US3463249A - Method of flame drilling with abrasives - Google Patents
Method of flame drilling with abrasives Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3463249A US3463249A US725030A US3463249DA US3463249A US 3463249 A US3463249 A US 3463249A US 725030 A US725030 A US 725030A US 3463249D A US3463249D A US 3463249DA US 3463249 A US3463249 A US 3463249A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- burner
- jet
- drilling
- flame
- air
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 13
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 18
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 4
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010438 granite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011044 quartzite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/14—Drilling by use of heat, e.g. flame drilling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
- F23D14/34—Burners specially adapted for use with means for pressurising the gaseous fuel or the combustion air
Definitions
- Our invention relates to the drilling of holes and the cutting of channels in rock and soils.
- the principles involved provide for increased working speeds for a given hole or channel as compared to conventional flame jet drilling.
- Flame jet drilling and channelling is accomplished using two basically different techniques. Where the rock or soil is susceptible to working by heat action of the flame, said flame alone is capable of producing the drilled hole. Many of the harder rocks are flame drilled in this manner. They include granite, taconite, dolomite, and quartzite among others.
- a conventional 600 s.c.f.m. air-fuel burner drills a 10-inch diameter hole in a particular taconite at 25 ft./hr.
- This burner operates with a chamber pressure of 70 p.si.g. with a jet nozzle diameter of 1.250 inches. Decreasing the nozzle diameter to .875 inch increases the chamber pressure to nearly 200 p.si.g.
- an air compressor of increased pressure output is required.
- the higher pressure unit consuming the same 600 s.c.f.m. of compressed-air, drills an 8-inch hole at 35 ft./hr.; it is notable that while the volume of material removed in the latter case is actually less, the action is far more effective in producing the desired result in terms linear of drilling speed.
- FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional isometric view of a flame drilling operation.
- FIGURE 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a burner capable of practicing the invention.
- FIGURE 3 is a modification of the burner of FIGURE 1, by which abrasive particles may be introduced into the burner.
- FIGURES 4a, 4b, and 4c are schematic views of rock surfaces impacted by flame jets of different velocity.
- FIGURE 1 illustrates flame jet drilling of a heat-spallable material 13, for example, taconite.
- the internal burner 11 produces flame jet 15 which impacts against the advancing face 21 of the hole 12. Spalled material and the exhausting products of combustion 16 issue upward and out of the hole at ground surface 14.
- Flame jet 15 is supersonic and is characterized by shock diamonds 49 which are described in more detail in connection with the discussion of FIGURE 2.
- Burner 11 is held by tube 17 which serves also to conduct compressed-air from hose 19 to the burner. Oil, or other fuel, is introduced from hose 20 through tube 18 contained within the larger tube 17. An O-ring seal is provided between tube 18 and hose 20. As the hole is drilled, the burner apparatus is advanced at a corresponding rate.
- FIG- URE 2 A detailed view of an air fuel burner is shown in FIG- URE 2.
- This design may be referred to as a three-tube design which provides a compact, symmetric unit.
- Air for combustion passes from tube 17 into distribution chamber 39 and then to the forward, or nozzle, end of the burner through annular space 41 contained between outer tube 31 and the middle tube 32. The air then reverses direction as shown by the arrows to pass upward between tube 32 and an inner liner 33 into well cavity 44 through radially disposed holes 43 in end piece 38-.
- Oil passes into spray nozzle 37 from tube 18 to form spray cone 46 which mixes and burns with the compressed air in combustion chamber 45.
- the products of combustion expand from the elevated pressure region of chamber 45 through nozzle 47 to form flame jet 48.
- the burner itself is rather simple.
- a combustor end piece 38 and a nozzle piece 47 forms the forward face of the combustion chamber 45, being an integral part of that chamber by virtue of weld 52.
- the piece 38 forms the opposite face of the combustion chamber 45 and is integrally connected to liner 33 and with nozzle 47 by weld 53.
- the middle tube 32 conducts the air flow to the forward end of the burner, this air flow providing adequate cooling of the outer tube 31 which is subject to heating by the exhausting hot gases passing up through the hole 12 (F IG- 3 URE l).
- Liner 33 operates red hot to facilitate the intense reactions taking place in chamber 45.
- the lower end of the middle tube 32 is free to float and said tube can expand or contract independently of the amount of expansion of any of the other elements.
- the liner 33 may expand, and its elongation is accommodated by motion of tube 18, sliding on oil hose 20.
- the construction of the burner permits not only elongation of parts, but lateral displacement occasioned by any unequal heating around the circumference of the tubular elements.
- the oil hose 20 is not mechanically fixed, thus permitting such movement.
- nozzle duct 47 is shown (in solid lines) as a converging nozzle, an expanding section 57 (in dotted lines) contained in nozzle piece 58 may also be used.
- the various portions of the flame jet issuing from nozzle 47 are due to the supersonic jet velocity of the flame itself.
- Shock diamonds 49 are characteristic of the situation where unbalanced gas pressures exist. At the exit plane of nozzle 47 the gas pressure (for high combustion chamber pressure) is much greater than that of the surrounding atmosphere. The jet expands as it passes into the atmosphere. But, due to the lower sound velocity as compared to the jet velocity, the jet pressure and atmospheric pressure do not immediately balance. Shock patterns result and the jet surface itself alternately expands and contracts.
- V 1,500 ft./sec.
- This flame jet is subsonic and is characterized by drilling a relatively large diameter hole.
- the impacting gases must turn and pass radially away from stagnation point 74, since their momentum is relatively low.
- heat transfer to the rock is strongly governed by the component of the spreading gas velocity more or less horizontally along the rock surface.
- the tangential contact velocity gradient is relatively low.
- the increase of velocity from point 75 to point 76 (in unit distance) is not great.
- Low heat transfer near the stagnation point 74 results in a lower removal rate of the rock at the jet centerline.
- the hot gases expand outward and continue to spall the rock a relatively long distance away from the point 74.
- a large hole diameter results, with slow axial progress.
- the impaction of the jet gases covers a smaller central area and the tangential speedup from stagnation point 84 to arrows 85 and 86 is much greater than for the previous case.
- a rather uniform rock removal rate results with the forward face of the hole being nearly hemispherical. The hole is smaller in diameter and the drilling rate is increased. However, the total amount of rock removed is less than for the case of FIGURE 4a.
- FIGURE 3 illustrates a burner geometry providing for free motion of the unitized combustor, yet allowing abrasive particles to be fed into the combustor.
- Abrasive feed tube 65 is firmly held by end piece 38.
- the well cavity 44 is offset enough to permit the addition of the tube 65.
- the fuel is provided as before and abrasive particles are airborne through tube 65 and become part of the burner eflluent.
- the term internal burner applies to a combustion device wherein the oxidant and fuel are fed at a relatively steady rate into a chamber where combustion proceeds continuously. Devices which rely on one or more explosion reactions are not considered to be internal burners by this definition.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
- Nozzles For Spraying Of Liquid Fuel (AREA)
- Drilling And Exploitation, And Mining Machines And Methods (AREA)
- Pressure-Spray And Ultrasonic-Wave- Spray Burners (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US72503068A | 1968-04-29 | 1968-04-29 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3463249A true US3463249A (en) | 1969-08-26 |
Family
ID=24912861
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US725030A Expired - Lifetime US3463249A (en) | 1968-04-29 | 1968-04-29 | Method of flame drilling with abrasives |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3463249A (de) |
| JP (1) | JPS5016281B1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE1918964B2 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2007166A1 (de) |
| GB (1) | GB1224453A (de) |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3849057A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-11-19 | Peck Co C | Jet flame cleaning and coating apparatus and method |
| US3854997A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-12-17 | Peck Co C | Jet flame cleaning |
| JPS5193103U (de) * | 1976-01-07 | 1976-07-26 | ||
| US4366860A (en) * | 1981-06-03 | 1983-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Downhole steam injector |
| US4384434A (en) * | 1980-01-16 | 1983-05-24 | Browning Engineering Corporation | High velocity flame jet internal burner for blast cleaning and abrasive cutting |
| US5125828A (en) * | 1991-03-18 | 1992-06-30 | Browning James A | Granite flame finishing internal burner |
| WO1996003566A3 (en) * | 1994-07-26 | 1996-05-09 | John North | Improvements in or relating to drilling with gas liquid swirl generator hydrocyclone separation combustion thermal jet spallation |
| US11780051B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2023-10-10 | Cold Jet, Llc | Method and apparatus for enhanced blast stream |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB2175991A (en) * | 1985-03-19 | 1986-12-10 | Proprietary Coating Ind Limite | Flame spraying gun |
Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2399680A (en) * | 1945-04-12 | 1946-05-07 | Pangborn Corp | Abrasive blasting |
| USRE22964E (en) * | 1948-01-20 | Method of and apparatus for work | ||
| US2633332A (en) * | 1946-11-08 | 1953-03-31 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Flame process |
| US2675993A (en) * | 1948-03-25 | 1954-04-20 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Method and apparatus for thermally working minerals and mineral-like materials |
| US2990653A (en) * | 1958-04-21 | 1961-07-04 | G H Temant Company | Method and apparatus for impacting a stream at high velocity against a surface to be treated |
| US3103251A (en) * | 1957-06-19 | 1963-09-10 | Fletcher Co H E | Flame cutting method |
| US3173499A (en) * | 1961-12-08 | 1965-03-16 | Union Carbide Canada Ltd | Mineral piercing apparatus |
| US3245721A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1966-04-12 | Irwin B Margiloff | Flame working minerals |
| US3255802A (en) * | 1963-09-05 | 1966-06-14 | Fletcher Co H E | Method and apparatus for producing flame jet and controlling temperature and flame stability of same |
-
1968
- 1968-04-29 US US725030A patent/US3463249A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1969
- 1969-03-29 JP JP44023734A patent/JPS5016281B1/ja active Pending
- 1969-03-31 GB GB06732/69A patent/GB1224453A/en not_active Expired
- 1969-04-15 DE DE19691918964 patent/DE1918964B2/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1969-04-28 FR FR6912064A patent/FR2007166A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE22964E (en) * | 1948-01-20 | Method of and apparatus for work | ||
| US2399680A (en) * | 1945-04-12 | 1946-05-07 | Pangborn Corp | Abrasive blasting |
| US2633332A (en) * | 1946-11-08 | 1953-03-31 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Flame process |
| US2675993A (en) * | 1948-03-25 | 1954-04-20 | Union Carbide & Carbon Corp | Method and apparatus for thermally working minerals and mineral-like materials |
| US3103251A (en) * | 1957-06-19 | 1963-09-10 | Fletcher Co H E | Flame cutting method |
| US2990653A (en) * | 1958-04-21 | 1961-07-04 | G H Temant Company | Method and apparatus for impacting a stream at high velocity against a surface to be treated |
| US3173499A (en) * | 1961-12-08 | 1965-03-16 | Union Carbide Canada Ltd | Mineral piercing apparatus |
| US3245721A (en) * | 1962-06-07 | 1966-04-12 | Irwin B Margiloff | Flame working minerals |
| US3255802A (en) * | 1963-09-05 | 1966-06-14 | Fletcher Co H E | Method and apparatus for producing flame jet and controlling temperature and flame stability of same |
Cited By (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3849057A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-11-19 | Peck Co C | Jet flame cleaning and coating apparatus and method |
| US3854997A (en) * | 1970-12-14 | 1974-12-17 | Peck Co C | Jet flame cleaning |
| JPS5193103U (de) * | 1976-01-07 | 1976-07-26 | ||
| US4384434A (en) * | 1980-01-16 | 1983-05-24 | Browning Engineering Corporation | High velocity flame jet internal burner for blast cleaning and abrasive cutting |
| US4366860A (en) * | 1981-06-03 | 1983-01-04 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Downhole steam injector |
| US5125828A (en) * | 1991-03-18 | 1992-06-30 | Browning James A | Granite flame finishing internal burner |
| WO1996003566A3 (en) * | 1994-07-26 | 1996-05-09 | John North | Improvements in or relating to drilling with gas liquid swirl generator hydrocyclone separation combustion thermal jet spallation |
| US11780051B2 (en) | 2019-12-31 | 2023-10-10 | Cold Jet, Llc | Method and apparatus for enhanced blast stream |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5016281B1 (de) | 1975-06-12 |
| DE1918964B2 (de) | 1977-09-22 |
| FR2007166A1 (de) | 1970-01-02 |
| DE1918964A1 (de) | 1969-11-20 |
| GB1224453A (en) | 1971-03-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US5283985A (en) | Extreme energy method for impacting abrasive particles against a surface to be treated | |
| US11441379B2 (en) | Downhole tool with a propellant charge | |
| US4648215A (en) | Method and apparatus for forming a high velocity liquid abrasive jet | |
| US3463249A (en) | Method of flame drilling with abrasives | |
| US3266552A (en) | Burner for producing a stable flame with a high concentration of heat stabilized by a shock wave | |
| US5520334A (en) | Air and fuel mixing chamber for a tuneable high velocity thermal spray gun | |
| CA1231235A (en) | Method and apparatus for forming a high velocity liquid abrasive jet | |
| JPH01317564A (ja) | 高速粉末熱スプレーガンおよび方法 | |
| US2675993A (en) | Method and apparatus for thermally working minerals and mineral-like materials | |
| US20070155289A1 (en) | Abrasive entrainment | |
| US2286192A (en) | Mineral piercing and cutting | |
| US3476194A (en) | Flame jet drilling | |
| US2376413A (en) | Blowpipe nozzle | |
| US5255959A (en) | Twin-jet process and apparatus therefor | |
| JPS60169555A (ja) | 溶射方法および装置 | |
| US2440423A (en) | Apparatus for manufacture of carbon black | |
| CA2119430A1 (en) | Dense oxide coatings by thermal spraying | |
| US3854997A (en) | Jet flame cleaning | |
| US5531590A (en) | Shock-stabilized supersonic flame-jet method and apparatus | |
| US3320744A (en) | Gas turbine engine burner | |
| JP7165939B2 (ja) | 溶射皮膜の形成方法、高速フレーム溶射装置、及び高速フレーム溶射用ノズル | |
| US2693937A (en) | Rock piercing blowpipe | |
| US2882017A (en) | Rock-piercing method and blowpipe | |
| US3173499A (en) | Mineral piercing apparatus | |
| RU2167756C2 (ru) | Способ термоабразивной обработки поверхностей и устройство для его осуществления |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: BROWNING, JAMES A. P.O. BOX 6, HANOVER, NH 03755 Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:BROWNING ENGINEERING CORPORATION;REEL/FRAME:004217/0414 Effective date: 19840125 |