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US4988495A - Process for the recorvery of sulphuric acid in the production of titanium dioxide - Google Patents

Process for the recorvery of sulphuric acid in the production of titanium dioxide Download PDF

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Publication number
US4988495A
US4988495A US07/451,267 US45126789A US4988495A US 4988495 A US4988495 A US 4988495A US 45126789 A US45126789 A US 45126789A US 4988495 A US4988495 A US 4988495A
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Prior art keywords
hydrolysis
waste acid
tio
titanyl sulphate
sub
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US07/451,267
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Gerhard Wiederhoft
Eckhard Bayer
Wolfgang D. Muller
Gunter Lailach
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Bayer AG
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Bayer AG
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Assigned to BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, A CORP. OF GERMANY reassignment BAYER AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, A CORP. OF GERMANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BAYER, ECKHARD, LAILACH, GUNTER, MULLER, WOLFGANG D., WIEDERHOFT, GERHARD
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
    • C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
    • C01G23/04—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C01G23/047—Titanium dioxide
    • C01G23/053—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts
    • C01G23/0532—Producing by wet processes, e.g. hydrolysing titanium salts by hydrolysing sulfate-containing salts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a process for the recovery of sulphuric acid, which is obtained as waste acid in the production of TiO 2 by the sulphate process, the concentration of the waste acid intended for concentration and isolation of the metal sulphates being increased by adding waste acid or wash liquid having a lower H 2 SO 4 content, which is obtained during washing of the TiO 2 hydrolysis product, during hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate.
  • DE-C 27 29 755 has proposed recycling waste acid or wash liquid to the ilmenite digestion.
  • particular limits must be observed if, for example, deterioration in pigment quality due to the simultaneously recycled heavy metal ions relevant for shade is to be avoided.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 2,331,496 discloses a process for the hydrolysis of titanium salts, in which hydrolysis nuclei are first formed in dilute solution before the main amount of the titanium salt solution is added. Instead of water, it is also possible to take a wash solution or a liquid having a relatively low titanium content for nucleus formation. However, because the pH should be kept constant at about 1.2 during nucleus formation and aging, these liquids may contain only insignificant amounts of sulphuric acid. Thus, there is no possibility here of achieving a marked increase in the concentration of the waste acid by recycling significant amounts of waste acid or wash liquid.
  • the invention relates to a process for the preparation of TiO 2 pigments by hydrolysis of titanyl sulphate, isolation of the hydrolysis product from the waste acid produced during the hydrolysis, washing of the hydrolysis product and calcination of the hydrolysis product with formation of TiO 2 pigments, in which the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate is carried out using separately produced hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced by a reaction of titanium salts with alkaline reagents, and in which waste acid and/or wash liquid containing waste acid are added after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process.
  • waste acid and/or wash liquid are added per 1 t of TiO 2 during the hydrolysis.
  • the wash liquid or waste acid containing not only H 2 SO 4 but also Fe sulphate, Cr sulphate and V sulphate is added instead of water at the beginning of the titanyl sulphate hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yield is reduced and the TiO 2 pigment quality deteriorates (also see Examples 2,3 and 5).
  • the titanyl sulphate hydrolysis is carried out, according to the invention, using separately produced hydrolysis nuclei which are produced by reaction of titanium salts with alkaline compounds (for example according to German Offenlegungsschrift No.
  • the concentration of the waste acid can be increased by up to 20% compared with the concentration which is achieved by carrying out the process carefully according to the prior art.
  • an improvement in pigment quality is observed when the process according to the invention is employed.
  • the addition, according to the invention, of the waste acid or wash liquid is carried out no earlier than 40 minutes after mixing of the titanyl sulphate solution with the hydrolysis nuclei.
  • the waste acid or wash liquid is added 90 to 250 minutes after the addition of the hydrolysis nuclei.
  • Titanyl sulphate solution prepared from the raw materials titanium slag and ilmenite contains titanyl sulphate in an amount corresponding to 230 g/l of TiO 2 , of which 1.3 g/l are present as Ti(III) sulphate.
  • the weight ratio of H 2 SO 4 : TiO 2 is 2.04 and that of FeSO 4 : TiO 2 is 0.5.
  • the solution contains 0.34 g/l of chromium and 0.87 g/l of vanadium as sulphates in addition to other metal sulphates.
  • the hydrolysis product After cooling to 60° C., the hydrolysis product is separated from the waste acid by vacuum filtration and is washed with water, wash liquid, so-called wash acid, being obtained. The hydrolysis product is then bleached by adding Al powder and sulphuric acid and is filtered and washed.
  • the chemicals phosphoric acid, alkalis and rutile seeds are added to the filter cake and calcination is carried out at 950° C. in a rotary kiln to give rutile pigment.
  • the pigment thus obtained serves as a standard for evaluating the pigments obtained in the further experiments.
  • the same titanyl sulphate solution is used as a raw material, and processing of the hydrolysis product to the rutile pigment is carried out in an analogous manner.
  • the results of the experiments are summarized in the Table.
  • wash liquid wash acid
  • H 2 SO 4 wash acid
  • the hydrolysis is carried out analogously to Example 1, except that wash acid containing 5% by weight of H 2 SO 4 is initially taken instead of water.
  • Comparative Examples 2 and 3 show that the process for the hydrolysis of titanyl sulphate, described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,331,496,is not suitable for recycling marked amounts of waste acid or wash acid to the hydrolysis process.
  • Titanyl sulphate solution is hydrolyzed using hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced by reaction of the above titanyl sulphate solution with alkaline compounds ("Mecklenburg process"). 49 1 of the separately prepared suspension of hydrolysis nuclei are added to 4.35 m 3 of the titanyl sulphate solution (corresponding to 1 t of TiO 2 ). The mixture is brought to the boil by passing in steam and is boiled until the "match point" is reached. Thereafter, the passage of steam is interrupted for 30 minutes, and the mixture is brought to the boil again and is boiled again for 2.5 hours.
  • Example 1 4.35 m 3 of the titanyl sulphate solution are mixed with 49 l of the suspension of hydrolysis nuclei and 0.92 m 3 of wash acid containing 10% by weight of H 2 SO 4 is added.
  • the TiO 2 concentration is thus the same as in Example 1 after nucleation. Further hydrolysis and processing of the hydrolysis product are carried out analogously to Example 1.
  • the hydrolysis is carried out analogously to Example 4, except that wash acid or waste acid is added instead of water after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process have elapsed.
  • the titanyl sulphate solution has been concentrated from 230 g/l of TiO 2 to a TiO 2 content of 240 g/1.
  • the hydrolyses are carried out analogously to Example 4.
  • 0.92 m 3 of wash acid or waste acid 1.1 m 3 can be added in each case in order to achieve the final concentration of 180 g/l of TiO 2 .
  • the acids are added after 120 minutes in Example 9 and after 150 minutes in Examples 10 and 11.
  • the quality of the rutile pigments prepared under standard conditions from the hydrolysis products is improved by the use of the process according to the invention.
  • the H 2 SO 4 content of the waste acid filtered off from the hydrolysis product can be increased from 25% by weight to almost 29% by weight.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)
  • Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
  • Separation Of Suspended Particles By Flocculating Agents (AREA)

Abstract

A process for the preparation of an improved quality TiO2 pigment by hydrolysis of titanyl sulphate, isolation of the hydrolysis product form the waste acid produced during the hydrolysis, washing of the hydrolysis product and calcination of the hydrolysis product to form the TiO2 pigment, wherein the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate is carried out using separately produced hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced by a reaction of titanium salts with alkaline reagents, and in which waste acid and/or wash liquid containing waste acid is added after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process.

Description

The invention relates to a process for the recovery of sulphuric acid, which is obtained as waste acid in the production of TiO2 by the sulphate process, the concentration of the waste acid intended for concentration and isolation of the metal sulphates being increased by adding waste acid or wash liquid having a lower H2 SO4 content, which is obtained during washing of the TiO2 hydrolysis product, during hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate.
It is known that it is generally advantageous from the economic point of view to increase the sulphuric acid concentration in the waste acid intended for sulphuric acid recovery or dumping in the sea. For example, the result of increasing the sulphuric acid concentration from 23 to 25% is that about 15% less water has to be evaporated off from the waste acid before isolation of the metal sulphate.
In view of this advantage, for example, DE-C 27 29 755 has proposed recycling waste acid or wash liquid to the ilmenite digestion. However, particular limits must be observed if, for example, deterioration in pigment quality due to the simultaneously recycled heavy metal ions relevant for shade is to be avoided.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,331,496 discloses a process for the hydrolysis of titanium salts, in which hydrolysis nuclei are first formed in dilute solution before the main amount of the titanium salt solution is added. Instead of water, it is also possible to take a wash solution or a liquid having a relatively low titanium content for nucleus formation. However, because the pH should be kept constant at about 1.2 during nucleus formation and aging, these liquids may contain only insignificant amounts of sulphuric acid. Thus, there is no possibility here of achieving a marked increase in the concentration of the waste acid by recycling significant amounts of waste acid or wash liquid.
It was therefore the object to provide a process by means of which the H2 SO4 concentration in the waste acid is increased without resulting in a substantial deterioration in the hydrolysis yield or deterioration in the pigment quality.
The invention relates to a process for the preparation of TiO2 pigments by hydrolysis of titanyl sulphate, isolation of the hydrolysis product from the waste acid produced during the hydrolysis, washing of the hydrolysis product and calcination of the hydrolysis product with formation of TiO2 pigments, in which the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate is carried out using separately produced hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced by a reaction of titanium salts with alkaline reagents, and in which waste acid and/or wash liquid containing waste acid are added after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process.
Preferably, 0.1 to 1.5 m3 of waste acid and/or wash liquid are added per 1 t of TiO2 during the hydrolysis.
If the wash liquid or waste acid containing not only H2 SO4 but also Fe sulphate, Cr sulphate and V sulphate is added instead of water at the beginning of the titanyl sulphate hydrolysis, the hydrolysis yield is reduced and the TiO2 pigment quality deteriorates (also see Examples 2,3 and 5). If, on the other hand, the titanyl sulphate hydrolysis is carried out, according to the invention, using separately produced hydrolysis nuclei which are produced by reaction of titanium salts with alkaline compounds (for example according to German Offenlegungsschrift No. 540 863) and if the waste acid or wash liquid is not added until at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process has elapsed, the above-mentioned disadvantages, such as reduction of the hydrolysis yield and deterioration of the TiO2 pigment quality, can be avoided and furthermore a substantial increase in the waste acid concentration can be achieved.
By using the process according to the invention, the concentration of the waste acid can be increased by up to 20% compared with the concentration which is achieved by carrying out the process carefully according to the prior art. In addition, an improvement in pigment quality is observed when the process according to the invention is employed.
The addition, according to the invention, of the waste acid or wash liquid is carried out no earlier than 40 minutes after mixing of the titanyl sulphate solution with the hydrolysis nuclei. Preferably, the waste acid or wash liquid is added 90 to 250 minutes after the addition of the hydrolysis nuclei.
The Comparative Examples and Examples which follow are intended to illustrate the advantages of the process according to the invention.
EXAMPLE 1 Comparative Example
Titanyl sulphate solution prepared from the raw materials titanium slag and ilmenite contains titanyl sulphate in an amount corresponding to 230 g/l of TiO2, of which 1.3 g/l are present as Ti(III) sulphate. The weight ratio of H2 SO4 : TiO2 is 2.04 and that of FeSO4 : TiO2 is 0.5. Furthermore, the solution contains 0.34 g/l of chromium and 0.87 g/l of vanadium as sulphates in addition to other metal sulphates.
To carry out the hydrolysis by the self-nucleation process ("Blumenfeld process"), 0.95 m3 of water at 96° C. are initially taken. While stirring, 0.03 m3 of the above titanyl sulphate solution heated to 96° C. are added rapidly in the course of 2 seconds, followed after 25 seconds by 4.32 m3 of titanyl sulphate solution. The mixture is then brought to the boil by passing in steam and is boiled for 25 minutes until a certain turbidity ("match point") is reached. Thereafter, the passage of steam is interrupted for 30 minutes, after which the mixture is kept at the boiling point for 2.5 hours with steam.
At the end of the hydrolysis process, 5.55 m3 of suspension containing 180 g/l of TiO2 result.
After cooling to 60° C., the hydrolysis product is separated from the waste acid by vacuum filtration and is washed with water, wash liquid, so-called wash acid, being obtained. The hydrolysis product is then bleached by adding Al powder and sulphuric acid and is filtered and washed.
The chemicals phosphoric acid, alkalis and rutile seeds are added to the filter cake and calcination is carried out at 950° C. in a rotary kiln to give rutile pigment. The pigment thus obtained serves as a standard for evaluating the pigments obtained in the further experiments. In all further experiments, the same titanyl sulphate solution is used as a raw material, and processing of the hydrolysis product to the rutile pigment is carried out in an analogous manner. The results of the experiments are summarized in the Table.
EXAMPLE 2 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
The hydrolysis is carried out analogously to Example 1, except that, instead of water, wash liquid (wash acid) containing 2% by weight of H2 SO4 is initially taken for self-nucleation.
EXAMPLE 3 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
The hydrolysis is carried out analogously to Example 1, except that wash acid containing 5% by weight of H2 SO4 is initially taken instead of water.
The Comparative Examples 2 and 3 show that the process for the hydrolysis of titanyl sulphate, described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,331,496,is not suitable for recycling marked amounts of waste acid or wash acid to the hydrolysis process.
EXAMPLE 4 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
Titanyl sulphate solution is hydrolyzed using hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced by reaction of the above titanyl sulphate solution with alkaline compounds ("Mecklenburg process"). 49 1 of the separately prepared suspension of hydrolysis nuclei are added to 4.35 m3 of the titanyl sulphate solution (corresponding to 1 t of TiO2). The mixture is brought to the boil by passing in steam and is boiled until the "match point" is reached. Thereafter, the passage of steam is interrupted for 30 minutes, and the mixture is brought to the boil again and is boiled again for 2.5 hours.
After 150 minutes of the total process time have elapsed, 0.92 m3 of water is added, resulting in a TiO2 content of 180 g/l at the end of the process.
EXAMPLE 5 COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE
4.35 m3 of the titanyl sulphate solution are mixed with 49 l of the suspension of hydrolysis nuclei and 0.92 m3 of wash acid containing 10% by weight of H2 SO4 is added. The TiO2 concentration is thus the same as in Example 1 after nucleation. Further hydrolysis and processing of the hydrolysis product are carried out analogously to Example 1.
EXAMPLE 6-8
The hydrolysis is carried out analogously to Example 4, except that wash acid or waste acid is added instead of water after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process have elapsed.
The addition is made after 110 minutes in Example 6, after 200 minutes in Example 7 and after 130 minutes in Example 8.
EXAMPLES 9-11
For Examples 9-11, the titanyl sulphate solution has been concentrated from 230 g/l of TiO2 to a TiO2 content of 240 g/1. The hydrolyses are carried out analogously to Example 4. In accordance with the higher TiO2 content, instead of 0.92 m3 of wash acid or waste acid 1.1 m3 can be added in each case in order to achieve the final concentration of 180 g/l of TiO2.
The acids are added after 120 minutes in Example 9 and after 150 minutes in Examples 10 and 11.
Examples 6 to 11 according to the invention show (see Table) that substantial amounts of waste acid or wash acid (=wash liquid containing waste acid) can be recycled to the hydrolysis process without the hydrolysis yield being very adversely affected. Surprisingly, the quality of the rutile pigments prepared under standard conditions from the hydrolysis products is improved by the use of the process according to the invention. By carrying out the process according to the invention, the H2 SO4 content of the waste acid filtered off from the hydrolysis product can be increased from 25% by weight to almost 29% by weight.
__________________________________________________________________________
Amounts per t of TiO.sub.2 in solution                                    
                                       Liquid    Free                     
                           Added after for TiO.sub.2                      
                                                 H.sub.2 SO.sub.4         
                                                      Yield               
            TiOSO.sub.4 solu-                                             
                    Required                                              
                           mixing of   final Free                         
                                                 in the                   
                                                      at  Bright-         
            tion before                                                   
                    for form-                                             
                           hydrolysis                                     
                                  Water as                                
                                       concen-                            
                                             H.sub.2 SO.sub.4             
                                                 waste                    
                                                      end                 
                                                          ness of         
            hydrolysis                                                    
                    ation of                                              
                           nuclei and                                     
                                  conden-                                 
                                       tration                            
                                             in the                       
                                                 acid hydro-              
                                                          the             
            Amount                                                        
                 g/l                                                      
                    hydrolysis                                            
                           TiOSO.sub.4                                    
                                  sate of 180 g/l                         
                                             liquid                       
                                                 obtained                 
                                                      lysis               
                                                          pigment         
Example                                                                   
     Process                                                              
            m.sup.3                                                       
                 TiO.sub.2                                                
                    nuclei solution                                       
                                  m.sup.3                                 
                                       m.sup.3                            
                                             %   %    %   Ry              
__________________________________________________________________________
1    Self-  4.35 230                                                      
                    0.95 m.sup.3                                          
                           --     0.25 --    --  25.0 96.6                
                                                          ±0           
     nucleation     water                                                 
2    Self-  4.35 230                                                      
                    0.95 m.sup.3                                          
                           --     0.25 --    --  24.7 93.5                
                                                          -2.5            
     nucleation     2% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                   
3    Self-  4.35 230                                                      
                    0.95 m.sup.3                                          
                           --     0.25 --    --  18.9 63  --              
     nucleation     5% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                                   
4    External                                                             
            4.35 230                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3                                          
                           --     0.25 0.92  --  25.1 96.8                
                                                          +0.1            
     nucleation     H.sub.2 O                                             
5    External                                                             
            4.35 230                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3                                          
                           0.92 m.sup.3                                   
                                  0.25 --    --  26.2 96.0                
                                                          -0.3            
     nucleation     H.sub.2 O                                             
                           10% H.sub.2 SO.sub.4                           
6    External                                                             
            4.35 230                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 0.92  15  26.7 96.6                
                                                          +0.4            
     nucleation                                                           
7    External                                                             
            4.35 230                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 0.92  20  27.4 96.3                
                                                          +0.5            
     nucleation                                                           
8    External                                                             
            4.35 230                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 0.92  25  28.2 96.1                
                                                          +0.4            
     nucleation                                                           
9    External                                                             
            4.17 240                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 1.1   15  27.1 96.6                
                                                          +0.5            
     nucleation                                                           
10   External                                                             
            4.17 240                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 1.1   20  27.9 96.2                
                                                          +0.4            
     nucleation                                                           
11   External                                                             
            4.17 240                                                      
                    0.03 m.sup.3 H.sub.2 O                                
                           --     0.25 1.1   25  28.8 95.8                
                                                          +0.4            
     nucleation                                                           
__________________________________________________________________________

Claims (3)

What is claimed is:
1. A process for the preparation of TiO2 pigments comprising hydrolyzing titanyl sulphate, isolating an hydrolysis product from waste acid produced in the hydrolysis, washing the hydrolysis product and calcining the hydrolysis product with formation of TiO2 pigments, the improvement comprising carrying out the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate with the use of hydrolysis nuclei which have been produced separately by reaction of titanium salts with alkaline reagents, and adding waste acid and/or wash liquid containing said waste acid to the hydrolysis of the titanyl sulphate after at least 50% of the total duration of the hydrolysis process have elapsed.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein the waste acid and/or wash liquid is added no earlier than 40 minutes after mixing the titanyl sulphate solution with the hydrolysis nuclei.
3. A process according to claim 1, wherein the waste acid and/or wash liquid is added 90 to 250 minutes after the addition of the hydrolysis nuclei.
US07/451,267 1988-12-24 1989-12-15 Process for the recorvery of sulphuric acid in the production of titanium dioxide Expired - Fee Related US4988495A (en)

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JP (1) JP2744661B2 (en)
AU (1) AU619935B2 (en)
BR (1) BR8906706A (en)
CA (1) CA2006396A1 (en)
DE (2) DE3843846C1 (en)
ES (1) ES2053933T3 (en)
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US5147629A (en) * 1990-08-16 1992-09-15 Tioxide Group Services Limited Process for production of nuclei for use in titanium dioxide manufacture
US5527469A (en) * 1995-06-12 1996-06-18 Lawhorne; Earl R. Method for the preparation of desulfurized titanium oxide hydrolysate of high purity
US20030198591A1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2003-10-23 Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. Acid benefication of ore

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USRE18790E (en) * 1933-04-04 A corpobation op dblawabb
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US2774650A (en) * 1953-05-01 1956-12-18 Nat Lead Co Method for decomposition of titaniferous ores
US3368870A (en) * 1963-12-06 1968-02-13 Soloducha Nicolas Method of producing titanium hydroxide and high grade pigments produced therefrom
DE2729755A1 (en) * 1977-07-01 1979-01-11 Kronos Titan Gmbh Titanium di:oxide prodn. from ilmenite by sulphate process - with recirculation of dilute acid after partial concn. and redn. of chromium content
US4288418A (en) * 1979-08-10 1981-09-08 Nl Industries, Inc. Process for manufacturing titanium dioxide
US4663131A (en) * 1983-11-30 1987-05-05 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for the preparation of titanium dioxide

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US2331496A (en) * 1939-07-18 1943-10-12 E I Du Pont De Ncmours & Compa Titanium oxide production
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5147629A (en) * 1990-08-16 1992-09-15 Tioxide Group Services Limited Process for production of nuclei for use in titanium dioxide manufacture
US5527469A (en) * 1995-06-12 1996-06-18 Lawhorne; Earl R. Method for the preparation of desulfurized titanium oxide hydrolysate of high purity
US20030198591A1 (en) * 2002-04-19 2003-10-23 Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. Acid benefication of ore
US7008602B2 (en) 2002-04-19 2006-03-07 Millennium Inorganic Chemicals, Inc. Beneficiation of titaniferous ore with sulfuric acid

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DE3843846C1 (en) 1990-04-12
NO178998B (en) 1996-04-09
JPH02229719A (en) 1990-09-12
NO894941L (en) 1990-06-25
EP0376031A2 (en) 1990-07-04
NO178998C (en) 1996-07-17
FI94124C (en) 1995-07-25
ZA899831B (en) 1990-10-31
BR8906706A (en) 1990-09-11
AU619935B2 (en) 1992-02-06
FI896181A0 (en) 1989-12-21
EP0376031B1 (en) 1993-03-17
AU4717989A (en) 1990-06-28
DE58903819D1 (en) 1993-04-22
FI94124B (en) 1995-04-13
EP0376031A3 (en) 1991-03-27
CA2006396A1 (en) 1990-06-24
NO894941D0 (en) 1989-12-08
JP2744661B2 (en) 1998-04-28
ES2053933T3 (en) 1994-08-01

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