US3689329A - Carbon steel spring elements - Google Patents
Carbon steel spring elements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3689329A US3689329A US852157A US3689329DA US3689329A US 3689329 A US3689329 A US 3689329A US 852157 A US852157 A US 852157A US 3689329D A US3689329D A US 3689329DA US 3689329 A US3689329 A US 3689329A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- percent
- steel
- carbon steel
- spring elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 29
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 title abstract description 22
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 21
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 11
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 19
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 19
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000364057 Peoria Species 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000639 Spring steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
- Y10S428/923—Physical dimension
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
Definitions
- Spring elements such as coil springs, leaf springs, torsion bars, etc. have conventionally been made from alloy steels within the prior art. This preference appears to have arisen out of the general belief that carbon steel springs could not be quenched and tempered to high strength levels in sizes much greater than 0.250 inch in diameter or thickness. Accordingly, carbon steel has not been considered for use in spring elements since it was believed that the weight and size of the spring elements would have to be inordinately great to achieve adequate strength standards.
- carbon steels may be employed to produce very satisfactory spring elements through the addition of boron and the control of various other elements within the steel composition.
- An alloy steel is defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute as follows:
- a very basic advantage for the present carbon steel in the manufacture of spring elements lies in the reduction of costs which it makes possible. This cost reduction is made possible through the elimination of various alloying agents of which chromium is a particularly important example.
- manufacture of spring elements from the present carbon steel compositions is made independent of elements such as the above alloying agents which tend to be relatively scarce.
- the elements present within the steel composition of the present invention tend to be available in plentiful supply.
- spring elements manufactured from the present carbon steel exhibit at least equivalent static strength and fatigue strength as compared to spring elements manufactured from conventional alloy steels. It further appears that spring elements manufactured according to the present invention exhibit certain advantages over alloy steels. One outstanding advantage for carbon steels lies in its shell hardening characteristics to provide endurance limit fatigue strength. A second advantage is the fracture toughness of carbon steels according to the present invention. Because of these advantages, spring elements formed from the present carbon steel composition may have increased durability and fatigue life as compared to spring elements formed from conventional alloy steels.
- Carbon steel compositions of the present invention are comprised of iron in large part.
- Other elements which are particularly considered within the composition include carbon, manganese, silicon, and boron as well as maximum percentages for sulfur and phosphorus.
- Element Percent Carbon 0.5-0.8. Manganese 0.50-1.65 Silicon 0.020.60. Sulfur 0.50 max. Phosphorus 0.040 max. Boron 00005-0007. Iron Balance.
- the steel should include no more than 0.40 minimum percent copper and no more than 0.60 maximum percent copper.
- Preferred approximate limits for a carbon-manganeseboron steel according to the present invention are as follows:
- Steels of this composition may be produced, for example, in flat bars, wire, cold finished or hot finished bars fabricated by generally customary techniques.
- hot-coiled springs may be heated to 1600 F., coiled, oil-quenched and tempered immediately thereafter. They may also be coiled, cooled, reheated to 1,550 F. and then oil-quenched followed by a tempering operation at 700 F.
- Cold-coiled springs may be heated to approximately 1550 F., quenched and then tempered also at 700 F.
- Typical properties for recoil spring stock formed with the above composition are as follows:
- the silicon content is preferably held to approximately .02-0.30 percent with the steel being preferably characterized as having a fine grain.
- the manganese composition of about 1.10-1.40 in the preferred composition may be maintained.
- the manganese content of the preferred composition is held to the approximate range of 1.20-1.40 percent.
- Carbon steel spring stock of claim 1 which includes from about .4 to .6 percent copper.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Springs (AREA)
Abstract
A CARBON STEEL COMPOSITION FOR SPRING ELEMENTS IS DISCLOSED WHEREIN THE STEEL INCLUDES CARBON, MANGANESE, FILICON AND BORON. IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS CLASSIFICATION AS A "CARBON STEEL," IT DOES NOT INCLUDE NORMAL ALLOYING ELEMENTS, PARTICULARLY CHROMIUM. THE PRESENT STEEL IS PARTICULARLY CHARACTERIZED BY EXCELLENT DURABILITY AND FATIGUE LIFE AS WELL AS BY LOW COST. THE CARBON STEEL CONSISTS ESSENTIALLY OF ABOUT .50-.80 PERCENT CARBON, ABOUT 0.50-1.65 PERCENT MANGANESE, ABOUT 0.02-0.60 PERCENT SILICON, ABOUT 0.050 MAXIMUM PERCENT SULFUR, ABOUT 0.040 MAXIMUM PERCENT PHOSPHORUS, ABOUT 0.0005-0.007 PERCNET BORON, BALANCE MAINLY IRON.
Description
United States Patent 3,689,329 CARBON STEEL SPRING ELEMENTS Roy F. Kern, Peoria, Ill., assignor to Caterpillar Tractor Co., Peoria, Ill. No Drawing. Filed Aug. 20, 1969, Ser. No. 852,157 Int. Cl. CZId 9/02 U.S. Cl. 148-36 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE The present invention relates to a novel'carbon steel composition which has been found suitable for use in spring elements.
Spring elements such as coil springs, leaf springs, torsion bars, etc. have conventionally been made from alloy steels within the prior art. This preference appears to have arisen out of the general belief that carbon steel springs could not be quenched and tempered to high strength levels in sizes much greater than 0.250 inch in diameter or thickness. Accordingly, carbon steel has not been considered for use in spring elements since it was believed that the weight and size of the spring elements would have to be inordinately great to achieve adequate strength standards.
As a basis for the present invention, it has been found that carbon steels may be employed to produce very satisfactory spring elements through the addition of boron and the control of various other elements within the steel composition.
It is important to note that the present invention is concerned only with carbon steels and not with alloy steels of the type which has been used for spring elements in the prior art. It therefore appears useful to include herein the standard definitions for alloy steels and carbon steels, as defined for example by the American Iron and Steel Institute.
An alloy steel is defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute as follows:
When the maximum range given for the content of alloying elements exceeds one or more of the following limits: manganese 1.65 percent, silicon 0.60 percent, copper 0.60 percent or in which a definite range or a definite minimum quantity of the following elements is specified or required Within the limits of the recognized field of constructional steels: aluminum, chromium up to 3.99 percent, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium-or any other alloying element added to obtain a desired alloying effec A carbon steel is defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute as follows:
No minimum limit for aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium-or any element to obtain a desired alloying effect. Specific minimum copper shall not exceed 0.40 percent. Maximum content for any of the following elements shall not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.
To provide adequate strength in most spring elements,
"ice
which are subject to very high fatigue loading, it appears that at least approximately 0.50 percent carbon is necessary to provide optimum life. Prior to the present invention, it was generally held that boron could not contribute significantly to hardenability as would chromium, for example, because the boron effect was thought to decrease sharply with increasing percentages of carbon.
Contrary to this general belief, it has been found as a basis for the present invention that boron is very effective in increasing hardenability of medium to high carbon spring steels of the type set forth herein.
A very basic advantage for the present carbon steel in the manufacture of spring elements lies in the reduction of costs which it makes possible. This cost reduction is made possible through the elimination of various alloying agents of which chromium is a particularly important example. In addition, manufacture of spring elements from the present carbon steel compositions is made independent of elements such as the above alloying agents which tend to be relatively scarce. On the other hand, the elements present within the steel composition of the present invention tend to be available in plentiful supply.
Still further, spring elements manufactured from the present carbon steel exhibit at least equivalent static strength and fatigue strength as compared to spring elements manufactured from conventional alloy steels. It further appears that spring elements manufactured according to the present invention exhibit certain advantages over alloy steels. One outstanding advantage for carbon steels lies in its shell hardening characteristics to provide endurance limit fatigue strength. A second advantage is the fracture toughness of carbon steels according to the present invention. Because of these advantages, spring elements formed from the present carbon steel composition may have increased durability and fatigue life as compared to spring elements formed from conventional alloy steels.
Additional important considerations for the manufacture of such spring elements lies in the ease with which carbon steels may be cold formed, forged, machined, welded, and heat treated under proper parameters. These characteristics further contribute to the facility with which the spring elements may be manufactured and to their finished physical characteristics.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide carbon steel compositions suitable for manufac turing spring elements.
It is a further object to provide such compositions through the addition of boron to medium to high carbon steels.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide carbon steel spring elements with high durability and fatigue life.
It is still another object to provide spring members formed from carbon steel comprised of carbon, manganese, silicon and boron.
Carbon steel compositions of the present invention are comprised of iron in large part. Other elements which are particularly considered within the composition include carbon, manganese, silicon, and boron as well as maximum percentages for sulfur and phosphorus.
The useful approximate range of the above noted elements in the steel composition are as follows:
Element: Percent Carbon 0.5-0.8. Manganese 0.50-1.65 Silicon 0.020.60. Sulfur 0.50 max. Phosphorus 0.040 max. Boron 00005-0007. Iron Balance.
The above example generally characterizes the broad range of composition for the present invention. For example, any increase of carbon beyond 0.80 percent appears to detract from the advantage of the boron, namely, hardenability. Likewise, as the boron content exceeds the approximate ratio set forth above, a resulting decrease in notch toughness tends to appear.
To further characterize the above composition of the present carbon steel, in view of the definition of carbon steel, it may be further specified that the steel should include no more than 0.40 minimum percent copper and no more than 0.60 maximum percent copper.
Preferred approximate limits for a carbon-manganeseboron steel according to the present invention are as follows:
Elements: Percent Carbon 0.55-0.65. Manganese 1.10-1.40. Silicon 0.02-0.30. Sulfur 0.050 max.
Phosphorus 0.040 max. Boron 00005-0003. Iron Balance.
Steels of this composition may be produced, for example, in flat bars, wire, cold finished or hot finished bars fabricated by generally customary techniques. For example, hot-coiled springs may be heated to 1600 F., coiled, oil-quenched and tempered immediately thereafter. They may also be coiled, cooled, reheated to 1,550 F. and then oil-quenched followed by a tempering operation at 700 F. Cold-coiled springs may be heated to approximately 1550 F., quenched and then tempered also at 700 F.
Typical properties for recoil spring stock formed with the above composition are as follows:
Hardness: Rockwell-C42-48 Tensile strength: 200,000-250,000 p.s.i. Yield strength: 180,000-220,000 p.s.i. Grain size (-8 McQuaid-Ehn): Fine The subject composition also possesses improved notched tensile strength, notch toughness and fatigue properties as compared with conventional spring steel stock.
When either the broad composition range or the preferred composition as set forth above is to be employed for heat-treated parts, the silicon content is preferably held to approximately .02-0.30 percent with the steel being preferably characterized as having a fine grain.
To form wire spring stock up to approximately 1.5 inches in diameter and leaf spring stock up to approximately 1.0 inch in thickness, the manganese composition of about 1.10-1.40 in the preferred composition may be maintained. However, for wire spring stock over 1.5 inches in diameter up to approximately 1.875 inches in diameter, as well as for leaf spring stock in the approximate thickness range of 1.0 to 1.25 inches, the manganese content of the preferred composition is held to the approximate range of 1.20-1.40 percent.
What is claimed is:
1. Carbon steel spring stock in wire form of approximately 1.500-1.875 inch diameter and in leaf form of approximately 1.00-1.250 inch thickness, consisting essentially of carbon about 0.55-0.65 percent, manganese about l.20-1.40 percent, sulfur about .05 percent maximum, phosphorus about .04 percent maximum, copper about 0.60 percent maximum, silicon about .25-.45 percent, boron about .0005-.003 percent, balance essentially iron.
2. Carbon steel spring stock of claim 1 which includes from about .4 to .6 percent copper.
3. The carbon steel spring stock of claim 1 wherein the spring stock is oil quenched from a temperature range of from about 1550 F. to 1600 F. and tempered at a temperature on the order of about 700 F.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,992,905 2/ 1935 Wills -123 2,280,283 4/1942 Crafts 75-123 2,527,731 10/1950 Ilacqua 267-1 2,542,220 2/1951 Urban 75-123 2,861,908 11/1958 Mickelson 148-31 OTHER REFERENCES D. K. Bullens, Steel and Its Heat Treatment, vol. III,
John Wiley and Sons, =Inc., New York, 1949, pp. 64-71.
HYLAND BIZOT, Primary Examiner J. E. LEG RU, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US85215769A | 1969-08-20 | 1969-08-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3689329A true US3689329A (en) | 1972-09-05 |
Family
ID=25312613
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US852157A Expired - Lifetime US3689329A (en) | 1969-08-20 | 1969-08-20 | Carbon steel spring elements |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3689329A (en) |
| BE (1) | BE754940A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA934993A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2058914A5 (en) |
| GB (1) | GB1319291A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3933441A (en) * | 1971-05-10 | 1976-01-20 | Compagnie Generale Des Establissements Michelin, Raison Sociale Michelin & Cie | Thin, continuous steel wires |
| US4171233A (en) * | 1978-05-22 | 1979-10-16 | Bethlehem Steel Corporation | Lens quality of die steel |
| US4364772A (en) * | 1981-05-28 | 1982-12-21 | Titanium Metals Corporation Of America | Rail wheel alloy |
| DE3312205A1 (en) * | 1982-04-03 | 1983-10-20 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka | BORED STEEL AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| US20050189851A1 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2005-09-01 | Kirt Martin | Freestanding workstation |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SE404703C (en) * | 1976-09-20 | 1986-06-23 | Garphytte Bruk Ab | VALVE SPRING ROW OF LAYER ALLOY STEEL |
| GB8417468D0 (en) * | 1984-07-09 | 1984-08-15 | Bekaert Sa Nv | Carbon steel wire |
-
0
- BE BE754940D patent/BE754940A/en unknown
-
1969
- 1969-08-20 US US852157A patent/US3689329A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1970
- 1970-07-17 GB GB3471970A patent/GB1319291A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-07-20 CA CA088609A patent/CA934993A/en not_active Expired
- 1970-08-18 FR FR7030279A patent/FR2058914A5/fr not_active Expired
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3933441A (en) * | 1971-05-10 | 1976-01-20 | Compagnie Generale Des Establissements Michelin, Raison Sociale Michelin & Cie | Thin, continuous steel wires |
| US4171233A (en) * | 1978-05-22 | 1979-10-16 | Bethlehem Steel Corporation | Lens quality of die steel |
| US4364772A (en) * | 1981-05-28 | 1982-12-21 | Titanium Metals Corporation Of America | Rail wheel alloy |
| DE3312205A1 (en) * | 1982-04-03 | 1983-10-20 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka | BORED STEEL AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF |
| DE3312205C2 (en) * | 1982-04-03 | 1987-05-27 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Jp | |
| US20050189851A1 (en) * | 2004-02-27 | 2005-09-01 | Kirt Martin | Freestanding workstation |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB1319291A (en) | 1973-06-06 |
| BE754940A (en) | 1971-02-17 |
| CA934993A (en) | 1973-10-09 |
| FR2058914A5 (en) | 1971-05-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: CATERPILLAR INC., A CORP. OF DE.,ILLINOIS Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO., A CORP. OF CALIF.;REEL/FRAME:004669/0905 Effective date: 19860515 Owner name: CATERPILLAR INC., 100 N.E. ADAMS STREET, PEORIA, I Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO., A CORP. OF CALIF.;REEL/FRAME:004669/0905 Effective date: 19860515 |