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US3500728A - Concrete construction and roadways - Google Patents

Concrete construction and roadways Download PDF

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Publication number
US3500728A
US3500728A US592869A US3500728DA US3500728A US 3500728 A US3500728 A US 3500728A US 592869 A US592869 A US 592869A US 3500728D A US3500728D A US 3500728DA US 3500728 A US3500728 A US 3500728A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
concrete
substratum
construction
layer
wires
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US592869A
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English (en)
Inventor
Richard L Longini
James P Romualdi
Thomas E Stelson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Battelle Development Corp
Original Assignee
Battelle Development Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Battelle Development Corp filed Critical Battelle Development Corp
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Publication of US3500728A publication Critical patent/US3500728A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C7/00—Coherent pavings made in situ
    • E01C7/08—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders
    • E01C7/10—Coherent pavings made in situ made of road-metal and binders of road-metal and cement or like binders
    • E01C7/14—Concrete paving
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C11/00—Details of pavings
    • E01C11/16—Reinforcements
    • E01C11/18—Reinforcements for cement concrete pavings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00—Foundations for pavings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
    • E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
    • E04C5/012—Discrete reinforcing elements, e.g. fibres
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
    • C04B2111/00525—Coating or impregnation materials for metallic surfaces
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00612—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as one or more layers of a layered structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/0075—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 for road construction

Definitions

  • a composite concrete construction comprised of: both (a) a surface layer of concrete including closely spaced wire elements and an underlying layer of concrete, and (b) a substratum comprising a bottom hard layer and a top flexible layer; and either (a) or (b).
  • This invention relates to construction, particularly in connection with multilayered concrete construction for concrete pavements, roadways, and the like.
  • concrete necessarily refers to concrete including sized aggregate as well as mortar. Cracks form during normal use of concrete roadways and the like as a result of flexing of the concrete in response to movement thereover and transmission of the load to the flexible substratum that supports the concrete. The flexing is due to the use of a flexible substrate for the roadway which shares the load with the road. Actually, the road distributes the load over an area of the substratum somewhat larger than the size of the tire. For optimum conditions on a roadway, the thickness of the concrete strip is related to the tire size and weight.
  • the invention includes within its scope a composite concrete construction comprising a surface layer of concrete including closely spaced substantially straight wire elements and an underlying layer of conventional concrete.
  • the invention also includes a composite substratum construction comprising a bottom hard substructure and a flexible body thereabove.
  • the invention further includes the combination of said composite concrete construction and said composite substratum.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a concrete construction according to the invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the concrete construction of FIG. 1 in connection with conventional substratum.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective View of a composite substratum structure according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the substratum structure of FIG. 3 in connection with conventional concrete.
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the concrete construction of FIG. 1 in connection with the substratum of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view of another concrete construction according to the invention in connection with the substratum of FIG. 3.
  • the concrete construction 15 comprises an underlying layer of conventional concrete 13 and a thinner surface layer 11 of concrete including closely spaced substantially straight wire elements.
  • the conventional concrete 13 comprises concrete having sized aggregate distributed therein.
  • the thickness of the conventional concrete 13 varies from 5 to 12 inches.
  • the close spacing means an average spacing between wires not in excess of 0.5 inch, and preferably less than 0.3 inch.
  • the concrete surface layer 11 is the same. as that described in copending application Ser. No. 471,505, filed July 7, 1965, which application is assigned to the assignee of this application and is a continuation-in-part of the application Ser. No. 246,819, filed Dec. 24, 1962, now abandoned.
  • novel two-phase material comprising concrete and steel wires of a diameter of at most about 0.3 inch and a modulus of elasticity of about 27 to 32 million psi. with average spacing between wires not greater than 0.5 inch.
  • the various embodiments of the novel two-phase material include: an embodiment comprising concrete and closely spaced short wire segments uniformly distributed randomly therein so that the average spacing is not greater than 0.5 inch, and an embodiment comprising concrete and substantially straight continuous wire strands spaced within the concrete so that the average spacing between wires is less than 0.5 inch.
  • the wires spaced as set forth provide a crack arrest mechanism in the surface layer 11 that increases cracking strength, toughness and fatigue life.
  • a thickness of surface layer 11 of about 1 inch or less is usually satisfactory.
  • the ratio of the thickness of surface layer 11 to the thickness of the composite concrete structure 15 is less than 0.5 and usually lies in the range from about 0.05 to about 0.30.
  • a concrete roadway comprises a substratum 17 covered by a composite concrete structure 15 comprising an underlying layer of conventional concrete 13 and a thinner surface layer 11 of concrete including closely spaced substantially straight Wire elements.
  • the substratum 17 shown for purposes of illustration is of a resilient material such as a clay-like material having the ability to share some of the load to which the composite concrete structure 15 is subjected.
  • a composite substratum 25 of substrate comprising a top flexible layer 21 and a bottom hard layer 23.
  • the top flexible layer 21 is considerably thinner than the conventional flexible layer 17 of FIG. 2.
  • the bottom hard layer 23 serves to take the principal load directly without excessive spreading of the load.
  • the bottom hard layer 23 is, in itself, a roadway laid on a base such as a conventional roadway rests on.
  • the bottom hard layer 23 can be cement or soil-cement comprising cement mixed with clay or dirt which is alkaline or of controlled pH.
  • the bottom hard layer 23 and the top flexible layer 21 are of about the same order of thickness. The actual thicknesses of the layers 23 and 21 depend on the loads involved and the material of layer 23.
  • the bottom hard layer 23 is about 1 foot thick and the top flexible layer 21 is about inches thick. Because the top flexible layer 21 is thinner than the conventional flexible substratum (see 17 of FIG. 2), it cannot yield as much with a given force and will take a larger proportion of the overall stress from a given load.
  • the top flexible layer 21 comprises clay, it may be necessary to incorporate into it other granular bodies, or in fact, use the clay more as a lubricant for other granular bodies than for its own strength to prevent the thin layer from losing its resilience.
  • the substratum construction 25 of FIG. 3 is shown supporting a conventional concrete strip 19 to form a roadway. Excessive spreading of the load in the conventional concrete strip 19 is reduced and distortion minimized as the greater portion of the load is taken up by the substratum 25.
  • the conventional concrete strip 19 does less to spread the load than with conventional substratum (as 17 of FIG. 2) and more to keep the substratum 25 in position.
  • the concrete construction of FIG. 1 is shown as a strip for the substratum construction 25 of FIG. 3 to form a roadway.
  • the concrete construction 15 is uniquely adapted for use in combination with the substratum construction 25. Because the concrete 15 need not spread the load over a large area when it is used together with the substratum construction, a thinner layer of surface concrete can be used. Although some savings of concrete and especially improved durability are achieved in the roadway of FIG. 4, it has been found that the tensile strength of the concrete construction 15 makes it uniquely adaptable to the substratum construction 25 in allowing the use of a thinner layer of concrete.
  • a concrete construction 35 comprises conventional concrete 33 sandwiched between a thinner surface layer 31 and a thinner bottom layer 37 of concrete including closely spaced substantially straight wire elements.
  • the concrete construction is shown in combination with the substratum 25 of FIG. 3.
  • the substratum 17 of FIG. 1 may also be used.
  • the concrete construction 35 is especially useful for roadways for airstrips where excess thickness of concrete is required.
  • the ratio of the thickness of the surface layer 31 to the thickness of the layer 31 plus the concrete 33 is less than about 0.10.
  • intermediate layers of the concrete including closely spaced substantially straight wire elements may be provided. The layered construction limits cracking due to contraction of freshly poured concrete and will limit the stress concentration of any cracks that do arise.
  • the substratum 25 of FIG. 3 or of FIG. 5 is first built up and graded in the conventional manner.
  • the conventional concrete 13 is poured to the desired depth above the substrate layer 17.
  • the surface layer 11 is poured thereover as to become bonded thereto.
  • the conventional concrete 13 is roughened following pouring thereof and immediately thereafter the surface layer 11 is poured thereon. Instead of pouring the top surface layer, it may be continuously extruded by means of a road machine.
  • the material for surface layer 11 can be prepared in a conventional manner merely by mixing sand, cement, and water in a mixer and subsequently adding sufficient volume percent of wire to the mixture to give the desired wire spacing.
  • the concrete mix for layer 11 may also include coarse aggregate.
  • a higher volume percent of randomly oriented wires must be added because not all wires will be oriented to act in the direction of principal tensile stress.
  • mathematical derivation can be made to describe the spatial relationship of randomly oriented wires. Although numerous manners of calculation may be employed to describe these relationships, it has been found that a rule of thumb calculation to determine the volume percent of 'wire needed to achieve a particular average wire spacing of short wires is provided by the formula:
  • 0.027 volume percent of wire having a diameter of .006 inch or 0.07 volume percent of wire having a diameter of .010 inch would be required.
  • .08 volume percent of wire having a diameter of .006 inch or .21 volume percent of wire having a diameter of .010 inch would be required.
  • the crank arrest mechanism operating in the surface layer as a result of inclusion of wire elements is enhanced by the use of straight and stiff wire elements that can act to prevent extension of minute flaws in the concrete. Crimped wires or wavy configurations not properly aligned in a direction perpendicular to a flaw would be considerably less efficient than straight wires. Similarly, a wire element having a modulus of elasticity less than that of steel (e.g., about 27 to 32 million p.s.i.) would be less effective.
  • the crack arrestor must have considerably greater stiffness than the matrix. ,The' smaller the wire spacing, the gerater the tensile strength that can be achieved.
  • a bottom hard layer of cement or of a soil-cement which comprises cement mixed with clay or dirt which is alkaline or of controlled pH
  • the top flexible layer comprised of clay which rests upon the bottom hard layer.
  • a roadway construction comprising:
  • a bottom hard layer supporting said top flexible layer, of cement or of a soil-cement which comprises cement mixed with clay or dirt which is alkaline or of controlled pH;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
US592869A 1966-11-08 1966-11-08 Concrete construction and roadways Expired - Lifetime US3500728A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US59286966A 1966-11-08 1966-11-08

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US3500728A true US3500728A (en) 1970-03-17

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US (1) US3500728A (de)
DE (1) DE1658441C3 (de)
DK (1) DK126793B (de)
GB (1) GB1171490A (de)
NL (1) NL6715087A (de)

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5037816A (de) * 1973-08-08 1975-04-08
FR2349679A1 (fr) * 1976-04-29 1977-11-25 Sf Sten As Pave en beton et procede de fabrication d'un tel pave
US4538551A (en) * 1984-06-20 1985-09-03 Vapor Corporation Refractory choke for a high intensity combustor
US4680908A (en) * 1980-04-14 1987-07-21 Amoco Corporation Refractory anchor
US4909662A (en) * 1989-01-13 1990-03-20 Baker Robert L Roadway and method of construction
US20110304072A1 (en) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-15 Concrete Solutions Consulting Llc Method of fabricating integrated concrete slab
CN104988824A (zh) * 2015-06-17 2015-10-21 成都科创佳思科技有限公司 防护保湿路面结构
CN113201987A (zh) * 2021-05-08 2021-08-03 中铁二十三局集团第一工程有限公司 一种高液限粘土地面的路基基底及其施工方法
WO2021191283A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete slab with fibres
EP3964661A1 (de) 2020-09-08 2022-03-09 NV Bekaert SA Nachspannbarer beton mit fasern für platten auf trägern
WO2022136646A1 (en) 2020-12-23 2022-06-30 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete with fibers for long strips
WO2023052434A1 (en) 2021-09-28 2023-04-06 Nv Bekaert Sa Fiber reinforced post-tensioned concrete slab with openings
WO2023052502A1 (en) 2021-09-29 2023-04-06 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned expanding concrete with fibers for slabs

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1395748A (en) * 1972-06-01 1975-05-29 Bekaert Sa Nv Structures and structural members
GB1393815A (en) * 1972-08-25 1975-05-14 Bekaert Sa Nv Concrete construction
US4339289A (en) * 1980-08-25 1982-07-13 Battelle Development Corporation Concrete overlay construction
FR2542341B1 (fr) * 1983-03-10 1987-06-26 Eurosteel Sa Sol industriel et son procede de fabrication
EP0137024B1 (de) * 1983-03-10 1987-12-16 Eurosteel S.A. Verfahren zur herstellung eines industriebodenbelags
US4991248A (en) * 1988-05-13 1991-02-12 Allen Research & Development Corp. Load bearing concrete panel reconstruction
RU2206657C1 (ru) * 2001-05-03 2003-06-20 Военный инженерно-технический университет Способ бетонирования аэродромных и дорожных покрытий

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1570794A (en) * 1922-02-20 1926-01-26 Robert C Stubbs Process of bonding new concrete formations to old concrete formations
GB252975A (en) * 1925-10-23 1926-06-10 Alexander George Rotinoff Improvements relating to reinforced concrete
US1633219A (en) * 1926-12-17 1927-06-21 George C Martin Method of forming pipe
GB303406A (en) * 1927-10-01 1929-01-01 George Watson Improvements in the reinforcement of concrete and other mouldable materials for use in buildings and structures
US1862011A (en) * 1928-01-03 1932-06-07 Robert B Gage Concrete pavement and its construction
US2062615A (en) * 1935-04-03 1936-12-01 Master Builders Co Process of hardening the surface of mastic structures
US2165437A (en) * 1937-03-12 1939-07-11 Adam Robert Floor and method of making the same
GB515003A (en) * 1938-05-17 1939-11-23 Nicolas Zitkevic Improvements in reinforced concrete
US2677955A (en) * 1943-02-12 1954-05-11 Constantinesco George Reinforced concrete

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1570794A (en) * 1922-02-20 1926-01-26 Robert C Stubbs Process of bonding new concrete formations to old concrete formations
GB252975A (en) * 1925-10-23 1926-06-10 Alexander George Rotinoff Improvements relating to reinforced concrete
US1633219A (en) * 1926-12-17 1927-06-21 George C Martin Method of forming pipe
GB303406A (en) * 1927-10-01 1929-01-01 George Watson Improvements in the reinforcement of concrete and other mouldable materials for use in buildings and structures
US1862011A (en) * 1928-01-03 1932-06-07 Robert B Gage Concrete pavement and its construction
US2062615A (en) * 1935-04-03 1936-12-01 Master Builders Co Process of hardening the surface of mastic structures
US2165437A (en) * 1937-03-12 1939-07-11 Adam Robert Floor and method of making the same
GB515003A (en) * 1938-05-17 1939-11-23 Nicolas Zitkevic Improvements in reinforced concrete
US2677955A (en) * 1943-02-12 1954-05-11 Constantinesco George Reinforced concrete

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS5037816A (de) * 1973-08-08 1975-04-08
FR2349679A1 (fr) * 1976-04-29 1977-11-25 Sf Sten As Pave en beton et procede de fabrication d'un tel pave
US4680908A (en) * 1980-04-14 1987-07-21 Amoco Corporation Refractory anchor
US4538551A (en) * 1984-06-20 1985-09-03 Vapor Corporation Refractory choke for a high intensity combustor
WO1986000386A1 (en) * 1984-06-20 1986-01-16 Vapor Corporation Refractory choke for a high intensity combustor
US4909662A (en) * 1989-01-13 1990-03-20 Baker Robert L Roadway and method of construction
US20110304072A1 (en) * 2010-06-10 2011-12-15 Concrete Solutions Consulting Llc Method of fabricating integrated concrete slab
CN104988824A (zh) * 2015-06-17 2015-10-21 成都科创佳思科技有限公司 防护保湿路面结构
US20230151611A1 (en) * 2020-03-24 2023-05-18 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete slab with fibres
WO2021191283A1 (en) 2020-03-24 2021-09-30 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete slab with fibres
EP3964661A1 (de) 2020-09-08 2022-03-09 NV Bekaert SA Nachspannbarer beton mit fasern für platten auf trägern
WO2022053510A1 (en) 2020-09-08 2022-03-17 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete with fibers for slabs on supports
US20240026683A1 (en) * 2020-09-08 2024-01-25 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete with fibers for slabs on supports
WO2022136646A1 (en) 2020-12-23 2022-06-30 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned concrete with fibers for long strips
CN113201987A (zh) * 2021-05-08 2021-08-03 中铁二十三局集团第一工程有限公司 一种高液限粘土地面的路基基底及其施工方法
CN113201987B (zh) * 2021-05-08 2022-05-06 中铁二十三局集团第一工程有限公司 一种高液限粘土地面的路基基底及其施工方法
WO2023052434A1 (en) 2021-09-28 2023-04-06 Nv Bekaert Sa Fiber reinforced post-tensioned concrete slab with openings
WO2023052502A1 (en) 2021-09-29 2023-04-06 Nv Bekaert Sa Post-tensioned expanding concrete with fibers for slabs

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE1658441B2 (de) 1973-06-20
DE1658441A1 (de) 1971-10-21
GB1171490A (en) 1969-11-19
NL6715087A (de) 1968-05-09
DE1658441C3 (de) 1974-01-31
DK126793B (da) 1973-08-20

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