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US3590472A - Composite material for making cutting and abrading tools - Google Patents

Composite material for making cutting and abrading tools Download PDF

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Publication number
US3590472A
US3590472A US723657A US3590472DA US3590472A US 3590472 A US3590472 A US 3590472A US 723657 A US723657 A US 723657A US 3590472D A US3590472D A US 3590472DA US 3590472 A US3590472 A US 3590472A
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Prior art keywords
filaments
cutting
superindurate
tool
matrix
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US723657A
Inventor
Joy R Nix
Michael R Sargent
William T Kaarlela
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General Dynamics Corp
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General Dynamics Corp
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
    • E21B10/56—Button-type inserts
    • E21B10/567—Button-type inserts with preformed cutting elements mounted on a distinct support, e.g. polycrystalline inserts
    • E21B10/5676—Button-type inserts with preformed cutting elements mounted on a distinct support, e.g. polycrystalline inserts having a cutting face with different segments, e.g. mosaic-type inserts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B51/00—Tools for drilling machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C5/00—Milling-cutters
    • B23C5/02—Milling-cutters characterised by the shape of the cutter
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B23P15/28—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools
    • B23P15/32—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools twist-drills
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B23P15/28—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools
    • B23P15/34—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass cutting tools milling cutters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D18/00—Manufacture of grinding tools or other grinding devices, e.g. wheels, not otherwise provided for
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D5/00—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting only by their periphery; Bushings or mountings therefor
    • B24D5/06—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting only by their periphery; Bushings or mountings therefor with inserted abrasive blocks, e.g. segmental
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24D—TOOLS FOR GRINDING, BUFFING OR SHARPENING
    • B24D7/00—Bonded abrasive wheels, or wheels with inserted abrasive blocks, designed for acting otherwise than only by their periphery, e.g. by the front face; Bushings or mountings therefor
    • B24D7/18—Wheels of special form
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B10/00—Drill bits
    • E21B10/46—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts
    • E21B10/50—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of roller type
    • E21B10/52—Drill bits characterised by wear resisting parts, e.g. diamond inserts the bit being of roller type with chisel- or button-type inserts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00—Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/19—Rotary cutting tool
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T407/00—Cutters, for shaping
    • Y10T407/27—Cutters, for shaping comprising tool of specific chemical composition

Definitions

  • the superficies of the object tool is comprised of the outer face of a tough matrix material and the projecting ends of a preferentially oriented indurate fibers or filaments, such as boron or the indurate intermetallic compounds of boron endowed with a hardness closely approaching that of industrial diamonds, which have been dispersed in collocated array and embodied within a tough matrix material such, for example, as in a sponge iron matrix which has been briquetted in the configuration of the object tool and then heated at temperatures sufiicient for incipient fusion to occur to form the composite tool.
  • ductile metals such as aluminum, nickel and cobalt, including certain of their alloys, together with steel and titanium are further examples of matrix materials which may be employed.
  • the indurate filaments are so dispersed and collocated that the outer ends of the fibers or filaments are aligned normal to the tool's work-taction surface and consequently to the surface of the object material to be cut or abraded.
  • the present invention relates generally to a very hard composite material for cutting or abrading hard and obdurate substances and the methods of forming the composite. More particularly the invention relates to a novel and unique material combination referred to herein as a superindurate composite 0 structure which can be readily fabricated into useful and effcient tool shapes for the cutting or abrading of very hard substances such as the most obdurate metals, rock, other lapideous matter and the like.
  • Such cutting and abrading tools may be any of several varieties having either rotary or planar cutting or abrading action such as end mills, boring mill cutters, drills, augers, planing mill cutters, lathe cutters, turning mill cutters, abrasive discs, grinding or polishing wheels and the like. Further examples include oil well rock bits, roller bits, coring bits and similar geological boring and scraping tools.
  • drill bits In the present an and with particular reference to the petroleum industry and related geological activities, many types of drill bits are presently being employed. Hardened tool-steel bits and carbide insert cutters are in widespread use for general drilling through low and medium hardness geological formations. Diamond tipped bits are employed when penetration of very hard, lapidified formations is desired.
  • Drilling oil wells requires the use of different bits when passing through the changing geological formations and therefore the long articulated drill stem must be pulled from the hole, disassembled in sections and stacked until the entire length is withdrawn and the cutting bit changed, before proceeding into the next formation. This is a slow, laborious and very costly procedure which must be repeated many times during the course of drilling a well. This is particularly true in offshore drilling because of the extreme depths of the wells.
  • a roller bit of the same general configuration as those presently employed, but having its roller teeth fabricated from the present superindurate composite material has the dual capability of serving as an efficient all-purpose drill bit, thus retaining the efficiency of the roller bit configuration yet also attaining the effectivity of the diamond studded-hard rock bit for drilling in the very hard formations.
  • the present invention permits continuous drilling without pullout for bit change when passing from one formation to the other.
  • drills, sanders and the like also wear very rapidly when the harder metals such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, the high carbon steels, etc. are machined or ground with abrasive tools and also in some of the more advanced steel alloys such as D6ac, martensitic stainless, maraging steel, and H-l 1 tool steel.
  • the presently invented composite material effectively obviates most of the above-described deficiencies and disadvantages inherent in the use of cutting and abrading tools of the present art by providing a very economical, easy to manufacture, superindurate composite material for the making of such tools.
  • Superindurate fibers and filaments are defined for purposes of this disclosure as having a hardness in the range of 9.39.99 inclusive, on the Mohs hardness scale for inorganic materials.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a superindurate composite material for the manufacture of cutting and abrading tools which has an exceptionally long wear life in respect to that of conventional tools employed for similar purposes.
  • FIG. I is an isometric view of a milling cutter embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional detail view in elevation of a typical cutting tooth taken at ll-II in the cutter shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the milling cutter tooth taken at line III-III of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 4 is a sectional plan view near the cutting edge of the milling cutter tooth as taken at line IV-IV in FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the metal cutting end ofa boring bar with typical cutting inserts affixed in their cutting position;
  • FIG. 6 is an end view from the front of the boring bar of FIG. 5-,
  • FIG. 7 is an enlarged detail isometric view of one of the cutting inserts shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional view through the cutting insert taken at line VIII-VIII of FIG. 7 and particularly showing boron filaments, in collocated and aligned array embodied within a metal matrix according to the present invention to provide a superindurate composite material for the cutting portion of the insert;
  • FIG. 9 is a pictorial view of a detachable oil well hard-rock bit of conventional configuration embodying the superindurate composite material of the present invention in lieu of forged steel having industrial diamonds adhered to its cutting face as in the present practice in conventional devices having this configuration and for this purpose.
  • FIG. 10 is a cross section elevational view of the bit of FIG. 9 taken along line X-X of FIG. 9;
  • FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional elevational view of an open punch press showing a disc of superindurate composite material placed over the press die concavity prior to forming;
  • FIG. 12 is a view similar to that of FIG. II, but showing the punch press closed and the disc formed into shape in the press die concavity;
  • FIG. I3 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus employed for the present invention when formed by a closed cavity, hot extrusion molding process
  • FIG. 14 is a front elevational view of an industrial metal grinding and polishing whee] embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XV-XV of FIG. 14;
  • FIG. I6 is a pictorial view of a general purpose oil well roller bit embodying the invention.
  • FIG. I7 is an enlarged pictorial detail view of one of the teeth or lug elements of the bit shown in FIG. I6;
  • FIG. 18 is a sectional, elevational view taken at line XVII-XVIII of FIG. I7.
  • FIG. I of the drawings there is shown an industrial straighMQoth, plane milling cutter of conventional configuration for metal working having a matrix 10, a bore 12 and key-way I4 for conventional mounting on a mill arbor (not shown).
  • Such milling cutters are usually made for forged,
  • a tough yet ductile matrix metal 10 such as iron, aluminum, steel, nickel, cobalt and the like embodies preferentially orientated, aligned and collected boron or other superindurate filaments l6, dispersed within cutting teeth 18 in such manner that the outer face of the cutting portion of the tooth is comprised of the projecting ends 20 of the filaments and the intimately interspersed matrix material It]. This is better illustrated in FIGS.
  • cutting tooth I8 is shown enlarged for clarity, as is the dispersion of boron filaments 16 or other superindurate filaments within matrix material 10, to form cutting tooth 18 from the superindurate composite material of the invention in lieu of homogeneous high'speed steel or other conventional metals from which such milling cutters are normally formed in the present art.
  • the preferred process for making the above-described plain, straight-tooth milling cutter may be generally referred to as a modified cold slurry extrusion process.
  • a predetermined amount of sponge iron power is mechanically mixed into a hopper containing an aqueous solution having a defiocculant to suspend it in a dispersed state.
  • Boron filaments of selected length and quantity are then admixed into this aqueous solution to form a slurry.
  • the resultant viscous fluid slurry is then cold extruded through an orifice having a ratio of 1411 or greater to the hopper diameter into a permeable mold or die of the object milling cutter's configuration, thus molding the slurry into the desired size and shape of the tool while simultaneously collocating and otherwise selectively orienting the boron fibers in the desired pattern by the resultant fluid dispersion as the slurry enters the die.
  • the wet-mold composite form is then dried in a drying oven or otherwise dehydrated by exposing it to drying heat in order to evaporate and drive out substantially all water and moisture.
  • the molded composite milling cutter is next sintered by subjecting it to a temperature sufficient only to permit incipient fusion to occur throughout the granular constituency of the composites matrix and metallic substrata, resulting in a finished mill cutter with a superindurate composition for each ofits cutting teeth.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown the lower portion or cutting head 22 of a boring bar 24 of conventional configuration and having dual insert type cutters 26, also of conven tional American Standard configuration. Cutters 26, as best seen in FIG. 6, are fitted into retainer slots 28 of bar end 30 and fixedly held in position by flattened bushings 32 and screws 34 inserted at an angle for secure a wedging effect.
  • FIG. 7 an enlarged detail of one of the insert cutters 26 is shown in FIG. 7.
  • FIG. 7 Dispersed in a collocated pattern within matrix material 36 and extending across the superficies of the cutting end 38 thereof are the projecting ends 40 of a plurality of boron superindurate filaments 42, FIG. 8.
  • fibers 42 are spaced one diameter of less apart in order to achieve a desired dispersal density of about 30 percent by volume or greater of filament ends at matrix material exposure in any given surface to be employed for cutting or abrasion.
  • the preferred process for fabricating the type of insert cutter exemplified by the above-described boring bar cutter may be generally referred to as a modified dry-powder metallurgical process wherein predetermined porportions of boron filaments of selected length, or other superindurate fibers arc funneled through a first hopper, preferably of the I4zl ratio described above, onto a troughlike receptacle whose base defines an inclined plate.
  • a predetermined proportionate amount of metal matrix granules or powder such'as sponge iron, is simultaneously funneled onto the inclined trough and admixed with the deposited filaments as a result of a vibratory motion imparted to the inclined trough by conventional means (not shown).
  • This vibration causes a predetermined, proportionate mixing of the filaments with the matrix powder, on the order of approximately 30 percent, or greater, by volume, of filaments to matrix material, while also causing the dry mixture to flow or slide evenly down the inclined plane of the trough and to be deposited into a die cavity formed by a depression, of the size and shape desired, in the floor of the inclined chute.
  • the boron filaments are dispersed and longitudinally aligned in the desired collocated pattern by passing the dry mixture through one of more funnel flues or gates mounted upon the trough, athwart the flow path of the mixture and upon the inclined plane above the die cavity.
  • the die cavity when full, is subjected to compaction by conventional means, such as by mechanical presses or by the know isostatic pressing process sufficient to cause the dry powder and filament mixture to coalesce into a briquette of the desired dimensions and configuration.
  • This briquette is then sintered by subjecting it to a temperature sufficient only for incipient fusion to occur between its metallic granules, resulting in a permeant encasement of the aligned and collocated boron strands into the sintered powder matrix to form the object insert into a superindurate composite structure.
  • the pestle-shaped hard-rock bit 50 shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, is presently employed in geological drilling, particularly in the petroleum industry for drilling through very hard formations, and is also exemplary of the type of abrasive cutting tool whose working superficies may be readily fabricated from the superindurate composite material of the present invention.
  • the working face of this bit is studded with industrial diamonds which are cemented or otherwise adhered to the work traction surface by a very strong adhesive. This diamond studded face serves as the abrading medium for drilling through rock formations or other very hard geological substances.
  • the present invention integrally combines the conventional hardened tool steel 52 employed in this hard-rock bit design with work taction superficies of superindurate composite material 54 to provide a bit which does not need to be withdrawn from the hole.
  • the advantage obtained in the use of boron and other superindurate fibers 54 in a tough matrix 52 to provide a working face composite as a direct replacement for cemented diamond chips is obvious since they cannot be pulled out, dislodged or otherwise degraded by hard use because of their firmly embedded length.
  • Other portions of the tool 50 such as the threaded shank portion 56 as well as its general configuration, including relief channels 58 and drilling fluid orifice 60 remain consistent with those of the conventional diamond studded bit.
  • This bit when fabricated to embody a work surface of superindurate composite material is made by the closed cavity hot extrusion process described above but employing two phases in the process.
  • a cylindrical superindurate composite having a central bore therethrough and with its filaments oriented and collocated in a longitudinal direction is formed by the modified cold slurry extrusion process hereinabove described.
  • a washerlike disc segment having a thickness as required to effeet the superindurate working face of the bit is removed or in effect sliced from the parent extrusion.
  • a circular washerlike segment 110 is concentrically positioned over concavity 1 I2 of conventional punch press die 114, the cavity having the shape and configuration of the work taction face of the object bit to be formed.
  • Segment is pressed into concavity 112 and shaped by the lowering of press ram 116, upper platen 1 l8 and convex or male die I20; convex die nesting into concavity I12 and punch 122 being passed through central aperture 124 of segment 110 and into orifice 126 ofdie 114 as shown in FIG. 12.
  • closed cavity die 150 which is preferably of the split die type 152 as currently employed in closed cavity extrusion molding using high-energyrate pneumatic-mechanical forming techniques and equipment (not shown) such as the commercial "Dynapak" apparatus.
  • high-energyrate pneumatic-mechanical forming techniques and equipment such as the commercial "Dynapak" apparatus.
  • appropriate dies in large hydraulic presses will also provide adequate capability for making the object bit.
  • a heated billet of matrix metal 154 such as steel, iron, nickel, or aluminum is next positioned in the upper part of cavity 150 above neck portion 156 and punch die 158 of punch ram 160 is released under high pneumatic or hydraulic pressure to impact billet 154 at very high pressure, thus causing the metal billet to extrude through neck 156, completely filling cavity 150 and coalescing this extruding metal with superindurate composite material 110, thus forming the drill bit body into the configuration of the walls of cavity 150 and capping the superficies thereof with the superindurate composite material 110 to provide the abrasive work taction face of the bit.
  • the drill bit is then removed from the die and finished in a conventional manner by cutting at the [62 and removing flared portion 164. Drilling fluid orifice 60, FIG. [0, is bored through the center and coupling shank 56 appropriately threaded to complete the object rock bit.
  • the die in the formation of cutting, grinding or abrasive tools which define bodies of revolution, the die may be simultaneously rotated while the metal extrusion is being effected in order to take advantage of centrifugal force to better position the filaments and thus assure increased exactness in collocation and alignment thereof.
  • the former prior to admixing boron or other superindurate filaments with the matrix material the former may be precoated with a very light magnetic film. Thereafter, conventional application of a magnetic field of force about the compacting die will help assure that the filaments are aligned and collocated with exactness. This magnetic force alignment may be applied during either the cold slurry extrusion or immediately following the admixing of dry metallic powder with superindurate filaments as heretofore described.
  • the grinding wheel shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is exemplary of abrading tools that may be fabricated to employ superindurate composites by dry powder metallurgy wherein superindurate filaments 70 may be aligned and collocated by first applying a magnetic film thereon, admixing with a powdered metal matrix material and subjecting the admixture to a magnetic field while lying uncongealed in the die cavity prior to compaction into a briquette or billet for eventual sintering to form finished wheel 72 having matrix 74 with aligned and collocated superindurate filaments 70 embodied peripherally therein; the outer ends of which define abrasive surface 76.
  • Conventional bushing or bearing insert 78, subsequently fitted about the central axis completes the construction to provide grinding wheel end product 72.
  • the general lugs drill bit illustrated in FIGS. l6, l7 and 18 may be fabricated in a manner closely correlated to that employed for making the hard rock bit shown in FIG. 9 and generally described above, to embody superindurate composite material of the present invention in abrasive lugs or teeth 80.
  • Three-legged bit body 82 including threaded coupling shank 84 and drilling fluid nozzle 86 are made of conventional material and are of known construction and thus need not be further described herein.
  • Cutting tooth or lug is fabricated by the dry powder metallurgy process generally analogous to the described above for making the boring bit insert cutter shown in FIG. 8.
  • the filaments to be employed are first metallized so that they may be precisely aligned and collocated upon the admixture of metallic matrix powder and these filaments being loosely deposited in the compaction die immediately prior to their compaction into a billet or briquette which is subsequently sintered t0 finish the tooth.
  • teeth or lugs 80 are fitted into notches cut radially into the periphery of a circular positioning plate (not shown) and evenly dispersed thereabout. Only that convergent portion extending downwardly from the tangent point on each shouldered radius protrudes beyond the notches.
  • This protrusion fits snugly into tooth cavities provided in the wall of the closed end split extrusion die to prevent the former from being covered or damaged by the flow-in of metal during the subsequent extruslon of a billet.
  • a billet of tough matrix material such as hot steel is extruded into the closed die cavity, much in the manner exemplified in FIG. I3, to cause hot metal to flow into and around the shouldered radii being retained within the slot of the die ring, thereby firmly securing teeth 80 by coalescence with ex truding metal and forming rotatably disc element 88, FIG. 16, so that teeth or lugs 80 become an integral part of rotatable disc element 88.
  • the present invention is characterized as a superindurate composite material and method of making same comprising a plurality of superindurate filaments such as boron and its intermetallic compounds fixedly embedded in a tough, ductile matrix material and aligned and collocated in such manner that the filament ends and the exposed surface of the matrix provide the cutting edge or abrasive surface of the work taction part of the object tool into which it is shaped, embodied or incorporated.
  • a superindurate composite cutting and abrading material for application to very hard substances comprising in combination:
  • a plurality of superindurate filaments having a hardness on the Mohs' scale of 9.3 to 9.99 aligned substantially normal to a work surface defined by said matrix and collocated within said matrix the ends of substantially the major portion of said filaments exposed on said surface to define a cutting edge of abrading surface upon said composite, the remainder of the length of said filaments embedded in said matrix.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
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Abstract

A superindurate, texturally stable abrasive composite material useful in the making of cutting and abrading tools, such as oil well drills, industrial metal cutting bits, mills, planar knives and abrasive grinders. The superficies of the object tool is comprised of the outer face of a tough matrix material and the projecting ends of a preferentially oriented indurate fibers or filaments, such as boron or the indurate intermetallic compounds of boron endowed with a hardness closely approaching that of industrial diamonds, which have been dispersed in collocated array and embodied within a tough matrix material such, for example, as in a sponge iron matrix which has been briquetted in the configuration of the object tool and then heated at temperatures sufficient for incipient fusion to occur to form the composite tool. Other ductile metals such as aluminum, nickel and cobalt, including certain of their alloys, together with steel and titanium are further examples of matrix materials which may be employed. The indurate filaments are so dispersed and collocated that the outer ends of the fibers or filaments are aligned normal to the tool''s work-taction surface and consequently to the surface of the object material to be cut or abraded.

Description

United States Patent 1 1 3,590,472
[72] Inventors Jay R- Ni! 3,358,346 12/1967 Samuelson 29/103 Fort Worth.Tex.-. 3.364.975 1/1968 Gruber 29/1828 X Michael R. Sargent. Raleigh. NC: William 3 1863 I 2 6/1968 Shemberg 29/1828 1'. Klll'lelll. F W I'Ih. T 1 426,486 2/1969 Kubsh 51/209 [21 I Appl N0 2 3,440,907 4/1969 Wrench 76/24 [22] Filed Apr. 24, 1968 [45] Patented [73] Assignee July 6, 1971 General Dynamics Corporation, Fort Worth Division Fort Worth, Tex.
[541 COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR MAKING CUTTING [561 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,897,214 2/1933 Ridgway 29/95 X 1,913,373 6/1933 Golyer..... 29/95 X 1,939,991 12/1933 Krusell 29/95 X 2,349,052 5/1944 Ollier 29/1828 2,638,021 5/1953 Van Der Heider 29/95 X Primary Examiner -Harrison L Hinson Attorney Charles(' M, Woodward ABSTRACT: A superindurate, texturally stable abrasive composite material useful in the making of cutting and abrading tools, such as oil well drills, industrial metal cutting bits, mills, planar knives and abrasive grinders. The superficies of the object tool is comprised of the outer face of a tough matrix material and the projecting ends of a preferentially oriented indurate fibers or filaments, such as boron or the indurate intermetallic compounds of boron endowed with a hardness closely approaching that of industrial diamonds, which have been dispersed in collocated array and embodied within a tough matrix material such, for example, as in a sponge iron matrix which has been briquetted in the configuration of the object tool and then heated at temperatures sufiicient for incipient fusion to occur to form the composite tool. Other ductile metals such as aluminum, nickel and cobalt, including certain of their alloys, together with steel and titanium are further examples of matrix materials which may be employed. The indurate filaments are so dispersed and collocated that the outer ends of the fibers or filaments are aligned normal to the tool's work-taction surface and consequently to the surface of the object material to be cut or abraded.
PATENIEUJUL s|97| 3.590.472
SHEEI 1 BF 6 FIG. 4
WILLIAM T. KAARLELA JOY R. NIX MICHAEL R SARGENT INVENTOR.
ATTORNEY PATENTEU JUL 6 l9?! SHEET 2 BF 6 WILLIAM T. KAARLELA JOY R. NIX MICHAEL R SARGENT INVENTOK am xi/ycmzmz ATTORNEY PATENTFHJUL elem 3.590472 saw 3 UP 6 FIG. l5 WILLIAM T. KAARLELA JOY R.NIX MICHAEL R. SARGENT INVENTOR.
ATTORNEY ATENIEU JUL 615m 3590.472
saw u or 6 WILLIAM I KAARLELA JOY R. NIX
MICHAEL R SARGENT INVENTOR.
AT TORNEY PATENTEU JUL 8 I911 SHEET 5 BF 6 WILLIAM T. KAARLELA JOY R. NIX MICHAEL R- SARGENT INVI'IN'IUR.
FIG. 18
ATTORNEY COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR MAKING CUTTING AND ABRADING TOOLS The present invention relates generally to a very hard composite material for cutting or abrading hard and obdurate substances and the methods of forming the composite. More particularly the invention relates to a novel and unique material combination referred to herein as a superindurate composite 0 structure which can be readily fabricated into useful and effcient tool shapes for the cutting or abrading of very hard substances such as the most obdurate metals, rock, other lapideous matter and the like. Such cutting and abrading tools may be any of several varieties having either rotary or planar cutting or abrading action such as end mills, boring mill cutters, drills, augers, planing mill cutters, lathe cutters, turning mill cutters, abrasive discs, grinding or polishing wheels and the like. Further examples include oil well rock bits, roller bits, coring bits and similar geological boring and scraping tools.
In the present an and with particular reference to the petroleum industry and related geological activities, many types of drill bits are presently being employed. Hardened tool-steel bits and carbide insert cutters are in widespread use for general drilling through low and medium hardness geological formations. Diamond tipped bits are employed when penetration of very hard, lapidified formations is desired. Several disadvantages are inherent in the use of separate cutting, boring and abrasive tools of the known art. Drilling oil wells requires the use of different bits when passing through the changing geological formations and therefore the long articulated drill stem must be pulled from the hole, disassembled in sections and stacked until the entire length is withdrawn and the cutting bit changed, before proceeding into the next formation. This is a slow, laborious and very costly procedure which must be repeated many times during the course of drilling a well. This is particularly true in offshore drilling because of the extreme depths of the wells.
Further, the commonly used hardened tool steels employed in making such drills wear out very rapidly, also requiring the costly pullout operation described above, to permit the drill bit to be replaced. Rock drills having cementedon tips of industrial diamonds become unusable when the diamond chips become loosened or disengaged from the drill bits face, again requiring costly pullout of the entire stern system and replace ment of the bit.
High-speed steel, from which the efficient design of the well-known general purpose roller bit is made, wears very rapidly when this bit is employed for drilling in very hard formations, thus requiring pullout of the drill stem in order to make the change to a diamond studded hard rock bit, which, from necessity is limited to a relatively inefficient pestlelike design. With the present invention, a roller bit of the same general configuration as those presently employed, but having its roller teeth fabricated from the present superindurate composite material has the dual capability of serving as an efficient all-purpose drill bit, thus retaining the efficiency of the roller bit configuration yet also attaining the effectivity of the diamond studded-hard rock bit for drilling in the very hard formations. Thus, the present invention permits continuous drilling without pullout for bit change when passing from one formation to the other.
Industrial metal-working milling tools, grinders, boring bits,
drills, sanders and the like also wear very rapidly when the harder metals such as tungsten, tantalum, titanium, molybdenum, the high carbon steels, etc. are machined or ground with abrasive tools and also in some of the more advanced steel alloys such as D6ac, martensitic stainless, maraging steel, and H-l 1 tool steel.
The presently invented composite material effectively obviates most of the above-described deficiencies and disadvantages inherent in the use of cutting and abrading tools of the present art by providing a very economical, easy to manufacture, superindurate composite material for the making of such tools. Superindurate fibers and filaments are defined for purposes of this disclosure as having a hardness in the range of 9.39.99 inclusive, on the Mohs hardness scale for inorganic materials.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a superindurate composite material for the manufacture of cutting and abrading tools.
Another object of the invention is to provide a superindurate composite material for the manufacture of cutting and abrading tools which has an exceptionally long wear life in respect to that of conventional tools employed for similar purposes.
Other and further objects and advantages of the invention will be more readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon a consideration of the appended drawings and the following description wherein several constructional forms of the invention are disclosed, and wherein:
FIG. I is an isometric view of a milling cutter embodying the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional detail view in elevation of a typical cutting tooth taken at ll-II in the cutter shown in FIG.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional elevational view of the milling cutter tooth taken at line III-III of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a sectional plan view near the cutting edge of the milling cutter tooth as taken at line IV-IV in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of the metal cutting end ofa boring bar with typical cutting inserts affixed in their cutting position;
FIG. 6 is an end view from the front of the boring bar of FIG. 5-,
FIG. 7 is an enlarged detail isometric view of one of the cutting inserts shown in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 8 is a sectional view through the cutting insert taken at line VIII-VIII of FIG. 7 and particularly showing boron filaments, in collocated and aligned array embodied within a metal matrix according to the present invention to provide a superindurate composite material for the cutting portion of the insert;
FIG. 9 is a pictorial view of a detachable oil well hard-rock bit of conventional configuration embodying the superindurate composite material of the present invention in lieu of forged steel having industrial diamonds adhered to its cutting face as in the present practice in conventional devices having this configuration and for this purpose.
FIG. 10 is a cross section elevational view of the bit of FIG. 9 taken along line X-X of FIG. 9;
FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional elevational view of an open punch press showing a disc of superindurate composite material placed over the press die concavity prior to forming;
FIG. 12 is a view similar to that of FIG. II, but showing the punch press closed and the disc formed into shape in the press die concavity;
FIG. I3 is a cross-sectional view of the apparatus employed for the present invention when formed by a closed cavity, hot extrusion molding process;
FIG. 14 is a front elevational view of an industrial metal grinding and polishing whee] embodying the present invention;
FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line XV-XV of FIG. 14;
FIG. I6 is a pictorial view ofa general purpose oil well roller bit embodying the invention;
FIG. I7 is an enlarged pictorial detail view of one of the teeth or lug elements of the bit shown in FIG. I6; and
FIG. 18 is a sectional, elevational view taken at line XVII-XVIII of FIG. I7.
Referring now to FIG. I of the drawings, there is shown an industrial straighMQoth, plane milling cutter of conventional configuration for metal working having a matrix 10, a bore 12 and key-way I4 for conventional mounting on a mill arbor (not shown). Such milling cutters are usually made for forged,
high-speed, homogeneous steel and are therefore subject to progressive dulling and wear by attrition of the cutting edge when used for milling other hard metals and like substances. Hence only a comparatively short wear-life is realized in the use of such homogenous metal tools.
In the present invention a tough yet ductile matrix metal 10, such as iron, aluminum, steel, nickel, cobalt and the like embodies preferentially orientated, aligned and collected boron or other superindurate filaments l6, dispersed within cutting teeth 18 in such manner that the outer face of the cutting portion of the tooth is comprised of the projecting ends 20 of the filaments and the intimately interspersed matrix material It]. This is better illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 wherein cutting tooth I8 is shown enlarged for clarity, as is the dispersion of boron filaments 16 or other superindurate filaments within matrix material 10, to form cutting tooth 18 from the superindurate composite material of the invention in lieu of homogeneous high'speed steel or other conventional metals from which such milling cutters are normally formed in the present art.
The preferred process for making the above-described plain, straight-tooth milling cutter may be generally referred to as a modified cold slurry extrusion process. For example, a predetermined amount of sponge iron power is mechanically mixed into a hopper containing an aqueous solution having a defiocculant to suspend it in a dispersed state. Boron filaments of selected length and quantity are then admixed into this aqueous solution to form a slurry. The resultant viscous fluid slurry is then cold extruded through an orifice having a ratio of 1411 or greater to the hopper diameter into a permeable mold or die of the object milling cutter's configuration, thus molding the slurry into the desired size and shape of the tool while simultaneously collocating and otherwise selectively orienting the boron fibers in the desired pattern by the resultant fluid dispersion as the slurry enters the die. The wet-mold composite form is then dried in a drying oven or otherwise dehydrated by exposing it to drying heat in order to evaporate and drive out substantially all water and moisture. The molded composite milling cutter is next sintered by subjecting it to a temperature sufficient only to permit incipient fusion to occur throughout the granular constituency of the composites matrix and metallic substrata, resulting in a finished mill cutter with a superindurate composition for each ofits cutting teeth.
Referring now to FIG. 5, there is shown the lower portion or cutting head 22 of a boring bar 24 of conventional configuration and having dual insert type cutters 26, also of conven tional American Standard configuration. Cutters 26, as best seen in FIG. 6, are fitted into retainer slots 28 of bar end 30 and fixedly held in position by flattened bushings 32 and screws 34 inserted at an angle for secure a wedging effect. For purposes of clarity, an enlarged detail of one of the insert cutters 26 is shown in FIG. 7. Dispersed in a collocated pattern within matrix material 36 and extending across the superficies of the cutting end 38 thereof are the projecting ends 40 of a plurality of boron superindurate filaments 42, FIG. 8. Preferably fibers 42 are spaced one diameter of less apart in order to achieve a desired dispersal density of about 30 percent by volume or greater of filament ends at matrix material exposure in any given surface to be employed for cutting or abrasion.
The preferred process for fabricating the type of insert cutter exemplified by the above-described boring bar cutter may be generally referred to as a modified dry-powder metallurgical process wherein predetermined porportions of boron filaments of selected length, or other superindurate fibers arc funneled through a first hopper, preferably of the I4zl ratio described above, onto a troughlike receptacle whose base defines an inclined plate. From a second hopper a predetermined proportionate amount of metal matrix granules or powder, such'as sponge iron, is simultaneously funneled onto the inclined trough and admixed with the deposited filaments as a result of a vibratory motion imparted to the inclined trough by conventional means (not shown). This vibration causes a predetermined, proportionate mixing of the filaments with the matrix powder, on the order of approximately 30 percent, or greater, by volume, of filaments to matrix material, while also causing the dry mixture to flow or slide evenly down the inclined plane of the trough and to be deposited into a die cavity formed by a depression, of the size and shape desired, in the floor of the inclined chute. The boron filaments are dispersed and longitudinally aligned in the desired collocated pattern by passing the dry mixture through one of more funnel flues or gates mounted upon the trough, athwart the flow path of the mixture and upon the inclined plane above the die cavity. The die cavity, when full, is subjected to compaction by conventional means, such as by mechanical presses or by the know isostatic pressing process sufficient to cause the dry powder and filament mixture to coalesce into a briquette of the desired dimensions and configuration. This briquette is then sintered by subjecting it to a temperature sufficient only for incipient fusion to occur between its metallic granules, resulting in a permeant encasement of the aligned and collocated boron strands into the sintered powder matrix to form the object insert into a superindurate composite structure.
The pestle-shaped hard-rock bit 50, shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, is presently employed in geological drilling, particularly in the petroleum industry for drilling through very hard formations, and is also exemplary of the type of abrasive cutting tool whose working superficies may be readily fabricated from the superindurate composite material of the present invention. Conventionally, the working face of this bit is studded with industrial diamonds which are cemented or otherwise adhered to the work traction surface by a very strong adhesive. This diamond studded face serves as the abrading medium for drilling through rock formations or other very hard geological substances.
The present invention integrally combines the conventional hardened tool steel 52 employed in this hard-rock bit design with work taction superficies of superindurate composite material 54 to provide a bit which does not need to be withdrawn from the hole. The advantage obtained in the use of boron and other superindurate fibers 54 in a tough matrix 52 to provide a working face composite as a direct replacement for cemented diamond chips is obvious since they cannot be pulled out, dislodged or otherwise degraded by hard use because of their firmly embedded length. Other portions of the tool 50, such as the threaded shank portion 56 as well as its general configuration, including relief channels 58 and drilling fluid orifice 60 remain consistent with those of the conventional diamond studded bit.
This bit, when fabricated to embody a work surface of superindurate composite material is made by the closed cavity hot extrusion process described above but employing two phases in the process. In the first phase a cylindrical superindurate composite having a central bore therethrough and with its filaments oriented and collocated in a longitudinal direction is formed by the modified cold slurry extrusion process hereinabove described. From this cylindrical shape a washerlike disc segment having a thickness as required to effeet the superindurate working face of the bit is removed or in effect sliced from the parent extrusion.
Referring to FIGS. l1, l2 and 13, a circular washerlike segment 110, FIG. 11, is concentrically positioned over concavity 1 I2 of conventional punch press die 114, the cavity having the shape and configuration of the work taction face of the object bit to be formed. Segment is pressed into concavity 112 and shaped by the lowering of press ram 116, upper platen 1 l8 and convex or male die I20; convex die nesting into concavity I12 and punch 122 being passed through central aperture 124 of segment 110 and into orifice 126 ofdie 114 as shown in FIG. 12.
The preformed cup-shaped segment 110 of superindurate material is next placed into closed cavity die 150, FIG. 13, which is preferably of the split die type 152 as currently employed in closed cavity extrusion molding using high-energyrate pneumatic-mechanical forming techniques and equipment (not shown) such as the commercial "Dynapak" apparatus. However, appropriate dies in large hydraulic presses will also provide adequate capability for making the object bit.
A heated billet of matrix metal 154, such as steel, iron, nickel, or aluminum is next positioned in the upper part of cavity 150 above neck portion 156 and punch die 158 of punch ram 160 is released under high pneumatic or hydraulic pressure to impact billet 154 at very high pressure, thus causing the metal billet to extrude through neck 156, completely filling cavity 150 and coalescing this extruding metal with superindurate composite material 110, thus forming the drill bit body into the configuration of the walls of cavity 150 and capping the superficies thereof with the superindurate composite material 110 to provide the abrasive work taction face of the bit. The drill bit is then removed from the die and finished in a conventional manner by cutting at the [62 and removing flared portion 164. Drilling fluid orifice 60, FIG. [0, is bored through the center and coupling shank 56 appropriately threaded to complete the object rock bit.
in the formation of cutting, grinding or abrasive tools which define bodies of revolution, the die may be simultaneously rotated while the metal extrusion is being effected in order to take advantage of centrifugal force to better position the filaments and thus assure increased exactness in collocation and alignment thereof. Further, prior to admixing boron or other superindurate filaments with the matrix material the former may be precoated with a very light magnetic film. Thereafter, conventional application of a magnetic field of force about the compacting die will help assure that the filaments are aligned and collocated with exactness. This magnetic force alignment may be applied during either the cold slurry extrusion or immediately following the admixing of dry metallic powder with superindurate filaments as heretofore described.
The grinding wheel shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 is exemplary of abrading tools that may be fabricated to employ superindurate composites by dry powder metallurgy wherein superindurate filaments 70 may be aligned and collocated by first applying a magnetic film thereon, admixing with a powdered metal matrix material and subjecting the admixture to a magnetic field while lying uncongealed in the die cavity prior to compaction into a briquette or billet for eventual sintering to form finished wheel 72 having matrix 74 with aligned and collocated superindurate filaments 70 embodied peripherally therein; the outer ends of which define abrasive surface 76. Conventional bushing or bearing insert 78, subsequently fitted about the central axis completes the construction to provide grinding wheel end product 72.
The general lugs drill bit illustrated in FIGS. l6, l7 and 18 may be fabricated in a manner closely correlated to that employed for making the hard rock bit shown in FIG. 9 and generally described above, to embody superindurate composite material of the present invention in abrasive lugs or teeth 80. Three-legged bit body 82 including threaded coupling shank 84 and drilling fluid nozzle 86 are made of conventional material and are of known construction and thus need not be further described herein.
Cutting tooth or lug is fabricated by the dry powder metallurgy process generally analogous to the described above for making the boring bit insert cutter shown in FIG. 8. Preferably the filaments to be employed are first metallized so that they may be precisely aligned and collocated upon the admixture of metallic matrix powder and these filaments being loosely deposited in the compaction die immediately prior to their compaction into a billet or briquette which is subsequently sintered t0 finish the tooth. In the second phase of the process teeth or lugs 80 are fitted into notches cut radially into the periphery of a circular positioning plate (not shown) and evenly dispersed thereabout. Only that convergent portion extending downwardly from the tangent point on each shouldered radius protrudes beyond the notches. This protrusion fits snugly into tooth cavities provided in the wall of the closed end split extrusion die to prevent the former from being covered or damaged by the flow-in of metal during the subsequent extruslon of a billet. With all lugs or teeth 8|] being properly spaced and retained by the slotted die ring and also properly disposed with relation to the appropriate die wall cavities, a billet of tough matrix material such as hot steel is extruded into the closed die cavity, much in the manner exemplified in FIG. I3, to cause hot metal to flow into and around the shouldered radii being retained within the slot of the die ring, thereby firmly securing teeth 80 by coalescence with ex truding metal and forming rotatably disc element 88, FIG. 16, so that teeth or lugs 80 become an integral part of rotatable disc element 88.
From the foregoing, it will be readily apparent that the present invention is characterized as a superindurate composite material and method of making same comprising a plurality of superindurate filaments such as boron and its intermetallic compounds fixedly embedded in a tough, ductile matrix material and aligned and collocated in such manner that the filament ends and the exposed surface of the matrix provide the cutting edge or abrasive surface of the work taction part of the object tool into which it is shaped, embodied or incorporated.
We claim:
1. A superindurate composite cutting and abrading material for application to very hard substances, comprising in combination:
a. a matrix material having the characteristics of toughness and a uniform wearability less than the abrading elements embedded therein:
b. a plurality of superindurate filaments having a hardness on the Mohs' scale of 9.3 to 9.99 aligned substantially normal to a work surface defined by said matrix and collocated within said matrix the ends of substantially the major portion of said filaments exposed on said surface to define a cutting edge of abrading surface upon said composite, the remainder of the length of said filaments embedded in said matrix.
Notice of Adverse Decision in Interference In Interference No. 98,064, involving Patent No. 3,590,472, J. R. Nix, M. R. Sargent and WV. T. Kaarlea, COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR MAK- ING CUTTING AND ABRADING TOOLS, final judgment adverse to the patentees was rendered Dec. 9, 1974, as to claim 1.
[Oficial Gazette January 13, 1.976.]
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US3948620A (en) * 1970-09-01 1976-04-06 Oconnor Thomas John Method of making cutting master for erosion machining
US3990868A (en) * 1973-09-14 1976-11-09 Oconnor Thomas John Method of making cutting master for erosion machining
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FR2540025A1 (en) * 1983-01-28 1984-08-03 Precidia Rotating tool comprising a body of revolution provided with active elements for machining materials such as granite, marble or a refractory product
EP0255499A3 (en) * 1986-07-29 1989-01-18 Strata Bit Corporation Cutting element for a rotary drill bit and methods for making same
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US20070169598A1 (en) * 2006-01-23 2007-07-26 Szymanski David A Safety chain and rotational devices and replaceable teeth therefor
US20080072500A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-27 Klett Michael W Microfiber reinforcement for abrasive tools
US9505064B2 (en) 2011-11-16 2016-11-29 Kennametal Inc. Cutting tool having at least partially molded body and method of making same
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