US3278785A - Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating - Google Patents
Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3278785A US3278785A US75397A US7539760A US3278785A US 3278785 A US3278785 A US 3278785A US 75397 A US75397 A US 75397A US 7539760 A US7539760 A US 7539760A US 3278785 A US3278785 A US 3278785A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- insulator
- spark plug
- plasma
- firing tip
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000012212 insulator Substances 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 16
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 14
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 4
- FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-iodoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=NC(I)=CC=C21 FRWYFWZENXDZMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium oxide Inorganic materials O=[Be] LTPBRCUWZOMYOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium oxide Inorganic materials [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000615 nonconductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZFXYFBGIUFBOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N theophylline Chemical compound O=C1N(C)C(=O)N(C)C2=C1NC=N2 ZFXYFBGIUFBOJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
- H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
- H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
- H01T13/38—Selection of materials for insulation
Definitions
- This invention relates to means for inhibiting corrision attack on the firing tips of spark plug insulators by coating portions of the insulator with a fused refractory material that is resistant to penetration of lead compounds. Accordingly, among my objects are the provision of an improved spark plug insulator; the further provision of a spark plug insulator having a corrosion inhibiting coating; the further provision of a spark plug including an insulator having a firing tip coated with fused refractory material; and the still further provision of a method of applying a corrosion inhibiting coating to spar-k plug insulators.
- the aforementioned and other objects are accomplished in the present invention by coating the firing tip of a spark plug insulator with a fused refractory material by means of plasma torch spray apparatus.
- a fused refractory material that is resistant to penetration of lead compounds and is an electrical insulator, the coating thickness being in the range from .0005 to .010 inch, tests have revealed that insulator tips so coated are able to resist lead attack.
- a spark plug comprising a metal shell having a ceramic insulator !12 coaxially secured therein.
- the ceramic insulator 12 may be of the alumina-silica type having a composition as disclosed in Schwartzwalder et al. Patent 2,760,875.
- the insulator 12 is of the sintered glass bonded corundum type which is fired in the temperature range between 2700" F. and 3200 F. to form a dense, nonporous, sintered body.
- the ceramic insulator 12 has a body portion 1 6 and a tapered tip portion 18, the body portion 16 being suitably held in snug relation with the shell 10.
- a lower gasket assembly 20 is interposed between juxtaposed shoulders of the shell 10 and the insulator 12.
- the ceramic insulator 12 is formed with a centerbore within which a conventional centerwire assembly 22 is secured.
- the centerwire assembly 22 protrudes from the lower end of the insulator 12 and constitutes a firing tip which forms a spark gap with a ground electrode 24 suitably attached to the metal shell 10.
- the firing tip #1 8 of the insulator 12 has a frusto-conical recess 26 therein, and thus includes an inner wall portion which is radially spaced from the centerwire assembly, or center electrode, 22.
- This exposed inner wall of the insulator tip, and the outer wall of the insulator tip, are susceptible to erosion or corrosion due to the accumulation of lead salts.
- the inner and outer walls of the firing tip of the insulator 12 are coated with a fused refractory material 14.
- the coating 14 may be of any suitable refractory material which is capable of resisting penetration of lead compounds, and thus may be selected from the group consisting of substantially pure aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, rare earth oxides or refractory carbides and nitrides. Pure aluminum oxide is the preferred coating material since tests have revealed that when the insulator tips are coated with fused pure aluminum oxide, erosion and lead penetration are nonexistent.
- Plasma torch spraying or plasma jet spraying involves a device referred to as an arc plasma generator which comprises means for producing a very high temperature stream of an ionized non-oxidizing gas (a plasma) moving at a high velocity.
- a plasma ionized non-oxidizing gas
- the non-oxidizing gas may have an analysis by volume of ten percent hydrogen and ninety percent nitrogen. Particles of powdered refractory material which are introduced into this stream are accelerated therewith and at least melted therein. For example, when pure aluminum oxide particles are introduced into the stream, it has been found that these particles will melt at approximately 10,000 F.
- the small refractory particles are accelerated away from the generator by the plasma stream emitted therefrom.
- This refractory-containing stream is directed toward the firing tip of the insulator where the refractory material is impacted so as to produce a fused coating of pure refractory material within the thickness range of from .0005 to .010 inch.
- a typical plasma-jet spraying device is shown in United States Patent 2,922,869. However, it is to be understood that this device is only exemplary and is not to be construed by way of limitation since any suitable plasma-jet spraying apparatus can be used to practice the present invention.
- a spark plug comprising a ceramic insulator having an unglazted firing tip portion and a centerbore, a center electrode coaxially secured within the centerbore of said insulator and protruding from the unglazed firing tip portion thereof, and a thin corrosion inhibiting coating, 0.0005 inch to 0.010 inch thick, of a fused plasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material covering the firing tip portion of said insulator.
- a spark plug comprising a ceramic insulator having an unglazed firing tip portion and a centerbore, said insulator having an enlarged recess communicating with the centerbore in the unglazed firing tip portion, a center 3 electrode coaxially disposed within the centerbore, and a thin corrosion inhibiting coating, 0.0005 inch to 0.010 inch thick, of a fused plasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material covering the Walls of said recess and the outer wall of the unglazed firing tip portion of the insulator.
Landscapes
- Spark Plugs (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Description
Oct. 11, 1966 w. E. HAUTH, JR 3,278,785
SPARK PLUG HAVING PORCELAIN INSULATOR PROTECTED BY PLASMA-JET DEPOSITED REFRACTORY COATING Filed Dec. 12. 1960 I I .3 O fl a; A INVENTOR. //////a/ad%a //& /2
ATTO R NEY United States Patent 3,278,785 SPARK PLUG HAVING PORCELAIN INSULATOR PROTECTED BY PLASMA-JET DEPOSITED RE- FRACTORY CGATING Willard E. Hauth, Jr., Flint, Mich., assignor to General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Delaware Filed Dec. 12, 1960, Ser. No. 75,397 4 Claims. (Cl. 313-137) This invention pertains to spark plugs, and particularly to an improved spark plug insulator.
It is recognized that the firing tips of spark plug insulators are susceptible to corrosion attack under severe engine operating conditions due to accumulation of lead salts. This invention relates to means for inhibiting corrision attack on the firing tips of spark plug insulators by coating portions of the insulator with a fused refractory material that is resistant to penetration of lead compounds. Accordingly, among my objects are the provision of an improved spark plug insulator; the further provision of a spark plug insulator having a corrosion inhibiting coating; the further provision of a spark plug including an insulator having a firing tip coated with fused refractory material; and the still further provision of a method of applying a corrosion inhibiting coating to spar-k plug insulators.
The aforementioned and other objects are accomplished in the present invention by coating the firing tip of a spark plug insulator with a fused refractory material by means of plasma torch spray apparatus. Specifically, it is known that aircraft spark plugs which are used in high performance piston type engines experience erosion at the firing tip of the insulator due to accumulation of lead salts from the fuel. By coating the firing tip of the insulator with a fused refractory material that is resistant to penetration of lead compounds and is an electrical insulator, the coating thickness being in the range from .0005 to .010 inch, tests have revealed that insulator tips so coated are able to resist lead attack.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description, reference being had to the accompanying drawing which is a side view of the improved spark plug partly in section and partly in elevation, and wherein a preferred embodiment of my invention is clearly shown.
With particular reference to the drawing, a spark plug is shown comprising a metal shell having a ceramic insulator !12 coaxially secured therein. The ceramic insulator 12 may be of the alumina-silica type having a composition as disclosed in Schwartzwalder et al. Patent 2,760,875. Thus it will be appreciated that the insulator 12 is of the sintered glass bonded corundum type which is fired in the temperature range between 2700" F. and 3200 F. to form a dense, nonporous, sintered body.
The ceramic insulator 12 has a body portion 1 6 and a tapered tip portion 18, the body portion 16 being suitably held in snug relation with the shell 10. A lower gasket assembly 20 is interposed between juxtaposed shoulders of the shell 10 and the insulator 12. The ceramic insulator 12 is formed with a centerbore within which a conventional centerwire assembly 22 is secured. The centerwire assembly 22 protrudes from the lower end of the insulator 12 and constitutes a firing tip which forms a spark gap with a ground electrode 24 suitably attached to the metal shell 10.
The firing tip #1 8 of the insulator 12 has a frusto-conical recess 26 therein, and thus includes an inner wall portion which is radially spaced from the centerwire assembly, or center electrode, 22. This exposed inner wall of the insulator tip, and the outer wall of the insulator tip, are susceptible to erosion or corrosion due to the accumulation of lead salts. In order to inhibit this corrision, which seriously limits the useful life of a spark plug, the inner and outer walls of the firing tip of the insulator 12 are coated with a fused refractory material 14. The coating 14 may be of any suitable refractory material which is capable of resisting penetration of lead compounds, and thus may be selected from the group consisting of substantially pure aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, rare earth oxides or refractory carbides and nitrides. Pure aluminum oxide is the preferred coating material since tests have revealed that when the insulator tips are coated with fused pure aluminum oxide, erosion and lead penetration are nonexistent.
As alluded to hereinbefore, the coating of fused refractory material is applied by the use of plasma torch spray apparatus. Plasma torch spraying or plasma jet spraying involves a device referred to as an arc plasma generator which comprises means for producing a very high temperature stream of an ionized non-oxidizing gas (a plasma) moving at a high velocity. In the present instance the non-oxidizing gas may have an analysis by volume of ten percent hydrogen and ninety percent nitrogen. Particles of powdered refractory material which are introduced into this stream are accelerated therewith and at least melted therein. For example, when pure aluminum oxide particles are introduced into the stream, it has been found that these particles will melt at approximately 10,000 F. The small refractory particles are accelerated away from the generator by the plasma stream emitted therefrom. This refractory-containing stream is directed toward the firing tip of the insulator where the refractory material is impacted so as to produce a fused coating of pure refractory material within the thickness range of from .0005 to .010 inch. A typical plasma-jet spraying device is shown in United States Patent 2,922,869. However, it is to be understood that this device is only exemplary and is not to be construed by way of limitation since any suitable plasma-jet spraying apparatus can be used to practice the present invention.
No significant advantage is obtained by applying a coating having a thickness greater than .010 inch. In addition, since it is only the firing tips of the insulators which are susceptible to penetration of lead compounds, and hence erosion, it is only necessary to coat the external surface of the insulator tip throughout approximately half its length between the lower gasket seat and the firing tip.
It will be understood that while the invention has been described specifically with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, changes and modifications may be made all within the full and intended scope of the claims which follow.
I claim:
1. A spark plug comprising a ceramic insulator having an unglazted firing tip portion and a centerbore, a center electrode coaxially secured within the centerbore of said insulator and protruding from the unglazed firing tip portion thereof, and a thin corrosion inhibiting coating, 0.0005 inch to 0.010 inch thick, of a fused plasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material covering the firing tip portion of said insulator.
2. A spark plug as set forth in claim 1 wherein a fused lasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material is selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, beryllium oxide, the rare earth oxides and the refractory carbides and nitrides.
3. A spark plug as set forth in claim 1 wherein the fused plasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material is aluminum oxide.
4. A spark plug comprising a ceramic insulator having an unglazed firing tip portion and a centerbore, said insulator having an enlarged recess communicating with the centerbore in the unglazed firing tip portion, a center 3 electrode coaxially disposed within the centerbore, and a thin corrosion inhibiting coating, 0.0005 inch to 0.010 inch thick, of a fused plasma jet sprayed ceramic refractory material covering the Walls of said recess and the outer wall of the unglazed firing tip portion of the insulator.
References (Iited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS Re. 15,585 4/ 1923 Sauereisen.
1,980,182 11/1934 Brewster 117-125 McDougal 313--141.1 Furth ,117125 X Schwartzwalder 313141 Aura-nd et a1. 313-141 Yenni et a1. 21976 Sullivan et a1. 21976 HERMAN KARL SAALBACH, Primary Examiner.
GEORGE N. WESTBY, ARTHUR GAUSS, Examiners. 10 S. CHATMON, JR., Assistant Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A SPARK PLUG COMPRISING A CERAMIC INSULATOR HAVING AN UNGLAZED FIRING TIP PORTION AND A CENTERBORE, A CENTER ELECTRODE COAXIALLY SECURED WITHIN THE CENTERBORE, A CENTER INSULATOR AND PROTRUDING FROM THE UNGLAZED FIRING TIP PORTION THEREOF, AND A THIN CORROSION INHIBITING COATING, 0.0005 INCH TO 0.010 INCH THICK, OF A FUSED PLASMA JET
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US75397A US3278785A (en) | 1960-12-12 | 1960-12-12 | Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US75397A US3278785A (en) | 1960-12-12 | 1960-12-12 | Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3278785A true US3278785A (en) | 1966-10-11 |
Family
ID=22125454
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US75397A Expired - Lifetime US3278785A (en) | 1960-12-12 | 1960-12-12 | Spark plug having porcelain insulator protected by plasma-jet deposited refractory coating |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3278785A (en) |
Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3345532A (en) * | 1965-04-06 | 1967-10-03 | Gen Motors Corp | Spark plug with the insulator tip coated with a lead oxyhalide |
| US3365605A (en) * | 1964-06-05 | 1968-01-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Spark plug with the insulator tip coated with spinels of aluminum and cobalt oxides |
| US4427914A (en) | 1980-11-26 | 1984-01-24 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Sparkplug with improved antifouling performance |
| US4713574A (en) * | 1985-10-07 | 1987-12-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Igniter electrode life control |
| US20120156121A1 (en) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-06-21 | Honeywell International Inc. | Fouling resistant system |
| US20160226224A1 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2016-08-04 | Fram Group IP, LLC | Spark plug insulator having an anti-fouling coating and methods for minimizing fouling |
| US20190296525A1 (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2019-09-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Spark plug |
| CN111029908A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-17 | 南京工业大学 | A plasma surface modification device for improving spark plug resistance to carbon deposition |
| US12230828B2 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2025-02-18 | Ethium, Llc | Lithium-ion battery charging system for fork lifts |
| US12266953B1 (en) | 2020-08-17 | 2025-04-01 | Econtrols, Llc | Dual chemistry rechargeable battery system for use in electric APU-equipped commercial trucks |
| US12451527B2 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2025-10-21 | Ethium, Llc | Modular lithium-ion battery system for fork lifts |
Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE15585E (en) * | 1923-04-24 | Insulator | ||
| US1980182A (en) * | 1932-06-09 | 1934-11-13 | Herbert M Brewster | Spark plug porcelain |
| US2783409A (en) * | 1952-03-31 | 1957-02-26 | Gen Motors Corp | Spark plug electrode and process for making same |
| US2898236A (en) * | 1956-12-21 | 1959-08-04 | Solar Aircraft Co | Protective cermet coating method and materials |
| US2992353A (en) * | 1961-07-11 | Spark plugs | ||
| US3042474A (en) * | 1962-07-03 | Vern m | ||
| US3075066A (en) * | 1957-12-03 | 1963-01-22 | Union Carbide Corp | Article of manufacture and method of making same |
| US3114826A (en) * | 1962-06-06 | 1963-12-17 | Plasmadyne Corp | High-temperature spray apparatus |
-
1960
- 1960-12-12 US US75397A patent/US3278785A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| USRE15585E (en) * | 1923-04-24 | Insulator | ||
| US2992353A (en) * | 1961-07-11 | Spark plugs | ||
| US3042474A (en) * | 1962-07-03 | Vern m | ||
| US1980182A (en) * | 1932-06-09 | 1934-11-13 | Herbert M Brewster | Spark plug porcelain |
| US2783409A (en) * | 1952-03-31 | 1957-02-26 | Gen Motors Corp | Spark plug electrode and process for making same |
| US2898236A (en) * | 1956-12-21 | 1959-08-04 | Solar Aircraft Co | Protective cermet coating method and materials |
| US3075066A (en) * | 1957-12-03 | 1963-01-22 | Union Carbide Corp | Article of manufacture and method of making same |
| US3114826A (en) * | 1962-06-06 | 1963-12-17 | Plasmadyne Corp | High-temperature spray apparatus |
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3365605A (en) * | 1964-06-05 | 1968-01-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Spark plug with the insulator tip coated with spinels of aluminum and cobalt oxides |
| US3345532A (en) * | 1965-04-06 | 1967-10-03 | Gen Motors Corp | Spark plug with the insulator tip coated with a lead oxyhalide |
| US4427914A (en) | 1980-11-26 | 1984-01-24 | Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. | Sparkplug with improved antifouling performance |
| US4713574A (en) * | 1985-10-07 | 1987-12-15 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Igniter electrode life control |
| US20120156121A1 (en) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-06-21 | Honeywell International Inc. | Fouling resistant system |
| US9738533B2 (en) * | 2010-12-15 | 2017-08-22 | Honeywell International Inc. | Fouling resistant system |
| US9548591B2 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2017-01-17 | Fram Group Ip Llc | Spark plug insulator having an anti-fouling coating and methods for minimizing fouling |
| US20160226224A1 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2016-08-04 | Fram Group IP, LLC | Spark plug insulator having an anti-fouling coating and methods for minimizing fouling |
| EP3251186A4 (en) * | 2015-01-29 | 2018-08-22 | FRAM Group IP LLC | Spark plug insulator having an anti-fouling coating and methods for minimizing fouling |
| US20190296525A1 (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2019-09-26 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Spark plug |
| US10886705B2 (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2021-01-05 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Spark plug having a center electrode with improved thermal properties |
| US12451527B2 (en) | 2017-07-13 | 2025-10-21 | Ethium, Llc | Modular lithium-ion battery system for fork lifts |
| CN111029908A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-17 | 南京工业大学 | A plasma surface modification device for improving spark plug resistance to carbon deposition |
| US12266953B1 (en) | 2020-08-17 | 2025-04-01 | Econtrols, Llc | Dual chemistry rechargeable battery system for use in electric APU-equipped commercial trucks |
| US12230828B2 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2025-02-18 | Ethium, Llc | Lithium-ion battery charging system for fork lifts |
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