Lys Arg Ile Asp 
         355          - #       360          - #       365                
  - - Leu Gly Leu Val Ala Thr Met Thr Val Arg Gl - #y Ile Pro Ala Ile Tyr 
     370              - #   375              - #   380                    
  - - Tyr Gly Thr Glu His Tyr Ala Ala Asn Phe Th - #r Ser Asn Ser Phe Gly 
 385                 3 - #90                 3 - #95                 4 -  
#00                                                                       
   - - Gln Val Gly Ser Asp Pro Tyr Asn Arg Glu Ly - #s Met Pro Gly Phe    
Asp                                                                       
                  405  - #               410  - #               415       
  - - Thr Glu Ser Glu Ala Phe Ser Ile Ile Lys Th - #r Leu Gly Asp Leu Arg 
             420      - #           425      - #           430            
  - - Lys Ser Ser Pro Ala Ile Gln Asn Gly Thr Ty - #r Thr Glu Leu Trp Val 
         435          - #       440          - #       445                
  - - Asn Asp Asp Ile Leu Val Phe Glu Arg Arg Se - #r Gly Asn Asp Ile Val 
     450              - #   455              - #   460                    
  - - Ile Val Ala Leu Asn Arg Gly Glu Ala Asn Th - #r Ile Asn Val Lys Asn 
 465                 4 - #70                 4 - #75                 4 -  
#80                                                                       
   - - Ile Ala Val Pro Asn Gly Val Tyr Pro Ser Le - #u Ile Gly Asn Asn    
Ser                                                                       
                  485  - #               490  - #               495       
  - - Val Ser Val Ala Asn Lys Arg Thr Thr Leu Th - #r Leu Met Gln Asn Glu 
             500      - #           505      - #           510            
  - - Ala Val Val Ile Arg Ser Gln Ser Asp Asp Al - #a Glu Asn Pro Thr Val 
         515          - #       520          - #       525                
  - - Gln Ser Ile Asn Phe Thr Cys Asn Asn Gly Ty - #r Thr Ile Ser Gly Gln 
     530              - #   535              - #   540                    
  - - Ser Val Tyr Ile Ile Gly Asn Ile Pro Gln Le - #u Gly Gly Trp Asp Leu 
 545                 5 - #50                 5 - #55                 5 -  
#60                                                                       
   - - Thr Lys Ala Val Lys Ile Ser Pro Thr Gln Ty - #r Pro Gln Trp Ser    
Ala                                                                       
                  565  - #               570  - #               575       
  - - Ser Leu Glu Leu Pro Ser Asp Leu Asn Val Gl - #u Trp Lys Cys Val Lys 
             580      - #           585      - #           590            
  - - Arg Asn Glu Thr Asn Pro Thr Ala Asn Val Gl - #u Trp Gln Ser Gly Ala 
         595          - #       600          - #       605                
  - - Asn Asn Gln Phe Asn Ser Asn Asp Thr Gln Th - #r Thr Asn Gly Ser Phe 
     610              - #   615              - #   620                    
__________________________________________________________________________

Claims (62)

We claim:
1. A variant of a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase, comprising one or more alterations selected from the group consisting of insertions, deletions and substitations, wherein each alteration independently results in:
(a) the amino acid at position 89 being alanine, aspartic acid or glycine,
(b) the amino acid at position 94 being arginine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, or phenylalanine, or deleted,
(c) the amino acid at position 145a being isoleucine,
(d) the amino acid at position 147 being alanine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, or tryptophan,
(e) the amino acid at position 147a being alanine,
(f) the amino acid at position 149 being isoleucine,
(g) the amino acid at position 167 being phenylalanine,
(h) the amino acid at position 185 being arginine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid,
(i) the amino acid at position 186 being alanine,
(j) die amino acid at position 193 being alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or glycine,
(k) the amino acid at position 196 being alanine or leucine,
(l) the amino acid at position 197 being aspartic acid or glutamic acid,
(m) the amino acid at position 232 being alanine, asparagine, glutamine, or leucine,
(n) the amino acid at position 268 being alanine,
(o) the amino acid at position 371 being alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, or leucine,
(p) the amino acid at position 375 being alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, or proline,
(q) the amino acid at position 599a being arginine, histidine, or proline,
(r) the amino acid at position 616 being alanine,
(s) the amino acid at position 633 being alanine,
(t) the amino acid at position 662 being alanine,
(u) the amino acid at position 47 being histidine or arginine and at position 135 being leucine,
(v) the amino acid at position 88 being proline and at position 143 being glycine,
(w) the amino acid at position 89 being aspartic acid and at position 146 being proline,
(y) the amino acid at position 143 being alanine and at position 144 being arginine,
(z) the amino acid at position 143 being glycine, at position 144 being arginine, and at position 145 being tryptophan,
(aa) the amino acids at positions 143-148 being GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10),
(ab) the amino acid at position 144 being arginine, at position 145 being alanine, and at position 146 being proline,
(ac) the amino acid at position 145 being alanine and at position 145a being isoleucine,
(ad) the amino acid at position 145 being leucine and at position 148 being asparagine,
(ae) the amino acid at position 145 being glutamic acid and at position 146 being glutamine or proline,
(af) the amino acid at position 145 being tryptophan and at position 146 being arginine, isoleucine, or tryptophan,
(ag) the amino acid at position 145 being alanine, at position 145a being isoleucine, and at position 148 being glutamic acid,
(ah) the amino acids at position 616 being alanine and at position 662 being alanine,
(ai) the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4) or PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5),
(aj) the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6),
wherein each position corresponds to the position of the amino acid sequence of the mature cyclodexrin glycosyl transferase obtained from Bacillus circulans strain 251 and wherein the variant has cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase activity.
2. The variant of claim 1, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Bacillus circulans 251, Bacillus sp. 1-1, Bacillus sp. 38-2, Bacillus sp. 1011, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus ohbensis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627.
3. The variant of claim 2, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Bacillus circulans 251.
4. The variant of claim 2, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627.
5. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 89 being alanine, aspartic acid or glycine.
6. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 94 being arginine, glutamine, lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, or deleted.
7. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145a being isoleucine.
8. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 147 being alanine, isoleucine, leucine, serine, or tryptophan.
9. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 147a being alanine.
10. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 149 being isoleucine.
11. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 167 being phenylalanine.
12. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 185 being arginine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid.
13. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 186 being alanine.
14. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 193 being alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or glycine.
15. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 196 being alanine or leucine.
16. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 197 being aspartic acid or glutamic acid.
17. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 232 being alanine, asparagine, glutamine, or leucine.
18. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 268 being alanine.
19. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 371 being alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid, glycine, or leucine.
20. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 375 being alanine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, leucine, or proline.
21. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 599a being arginine, histidine, or proline.
22. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 616 being alanine.
23. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 633 being alanine.
24. The variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 662 being alanine.
25. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 47 being histidine or arginine, and at position 135 being leucine.
26. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 88 being proline, and at position 143 being glycine.
27. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 89 being aspartic acid, and at position 146 being proline.
28. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 143 being alanine, and at position 144 being arginine.
29. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 143 being glycine, at position 144 being arginine, and at position 145 being tryptophan.
30. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acids at positions 143-148 being GRA**A (SEQ ID NO:7), GRAAAA (SEQ ID NO:8), GRAPAA (SEQ ID NO:9), or GRGPAA (SEQ ID NO:10).
31. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 144 being arginine, at position 145 being alanine, and at position 146 being proline.
32. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being alanine, and at position 145a being isoleucine.
33. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being leucine, and at position 148 being asparagine.
34. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being glutamic acid, and at position 146 being proline or glutamine.
35. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being tryptophan, and at position 146 being tryptophan, isoleucine, or arginine.
36. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being alanine, at position 145a being isoleucine, and at position 148 being glutamic acid.
37. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145a being isoleucine, and at position 148 being glutamic acid.
38. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 616 being alanine, and at position 662 being alanine.
39. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4) or PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5).
40. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration in the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4) or PAAETWPAF (SEQ ID NO:5), and the amino acid at position 195 being leucine.
41. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6).
42. A variant of claim 2, wherein an alteration results in the amino acids at positions 87-94 being HP*SGY** (SEQ ID NO:3), and/or at positions 143-151 being PALETNPNF (SEQ ID NO:4), or PAAEADPNF (SEQ ID NO:6), and at position 195 being leucine.
43. A DNA construct encoding a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase variant of claim 1.
44. A DNA construct encoding a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase variant of claim 2.
45. A variant of a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase, comprising one or more alterations selected from the group consisting of insertions, deletions and substitutions, wherein each alteration independently results in:
(a) the amino acid at position 21 being tyrosine,
(b) the amino acid at position 47 being glutamine, alanine, or leucine,
(c) the amino acid at position 88 being proline,
(d) the amino acid at position 91a being alanine,
(e) the amino acid at position 143 being alanine,
(f) the amino acid at position 144 being lysine or aspartic acid,
(g) the amino acid at position 145 being glutamic acid, tryptophan, glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or proline,
(h) the amino acid at position 146 being proline, serine, isoleucine, glutamine, tryptophan, or arginine,
(i) the amino acid at position 148 being alanine, glycine, or glutamic acid,
(j) the amino acid at position 264 being alanine, asparagine, or leucine,
(k) the amino acid at position 600 being tryptophan, phenylalanine, arginine, or asparagine,
(l) the amino acids at positions 87-94 being IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and at positions 143-151 being GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 being GRW,
wherein each position corresponds to the position of the amino acid sequence of the mature cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase obtained from Bacillus circulans strain 251 and wherein the variant has cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase activity.
46. The variant of claim 45, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Bacillus circulans 251, Bacillus sp. 1- 1, Bacillus sp. 38-2, Bacillus sp. 1011, Bacillus lichenifonnis, Bacillus macerans, Bacillus ohbensis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627.
47. The variant of claim 46, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Bacillus circulans 251.
48. The variant of claim 46, wherein the cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase is obtained from Thermoanaerobacter ATCC 53627.
49. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 21 being tyrosine.
50. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 47 being glutamine, alanine, or leucine.
51. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 88 being proline.
52. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 91a being alanine.
53. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 143 being alanine.
54. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 144 being lysine or aspartic acid.
55. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 145 being glutamic acid, tryptophan, glycine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, or proline.
56. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 146 being proline, serine, isoleucine, glutamine, or tryptophan, or arginine.
57. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 148 being alanine, glycine, or glutamic acid.
58. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 264 being alanine, asparagine, or leucine.
59. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acid at position 600 being tryptophan, phenylalanine, arginine, or asparagine.
60. A variant of claim 46, wherein an alteration results in the amino acids at positions 87-94 being IKYSGVNN (SEQ ID NO:11), and at positions 143-151 being GRAGTNPGF (SEQ ID NO:12), or at positions 143-145 being GRW.
61. A DNA construct encoding a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase variant of claim 45.
62. A DNA construct encoding a cyclodextrin glycosyl transferase variant of claim 46.
US08/947,965 1995-04-21 1997-10-09 Cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase variants Expired - Fee Related US6004790A (en)

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