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US3835340A - Transducer corona shield - Google Patents

Transducer corona shield Download PDF

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Publication number
US3835340A
US3835340A US00332716A US33271673A US3835340A US 3835340 A US3835340 A US 3835340A US 00332716 A US00332716 A US 00332716A US 33271673 A US33271673 A US 33271673A US 3835340 A US3835340 A US 3835340A
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transducer
electrode
end mass
ceramic
insulator
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US00332716A
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S Schildkraut
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Edo Corp
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Edo Corp
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R17/00—Piezoelectric transducers; Electrostrictive transducers

Definitions

  • TRANSDUCER CORONA SHIELD BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to electroacoustic transducers and more particularly to controlling corona discharge in piezoelectric ceramic transducers.
  • Electroacoustic transducers are used for transmitting and receiving acoustic energy in a wide variety of applications.
  • an electroacoustic transducer frequently serves as a source of sound waves radiated into the water for object detection, identification, etc.
  • electroacoustic transducers are those having piezoelectric ceramic elements as active components.
  • a change in the potential applied, for example, to opposite faces of the piezoelectric ceramic element causes at least one physical dimension of the element to change.
  • the kinetic mechanical energy represented by the changing dimension of the ceramic element is radiated into the medium surrounding the transducer as acoustic energy. This is usually accomplished by using the ceramic element to accelerate another transducer component (e.g., a metal end mass) which is contiguous with the acoustic medium.
  • another transducer component e.g., a metal end mass
  • transducer responses of considerable magnitude must be produced. These require the application of very substantial voltages to the electrodes of the ceramic transducer element or elements. These voltages may be so high as to cause so-called corona breakdown (i.e., ionization) of the air or other gases in the transducer assembly. This problem is particularly acute with respect to air in the region of the interface between the ceramic element and the electrically conductive transducer end masses, supporting structures, or the like.
  • corona may be erosion of the ceramic transducer element or so-called silver migration (i.e., attraction of electrode silver atoms to the corona area where they form structures which short-circuit or otherwise damage the transducer). Corona occuring in the adhesive joining the ceramic element and the transducer end masses or in air entrapped in that adhesive may be destructive of the adhesive bond as well as the ceramic material itself.
  • corona shield electrode between the ceramic element and the transducer end mass, supporting structure, or the like.
  • This corona shield electrode is intimately bonded to the ceramic element so that no air or other gases are present between the ceramic and the electrode.
  • the ceramic element (with the corona shield electrode) may be bonded to the conductive transducer end mass, supporting structure, etc., by adhesives between the corona shield electrode and the end mass or supporting structure.
  • the corona shield electrode is electrically connected to the conductive end mass or supporting structure so that the potential difference across the adhesive or other interface between the corona shield electrode and the end mass or supporting structure is zero. Accordingly, corona cannot occur in the interface between the ceramic element and the transducer end mass or supporting structure.
  • FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electroacoustic transducer constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention and FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of an electroacoustic transducer showing an alternative embodiment of the invention.
  • one frequently employed type of electroacoustic transducer 10 includes a hollow cylinder 12 of piezoelectric ceramic material such as barium titanate or lead zirconate titanate. Ceramic cylinder 12 (as well as the other components of transducer 10) is shown bisected along the longitudinal axis of the transducer. Partially covering the inner and outer surfaces of ceramic cylinder 12 are concentric cylindrical electrodes l4 and 16. Each of electrodes 14 and 16 is somewhat shorter, measured along the longitudinal axis of transducer 10, than ceramic cylinder 12. The thickness of electrodes 14 and 16 is exaggerated in FIG. 1 for clarity of illustration.
  • At least one of electrodes 14 and 16 (usually inner electrode 14) is connected to a source (not shown) of transducer driving electrical potential by way of one of leads 18.
  • the remaining electrode may be connected to ground by the remaining lead.
  • Ceramic cylinder 12 responds to a change in the potential difference between electrodes 14 and 16 by changing in length.
  • transducer 10 At each end of ceramic cylinder 12 is a metal disc 20, usually referred to as an end mass.
  • end mass At each end of ceramic cylinder 12 is a metal disc 20, usually referred to as an end mass.
  • transducer 10 is shown with an identical end mass at each end of ceramic cylinder 12, it will be readily understood that this is not necessarily the case.
  • either end mass may include any arrangement of spacer rings, temperature compensating elements, mechanical impedance matching elements, frequency adjusting elements, or the like.
  • either end mass may be part of a transducer supporting structure having any desired configuration. For convenience here, however, the term end mass will be understood to include any of these various elements and supporting structures.
  • end masses 20 are retained on the ends of ceramic cylinder 12 by adhesives or other mechanical means.
  • end masses 20 are accelerated in opposite directions along the longitudinal axis of the transducer.
  • one of end masses 20 is contiguous with or mechanically coupled to an acoustic medium (e.g., air or water) and therefore acts to radiate acoustic energy into the medium when accelerated as described above.
  • the opposite end mass is the non-radiating rear end mass of the transducer.
  • both end masses may be made radiating if desired.
  • the ceramic material of cylinder 12 is an insulator of high dielectric constant (typically on the order of 1,000 times the dielectric constant of air). Typically, ceramic cylinder 12 can support a potential difference of considerable magnitude between electrodes 14 and 16. At the interface of ceramic cylinder 12 and either of end masses 20, however, there are almost inevitably materials of lower dielectric constant. For example, some air or other gases are usually present in the interface. When adhesives are used in the interface, air or other gases may be entrapped in the adhesive layer. Moreover, the adhesive itself may be a material of a low dielectric constant.
  • each of end masses 20 is electrically conductive, a potential difference will also exist between the end mass and at least one of electrodes 14 and 16, i.e., across the unpoled length of ceramic cylinder 12 (the portion not covered by electrodes 14 and 16) and the interface between the cylinder and the end mass. Voltage gradients across dielectric materials of differing dielectric constants are inversely proportional to the respective dielectric constants of the materials. With respect to the potential difference between electrodes 14 or 16 and either of end masses 20, the gradient is therefore greatest in the interface between ceramic cylinder 12 and the end mass, particularly in any air or other gases in that interface.
  • the potential gradients in the interfaces between ceramic cylinder 12 and end masses 20 may be great enough to cause so-called corona (i.e., ionization) in gases in these interfaces.
  • corona i.e., ionization
  • Such corona is damaging to the components of the transducer, particularly the ceramic and adhesive materials.
  • the corona described above is eliminated by rendering the potential gradient across the interfaces of ceramic cylinder 12 and end masses 20 effectively zero. This is accomplished by introducing an electrode 22 at each end of ceramic cylinder 12 and electrically connecting each of these electrodes to the adjacent end mass.
  • Each of electrodes 22 has the shape of an annular ring completely covering one end of ceramic cylinder 12. Like electrodes 14 and 16, electrodes 22 are intimately bonded or joined to the material of cylinder 12 so that no air or other gases are present between the material of cylinder 12 and the electrodes.
  • Electrodes 22 may be conductive paint, conductive epoxy, conductive adhesive, fired-on silver, or the like.
  • Electrodes 22 may also be made of a semiconducting material such as carbon impregnated paint, powdered copper, powdered silver, or the like. As in the case of electrodes 14 and 16, electrodes 22 are shown in FIG. 1 with exaggerated thickness.
  • each of electrodes 22 is electrically connected to the adjacent end mass by a metallic grounding spacer 24 of brass or the like.
  • Each of grounding spacers 24 has the shape of an annular ring and may in addition include a plurality of perforations 26 aligned with the longitudinal axis of transducer 10. Adhesive material in these perforations may be used to secure end masses 20 to electrodes 22 and thus to ceramic cylinder 12.
  • grounding spacer 24 is omitted and electrode 22 is electrically connected to end mass 20 by lead 30.
  • End mass 20 may be bonded to ceramic cylinder 12 by an adhesive layer 28 between end mass 20 and electrode 22.
  • the potential gradient across this adhesive is zero, thereby preventing the occurrence of corona in the interface.
  • a transducer including a first electrode connected to a first insulator of relatively high dielectric constant, a conductive end mass positioned adjacent a surface of said first insulator and insulated from said first electrode, and a second insulator of relatively low dielectric constant in at least some portions of the interface between said end mass and said surface of said first insulator, the improvement comprising:
  • a second electrode substantially covering the surface of said first insulator adjacent said end mass so as to separate said first and second insulators and means for conductivcly connecting said second electrode to said conductive end mass.
  • insulator is a piezoelectric ceramic.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Transducers For Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)

Abstract

In an electroacoustic transducer, corona in the interface between the ceramic transducer element and the electrically conductive transducer end mass, supporting structure, or the like, is substantially eliminated by means of a corona shield electrode on the ceramic element in the interface and electrically connected to the end mass or other conductive structure.

Description

3,243,769 3/1966 3,421,139 1/1969 Siebert.... 3,700,939 10/1972 Abbott.... 3,716,828 2/1973 Primary ExaminerMark O. Budd Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Davis, Hoxie, Faithful] & Hapgood [57] ABSTRACT TRANSDUCER CORONA SHIELD Inventor: Sid Schildkraut, Flushing, NY. [73] Assignee: Edo Corporation, College Point,
Feb. 15, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 332,716
United States Patent [191 Schildkraut [22] Filed:
0 5 340/10 In an electroacoustic transducer, corona in the inter- [51 Int. H041- 17/00 feee between the eeremie transdueer element and the 58 Field of Search 310/9.7, 9.8, 8.3, 8.7; electrically eenduetive tremsdueer end mess, pp
340/;() ing structure, or the like, is substantially eliminated by means of a corona shield electrode on the ceramic ele- 5 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures ment in the interface and electrically connected to the end mass or other conductive structure.
BIO/8.7 x
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,945,208 7/1960 Samsel.............................
TRANSDUCER CORONA SHIELD BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to electroacoustic transducers and more particularly to controlling corona discharge in piezoelectric ceramic transducers.
Electroacoustic transducers are used for transmitting and receiving acoustic energy in a wide variety of applications. In underwater sonar systems, for example, an electroacoustic transducer frequently serves as a source of sound waves radiated into the water for object detection, identification, etc. Among the most frequently used types of electroacoustic transducers are those having piezoelectric ceramic elements as active components. In transducers of this type, a change in the potential applied, for example, to opposite faces of the piezoelectric ceramic element causes at least one physical dimension of the element to change. The kinetic mechanical energy represented by the changing dimension of the ceramic element is radiated into the medium surrounding the transducer as acoustic energy. This is usually accomplished by using the ceramic element to accelerate another transducer component (e.g., a metal end mass) which is contiguous with the acoustic medium.
In many applications of transducers of the type described above, transducer responses of considerable magnitude must be produced. These require the application of very substantial voltages to the electrodes of the ceramic transducer element or elements. These voltages may be so high as to cause so-called corona breakdown (i.e., ionization) of the air or other gases in the transducer assembly. This problem is particularly acute with respect to air in the region of the interface between the ceramic element and the electrically conductive transducer end masses, supporting structures, or the like. Among the undesirable effects of corona may be erosion of the ceramic transducer element or so-called silver migration (i.e., attraction of electrode silver atoms to the corona area where they form structures which short-circuit or otherwise damage the transducer). Corona occuring in the adhesive joining the ceramic element and the transducer end masses or in air entrapped in that adhesive may be destructive of the adhesive bond as well as the ceramic material itself.
It is therefore an object of this invention to improve electroacoustic transducers of the type employing piezoelectric ceramic elements as active components.
It is a more particular object of this invention to pro vide piezoelectric ceramic transducers in which corona in the region of the interface between the ceramic element and the transducer end masses, supporting structures, or the like, is substantially reduced or eliminated.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION These and other objects of the invention are accomplished in accordance with the principles of the invention by introducing a corona shield electrode between the ceramic element and the transducer end mass, supporting structure, or the like. This corona shield electrode is intimately bonded to the ceramic element so that no air or other gases are present between the ceramic and the electrode. The ceramic element (with the corona shield electrode) may be bonded to the conductive transducer end mass, supporting structure, etc., by adhesives between the corona shield electrode and the end mass or supporting structure. The corona shield electrode is electrically connected to the conductive end mass or supporting structure so that the potential difference across the adhesive or other interface between the corona shield electrode and the end mass or supporting structure is zero. Accordingly, corona cannot occur in the interface between the ceramic element and the transducer end mass or supporting structure.
Further features of the invention, its nature and various advantages will be more apparent from the attached drawing and the following detailed description of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an electroacoustic transducer constructed in accordance with the principles of this invention and FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of an electroacoustic transducer showing an alternative embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As shown in FIG. 1, one frequently employed type of electroacoustic transducer 10 includes a hollow cylinder 12 of piezoelectric ceramic material such as barium titanate or lead zirconate titanate. Ceramic cylinder 12 (as well as the other components of transducer 10) is shown bisected along the longitudinal axis of the transducer. Partially covering the inner and outer surfaces of ceramic cylinder 12 are concentric cylindrical electrodes l4 and 16. Each of electrodes 14 and 16 is somewhat shorter, measured along the longitudinal axis of transducer 10, than ceramic cylinder 12. The thickness of electrodes 14 and 16 is exaggerated in FIG. 1 for clarity of illustration. At least one of electrodes 14 and 16 (usually inner electrode 14) is connected to a source (not shown) of transducer driving electrical potential by way of one of leads 18. The remaining electrode may be connected to ground by the remaining lead. Ceramic cylinder 12 responds to a change in the potential difference between electrodes 14 and 16 by changing in length.
At each end of ceramic cylinder 12 is a metal disc 20, usually referred to as an end mass. Although transducer 10 is shown with an identical end mass at each end of ceramic cylinder 12, it will be readily understood that this is not necessarily the case. For example, either end mass may include any arrangement of spacer rings, temperature compensating elements, mechanical impedance matching elements, frequency adjusting elements, or the like. In addition, either end mass may be part of a transducer supporting structure having any desired configuration. For convenience here, however, the term end mass will be understood to include any of these various elements and supporting structures.
Returning to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, end masses 20 are retained on the ends of ceramic cylinder 12 by adhesives or other mechanical means. When ceramic cylinder 12 changes in length, end masses 20 are accelerated in opposite directions along the longitudinal axis of the transducer. In the usual application, one of end masses 20 is contiguous with or mechanically coupled to an acoustic medium (e.g., air or water) and therefore acts to radiate acoustic energy into the medium when accelerated as described above. The opposite end mass is the non-radiating rear end mass of the transducer. Of course, both end masses may be made radiating if desired.
The ceramic material of cylinder 12 is an insulator of high dielectric constant (typically on the order of 1,000 times the dielectric constant of air). Typically, ceramic cylinder 12 can support a potential difference of considerable magnitude between electrodes 14 and 16. At the interface of ceramic cylinder 12 and either of end masses 20, however, there are almost inevitably materials of lower dielectric constant. For example, some air or other gases are usually present in the interface. When adhesives are used in the interface, air or other gases may be entrapped in the adhesive layer. Moreover, the adhesive itself may be a material of a low dielectric constant. Since each of end masses 20 is electrically conductive, a potential difference will also exist between the end mass and at least one of electrodes 14 and 16, i.e., across the unpoled length of ceramic cylinder 12 (the portion not covered by electrodes 14 and 16) and the interface between the cylinder and the end mass. Voltage gradients across dielectric materials of differing dielectric constants are inversely proportional to the respective dielectric constants of the materials. With respect to the potential difference between electrodes 14 or 16 and either of end masses 20, the gradient is therefore greatest in the interface between ceramic cylinder 12 and the end mass, particularly in any air or other gases in that interface. If transducer is operated at high potentials, the potential gradients in the interfaces between ceramic cylinder 12 and end masses 20 may be great enough to cause so-called corona (i.e., ionization) in gases in these interfaces. Such corona is damaging to the components of the transducer, particularly the ceramic and adhesive materials.
In accordance with the principles of this invention, the corona described above is eliminated by rendering the potential gradient across the interfaces of ceramic cylinder 12 and end masses 20 effectively zero. This is accomplished by introducing an electrode 22 at each end of ceramic cylinder 12 and electrically connecting each of these electrodes to the adjacent end mass. Each of electrodes 22 has the shape of an annular ring completely covering one end of ceramic cylinder 12. Like electrodes 14 and 16, electrodes 22 are intimately bonded or joined to the material of cylinder 12 so that no air or other gases are present between the material of cylinder 12 and the electrodes. Electrodes 22 may be conductive paint, conductive epoxy, conductive adhesive, fired-on silver, or the like. Electrodes 22 may also be made of a semiconducting material such as carbon impregnated paint, powdered copper, powdered silver, or the like. As in the case of electrodes 14 and 16, electrodes 22 are shown in FIG. 1 with exaggerated thickness.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 each of electrodes 22 is electrically connected to the adjacent end mass by a metallic grounding spacer 24 of brass or the like. Each of grounding spacers 24 has the shape of an annular ring and may in addition include a plurality of perforations 26 aligned with the longitudinal axis of transducer 10. Adhesive material in these perforations may be used to secure end masses 20 to electrodes 22 and thus to ceramic cylinder 12.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2, grounding spacer 24 is omitted and electrode 22 is electrically connected to end mass 20 by lead 30. End mass 20 may be bonded to ceramic cylinder 12 by an adhesive layer 28 between end mass 20 and electrode 22. As in the case of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the potential gradient across this adhesive is zero, thereby preventing the occurrence of corona in the interface.
It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are illustrative of the principles of this invention only, and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, whereas the invention has been described in its application to electroacoustic transducers having hollow cylindrical piezoelectric elements, the invention is equally applicable to transducers having a wide variety of other configurations and in which corona in the interfaces between piezoelectric elements and end masses or supports is a problem.
What is claimed is:
1. In a transducer including a first electrode connected to a first insulator of relatively high dielectric constant, a conductive end mass positioned adjacent a surface of said first insulator and insulated from said first electrode, and a second insulator of relatively low dielectric constant in at least some portions of the interface between said end mass and said surface of said first insulator, the improvement comprising:
a second electrode substantially covering the surface of said first insulator adjacent said end mass so as to separate said first and second insulators and means for conductivcly connecting said second electrode to said conductive end mass.
2. The apparatus defined in claim 1 wherein said second electrode is a layer of fired-on metal.
3. The apparatus defined in claim 1 wherein said second electrode is a layer of electrically conductive paint.
insulator is a piezoelectric ceramic.

Claims (5)

1. In a transducer including a first electrode connected to a fIrst insulator of relatively high dielectric constant, a conductive end mass positioned adjacent a surface of said first insulator and insulated from said first electrode, and a second insulator of relatively low dielectric constant in at least some portions of the interface between said end mass and said surface of said first insulator, the improvement comprising: a second electrode substantially covering the surface of said first insulator adjacent said end mass so as to separate said first and second insulators and means for conductively connecting said second electrode to said conductive end mass.
2. The apparatus defined in claim 1 wherein said second electrode is a layer of fired-on metal.
3. The apparatus defined in claim 1 wherein said second electrode is a layer of electrically conductive paint.
4. The apparatus defined in claim 1 wherein said means for conductively connecting comprises a perforated metal plate between said second electrode and said conductive end mass.
5. The apparatus defined in claim 1, wherein said first insulator is a piezoelectric ceramic.
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5199004A (en) * 1992-05-28 1993-03-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Sealed acoustical element using conductive epoxy
US5198715A (en) * 1990-05-23 1993-03-30 Digital Instruments, Inc. Scanner for scanning probe microscopes having reduced Z-axis non-linearity
FR2734444A1 (en) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-22 Silec Liaisons Elec Active ear transducer for low frequency noise cancellation
US20080042522A1 (en) * 2005-01-18 2008-02-21 Anke Althoff Piezoactuator with Low Stray Capacitance

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2945208A (en) * 1951-01-05 1960-07-12 Gen Electric Compressional wave transducer
US3243769A (en) * 1962-08-30 1966-03-29 Trott Winfield James Distributed coupling transducer
US3421139A (en) * 1966-08-23 1969-01-07 Sangamo Electric Co Acoustic transducers
US3700939A (en) * 1971-09-10 1972-10-24 Us Navy Ferroelectric ceramic stack
US3716828A (en) * 1970-02-02 1973-02-13 Dynamics Corp Massa Div Electroacoustic transducer with improved shock resistance

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2945208A (en) * 1951-01-05 1960-07-12 Gen Electric Compressional wave transducer
US3243769A (en) * 1962-08-30 1966-03-29 Trott Winfield James Distributed coupling transducer
US3421139A (en) * 1966-08-23 1969-01-07 Sangamo Electric Co Acoustic transducers
US3716828A (en) * 1970-02-02 1973-02-13 Dynamics Corp Massa Div Electroacoustic transducer with improved shock resistance
US3700939A (en) * 1971-09-10 1972-10-24 Us Navy Ferroelectric ceramic stack

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5198715A (en) * 1990-05-23 1993-03-30 Digital Instruments, Inc. Scanner for scanning probe microscopes having reduced Z-axis non-linearity
US5199004A (en) * 1992-05-28 1993-03-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy Sealed acoustical element using conductive epoxy
FR2734444A1 (en) * 1995-05-17 1996-11-22 Silec Liaisons Elec Active ear transducer for low frequency noise cancellation
US20080042522A1 (en) * 2005-01-18 2008-02-21 Anke Althoff Piezoactuator with Low Stray Capacitance
US7579756B2 (en) * 2005-01-18 2009-08-25 Epcos Ag Piezoactuator with low stray capacitance

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