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US3232338A - Cryopumping shield and panel configuration - Google Patents

Cryopumping shield and panel configuration Download PDF

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US3232338A
US3232338A US216602A US21660262A US3232338A US 3232338 A US3232338 A US 3232338A US 216602 A US216602 A US 216602A US 21660262 A US21660262 A US 21660262A US 3232338 A US3232338 A US 3232338A
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panel means
panel
shield
cryopumping
test specimen
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US216602A
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James G Pierce
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Cryovac LLC
CVI Inc
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Cryovac LLC
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B37/00—Pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B35/00
    • F04B37/06—Pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B35/00 for evacuating by thermal means
    • F04B37/08—Pumps having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F04B25/00 - F04B35/00 for evacuating by thermal means by condensing or freezing, e.g. cryogenic pumps

Definitions

  • space simulating chambers must simulate, as closely as possible, the environment in outer space including solar radiation coal-black space, the pressure of outer space, and other related physical characteristics to which space vehicles are subjected.
  • Chambers of this general nature include an outer housing structurally adapted to withstand pressures when evacuated and a cryopumping shield suspended within the housing.
  • the cryopumping shield effects the condensation of gases on surfaces within the chamber, the clyopumping being performed by refrigerating the shield with flows of a cryogenic fluid such as gaseous helium.
  • the shield comprises a wall on the inner surface of which are mounted a plurality of first panel means that are refrigerated by liquid nitrogen to a temperature approximately 100 degrees Kelvin.
  • a plurality of second panel means are each mounted to a respective one of the first panel means between the shield wall and the first panel means and are refrigerated to a temperature of approximately degrees Kelvin by a gaseous flow from a helium refrigerator.
  • the cryopumping shield comprises an improved panel means construction that includes a plurality of upstanding ribs on the side of the panel means that faces the test specimen. These ribs are so arranged that substantially all of the radiant energy is absorbed by the shield thereby closely to simulate the infinite heat sink of outer space. Also, this greatly reduces the amount of radiation reflected to the colder panel thereby greatly reducing the amount of refrigeration required to maintain the extreme low temperature of the panel.
  • the molecules eminating from the test specimen are defusely reflected from the ribbed panel construction to the colder shielded panel whereby the entire array pumps efliciently in a manner comparable to an array constructed of flat panels.
  • the present invention does not increase cryopumping speed but does materially reduce the amount of refrigeration required and greatly enhance the accuracy of simulation of outer space.
  • the novel ribbed panel means is provided with a conduit for conducting a flow of liquid nitrogen whereby the panel means is not only cooled by conduction from. the refrigerator wall on which it is mounted but is also directly cooled by its own circulating flow of refrigerant.
  • the above mentioned second panel means that is cooled by the flowing helium refrigerant, is mounted to the main panel means by a novel spacer and fastener construction formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
  • an object of the present invention to provide an improved cryopumpiug shield array provided with a plurality of upstanding ribs that absorb and difusely reflect molecules emitted from the test specimen to a colder shielded panel whereby the entire array pumps efficiently in a manner comparable to an array constructed of panels.
  • FIG. 1 is a broken side sectional view of a space simulating chamber provided with a cryopumlping shield constructed in accordance with the present invention, the section being taken along a vertical plane through the center line of the chamber;
  • FIG. 2 is an end sectional view of a panel means construction comprising a portion of the cryopumping shield of FIG. 1, the section being taken along a line 22 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a top sectional view of the space simulating chamber of FIG. 1, the section being taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 4 is an end sectional view of a modified panel means constructed in accordance with the present invention and comprising a modification thereof.
  • FIGS. 1 and 3 illustrate a space simulation chamber indicated generally at 1% that comprises an outer housing 12 and a removable top 16.
  • a vacuum portion not illustrated, communicates with the interior of housing 12 by means of a conduit 18 with the pump having a capacity suflicient to reduce the pressure within the housing 12 to approximately 1x10" millimeters of mercury in order to approximate the pressure of outer space.
  • a cryopumping shield indicated generally at 20 is supported within the housing, by suitable mounting means, not illustrated, with the space surrounded by shield 20 being in communication with the interior of housing 16 via the opening 22.
  • a typical test specimen is disposed within the shield and indicated generally at 24.
  • the cryopumping shield 2th is cooled to a temperature of approximately degrees Kelvin by a cooling conduit as which conducts a flow of liquid nitrogen in heat transfer relationship with a wall 28 of the shield.
  • Conduit 26 includes an inlet 34 for the influx of refrigerant which is discharged at outlet 32.
  • refrigerated wall 28 is provided with a plurality of first panel means indicated generally at 34 and a plurality of second panel means indicated generally at 36.
  • Each of the panel means 34 is cooled by conduction as it is welded at a junction 40 in heat transferring relationship with wall 28.
  • the outer surface of panel means 34 includes a plurality of upstanding ribs 42 that are substantially normal to the plane of the panel means.
  • the outer surfaces of ribs 42 and the inwardly facing surface 44 of the panel means are finished in flat black to provide the most effective surface for absorbing radiant energy.
  • panel means 34 is directly cooled by a conduit portion 46 which is provided with a flow of liquid nitrogen by a suitable supply system, not illustrated.
  • Each of the shielded panel means 36 includes a conduit portion 48 that is supplied with a flow of gaseous helium from a suitable helium refrigerator in circuit with which conduit 48 is connected.
  • the colder panel means 36 are mounted in insulated relationship with the warmer panel means 34 by a plurality of tubular spacers 50 which butt against confronting surfaces of the panel means and by a plurality of pins 52 that extend through holes 54 and 56 through the panel means and which include annular spring type retaining washers 58.
  • the spacers 50 and pins 52 are formed of suitable plastic material of low thermal conductivity and thereby serve to effectively detachably mount the panel means together in insulated relationship.
  • PEG. 4 illustrates a modified shield construction wherein a modified warmer panel means 34A is mounted to a modified colder panel means 36A.
  • the warmer panel means is cooled entirely by heat transfer with the refrigerated wall 28 with the entire inwardly facing surface 44 being provided with spaced upstanding ribs 42
  • the shielded colder panel means 48 is refrigerated by flowing helium gas in conduit 48 with the panel construction differing from that of FIG. 2 by tl location of the conduit 48 between the mounting pins 52 and tubular spacers 50.
  • the free ends 62 of the warmer panel means are angled towards refrigerated wall 28 in order to optically shield the colder panel means from the test specimen.
  • molecules of radiant energy from the test specimen 24 follow a path such as the one indicated in dotted delineation at 66 in FIG. 3 and upon striking the side of one of the ribs 42 the molecules are deflected, with the angle of incidence equalizing the angle of refraction, against the main body of the warmer panel means as is indicated by the dotted path 68 in FIG. 3.
  • the amount of radiant energy reflected back towards the test specimen is in the order of .9 percent, this magnitude of energy absorption occurring only once since the path of radiation encounters only one black surface.
  • 99.1 percent of the energy is absorbed each time a flat black surface is encountered so it will therefore be understood that the energy reflected back, when the path encounters upstanding ribs and hence a multiplicity of flat black surfaces, will be the product of .9 percent times .9 percent of .0081 percent after two flat black surfaces have been encountered.
  • An improved cryopumping shield comprising, in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; and an array of panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means, said panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant.
  • An improved cryopumping shield comprising, in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; an array of warmer panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said warmer panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means, said panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant; a colder panel means between each of said warmer panel means and said wall means, each of said colder panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant; and insulating spacer means mounting said colder panel means on said warmer panel means.
  • said spacer means includes a tubular spacer member between said two panel means; and a pin extending through said spacer member and connecting said two panel means, said pin and spacer member being formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
  • An improved cryopumping shield comprising in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; an array of warmer panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said warmer panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen location is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means; a colder panel means between each of said warmer panel means and said wall means, each of said colder panel means including a conduit for flow of refrigerant; and insulating spacer means mounting said colder panel means on said warmer panel means, said spacer means including a tubular spacer member between said two panel means; and a pin extending through said spacer member and connecting said two panel means, said pin and spacer member being formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
  • Model 8484 published 9/19/62, by High Vacuum Equipment Corp., Hinghan, Mass.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)

Description

Feb. 1, 1966 J. G. PIERCE CRYOPUMPING SHIELD AND PANEL CONFIGURATION 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 20 Filed Oct. 31, 1962 INVENTOR. JAMES 6. PIERCE ATTORNEYS Feb. 1, 1966 J. G. PIERCE 3,232,338
CRYOPUMPING SHIELD AND PANEL CONFIGURATION Filed Oct. 31, 1962 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 INVENTOR. JAMES 6. PIERCE ATTORNEYS United States Patent Office 3,2323% CRYGPUMPHNG AND PANEL CGNFEGURATEQN .iames G. Pierce, Coiumbus, Shin, assignor to Cryovae, Inc, (Johan-thus, (thin, a corporation of Ghio Fiied Oct. 31, 1%2, Ser. No. 216,602 4 Elaims. (4C3. 165-67) This invention relates to cryopumping apparatus and more particularly to an improved cryopumping shield for use in space simulating chambers.
in general, space simulating chambers must simulate, as closely as possible, the environment in outer space including solar radiation coal-black space, the pressure of outer space, and other related physical characteristics to which space vehicles are subjected.
Chambers of this general nature include an outer housing structurally adapted to withstand pressures when evacuated and a cryopumping shield suspended within the housing.
The cryopumping shield effects the condensation of gases on surfaces within the chamber, the clyopumping being performed by refrigerating the shield with flows of a cryogenic fluid such as gaseous helium.
structurally the shield comprises a wall on the inner surface of which are mounted a plurality of first panel means that are refrigerated by liquid nitrogen to a temperature approximately 100 degrees Kelvin.
A plurality of second panel means are each mounted to a respective one of the first panel means between the shield wall and the first panel means and are refrigerated to a temperature of approximately degrees Kelvin by a gaseous flow from a helium refrigerator.
In accordance with the present invention, the cryopumping shield comprises an improved panel means construction that includes a plurality of upstanding ribs on the side of the panel means that faces the test specimen. These ribs are so arranged that substantially all of the radiant energy is absorbed by the shield thereby closely to simulate the infinite heat sink of outer space. Also, this greatly reduces the amount of radiation reflected to the colder panel thereby greatly reducing the amount of refrigeration required to maintain the extreme low temperature of the panel.
The molecules eminating from the test specimen are defusely reflected from the ribbed panel construction to the colder shielded panel whereby the entire array pumps efliciently in a manner comparable to an array constructed of flat panels.
It will therefore be understood that the present invention does not increase cryopumping speed but does materially reduce the amount of refrigeration required and greatly enhance the accuracy of simulation of outer space.
As another aspect of the present invention the novel ribbed panel means is provided with a conduit for conducting a flow of liquid nitrogen whereby the panel means is not only cooled by conduction from. the refrigerator wall on which it is mounted but is also directly cooled by its own circulating flow of refrigerant.
As another novel feature the above mentioned second panel means, that is cooled by the flowing helium refrigerant, is mounted to the main panel means by a novel spacer and fastener construction formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved cryopumpiug shield array provided with a plurality of upstanding ribs that absorb and difusely reflect molecules emitted from the test specimen to a colder shielded panel whereby the entire array pumps efficiently in a manner comparable to an array constructed of panels.
3,232,338 Patented Feb. 1, 1966 It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved cryc-pumping shield array that includes refrigerated panel means provided with conduits that conduct flows of refrigerant directly within the panel means.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a cryopumping shield array that comprises inner and outer panel means detachably joined together by mounting members of low thermal conductivity.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawings wherein preferred forms of embodiments of the invention are clearly shown.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a broken side sectional view of a space simulating chamber provided with a cryopumlping shield constructed in accordance with the present invention, the section being taken along a vertical plane through the center line of the chamber;
FIG. 2 is an end sectional view of a panel means construction comprising a portion of the cryopumping shield of FIG. 1, the section being taken along a line 22 of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a top sectional view of the space simulating chamber of FIG. 1, the section being taken along the line 3-3 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 4 is an end sectional view of a modified panel means constructed in accordance with the present invention and comprising a modification thereof.
Referring in detail to the drawings, FIGS. 1 and 3 illustrate a space simulation chamber indicated generally at 1% that comprises an outer housing 12 and a removable top 16. A vacuum portion, not illustrated, communicates with the interior of housing 12 by means of a conduit 18 with the pump having a capacity suflicient to reduce the pressure within the housing 12 to approximately 1x10" millimeters of mercury in order to approximate the pressure of outer space.
A cryopumping shield indicated generally at 20 is supported within the housing, by suitable mounting means, not illustrated, with the space surrounded by shield 20 being in communication with the interior of housing 16 via the opening 22. A typical test specimen is disposed within the shield and indicated generally at 24.
The cryopumping shield 2th is cooled to a temperature of approximately degrees Kelvin by a cooling conduit as which conducts a flow of liquid nitrogen in heat transfer relationship with a wall 28 of the shield. Conduit 26 includes an inlet 34 for the influx of refrigerant which is discharged at outlet 32.
Referring next to FIGS. 2 and 3 refrigerated wall 28 is provided with a plurality of first panel means indicated generally at 34 and a plurality of second panel means indicated generally at 36.
Each of the panel means 34 is cooled by conduction as it is welded at a junction 40 in heat transferring relationship with wall 28.
The outer surface of panel means 34 includes a plurality of upstanding ribs 42 that are substantially normal to the plane of the panel means. The outer surfaces of ribs 42 and the inwardly facing surface 44 of the panel means are finished in flat black to provide the most effective surface for absorbing radiant energy.
In the preferred embodiment of FIG. 2 panel means 34 is directly cooled by a conduit portion 46 which is provided with a flow of liquid nitrogen by a suitable supply system, not illustrated.
Each of the shielded panel means 36 includes a conduit portion 48 that is supplied with a flow of gaseous helium from a suitable helium refrigerator in circuit with which conduit 48 is connected.
The colder panel means 36 are mounted in insulated relationship with the warmer panel means 34 by a plurality of tubular spacers 50 which butt against confronting surfaces of the panel means and by a plurality of pins 52 that extend through holes 54 and 56 through the panel means and which include annular spring type retaining washers 58.
The spacers 50 and pins 52 are formed of suitable plastic material of low thermal conductivity and thereby serve to effectively detachably mount the panel means together in insulated relationship.
Reference is next made to PEG. 4 which illustrates a modified shield construction wherein a modified warmer panel means 34A is mounted to a modified colder panel means 36A.
In this modification the warmer panel means is cooled entirely by heat transfer with the refrigerated wall 28 with the entire inwardly facing surface 44 being provided with spaced upstanding ribs 42 The shielded colder panel means 48 is refrigerated by flowing helium gas in conduit 48 with the panel construction differing from that of FIG. 2 by tl location of the conduit 48 between the mounting pins 52 and tubular spacers 50.
It should be pointed out that the free ends 62 of the warmer panel means are angled towards refrigerated wall 28 in order to optically shield the colder panel means from the test specimen.
In operation, molecules of radiant energy from the test specimen 24 follow a path such as the one indicated in dotted delineation at 66 in FIG. 3 and upon striking the side of one of the ribs 42 the molecules are deflected, with the angle of incidence equalizing the angle of refraction, against the main body of the warmer panel means as is indicated by the dotted path 68 in FIG. 3.
In other instances the molecules of radiant energy following different paths from different points of emission will be reflected against adjacent ribs 42, on the same panel means, or in some instances against adjacent ribs or main body portions of adjacent panel means.
It should be pointed out that with warmer panel means 34 provided with flat black inwardly facing surfaces, but without the ribs 42 of the present invention, the amount of radiant energy reflected back towards the test specimen is in the order of .9 percent, this magnitude of energy absorption occurring only once since the path of radiation encounters only one black surface. With the upstanding rib construction of the present invention, however, 99.1 percent of the energy is absorbed each time a flat black surface is encountered so it will therefore be understood that the energy reflected back, when the path encounters upstanding ribs and hence a multiplicity of flat black surfaces, will be the product of .9 percent times .9 percent of .0081 percent after two flat black surfaces have been encountered.
While the forms of embodiments of the present invention as herein disclosed constitute preferred forms, it is to be understood that other forms might be adopted, all coming within the scope of the claims which follow.
I claim:
1. An improved cryopumping shield comprising, in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; and an array of panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means, said panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant.
2. An improved cryopumping shield comprising, in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; an array of warmer panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said warmer panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means, said panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant; a colder panel means between each of said warmer panel means and said wall means, each of said colder panel means including a conduit for a flow of refrigerant; and insulating spacer means mounting said colder panel means on said warmer panel means.
3. The apparatus defined in claim 2 wherein said spacer means includes a tubular spacer member between said two panel means; and a pin extending through said spacer member and connecting said two panel means, said pin and spacer member being formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
4. An improved cryopumping shield comprising in combination, wall means forming a chamber for containing a test specimen at a test specimen location; means for cooling said wall means; an array of warmer panel means mounted to said wall means in spaced overlapping relationship with one another and in surrounding relationship with said specimen location, each of said warmer panel means comprising an impervious main flange including a black inner panel surface facing said test specimen location and inclined relative to radial lines from said specimen location whereby radiant energy from said specimen location is reflected to adjacent warmer panel means; a colder panel means between each of said warmer panel means and said wall means, each of said colder panel means including a conduit for flow of refrigerant; and insulating spacer means mounting said colder panel means on said warmer panel means, said spacer means including a tubular spacer member between said two panel means; and a pin extending through said spacer member and connecting said two panel means, said pin and spacer member being formed of plastic material of low thermal conductivity.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,036,961 4/1936 Collier -133 X 2,885,189 5/1959 MacCracken l6546 2,966,780 1/1961 Mills 165-133 X 3,130,562 4/1964 Wood et a1. 3,131,396 4/1964 Santeler et al.
OTHER REFERENCES American Vacuum Society, 1959 Vacuum Symposium Transactions, Pressure Simulation of Outer Space, pp. 129 to 133 by D. J. Santeler, QC 166N3, published in 1959, by Pergomar Press, N.Y.
Space Simulation Chamber, Model 8484, published 9/19/62, by High Vacuum Equipment Corp., Hinghan, Mass.
ROBERT A. OLEARY, Primary Examiner.
CHARLES SUKALO, Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. AN IMPROVED CRYOPUMPING SHIELD COMPRISING, IN COMBINATION, WALL MEANS FORMING A CHAMBER FOR CONTAINING A TEST SPECIMEN AT A TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION; MEANS FOR COOLING SAID WALL MEANS; AND AN ARRAY OF PANEL MEANS MOUNTED TO SAID WALL MEANS IN SPACED OVERLAPPING RELATTIONSHIP WITH ONE ANOTHER AND IN SURROUNDING RELATIONSHIP WITH SAID SPECIMEN LOCATION, EACH OF SAID PANEL MEANS COMPRISING AN IMPERVIOUS MAIN FLANGE INCLUDING A BLACK INNER PANEL SURFACE FACING SAID TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION AND
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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6390180B1 (en) * 1999-12-10 2002-05-21 Mark W. Olsen Heat exchanger isolation device

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2036961A (en) * 1933-06-09 1936-04-07 Gen Heating Equipment Company Heat distributing device
US2885189A (en) * 1953-07-20 1959-05-05 Jet Heet Inc Personal thermal devices
US2966780A (en) * 1958-10-01 1961-01-03 Reflectotherm Inc Radiant cooling systems
US3130562A (en) * 1960-11-02 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Cryogenic pumping apparatus
US3131396A (en) * 1960-09-30 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Cryogenic pumping apparatus

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2036961A (en) * 1933-06-09 1936-04-07 Gen Heating Equipment Company Heat distributing device
US2885189A (en) * 1953-07-20 1959-05-05 Jet Heet Inc Personal thermal devices
US2966780A (en) * 1958-10-01 1961-01-03 Reflectotherm Inc Radiant cooling systems
US3131396A (en) * 1960-09-30 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Cryogenic pumping apparatus
US3130562A (en) * 1960-11-02 1964-04-28 Gen Electric Cryogenic pumping apparatus

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6390180B1 (en) * 1999-12-10 2002-05-21 Mark W. Olsen Heat exchanger isolation device

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Owner name: CVI INCORPORATED, 4200 LYMAN COURT, HILLIARD, OH.

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CVI CORPORATION, A CORP. OF OH.;REEL/FRAME:003860/0562

Effective date: 19810428