US3853700A - Carbon-trap alloys for liquid sodium - Google Patents
Carbon-trap alloys for liquid sodium Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3853700A US3853700A US00412395A US41239573A US3853700A US 3853700 A US3853700 A US 3853700A US 00412395 A US00412395 A US 00412395A US 41239573 A US41239573 A US 41239573A US 3853700 A US3853700 A US 3853700A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- alloys
- alloy
- trapping
- consisting essentially
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 title abstract description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 230000000452 restraining effect Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910002551 Fe-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002593 Fe-Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910017060 Fe Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002544 Fe-Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000183290 Scleropages leichardti Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C19/00—Arrangements for treating, for handling, or for facilitating the handling of, fuel or other materials which are used within the reactor, e.g. within its pressure vessel
- G21C19/28—Arrangements for introducing fluent material into the reactor core; Arrangements for removing fluent material from the reactor core
- G21C19/30—Arrangements for introducing fluent material into the reactor core; Arrangements for removing fluent material from the reactor core with continuous purification of circulating fluent material, e.g. by extraction of fission products deterioration or corrosion products, impurities, e.g. by cold traps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
Definitions
- the invention described herein consists of a series of alloys in which carbon diffusion is significantly faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers.
- These novel alloy binary alloys consist ofiron (Fe) and selected amounts of either titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), or manganese (Mn).
- These alloys are solid solutions in which the carbide forming elements (Ti, V, Mn) are uniformly distributed on an atomic scale.
- a further object of the invention is to provide alloys in which carbon diffusion is faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers for trapping carbon being transported in liquid sodium.
- Another object of the invention is to provide special alloys which serve to trap carbon contained in liquid sodium coolant and are solid solutions in which the carbide forming elements are uniformly distributed on an atomic scale.
- the invention comprises special alloys in which carbon diffusion is about 10 times faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers. Such alloys are particularly useful in liquid metal cooled reactors to protect components, such as heat exchangers, from damage due to carburization during sodium circulation. These novel alloys possess the optimum kinetic and thermodynamic properties which can make them efficient carbon traps for full-flow sodium service in a nuclear reactor, because they do not require heating above normal operating temperatures for efficient carbon trapping.
- liquid sodium coolant in nuclear reactors such as the LMFBR
- the present invention provides carbon trapping alloys which are more active as a carbide former than stainless steel, and thus remove the carbon from the sodium coolant far more rapidly than the stainless steel, thereby effectively protecting reactor components, such as the IHX, from damage due to carburization during sodium service.
- Thespecial binary alloys constituting the invention comprise the following for compositions; v
- a material for trapping carbon and thereby preventing damage to components due to carburization comprising a binary alloy in which carbon diffusion is faster than in austenitic steels and which contains an active carbide former, said binary alloy consisting essentially of Fe and a second element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 30 wt.'% Ti, 0.5 to 25 wt.% V, and 0.5 to 5 wt.% Mn.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
Abstract
Special binary alloys (Fe-Ti, Fe-V, Fe-Mn) possess the optimum kinetic and thermodynamic properties which make them efficient carbon traps for full-flow liquid sodium cooled system, and thus can be effectively utilized to protect heat exchangers from damage due to carburization during sodium circulation. These alloys do not require heating above normal operating temperatures, for efficient carbon trapping.
Description
United States atent [1 1 Armijo Dec. 10, 1974 CARBON-TRAP ALLOYS FOR LIQUID SODIUM [76] Inventor: Joseph S. Armijo, 19310 Portos Ct.,
Saratoga, Calif. 95070 [22] Filed: Nov. 2, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 412,395
[52] US. Cl. 176/38, 75/123 M, 75/123 N, 75/123 J [51] Int. Cl G2lc 15/02 [58] Field of Search 75/123 M, 123 N, 123 J; 176/37, 38
[56] References Cited OTHER PUBLICATIONS Hansen, Constitution of Binary Alloys,pp. 223-227, 1958.
Comstock, Titanium in Iron and Steel," pp. 163-165, 1955.
Primary Examiner-L. Dewayne Rutledge Assistant Examiner-Arthur J. Steiner Attorney, Agent, or FirmJohn A. Horan; Frederick A. Robertson; L. E. Carnahan 5 7 ABSTRACT 4 Claims, N0 Drawings CARBON-TRAP ALLOYS FOR LIQUID SODIUM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION embrittle the IHX material and degrade its thermal conductivity.
One prior known method for routine or emergency control of carbon is with a bypass carbon trap, wherein the sodium coolant is at least partially circulated through a carbon trapping mechanism. The problem with carbon trapping is that any efficient device must be as active or more active a carbide former as stainless steel, and must remove the carbon from the coolant far more rapidly than the stainless steel of the IHX or other component.
Previous attempts to make carbon traps have not been efficient because an inadequate material was used as the carbon trap. For example, Type 304 austenitic stainless steel has been used as a carbon trap material in sodium cooled systems. However, this material will not operate efficiently as a carbon trap unless it is heated to temperatures substantially higher than the bulk sodium. The same problems are associated with pure titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), or niobium (Nb) metals which have also been previously used as carbon traps.
Previous carbon trap metals and alloys have failed for kinetic reasons, i.e., the carbon must diffuse slowly through an austenitic or a carbide crystal structure. This slow diffusion limits the rate of carbon pickup from the stream of liquid sodium coolant. Thus, with increased use of liquid metal sodium as a coolant, a need exists for a simple yet effective method of controlling carbon transport from one component to another via the coolant.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention described herein consists of a series of alloys in which carbon diffusion is significantly faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers. These novel alloy binary alloys consist ofiron (Fe) and selected amounts of either titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), or manganese (Mn). These alloys are solid solutions in which the carbide forming elements (Ti, V, Mn) are uniformly distributed on an atomic scale.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide carbon trap alloys for liquid metal coolant.
A further object of the invention is to provide alloys in which carbon diffusion is faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers for trapping carbon being transported in liquid sodium.
Another object of the invention is to provide special alloys which serve to trap carbon contained in liquid sodium coolant and are solid solutions in which the carbide forming elements are uniformly distributed on an atomic scale.
Other objects of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention comprises special alloys in which carbon diffusion is about 10 times faster than in austenitic stainless steels, and which contain active carbide formers. Such alloys are particularly useful in liquid metal cooled reactors to protect components, such as heat exchangers, from damage due to carburization during sodium circulation. These novel alloys possess the optimum kinetic and thermodynamic properties which can make them efficient carbon traps for full-flow sodium service in a nuclear reactor, because they do not require heating above normal operating temperatures for efficient carbon trapping.
As pointed out above, liquid sodium coolant in nuclear reactors, such as the LMFBR, will transport carbon from the austenitic stainless steel core and the ferritic steel steam generator to austenitic stainless steel components, such as the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX), causing embrittlement thereof and degrading of its thermal conductivity. The present invention provides carbon trapping alloys which are more active as a carbide former than stainless steel, and thus remove the carbon from the sodium coolant far more rapidly than the stainless steel, thereby effectively protecting reactor components, such as the IHX, from damage due to carburization during sodium service.
Thespecial binary alloys constituting the invention comprise the following for compositions; v
1. Iron (Fe) plus 0.5 to 30 wt.% titanium (Ti) 2. Iron (Fe) plus 0.5 to 25 wt.% vanadium (V) 3. Iron (Fe) plus 0.5 to 5 wt.% manganese (Mn) Each of the above alloys are solid solutions in which the carbide forming elements (Ti, V, and Mn) are uniformly distributed on an atomic scale. The crystal structure of each of these alloys (b.cc) is such, that their rate of carbon pickup will be about l0 times faster than the rate of carbon pickup by an austenitic (f.c.c.) stainless steel such as Type 304. Further, since the activity of carbon is defined by the carbide forming elements, these alloys are as active carbide formers as stainless steels. Finally, since these are binary alloys the trapping of carbon will produce a two-phase moving boundary layer in which carbide particles will be uniformly distributed in a b.cc matrix. Therefore, a carbon trap, utilizing these alloys will not plug up by forming a continuous carbide layer.
Experiments conducted to varify the inventive concept show, for example, that the Fe-9 Ti alloy is approximately ten (10) times more effective in trapping carbon than stainless steel, and that Fe-Cr alloys are ineffective. These test results are set forth in greater detailing in U.S.A.E.C. Report GEAP-l39l9-3 generated under the above-identified contract with the Atomic Energy Commission.
Ithas thus been shown that with the binary alloys of this invention, efficient carbon traps for primary or secondary liquid sodium systems can be provided, thereby overcoming the problems of the prior known carbon traps, and thus substantially advancing the state of the art relating to carbon trapping.
While particular binary alloys have been described,
modifications might be accomplished by those skilled in the art, and it is intended to cover in the appended claims all such modifications as come within the spirit and scope of the invention.
What I claim is:
1. In a sodium cooled nuclear reactor containing austenitic stainless steel components subject to damage due to carburization during sodium circulation, a material for trapping carbon and thereby preventing damage to components due to carburization comprising a binary alloy in which carbon diffusion is faster than in austenitic steels and which contains an active carbide former, said binary alloy consisting essentially of Fe and a second element selected from the group consisting of 0.5 to 30 wt.'% Ti, 0.5 to 25 wt.% V, and 0.5 to 5 wt.% Mn.
2. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim I, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe 0.5 to 30 wt.% Ti.
3. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim 1, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe 0.5 to 25 wt.% V.
4. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim 1, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe 0.5 to 5 wt.% Mn.
Claims (4)
1. IN A SODIUM NUCLEAR REACTOR CONTAINING AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL COMPONENTS SUBJECT TO DAMAGE DUE TO CARBURIZATION DURING SODIUM CIRCULATION, A METAL FOR TRAPPING CRBON AND THEREBY PREVENTING DAMAGE TO COMPONENTS DUE TO CARBURIZATION COMPRISING A BINARY ALLOY IN WHICH CARBON DIFFUSION IS FASTER THAN IN AUSTENITIC STEELS AND WHICH CONTAINS AN ACTIVE CARBIDE FORMER, SAID BINARY ALLOY CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF FE AND A SECOND ELEMENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF 0.5 TO 30 WT,% V, AND 0.5 TO 5 WT.% MN. AND RECEIVING THEREIN SAID FUEL ELEMENTS TO MAINTAIN THEM IN A VERTICALLY EXTENDING POSITION BETWEEN END FITTINGS; MEANS ASSOICATED WITH SAID UPPER CORE ALIGNMENT STRUCTURE AND SAID UPPER END FITTINGS FOR LATERALLY RESTRAINING EACH OF SAID FUEL ASSEMBLIES WHILE ALLOWING LIMITED AXIAL MOVEMENT THEREOF: A PLURALIGY OF ALIIGNMENT POSTS AFFIXED TO EACH OF SAID LOWER END FITTINGS AND EXTENDING DOWNWARDLY THEREFROM; A POST ENGAGING MEANS, ASSOCIATED WITH EACH OF SAID ALIGNMENT POSTS, AFFIXED TO AND EXTENDING UPWARDLY FROM SAID LOWER CORE SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR SLIDABLE RECEIVING AND LATERALLY RESTRAINING SAID ALIGNMENT POSTS, SAID POST ENGAGING MEANS INCLUDING A SPRING CONTAINMENT SECTION HAVING SPRING RETAINING MEANS AT ITS LOWER END AND MEANS FOR TRANSMITTING DOWNWARD FORCE ON SAID SPRING RETAINING MEANS TO SAID LOWER CORE SUPPORT STRUCTURE; AND COIL SPRING MEANS IN PARTIAL COMPRESSION DISPOSED WITHIN SAID SPRING RECEIVING SECTION, REACTING DOWNWARDLY AGAINST SAID LOWER CORE SUPPORT STRUCTURE AND REACTING UPWARDLY THROUGH SAID LOWER END FITTINGS TO URGE SAID FUEL ASSEMBLIES IN ENGAGEMENT WITH SAID UPPER CORE ALIGNMENT STRUCTURE.
2. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim 1, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe + 0.5 to 30 wt.% Ti.
3. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim 1, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe + 0.5 to 25 wt.% V.
4. The material for trapping carbon defined in claim 1, wherein said alloy is consisting essentially of Fe + 0.5 to 5 wt.% Mn.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00412395A US3853700A (en) | 1973-11-02 | 1973-11-02 | Carbon-trap alloys for liquid sodium |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00412395A US3853700A (en) | 1973-11-02 | 1973-11-02 | Carbon-trap alloys for liquid sodium |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3853700A true US3853700A (en) | 1974-12-10 |
Family
ID=23632796
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00412395A Expired - Lifetime US3853700A (en) | 1973-11-02 | 1973-11-02 | Carbon-trap alloys for liquid sodium |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3853700A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4111689A (en) * | 1976-02-09 | 1978-09-05 | Franklin Baumgartner | Method of storing hydrogen |
| US4830816A (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1989-05-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Getter trap for removing hydrogen and oxygen from a liquid metal |
| US4840845A (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 1989-06-20 | Nec Corporation | Magnetic recording medium having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy |
| US7547358B1 (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2009-06-16 | Shapiro Zalman M | System and method for diamond deposition using a liquid-solvent carbon-transfer mechanism |
-
1973
- 1973-11-02 US US00412395A patent/US3853700A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Comstock, Titanium in Iron and Steel, pp. 163 165, 1955. * |
| Hansen, Constitution of Binary Alloys, pp. 223 227, 1958. * |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4111689A (en) * | 1976-02-09 | 1978-09-05 | Franklin Baumgartner | Method of storing hydrogen |
| US4840845A (en) * | 1986-06-06 | 1989-06-20 | Nec Corporation | Magnetic recording medium having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy |
| US4830816A (en) * | 1987-10-13 | 1989-05-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Getter trap for removing hydrogen and oxygen from a liquid metal |
| US7547358B1 (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2009-06-16 | Shapiro Zalman M | System and method for diamond deposition using a liquid-solvent carbon-transfer mechanism |
| US20090255457A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2009-10-15 | Shapiro Zalman M | System and method for epitaxial deposition of a crystal using a liquid-solvent fluidized-bed mechanism |
| US7922815B2 (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2011-04-12 | Shapiro Zalman M | System and method for epitaxial deposition of a crystal using a liquid-solvent fluidized-bed mechanism |
| US20110185964A1 (en) * | 2008-03-03 | 2011-08-04 | Shapiro Zalman M | Method and system for diamond deposition using a liquid-solvent carbon-tranfser mechanism |
| US8088221B2 (en) | 2008-03-03 | 2012-01-03 | Shapiro Zalman M | Method and system for diamond deposition using a liquid-solvent carbon-tranfser mechanism |
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