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US3289753A - Use of gold surfaces to promote dropwise condensation - Google Patents

Use of gold surfaces to promote dropwise condensation Download PDF

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US3289753A
US3289753A US408432A US40843264A US3289753A US 3289753 A US3289753 A US 3289753A US 408432 A US408432 A US 408432A US 40843264 A US40843264 A US 40843264A US 3289753 A US3289753 A US 3289753A
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gold
water
condensation
zone
dropwise condensation
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Robert A Erb
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F13/04—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by preventing the formation of continuous films of condensate on heat-exchange surfaces, e.g. by promoting droplet formation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/934—Electrical process
    • Y10S428/935—Electroplating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/936—Chemical deposition, e.g. electroless plating
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/937—Sprayed metal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10S428/922—Static electricity metal bleed-off metallic stock
    • Y10S428/9335—Product by special process
    • Y10S428/938—Vapor deposition or gas diffusion
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12889—Au-base component
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/12—All metal or with adjacent metals
    • Y10T428/12493—Composite; i.e., plural, adjacent, spatially distinct metal components [e.g., layers, joint, etc.]
    • Y10T428/12771—Transition metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12861—Group VIII or IB metal-base component
    • Y10T428/12903—Cu-base component

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with promotion of drop wise formation of water on the surfaces of heat transfer devices, particularly condensers.
  • a heat transfer device according to the present invention is shown promoting dropwise condensation of water vapor (steam).
  • a water zone 20 at a temperature T is in contact with an impervious portion comprising a substrate 22, which may he a Cu-Ni alloy, and a gold coating 14 which is in contact with a water vapor zone 10, having a temperature of T
  • the temper arriving of the zones are regulated so that T is less than T thereby inducing condensation on the gold surface 14 which occurs in the form. of drops 12.
  • Gold coatings are usually achieved by means of electroplating.
  • a base coat of nickel is usually advisable to enable the use of smaller amounts of gold.
  • Any application technique from which a final smooth surface can be obtained may be employed. This could include, in addition to electrodeposition, vacuum deposition (including sputtering), chemical deposition, mechanical cladding or flame spraying.
  • the method of the invention is also beneficial in promoting dropwise condensation of vapor distilled from water containing impurities, e.g., sea water.
  • Example 1 The heat transfer apparatus used in this example consisted of a copper block having cooling water flowing through a hollowed out central portion.
  • the block was suspended over boiling water in a heated vessel under atmospheric pressure. Attached to the block were 42 test 1 x 3 inch metal flats consisting of various test materials on different substrates, having .a total thickness of about 0.05 inch.
  • the block and flats were arranged so that the flats were disposed vertically over the boiling water. Steam arising from the boiling water condensed on the metal flats, which were in thermal transfer rela- 3,289,753 Patented Dec. 6, 1 966 tionship with the cooled copper block. The water which condensed on the test flats dripped back into the boiling water.
  • Gold samples tested and results are given in Table l.
  • the gold flats were commercially rolled and polished sheet stock that was cleaned with detergent and rinsed with pure ethanol.
  • F (Fai-r)-Drops often have base lines with straight line segments. Drops grow to large size before slidmg.
  • P (Poor)Drop base lines often have concave segments. Usually tracks and/or droplet residues result in sweeping. This class when seen is often a precursor to mixed condensation.
  • the gold surfaces exhibits dropwise condensation even after long periods of exposure to condensation.
  • Example 2 The heat transfer apparatus used in this example consisted of a pressure vessel containing distilled water in the bottom thereof and having 8 condensing tubes attached to the top plate by means of a compression fitting.
  • the condensing tubes were /2 inch in diameter and the condensing surfaces extended 5 inches into the pressure vessel. They were cooled by means of cooling water that flowed into a central tube concentric with the outer condensing surface, to the ibottom of the condensing tube, then up in the annulus between the tubes to an outlet t-ube above the top plate of the pressure vessel.
  • Inlet and outlet cooling water temperatures as well as temperature of the steam within the pressure vessel were measured by means of thermocouples.
  • the water in the pressure vessel was heated, to produce steam, by means of three 2000 watt silver-plated immersion heaters mounted in the bottom of the pressure vessel. Self-fiushing, graduated drop-catches were also provided within the pressure vessel for measurement of condensation rate of the water on the condensing tubes. Four electrically-heated observation windows were spaced at intervals around the pressure vessel.
  • the invention may be used in any heat transfer device in which heat is removed from a vapor through a heat transferring wall by means of a suitable cooling fluid, either liquid or gaseous, the vapor being condensed on the heat transferring wall.
  • suitable cooling fluid either liquid or gaseous
  • Examples of such devices are heat exchangers, evaporators, condensers, tubular heaters, tempering coils, etc.
  • a heat transfer device comprising a liquid zone, a water vapor zone having a temperature greater than that of said liquid zone, means to conduct water vapor to said water vapor zone, and an impermeable partition disposed between said zones, whereby mass transfer between said zones is prevented, said partition having a first surface in contact with said liquid zone and a second surface in contact with said water vapor zone, the improvement comprising employing metallic gold as said second surface.
  • said partition is metallie and said second surface comprises a gold coating.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)

Description

Dec. 6, 1966 R. A. ERB
USE OF GOLD SURFACES TO PROMOTE DROPWISE CONDENSATION Filed Nov. 2, 1964 "*"wATER ZON E WATER VAPOR ZONE A TTORNEY United States Patent 3,289,753 USE OF GOLD SURFACES TO PROMOTE DROPWISE CONDENSATION Robert A. Erb, Valley Forge, Pa., assignor to the United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Interior Filed Nov. 2, 1964, Ser. No. 408,432 4 Claims. (Cl. 165-133) The invention herein described and claimed arose out of Contract Number 14010001293 with the Ofl'lce of Saline Water in the Department of The Interior, entered into pursuant to the Saline Water Act, Public Law 87- 295.
This invention is concerned with promotion of drop wise formation of water on the surfaces of heat transfer devices, particularly condensers.
Advantages of dropwise condensation over film-type condensation, particularly in decreased thermal resistance between vapors to be condensed and the cooling fluid, is well known in the prior art, e.g., US. Patent No. 2,248,- 909. This patent discloses the use of zirconium and tantalum to promote dropwise condensation. Other materials have also been employed for this purpose, e.g., chromium (U.S. Patent 2,259,024), oleic acid (US. Patent 2,919,:
115), resins such as polyfluoroethylene (US. Patent 2, 923,640) and copper sulfide (Trans. A.I.Ch.E., vol. 31, No. 4, December 1935, pages 593-621).
It has now been found that very effective dropwise condensation on condenser surfaces may be achieved by the use of gold as the surface on which the water condenses. This gold surface may be achieved by the use of solid gold or by coating another metal with gold.
The invention will be more fully understood when reference is made to the accompanying drawing wherein a heat transfer device according to the present invention is shown promoting dropwise condensation of water vapor (steam). In that drawing, a water zone 20 at a temperature T is in contact with an impervious portion comprising a substrate 22, which may he a Cu-Ni alloy, and a gold coating 14 which is in contact with a water vapor zone 10, having a temperature of T The temperautres of the zones are regulated so that T is less than T thereby inducing condensation on the gold surface 14 which occurs in the form. of drops 12.
Gold coatings are usually achieved by means of electroplating. A base coat of nickel is usually advisable to enable the use of smaller amounts of gold. Any application technique from which a final smooth surface can be obtained may be employed. This could include, in addition to electrodeposition, vacuum deposition (including sputtering), chemical deposition, mechanical cladding or flame spraying.
Although distilled water was used in the examples below, the method of the invention is also beneficial in promoting dropwise condensation of vapor distilled from water containing impurities, e.g., sea water.
The invention will be more specifically illustrated by means of the following examples.
Example 1 The heat transfer apparatus used in this example consisted of a copper block having cooling water flowing through a hollowed out central portion. The block was suspended over boiling water in a heated vessel under atmospheric pressure. Attached to the block were 42 test 1 x 3 inch metal flats consisting of various test materials on different substrates, having .a total thickness of about 0.05 inch. The block and flats were arranged so that the flats were disposed vertically over the boiling water. Steam arising from the boiling water condensed on the metal flats, which were in thermal transfer rela- 3,289,753 Patented Dec. 6, 1 966 tionship with the cooled copper block. The water which condensed on the test flats dripped back into the boiling water.
Gold samples tested and results are given in Table l. The gold flats were commercially rolled and polished sheet stock that was cleaned with detergent and rinsed with pure ethanol. The electroplated coating was aproximately 0.001 inch thick and was polished with Nos. 400 and 600 Q=l.0 times the percent sample area which is dropwise condensing +0.5 times the percent mixed area Drop appearance in the table is based on the following scale:
E (Excellent)-D=rops have circular base line and high contact angle. Sliding drops are of small diameter.
G (Good)-Drops nearly circular ellipses. Base line convex.
F (Fai-r)-Drops often have base lines with straight line segments. Drops grow to large size before slidmg.
P (Poor)Drop base lines often have concave segments. Usually tracks and/or droplet residues result in sweeping. This class when seen is often a precursor to mixed condensation.
As is apparent from the data of Table 1, the gold surfaces exhibits dropwise condensation even after long periods of exposure to condensation.
Example 2 The heat transfer apparatus used in this example consisted of a pressure vessel containing distilled water in the bottom thereof and having 8 condensing tubes attached to the top plate by means of a compression fitting. The condensing tubes were /2 inch in diameter and the condensing surfaces extended 5 inches into the pressure vessel. They were cooled by means of cooling water that flowed into a central tube concentric with the outer condensing surface, to the ibottom of the condensing tube, then up in the annulus between the tubes to an outlet t-ube above the top plate of the pressure vessel. Inlet and outlet cooling water temperatures as well as temperature of the steam within the pressure vessel were measured by means of thermocouples.
The water in the pressure vessel was heated, to produce steam, by means of three 2000 watt silver-plated immersion heaters mounted in the bottom of the pressure vessel. Self-fiushing, graduated drop-catches were also provided within the pressure vessel for measurement of condensation rate of the water on the condensing tubes. Four electrically-heated observation windows were spaced at intervals around the pressure vessel.
Results are given in Tables 2 and 3. The significance of Q and drop appearance are the same as described in Example 1. The advantages of the gold plated surfaces in condensation characteristics, condensation rate and heat transfer coefiicient are readily apparent from Tables 2 and 3.
The invention may be used in any heat transfer device in which heat is removed from a vapor through a heat transferring wall by means of a suitable cooling fluid, either liquid or gaseous, the vapor being condensed on the heat transferring wall. Examples of such devices are heat exchangers, evaporators, condensers, tubular heaters, tempering coils, etc.
TABLE 1.-CONDENSATION BEHAVIOR AS A FUNCTION OF TIME 1 Hr. 1 Day 11 Days 32 Days 40 Days 47 Days 56 Days 69 Days 90 Days Sample Type Drop Drop Drop Drop Drop Drop Drop Drop Drop Q I Q p- Q Q p- Q p- Q p- Q p- Q P- Q ppearpearpearpearpearpearpearpearpearance ance ance ance ance ance ance ance ance Gold, polished 100 E 100 E-- 97. F+ 97. 5 100 G 97. 5 G+ 97. 5 E- 97. 5 E- 80 G Gold, heated in G6(1)gh 100 E- 100 G-l- 95 F 97 5 F-I- 100 F- 95 G- 87. 5 (3+ 65 G 67. 5 G+ o eat 600 100 (1+ 100 G+ 95 F 97. 5 G 100 G 100 CH- 92. 5 G 97. 5 G+ 75 6+ Gold, anode in H1804 solvent- 100 (H- 100 (3+ 95 F+ 97. 5 100 (1+ 100 G 97. 5 (3+ 97. 5 E 95 (H- Gold plate on 90-10 Cu-Ni 100 F+ 95 F+ 95 F+ 100 100 G- 97. 5 G- 95 E 97. 5 G-l- 80 E Control, uncoated 90-10 Cu-Ni. 0 10 3O 40 35 at 37. 5
TABLE 2.Dropwise Condensation Characteristics of Condensing Tube Surfaces as a Function 01' Time 0.5 Hour 48 Hours 408 Hours 2,000 Hours (17 Days) (83 Days) Sample Description Drop Drop Drop Drop Q Appear- Q Appear- Q Appear- Q, Appearance ance ance ance 30 yin. Au over 200 in. Ni over 90-10 Cu-Ni base 100 G 100 (3+ 100 E- 100 E 50 yn. Au over 300 yin. Ni over 90-10 Cu-Ni base 95 F+ 100 E 100 E- 100 E 90-10 Cu-Ni control 85 F P+ 15 P+ 5 TABLE 8.Condensation Rate and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Tube Concensers After 2000 Hours Exposure to Air-Free Steam Followed by 41 Hours Exposure to Steam Containing 0.3% 01. Inlet Water Temperature: 28 0. Steam Temperature: 114.5" C.
At 6 it/sec Cooling Water At 10 lt/sec Cooling Water Velocity I Velocity Sample Description Condensation Heat Transfer Condensation Heat Transfer Rate (co/sec.) Coefficient Rate (ed/sec.) Coefficient (B.t.u./hr./sq. (B.t.u./hr./sq. ft./ F.) it./ F.)
300 yin. Au over 200 in. Ni over 90-10 Cu-Ni base 0. 67 690 0. 80 930 yin. Au over 300 yin.
Ni over 90-10 Cu-N i base 0. 72 740 0.91 1120 500 yin. Cr over 1,000 in. Ni over 90-10 Cu-Ni base 0. 49 580 0. 690 90-10 Oil-Ni control 0. 48 540 0. 56 750 What is claimed is:
1. In a heat transfer device comprising a liquid zone, a water vapor zone having a temperature greater than that of said liquid zone, means to conduct water vapor to said water vapor zone, and an impermeable partition disposed between said zones, whereby mass transfer between said zones is prevented, said partition having a first surface in contact with said liquid zone and a second surface in contact with said water vapor zone, the improvement comprising employing metallic gold as said second surface. 4 2. The device of claim 1 wherein said partition is metallie and said second surface comprises a gold coating.
3. The device of claim 2 wherein said metallic partition comprises a Cu-Ni alloy.
4. The device of claim 1 wherein the liquid zone contains water.
MEYER PERLIN, Primary Examiner.
ROBERT A. OLEARY, Examiner.
N. R. WILSON, Assistant Examiner.

Claims (1)

1. IN A HEAT TRANSFER DEVICE COMPRISING A LIQUID ZONE, A WATER VAPOR ZONE HAVING A TEMPERATURE GREATER THAN THAT OF SAID LIQUID ZONE, MEANS TO CONDUCT WATER VAPOR TO SAID WATER VAPOR ZONE, AND AN IMPERMEABLE PARTITION DISPOSED BETWEEN SAID ZONES, WHEREBY MASS TRANSFER BETWEEN SAID ZONES IS PREVENTED, SAID PARTITION HAVING A FIRST SURFACE IN CONTACT WITH SAID LIQUID ZONE AND A SECOND SURFACE IN
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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3925149A (en) * 1972-11-14 1975-12-09 Austral Erwin Engineering Co Heat exchangers & evaporators
US4082140A (en) * 1972-11-14 1978-04-04 Austral-Erwin Engineering Company Heat exchange method
US4127164A (en) * 1972-11-14 1978-11-28 Austral-Erwin Engineering Co. Heat exchange apparatus
WO2014127304A1 (en) 2013-02-15 2014-08-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Grafted polymer surfaces for dropwise condensation, and associated methods of use and manufacture

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1001669A (en) * 1908-01-29 1911-08-29 Duplex Metals Company Compound metal body and process of making the same.
US2259024A (en) * 1940-03-28 1941-10-14 Ralph E Cleveland Drying drum
GB568595A (en) * 1942-01-09 1945-04-12 John Louis Coltman Improvements in or relating to heat exchange devices

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1001669A (en) * 1908-01-29 1911-08-29 Duplex Metals Company Compound metal body and process of making the same.
US2259024A (en) * 1940-03-28 1941-10-14 Ralph E Cleveland Drying drum
GB568595A (en) * 1942-01-09 1945-04-12 John Louis Coltman Improvements in or relating to heat exchange devices

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3925149A (en) * 1972-11-14 1975-12-09 Austral Erwin Engineering Co Heat exchangers & evaporators
US4082140A (en) * 1972-11-14 1978-04-04 Austral-Erwin Engineering Company Heat exchange method
US4127164A (en) * 1972-11-14 1978-11-28 Austral-Erwin Engineering Co. Heat exchange apparatus
WO2014127304A1 (en) 2013-02-15 2014-08-21 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Grafted polymer surfaces for dropwise condensation, and associated methods of use and manufacture
US9498934B2 (en) 2013-02-15 2016-11-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Grafted polymer surfaces for dropwise condensation, and associated methods of use and manufacture

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