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US3196013A - Xerographic induction recording with mechanically deformable image formation in a deformable layer - Google Patents

Xerographic induction recording with mechanically deformable image formation in a deformable layer Download PDF

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Publication number
US3196013A
US3196013A US200848A US20084862A US3196013A US 3196013 A US3196013 A US 3196013A US 200848 A US200848 A US 200848A US 20084862 A US20084862 A US 20084862A US 3196013 A US3196013 A US 3196013A
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
image
conductive
insulating
thermoplastic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US200848A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lewis E Walkup
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Xerox Corp filed Critical Xerox Corp
Priority to US200848A priority Critical patent/US3196013A/en
Priority to GB19692/63A priority patent/GB1042493A/en
Priority to FR937286A priority patent/FR1360084A/fr
Priority to DER35367A priority patent/DE1253581B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3196013A publication Critical patent/US3196013A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G16/00Electrographic processes using deformation of thermoplastic layers; Apparatus therefor
    • GPHYSICS
    • G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03GELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/022Layers for surface-deformation imaging, e.g. frost imaging

Definitions

  • the latent electrostatic image on a xerographic plate is developed by applying a particulate pigmented developer material characterized in that its is attracted selectively by a latent electrostatic image.
  • thermoplastic layer over the surface of the xerographic plate may be deformed by the effects of the latent electrostatic image and may then be displayed by the use of schlieren optics or the like.
  • the image is erased by removal of the electrostatic image.
  • the thermoplastic layer the image is formed by softening the layer in the presence of the latent electrostatic image and is later erased by removing the electrostatic latent image and softening the thermoplastic material.
  • such a deformation image on a liquid or thermoplastic layer may be formed on such a layer that is spaced or separable from the Xerographic plate so that the layer may be removed from proximity with the xerographic plate, displayed, erased and then returned for reuse while the xerographic plate may be re-used during the timer interval.
  • the present invention encompasses methods and means of deforming a separate or separable layer from the induction eifects of the electrostatic latent image on Xerographic plate.
  • FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic illustration of induction deformation of a liquid layer.
  • FIGURE 2 is a diagrammatic illustration of induction deformation of a thermoplastic layer.
  • FIGURE 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of induction deformation of the interface between a conductive liquid layer and an insulating thermoplastic layer.
  • FIGURE 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of inductive deformation of the interface between an insulating liquid layer and a conductive thermoplastic layer.
  • FIGURE 5 is a diagrammatic illustration of inductive deformation of the interface between an insulating liquid layer and a conductive liquid layer.
  • FIGURE 6 is a diagrammatic illusrtation of inductive deformation of the interface between a conductive thermoplastic layer and an insulating thermoplastic layer.
  • xerographic plate 10 carries latent electrostatic image 13. This image may be previously formed in a conventional Xerographic manner as by electrostatically charging photoconductive insulating layer 12 and exposing the layer to an image pattern to selectively dissipate some of the charge.
  • the xerographic plate as shown comprises layer 12 of a photoconductive insulating material such as vitreous selenium, zinc oxide in a.
  • layer 12 has been charged positively and the charges have been dissipated in the areas where the layer has been illuminated.
  • the charges remaining after forming the electrostatic latent image emanate fields or lines of force in the direction of available charges of the opposite polarity.
  • these positive charges as illustrated will emit lines of force in the direction where there are no charges indicated on the surface of the layer or else down through the layer to the conductive layer underneath.
  • xerographic plate 10 bearing the latent electrostatic image is maintained in the dark and is positioned on supports 14 immediately over the image plate 15 comprising a conductive layer 15 which may suitably be made of conductive paper, metal, or other conductive material, and a conductive liquid layerl7 such as water, alcohol, mercury, Aquadag (Acheson Colloids Corp.) a concentrated colloidal dispersion of pure electric furnace graphite in Water with a solids content of 22%, an average particle size of 0.5 micron and a maximum particle size of 4 microns, or a liquified conductive resin material.
  • the two plates are positioned as closely together as possible while avoiding actual physical contact.
  • gaseous space 19 is maintained between the adjacent surface preferably with a gap width of between 1 and 5 mils.
  • a narrower gap width presents too great a problem in precisely positioning the plates and raises the probability of dielectric breakdown which produces image defects.
  • a gap width exceeding about 5 mils reduces the field effects obtained, lowers the quality of the reproduced image and reduces resolution and contrast.
  • the lines of force emanating from the latent electrostatic image find a proximate point of opposite polarity charges in the liquid layer 117 and exert the physical forces of attraction on those charges producing a deformation in the liquid layer.
  • the surface of the liquid layer 17 is displaced in accordance with the latent electrostatic image to form a relief image 13.
  • deformable layer 21 is appropriately a thermoplastic material such as glycerol ester of 50 percent hydrogenated rosin sold as Staybelite by Hercules Powder Co., styrene and styrene homologue resins and other thermoplasticmaterials preferably having softening temperatures between about 90 F. and 200 F. in order to maintain stability at room temperature and yet soften readily for image formation.
  • thermoplastic material such as glycerol ester of 50 percent hydrogenated rosin sold as Staybelite by Hercules Powder Co., styrene and styrene homologue resins and other thermoplasticmaterials preferably having softening temperatures between about 90 F. and 200 F. in order to maintain stability at room temperature and yet soften readily for image formation.
  • plastic materials are commonly electrically insulating but their conductivity is readily increased by appropriate additives.
  • the plastic when there is no desire to pass light through the deformable layer, the plastic may contain carbon black or like conductivity agent such as a colloidal graphite suspension.
  • the relatively conductive deformable layer is described as conductive. This is not intended to mean conductive in the general sense, but rather specifically to the electrophotographic art.
  • conductors are considered to have resistivities of less than 1 ohm-cm.
  • Semiconductors are considered to occupy the range upto 10 ohm-cm. and materials with still higher resistivities are considered insulators.
  • insulators are generally considered to be materials having resistivities of 10 ohmcm. and higher with materials capable of some charge retention having resistivities higher than 10 ohm-cm.
  • the deformable layer 21 is supported by a conductive layer 22 against which is appropriately positioned a heating element 23.
  • the deformable layer can be liquified by energizing heating element 2.3.
  • the deformable layer will deform in the image pattern as described in connection with FIGURE 1 during the liquid phase, and then upon deenergization of the heating element the deformable layer will freeze in the image pattern and may be removed from the presence of the latent electrostatic image for separate use. Re-heating in the absence of the latent electrostatic image will cause complete erasure of the image.
  • FIGURE 3 An embodiment of the invention for simultaneous formation of both the latent electrostatic image and the induction deformation image is illustratedin FIGURE 3.
  • the embodiment of FIGURE 3 has the advantage of not requiring separate movement of the xerographic plate 10 and the image plate 15 during the process steps.
  • a further advantage is that no corona charging is used, reducing the required voltage, equipment, and process steps. Also, this can work in a vacuum Where corona charging isnot possible.
  • a xerographic plate 10 such as described in connection with FIGURE 1 is positioned in a sandwich with a deformable insulating layer 25 and a conductive liquid layer Zn in turn supported by a conductive backing 27.
  • the deformable layer 25 which coats the conductive liquid layer 26 serves a dual function of providing a layer which may be frozen in a deformed condition and also providing an insulating barrier between the conductive liquid 26 and the photoconductive insulating layer 12. With this insulating barrier 25 it is possible to reduce the spacing between the photoconductive insulating layer and the conductive liquid layer down to a gap in the order of 5 microns 'or more. With this decrease in spacing gap as compared to the embodiment of FIGURE 1, improved image contrast and resolution is obtainable. As well as various thermoplastics listed in connection with FIGURE 2, the deformable layer 25 in FIGURE 3 is appropriately low melting point paraiiin. A voltage is applied between the conductive layers 11 and 27 from a voltage source 28.
  • the desired effects may be obtained by a considerably lower potential so voltage source 28 is accordingly in about the range of 100 volts or higher.
  • the limiting high voltage is one that would cause a dielectric breakdown in insulating layer 25 or photoconductive insulating layer 12.
  • the sandwich of layers is heated as by a heating element 23 so as to liquify the deformable layer 25 to a highly compliant condition.
  • the photoconductive insulating layer is exposed to a light image as by a projector 31 as illustrated in FIGURE 3.
  • the backing layer of the xerographic plate is made of a transparent material such as glass coated with a conductive layer such as tin oxide.
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates the variation of the embodiment of FIGURE 3 in which an insulating liquid layer 35 is positioned between the latent electrostatic image bearing surface and a conductive deformable layer 36.
  • layer 36 is made of a material that is solid at room temperature and readily liquifies on the application of heat. This has a slight advantage over the embodiment of FIGURE 3 in that the thermally liquifiable layer 36 is closer to the heat source 23.
  • the heating requirements are slightly less and there is less chance of deterioration of the xerographic plate lti due to repeated application of heat.
  • FIGURE 5 The use of an insulating liquid and a conductive liquid is illustrated in FIGURE 5 in which an insulating liquid 38 is positioned in between the latent electrostatic image bearing surface and a conductive liquid layer 39.
  • the conductive liquid may be water and the insulating liquid may be oil.
  • the resistance against the deformation effects of the latent electrostatic image is produced almost entirely .by liquid viscosity and interfacial tension between the two liquids. Since materials may be selected to minimize interfacial tension, deformation is readily obtained enabling the use of lower voltages, thinner layers, and larger solid relief areas.
  • both the insulating deformation layer and the conductive deformation layer are made of thermally liquifiable materials that are solidat normal room temperatures. With both of these layers made of a material such as thermoplastic, it is possible to strip them apart after the image has been formed and solidified so as to obtain two separate deformation images.
  • the conductive layer would have a direct reading image while the insulating layer would have a mirror reverse image on its deformed surface.
  • FIG- URE 6 as Well as in FIGURE 3 it is possible to use an insulating layer that is bonded permanently to the photoconductive insulating layer of the xerographic plate. However, this would require slightly different Xerographic steps from those customarily used. Thus, sensitizing the plate would have to be performed by a method such as disclosed in US. Patent 2,833,930 in which charge is induced to the photoconductor surface under illumination and then trapped at the surface by discontinuing the illumination.
  • FIGURES 3, 4, 5, and 6 are all illustrated with a volt age source 28 applied across the conductive layers 11 and 27.
  • the common electrical reference connections as shown in FIGURES 1 and 2 produce the desired results. It is also possible to charge plate 10, then sandwich the layers together, and then form the latent image by exposing with a light image through a transparent side of the sandwich. In this latter case, either a common reference as in FIGURES 1 and 2 or a voltage source 28 connected between layers 11 and 27 will establish the desired references for deformation.
  • a method of image formation on the spaced surface of a continuous conductive liquid layer by induction from a latent electrostatic image comprising:
  • a method of inducing a relief image to form at the interface of a thermoplastic layer and a liquid layer comprising:
  • thermoplastic layer having a thickness range of 5 microns to 5 mils to the surface of said liquid layer
  • thermoplastic layer heating said thermoplastic layer to a compliant state so that said liquid layer, acting in response to the electrostatic fields of said latent electrostatic image, deforms the interface between said liquid layer and said thermoplastic layer.
  • a method of electrostatic induction image formation from a latent image on a uniformly charged and selectively discharged surface comprising:
  • thermoplastic layer (c) connecting the conductive backing of said xero graphic plate with an electrical connection to said thermoplastic layer so that electrical charges are induced into said thermoplastic layer in the pattern of the latent electrostatic image
  • thermoplastic layer (d) heating said thermoplastic layer to compliancy so that the charges induced in it produce a relief image in the pattern of the latent electrostatic image
  • thermoplastic layer (e) cooling said thermoplastic layer to freeze the image on the surface of the layer
  • thermoplastic layer bearing the relief image (f) separating the thermoplastic layer bearing the relief image from the Xerographic plate.
  • a method of electrostatic induction image formation from a latent image on a uniformly charged and selectively discharged surface comprising:
  • a method of simultaneously forming a direct reading relief image and a mirror-reverse relief image by induction from a single latent electrostatic image comprismg:
  • thermoplastic insulating layer and said conductive thermoplastic layer heating said thermoplastic insulating layer and said conductive thermoplastic layer to compliancy allowing the interface between them to deform in response to the electrostatic fields resulting from said image pattern
  • An image display member comprising:

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Photoreceptors In Electrophotography (AREA)
  • Electrophotography Using Other Than Carlson'S Method (AREA)
  • Combination Of More Than One Step In Electrophotography (AREA)
US200848A 1962-06-07 1962-06-07 Xerographic induction recording with mechanically deformable image formation in a deformable layer Expired - Lifetime US3196013A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US200848A US3196013A (en) 1962-06-07 1962-06-07 Xerographic induction recording with mechanically deformable image formation in a deformable layer
GB19692/63A GB1042493A (en) 1962-06-07 1963-05-17 Improvements in xerographic induction recording
FR937286A FR1360084A (fr) 1962-06-07 1963-06-06 Perfectionnements à l'enregistrement xérographique par induction
DER35367A DE1253581B (de) 1962-06-07 1963-06-07 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Deformationsbildes

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US200848A US3196013A (en) 1962-06-07 1962-06-07 Xerographic induction recording with mechanically deformable image formation in a deformable layer

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DE (1) DE1253581B (de)
GB (1) GB1042493A (de)

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3273999A (en) * 1962-07-02 1966-09-20 Xerox Corp Image deformation utilizing a prism
US3284196A (en) * 1962-10-11 1966-11-08 Ibm Apparatus and method for electric recording
US3308234A (en) * 1963-12-30 1967-03-07 Xerox Corp Facsimile recorder using thermoplastic record with photoconductive layer
US3317316A (en) * 1963-05-17 1967-05-02 Xerox Corp Internal frost recording
US3365324A (en) * 1963-03-18 1968-01-23 Bernice B Blake Solution development of xerographic latent images
US3382490A (en) * 1964-09-14 1968-05-07 Rca Corp Method and apparatus for reading thermoplastic recordings
US3394002A (en) * 1964-10-21 1968-07-23 Xerox Corp Charge transfer with liquid layers
US3404001A (en) * 1964-09-17 1968-10-01 Xerox Corp Thermoplastic deformation imaging with color reagents
US3443938A (en) * 1964-05-18 1969-05-13 Xerox Corp Frost imaging employing a deformable electrode

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3012253A1 (de) * 1980-03-28 1981-10-15 Hoechst Ag, 6000 Frankfurt Verfahren zum sichtbarmaschen von ladungsbildern und eine hierfuer geeignete vorichtung

Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2896507A (en) * 1952-04-16 1959-07-28 Foerderung Forschung Gmbh Arrangement for amplifying the light intensity of an optically projected image
US2943147A (en) * 1958-01-13 1960-06-28 Gen Electric Projection system
US2975052A (en) * 1956-03-19 1961-03-14 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US3008066A (en) * 1958-08-25 1961-11-07 Gen Electric Information storage system
US3055006A (en) * 1961-01-24 1962-09-18 Ibm High density, erasable optical image recorder
US3084043A (en) * 1959-05-07 1963-04-02 Xerox Corp Liquid development of electrostatic latent images
US3093478A (en) * 1955-11-09 1963-06-11 Thomas J Moran S Sons Inc Photographic reliefs made by means of transfer intermediaries which produce gas upon irradiation
US3108893A (en) * 1958-11-07 1963-10-29 Australia Res Lab Applying printed patterns electrostatically

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE598591A (de) * 1959-12-28

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2896507A (en) * 1952-04-16 1959-07-28 Foerderung Forschung Gmbh Arrangement for amplifying the light intensity of an optically projected image
US3093478A (en) * 1955-11-09 1963-06-11 Thomas J Moran S Sons Inc Photographic reliefs made by means of transfer intermediaries which produce gas upon irradiation
US2975052A (en) * 1956-03-19 1961-03-14 Gen Dynamics Corp Electrostatic printing
US2943147A (en) * 1958-01-13 1960-06-28 Gen Electric Projection system
US3008066A (en) * 1958-08-25 1961-11-07 Gen Electric Information storage system
US3108893A (en) * 1958-11-07 1963-10-29 Australia Res Lab Applying printed patterns electrostatically
US3084043A (en) * 1959-05-07 1963-04-02 Xerox Corp Liquid development of electrostatic latent images
US3055006A (en) * 1961-01-24 1962-09-18 Ibm High density, erasable optical image recorder

Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3273999A (en) * 1962-07-02 1966-09-20 Xerox Corp Image deformation utilizing a prism
US3284196A (en) * 1962-10-11 1966-11-08 Ibm Apparatus and method for electric recording
US3365324A (en) * 1963-03-18 1968-01-23 Bernice B Blake Solution development of xerographic latent images
US3317316A (en) * 1963-05-17 1967-05-02 Xerox Corp Internal frost recording
US3321308A (en) * 1963-05-17 1967-05-23 Xerox Corp Xerographic induction recording
US3526879A (en) * 1963-05-17 1970-09-01 Xerox Corp Internal frost recording apparatus using a deformable photoconductor
US3308234A (en) * 1963-12-30 1967-03-07 Xerox Corp Facsimile recorder using thermoplastic record with photoconductive layer
US3443938A (en) * 1964-05-18 1969-05-13 Xerox Corp Frost imaging employing a deformable electrode
US3382490A (en) * 1964-09-14 1968-05-07 Rca Corp Method and apparatus for reading thermoplastic recordings
US3404001A (en) * 1964-09-17 1968-10-01 Xerox Corp Thermoplastic deformation imaging with color reagents
US3394002A (en) * 1964-10-21 1968-07-23 Xerox Corp Charge transfer with liquid layers

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Publication number Publication date
GB1042493A (en) 1966-09-14
DE1253581B (de) 1967-11-02

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