US3612201A - Self-propelled platform tower - Google Patents
Self-propelled platform tower Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3612201A US3612201A US47299A US3612201DA US3612201A US 3612201 A US3612201 A US 3612201A US 47299 A US47299 A US 47299A US 3612201D A US3612201D A US 3612201DA US 3612201 A US3612201 A US 3612201A
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- deck
- frame
- movable
- corner
- supporting
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- Expired - Lifetime
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- 230000008093 supporting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000025814 Inflammatory myopathy with abundant macrophages Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
- E02B17/02—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto
- E02B17/021—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto with relative movement between supporting construction and platform
- E02B17/022—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor placed by lowering the supporting construction to the bottom, e.g. with subsequent fixing thereto with relative movement between supporting construction and platform adapted to travel on the bottom
Definitions
- This invention relates to a deck or work platform supported so that it can be moved in a selected direction and to a selected extent over the ground both under water and on land. it may be used on the sea bottom, particularly in an offshore location. it may also be used on tundra, muskeg, swampy locations and the like.
- a further object of the invention is to provide a platform which can be moved fore and aft and transversely as desired.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the movable platform or work deck of this invention.
- FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the work platform.
- FIG. 3 is a plan view of the work platform.
- FIG. 4 is an end view of the work platform.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged end view showing a support for the frame which is utilized to move the work deck.
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing the double roller support.
- a work deck or platform 7 This is generally rectangular in shape and provides a solid working surface to support suitable tools such as the derrick, generally indicated at 8.
- a control panel 9 mounted on the surface of the deck is a control panel 9 which includes suitable controls for operation of hydraulic pump 11 which is utilized to supply pressure for the operation of various hydraulic rams as will be presently described.
- each corner post includes and supports a movable ground-engaging member 13.
- Each ground-engaging member can be selectively raised and lowered with respect to its sup porting comer post by means of the hydraulic ram, indicated at 14, this being supplied with fluid under pressure from pump.
- ground engaging members may be at different elevations depending upon the contour of the sea bottom, generally indicated at 17.
- I provide a rectangular frame 18 which is selectively movable in a fore-and-aft direction as indicated by arrows with respect to the deck and in a direction transverse to the deck as indicated by arrows 20.
- the frame 18 is made up of longitudinal cylindrical members 19 and transverse cylindrical members 21 joined together to form a rectangular frame.
- a second set of four comer posts 22 is provided at each comer of the frame. These are similar in construction to each of the four corner posts previously described and which are attached to the deck 7; each of corner posts 22 supports a movable ground-engaging member 23 which is raised and lowered by an hydraulic ram 24 with fluid from pump 11.
- a rectangular frame, generally indicated at 26, is mounted, this having an upper channel rail 27, a lower channel rail 28 supported on one side by a comer post 12 and at the other end by the vertical member 29.
- Each of the horizontal members 19 is supported in a hexagonal frame 31 (FIG. 5) having vertically extending rollers 32 9lll l ther in,qaqrmmitsi dsitgivpP EP9E9f 9 la'r members 19.
- tracks 33 are provided and are engaged with horizontal rollers 34.
- rollers 36 ride in the channel rails 27 and 28 to permit the hexagonal frame and the supported frame 18 to be moved transversely of the deck by the hydraulic ram, generally indicated at 39.
- another ram structure is mounted on the underside of each of the frame members 19 as appears in FIG. 3, each of the piston rods 38 being connected to one of the corner posts 12.
- the forward and transverse movement of the platform 7 on the frame 18 can be achieved simultaneously, that is, platform 7 can be moved forwardly and transversely at the same time because the platform 7 is adequately supported by the frame 18.
- a movable platform comprising:
- each of said first comer posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein
- each of said second corner posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein
- each movable ground-engaging member (i) means for raising and lowering each movable ground-engaging member (i) with respect to its supporting corner posts.
- the improvement comprising:
- each movable frame supporting a member of the rectangular frame.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Revetment (AREA)
- Forklifts And Lifting Vehicles (AREA)
- Auxiliary Methods And Devices For Loading And Unloading (AREA)
- Conveying And Assembling Of Building Elements In Situ (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to a deck or work platform supported so that it can be moved in a selected direction and to a selected extent over the ground both under water and on land. It may be used on the sea bottom, particularly in an offshore location. It may also be used on tundra, muskeg, swampy locations and the like.
Description
United States Patent RichardH. Smith 30 Bates Road, Hillsborough, Calif. 94010 Appl. No. 47,299
Filed June 18, 1970 Patented Oct. 12, 1971 lnventor sELF-PRoPiiLLEo imam TOWER 1 Claim, 6 Drawing Figs.
US. Cl 180/8 E, 61/46.5,115/9 Int. Cl ..B62d 57/02, 1302b 17/00 Field of Search" ..'61/46.5, 45 D, 63; 180/8 C, 8 E, 8 R, 4; 115/9 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,115,754 12/ 1963 Joseph 61/45 D 3,283,516 ll/1966 DeLong et a1.. 61/465 3,527,313 9/1970 Reimann 180/8 C Primary Examinerlacob Shapiro AttorneyEckhoff and l-loppe ABSTRACT: This invention relates to a deck or work platform supported so that it can be moved in a selected direction and to a selected extent over the ground both under water and on land. it may be used on the sea bottom, particularly in an offshore location. it may also be used on tundra, muskeg, swampy locations and the like.
I 1' SELF-PROPELLED PLATFORM TOWER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is in general the broad object of the present invention to provide a movable platform which can be moved over ground as desired from time to time.
A further object of the invention is to provide a platform which can be moved fore and aft and transversely as desired.
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the movable platform or work deck of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the work platform.
FIG. 3 is a plan view of the work platform.
FIG. 4 is an end view of the work platform.
FIG. 5 is an enlarged end view showing a support for the frame which is utilized to move the work deck.
FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing the double roller support.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In accordance with this invention, I provide a work deck or platform 7. This is generally rectangular in shape and provides a solid working surface to support suitable tools such as the derrick, generally indicated at 8. Mounted on the surface of the deck is a control panel 9 which includes suitable controls for operation of hydraulic pump 11 which is utilized to supply pressure for the operation of various hydraulic rams as will be presently described.
In accordance with this invention, 1 provide a first set of vertical comer posts 12 at each of the four corners of the work deck. Each corner post includes and supports a movable ground-engaging member 13. Each ground-engaging member can be selectively raised and lowered with respect to its sup porting comer post by means of the hydraulic ram, indicated at 14, this being supplied with fluid under pressure from pump.
11 through line 16 under the supervision of control panel 9. As appears in FIG. 2, the several ground engaging members may be at different elevations depending upon the contour of the sea bottom, generally indicated at 17.
In accordance with this invention, I provide a rectangular frame 18 which is selectively movable in a fore-and-aft direction as indicated by arrows with respect to the deck and in a direction transverse to the deck as indicated by arrows 20. The frame 18 is made up of longitudinal cylindrical members 19 and transverse cylindrical members 21 joined together to form a rectangular frame. At each comer of the frame, a second set of four comer posts 22 is provided. These are similar in construction to each of the four corner posts previously described and which are attached to the deck 7; each of corner posts 22 supports a movable ground-engaging member 23 which is raised and lowered by an hydraulic ram 24 with fluid from pump 11.
At each corner of the deck 7, a rectangular frame, generally indicated at 26, is mounted, this having an upper channel rail 27, a lower channel rail 28 supported on one side by a comer post 12 and at the other end by the vertical member 29. Each of the horizontal members 19 is supported in a hexagonal frame 31 (FIG. 5) having vertically extending rollers 32 9lll l ther in,qaqrmmitsi dsitgivpP EP9E9f 9 la'r members 19. At the top and bottom of each tubular 19, tracks 33 are provided and are engaged with horizontal rollers 34. At the top and bottom of the hexagonal frame 31, rollers 36 ride in the channel rails 27 and 28 to permit the hexagonal frame and the supported frame 18 to be moved transversely of the deck by the hydraulic ram, generally indicated at 39. To move the frame 18 fore and aft, another ram structure, generally indicated at 37, is mounted on the underside of each of the frame members 19 as appears in FIG. 3, each of the piston rods 38 being connected to one of the corner posts 12.
In operation, with the platform 7 being suitably supported only on the sea bottom by the comer posts 12 and it being desired to move the platform forward to another location, fluid would be supplied to the hydraulic rams 37 to move the frame 18 forward of the platform to the greatest extent permissible as indicated in the dotted line position of the frame and corner post 22 on the right of FIG. 2. When this forward movement has been completed, the ground-engaging members 23 in corner posts 22 being elevated, such members 23 would then be moved downwardly to engage the sea bottom. When this engagement has been attained, the movable elements 13 in each of the corner posts 12 would be retracted and the platform 7 moved forwardly by the rams 37. When this forward movement has been completed, the movable elements 13 in each of the corner posts 12 would be lowered to engage bottom following which the retraction of movable elements 23 in each of the corner posts 22 of the movable frame would be effected and the further forward movement of frame 18 would then be effected.
When it was desired to move the structure transversely or sideways, this would be achieved by moving the frame 31 by the ram 39, the movable elements 23 being in a retracted position in each of the comer posts 22.
The forward and transverse movement of the platform 7 on the frame 18 can be achieved simultaneously, that is, platform 7 can be moved forwardly and transversely at the same time because the platform 7 is adequately supported by the frame 18.
From the foregoing, I believe it will be apparent that l have provided a novel and simple movable platform construction which can be moved fore and aft and transversely as desired over sea bottom which may be of quite an uneven contour.
I claim:
I. In a movable platform comprising:
a. a flat generally horizontal rectangular deck,
b. a first set of four comer posts provided at each comer of said deck,
c. each of said first comer posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein,
d. means for raising and lowering each movable ground-engaging member (c) with respect to its supporting corner posts,
e. a rectangular frame,
f. means supporting said frame on said deck for movement selectively fore and aft of said deck and transversely of said deck,
g. means for moving said frame selectively in each such direction,
h. a second set of four comer posts provided at each comer of said frame,
i. each of said second corner posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein, and
j. means for raising and lowering each movable ground-engaging member (i) with respect to its supporting corner posts.
The improvement comprising:
k. track means mounted at each comer of the deck and extending transversely of the deck at each such comer,
l. a movable frame supported on the track means and movable thereon,
m. and means for moving each movable frame selectively with respect to the deck,
n. each movable frame supporting a member of the rectangular frame.
Claims (1)
1. In a movable platform comprising: a. a flat generally horizontal rectangular deck, b. a first set of four corner posts provided at each corner of said deck, c. each of said first corner posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein, d. means for raising and lowering each movable ground-engaging member (c) with respect to its supporting corner posts, e. a rectangular frame, f. means supporting said frame on said deck for movement selectively fore and aft of said deck and transversely of said deck, g. means for moving said frame selectively in each such direction, h. a second set of four corner posts provided at each corner of said frame, i. each of said second corner posts including and supporting a movable ground-engaging member therein, and j. means for raising and lowering each movable ground-engaging member (i) with respect to its supporting corner posts. The improvement comprising: k. track means mounted at each corner of the deck and extending transversely of the deck at each such corner, l. a movable frame Supported on the track means and movable thereon, m. and means for moving each movable frame selectively with respect to the deck, n. each movable frame supporting a member of the rectangular frame.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US4729970A | 1970-06-18 | 1970-06-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3612201A true US3612201A (en) | 1971-10-12 |
Family
ID=21948193
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US47299A Expired - Lifetime US3612201A (en) | 1970-06-18 | 1970-06-18 | Self-propelled platform tower |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3612201A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA934559A (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1300511A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL163281C (en) |
Cited By (26)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3734220A (en) * | 1972-01-07 | 1973-05-22 | R Smith | Self-propelled platform tower having mechanical and hydraulic supporting means |
| US3927535A (en) * | 1972-09-08 | 1975-12-23 | Sharp Inc G | Jack-up type offshore oil production platform apparatus and method |
| DE2917670A1 (en) * | 1978-05-03 | 1979-11-08 | Rsv Gusto Eng Bv | WALKABLE LIFTING ISLAND |
| US4270877A (en) * | 1977-12-09 | 1981-06-02 | Steven Baggeren V.V. | Working platform |
| US4333259A (en) * | 1980-11-13 | 1982-06-08 | Chen Te-Son | Wall-clambering toy space bug |
| US4674949A (en) * | 1982-01-11 | 1987-06-23 | International Robotic Engineering, Inc. | Robot with climbing feet |
| US4738583A (en) * | 1986-09-30 | 1988-04-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Space spider crane |
| US5351773A (en) * | 1992-12-01 | 1994-10-04 | Ken Yanagisawa | Walking robot |
| US5888019A (en) * | 1997-08-25 | 1999-03-30 | Quastad; Donald D. | Walking hoist |
| US5921336A (en) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-07-13 | Parker Drilling Company | Walking substructure device |
| US6581525B2 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2003-06-24 | Columbia Trailer Co., Inc. | Method and apparatus for transporting and steering a load |
| GB2412632A (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-10-05 | Seacore Ltd | Displaceable platform structure and method of the displacement thereof |
| US20120060742A1 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-03-15 | Hewitt Machine & Mfg. Inc. | On board lift leg construction for pontoon boats with onboard engine |
| US20140326521A1 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2014-11-06 | Matia Robotics Mekatronik Sistemler Ar-Ge Mühendi- Slik Yazilim Sanayi Ve Ticaret | Transport device |
| US9073588B1 (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2015-07-07 | Orion Drilling Company | Heavy machinery substructure for traversing and working over ground obstructions |
| US20160186495A1 (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2016-06-30 | Superior Energy Services-North America Services, Inc. | Transport Platform Apparatus And Method |
| US9862437B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2018-01-09 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Mounting structure with storable transport system |
| USRE46723E1 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2018-02-20 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Alignment restoration device for load transporting apparatus |
| US20180354143A1 (en) * | 2017-06-10 | 2018-12-13 | Benjamin F. Dorfman | Robots with dynamically controlled position of center of mass |
| US10556631B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2020-02-11 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Low profile roller assembly |
| US10793409B2 (en) | 2017-07-12 | 2020-10-06 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Lifting loads with lifting devices |
| US10889961B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 | 2021-01-12 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Automatic walking for a load transporting apparatus |
| US10895882B2 (en) | 2017-08-01 | 2021-01-19 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Controlling load transporting devices |
| US10899401B2 (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2021-01-26 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Yaw alignment system |
| US11180319B2 (en) | 2017-11-22 | 2021-11-23 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Skid system for load transport apparatus |
| US11407460B2 (en) | 2018-05-31 | 2022-08-09 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Nonlinear walking apparatus |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2363607C1 (en) * | 2008-02-11 | 2009-08-10 | Валерий Николаевич Пермяков | Increased cross-country capacity vehicle |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3115754A (en) * | 1959-01-23 | 1963-12-31 | Dowty Mining Equipment Ltd | Mining shield |
| US3283516A (en) * | 1962-11-19 | 1966-11-08 | De Long Corp | Walking work barge |
| US3527313A (en) * | 1966-08-01 | 1970-09-08 | Otto Reimann | Apparatus for walking ground-working machinery |
-
1970
- 1970-06-18 US US47299A patent/US3612201A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1971
- 1971-05-14 CA CA112975A patent/CA934559A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-05-14 GB GB05016/71A patent/GB1300511A/en not_active Expired
- 1971-06-16 NL NL7108263.A patent/NL163281C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3115754A (en) * | 1959-01-23 | 1963-12-31 | Dowty Mining Equipment Ltd | Mining shield |
| US3283516A (en) * | 1962-11-19 | 1966-11-08 | De Long Corp | Walking work barge |
| US3527313A (en) * | 1966-08-01 | 1970-09-08 | Otto Reimann | Apparatus for walking ground-working machinery |
Cited By (33)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3734220A (en) * | 1972-01-07 | 1973-05-22 | R Smith | Self-propelled platform tower having mechanical and hydraulic supporting means |
| US3927535A (en) * | 1972-09-08 | 1975-12-23 | Sharp Inc G | Jack-up type offshore oil production platform apparatus and method |
| US4270877A (en) * | 1977-12-09 | 1981-06-02 | Steven Baggeren V.V. | Working platform |
| DE2917670A1 (en) * | 1978-05-03 | 1979-11-08 | Rsv Gusto Eng Bv | WALKABLE LIFTING ISLAND |
| US4333259A (en) * | 1980-11-13 | 1982-06-08 | Chen Te-Son | Wall-clambering toy space bug |
| US4674949A (en) * | 1982-01-11 | 1987-06-23 | International Robotic Engineering, Inc. | Robot with climbing feet |
| US4738583A (en) * | 1986-09-30 | 1988-04-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Space spider crane |
| US5351773A (en) * | 1992-12-01 | 1994-10-04 | Ken Yanagisawa | Walking robot |
| US5888019A (en) * | 1997-08-25 | 1999-03-30 | Quastad; Donald D. | Walking hoist |
| US5921336A (en) * | 1997-09-16 | 1999-07-13 | Parker Drilling Company | Walking substructure device |
| US6581525B2 (en) | 2001-05-09 | 2003-06-24 | Columbia Trailer Co., Inc. | Method and apparatus for transporting and steering a load |
| GB2412632A (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2005-10-05 | Seacore Ltd | Displaceable platform structure and method of the displacement thereof |
| GB2412632B (en) * | 2004-03-16 | 2008-03-26 | Seacore Ltd | Displaceable platform structure and method of the displacement thereof |
| US8025462B2 (en) | 2004-03-16 | 2011-09-27 | Fugro Seacore, Ltd. | Displaceable platform structure and method of the displacement thereof |
| US20120060742A1 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2012-03-15 | Hewitt Machine & Mfg. Inc. | On board lift leg construction for pontoon boats with onboard engine |
| US8430045B2 (en) * | 2010-09-13 | 2013-04-30 | Hewitt Machine & Mfg., Inc. | On board lift leg construction for pontoon boats with onboard engine |
| US20140326521A1 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2014-11-06 | Matia Robotics Mekatronik Sistemler Ar-Ge Mühendi- Slik Yazilim Sanayi Ve Ticaret | Transport device |
| US9629761B2 (en) * | 2011-11-28 | 2017-04-25 | Matia Robotics Mekatronik Sistemler Ar-Ge Muhendislik Yazilim Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi | Transport device |
| US10207756B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2019-02-19 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Mounting structure with storable transport system |
| US10556631B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2020-02-11 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Low profile roller assembly |
| US9862437B2 (en) * | 2011-12-16 | 2018-01-09 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Mounting structure with storable transport system |
| USRE46723E1 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2018-02-20 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Alignment restoration device for load transporting apparatus |
| US9988112B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2018-06-05 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Mounting structure with storable transport system |
| US9073588B1 (en) * | 2014-06-05 | 2015-07-07 | Orion Drilling Company | Heavy machinery substructure for traversing and working over ground obstructions |
| US20160186495A1 (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2016-06-30 | Superior Energy Services-North America Services, Inc. | Transport Platform Apparatus And Method |
| US10144463B2 (en) * | 2014-12-24 | 2018-12-04 | Superior Energy Services-North America Services, Inc | Transport platform apparatus and method |
| US10899401B2 (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2021-01-26 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Yaw alignment system |
| US20180354143A1 (en) * | 2017-06-10 | 2018-12-13 | Benjamin F. Dorfman | Robots with dynamically controlled position of center of mass |
| US10793409B2 (en) | 2017-07-12 | 2020-10-06 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Lifting loads with lifting devices |
| US10895882B2 (en) | 2017-08-01 | 2021-01-19 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Controlling load transporting devices |
| US10889961B2 (en) | 2017-08-08 | 2021-01-12 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Automatic walking for a load transporting apparatus |
| US11180319B2 (en) | 2017-11-22 | 2021-11-23 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Skid system for load transport apparatus |
| US11407460B2 (en) | 2018-05-31 | 2022-08-09 | Entro Industries, Inc. | Nonlinear walking apparatus |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL163281C (en) | 1980-08-15 |
| GB1300511A (en) | 1972-12-20 |
| NL163281B (en) | 1980-03-17 |
| CA934559A (en) | 1973-10-02 |
| NL7108263A (en) | 1971-12-21 |
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