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US3034050A - Electronic apparatus for determining identification metals and metal alloys - Google Patents

Electronic apparatus for determining identification metals and metal alloys Download PDF

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US3034050A
US3034050A US831444A US83144459A US3034050A US 3034050 A US3034050 A US 3034050A US 831444 A US831444 A US 831444A US 83144459 A US83144459 A US 83144459A US 3034050 A US3034050 A US 3034050A
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electrolyte
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Yuen Vann
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/416—Systems
    • G01N27/4166—Systems measuring a particular property of an electrolyte
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/20—Metals
    • G01N33/202—Constituents thereof

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  • VANN YUE ATTORNEYS Unite The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the United States Government for governmental purposes without payment to me of any royalty thereon.
  • This invention concerns an apparatus and a method for accomplishing the segregation of unidentified and misidentified metal alloys with particular reference to aluminum alloys such as those commonly used in aircraft and the like.
  • This invention provides an apparatus and a process for applying the moist tip of a new and improved probe to a clean metal surface and from a voltage reading that is characteristic of the metal so contacted quickly and easily identify the metal without in any way damaging it.
  • the Beckman electrode H-29330 is a double junction type wherein a permanently charged calomel-mercury column is sealed into an intermediate tube filled with :1 KCl saturated solution.
  • the electrode assembly comprises an upwardly open glass outside shell 1 that terminates downwardly in a small apertured tip 2.
  • An electrolyte is supplied to the outside shell 1 through a lateral mouth 3 that is removably closed with a rubber cap 4.
  • a plastic cap 5 closes the open upper ends of the outside shell 1 and of an inside shell 6.
  • the cap 5 supports at its center a platinum wire 7 that extends axially down into the inside or innermost shell 6.
  • the inside shell 6 contains amixture of granular calomel 8 and potassium chloride 9 dispersed through liquid mercury 10 around the platinum wire 7.
  • the innermost shell 6 has its upper end secured in the plastic cap 5'- and its lower end apertured to open into the permeable lower part of an intermediate gas shield third shell 11.
  • the gas shield, intermediate or third shell 11 opens upwardly below the plastic cap 5 and within the glass outside first shell 1.
  • the intermediate shell 11 is downwardly permeable, as by the apertures 12 and 13, or the like, in ample number to avoid a gas block in circuit.
  • Fiber glass 14 and 14 serves to space the lower portions of the shells 1, 6 and 11 with respect to each other.
  • An output lead 15 has one of its ends connected to the positive terminal of a vacuum tube voltmeter 16 and its opposite end is secured by solder or the like to the upper end of the platinum wire 7.
  • the negative terminal of A probe that embodies a part of the present invention with its connections and an associated instrument, is shown in an elevational axial sectioned View in the single FIGURE of the accompanying drawing as an improved single electrode system or a half cell.
  • the probe is shown connected through leads to a vacuum tube voltmeter and in position formaking contact with a sample alloy.
  • the probe contains a saturated calomel electrode with a liquid junction.
  • the improved electrode embodies a gas shield to prevent a gas lock. This is a unique advantage when used with a hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte solution.
  • the calomel electrode that is disclosed herein is an imthe vacuum tube voltmeter 16 is connected by the lead 17 to the alloy sample 18.
  • An illustrative vacuum tube voltmeter is shown in FIG. 15-1 on page 598 of the Theory and Applications of Electron Tubes by Herbert U. Reich, published in 1944 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York city.
  • the electrolytic solution to be added through the lateral mouth 3 of the outside shell :1 is prepared by mixing by volume four parts of-a saturated water solution of potassium chloride with one part of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution and should be prepared immediately before it is used.
  • the introduction of the electrolyte into the outside shell 1 with'its tip 2 in contact with the sample 18 causes the electrolyte to pass through the apertured tip 2 and to moisten the surface of the sample 18, or a drop of the electrolyte may be placed on the alloy sample 18 at its point of contact with the tip 2' of the probe.
  • V The position of the needle on the scale of the voltmeter 16 indicates a potential reading that is characteristic of many alloys, such as those used in the structure of aircraft and the like. Representative potential meter readare listed in the following chart:
  • the aluminum alloys designated 1 4s and 195 display on the vacuum tube voltmeter 16 a voltage of from 0.60 to 0.63 volt as a potential that is characteristic of this group of alloys.
  • the voltage reading on the vacuum tube voltmeter 16 will be in the range of from 0.60 and 0.63 volt.
  • the voltage reading 0.63 is a potential characteristic of the aluminum alloy 24s.
  • the voltage reading 0.71 indicates and is a characteristic of the aluminum alloy 35 5.
  • the alloy 61s has a characteristic potential reading of 0.76.
  • a voltage reading that falls within the range from 0.75 to 0.78 indicates the alloy 24s clad with the alloy 2s.
  • the voltage reading 0.81 volt is characteristic of the aluminum alloy 3s.
  • the alloys 2s and 356 both are characterizedby the voltmeter reading- 0.83.
  • the alloy 52s is indicated by the voltage reading 0.84 and the alloy 75s is indicated by the voltage reading 0.87. Readings on the voltmeter 16 between the range from 0.88 to 0.92 volt are character- 'istic of the aluminum alloy 75s clad with the alloy 72s.
  • the voltage reading 0.92 indicates the aluminum alloy 220 and the voltage reading 094 indicates the alloy 72s.
  • a probe comprising an upwardly open glass outside shell that terminates downwardly in a small apertured tip and that is provided with a mouth for the introduction of an electrolyte within the outside shell, a plastic cap closing the open upper end of the outside shell, a platinum wire with its upper end exposed to outside the assembly by extending through and being secured to the plastic cap and the platinum wire extending axially within the glass outside shell, an inside shell with its upper end closed by the plastic cap and terminating downwardly in a small apertured tip, a mixture of granular'calomel and potassiurn chloride dispersed through liquid mercury within the inside shell, a downwardly permeable gas shield intermediate shell extending downwardly below the lower end of the inside shell and between the inside shell and the outside shell, a first fiber glass means interposed between and maintaining spacial relationship between the inside shell and the gas shield intermediate shell adjacent the lower ends'thereof, a second fiber glass means interposed between and maintaining spacial relationship between the gas shield intermediate shell and the outside shell adjacent the lower ends thereof, and an electrolyt

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Description

May 8, 1962 VANN YUEN 3,034,050
ELECTRONIC APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING IDENTIFICATION METALS AND METAL ALLOYS Filed Aug. 5, 1959 a 4 VACUUM TUBE Q VOLT METER I6 ,l4 l4' |2 -|& 3
l8 SAMPLE; l7
JNVENTOR. VANN YUE ATTORNEYS Unite The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the United States Government for governmental purposes without payment to me of any royalty thereon.
This invention concerns an apparatus and a method for accomplishing the segregation of unidentified and misidentified metal alloys with particular reference to aluminum alloys such as those commonly used in aircraft and the like.
A background for the understanding of this invention is provided by the book Metal Data by Samuel L. Hoyt published in 1952. by the Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York 36, NY. at pages 369 et seq.; by the Patents 2,706,712, issued April 19, 1955 to Rolf K. Ladisch for a Portable Polarographic Half Cell; 2,366,844, issued January 9, 1945 to Antony Doschek for a Method Of And Means For Identifying Metals; 2,531,747 issued Novem ber 28, 1950 to R. F. Steam for a Metal Identifier; 2,553,- 068, issued May 15, 1951 to E. W. Tucker for an Electrolytic Cell; etc. A calomel electrode in RC1 is discussed briefly at page 235 and elsewhere of Storage Batteries by George W. Vinal published in 1955 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York City, NY.
A brief summary of the invention follows, indicating its nature and substance together with a statement of the objects of the invention commensurate and consistent with the invention as claimed and also setting out the exact nature, the operation and the essence of the invention complete with proportions and techniques that are necessary for its use. The purpose of the invention also is stipulated. The presentation is adequate for any person who is skilled in the art and science to which the invention pertains to use it without involving extensive experimentation. The best mode of carrying out the invention is presented by the citing of a specific operative example inclusive of the preparation and the use of at least one example of the invention.
This invention provides an apparatus and a process for applying the moist tip of a new and improved probe to a clean metal surface and from a voltage reading that is characteristic of the metal so contacted quickly and easily identify the metal without in any way damaging it.
states atent.
provement over the Beckman special types of electrodes, such as the calomel electrode designated H-29330 in the 1955 Harshaw, Scientific Catalogue, published by the Harshaw Chemical Company, 1945 E. 97th Street, Cleveland, Ohio. The Beckman electrode H-29330 is a double junction type wherein a permanently charged calomel-mercury column is sealed into an intermediate tube filled with :1 KCl saturated solution.
The method proposed herein for the identification and the segregation of aluminum alloys is not intended to replace chemical and spectrographic analysis. Its application is rather the sorting and the identifying of commonly available alloys based on their electrical characteristics in a rapid, easy and an economical manner without damage to the alloy so identified.
In the accompanying drawing is shown a probe or an electrode assembly that embodies the present invention. The electrode assembly comprises an upwardly open glass outside shell 1 that terminates downwardly in a small apertured tip 2. An electrolyte is supplied to the outside shell 1 through a lateral mouth 3 that is removably closed with a rubber cap 4. A plastic cap 5 closes the open upper ends of the outside shell 1 and of an inside shell 6. The cap 5 supports at its center a platinum wire 7 that extends axially down into the inside or innermost shell 6. The inside shell 6 contains amixture of granular calomel 8 and potassium chloride 9 dispersed through liquid mercury 10 around the platinum wire 7.
The innermost shell 6 has its upper end secured in the plastic cap 5'- and its lower end apertured to open into the permeable lower part of an intermediate gas shield third shell 11. The gas shield, intermediate or third shell 11 opens upwardly below the plastic cap 5 and within the glass outside first shell 1. The intermediate shell 11 is downwardly permeable, as by the apertures 12 and 13, or the like, in ample number to avoid a gas block in circuit. Fiber glass 14 and 14 serves to space the lower portions of the shells 1, 6 and 11 with respect to each other.
An output lead 15 has one of its ends connected to the positive terminal of a vacuum tube voltmeter 16 and its opposite end is secured by solder or the like to the upper end of the platinum wire 7. The negative terminal of A probe that embodies a part of the present invention with its connections and an associated instrument, is shown in an elevational axial sectioned View in the single FIGURE of the accompanying drawing as an improved single electrode system or a half cell.
The probe is shown connected through leads to a vacuum tube voltmeter and in position formaking contact with a sample alloy. The probe contains a saturated calomel electrode with a liquid junction. The improved electrode embodies a gas shield to prevent a gas lock. This is a unique advantage when used with a hydrogen peroxide containing electrolyte solution.
The calomel electrode that is disclosed herein is an imthe vacuum tube voltmeter 16 is connected by the lead 17 to the alloy sample 18. An illustrative vacuum tube voltmeter is shown in FIG. 15-1 on page 598 of the Theory and Applications of Electron Tubes by Herbert U. Reich, published in 1944 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York city.
The electrolytic solution to be added through the lateral mouth 3 of the outside shell :1 is prepared by mixing by volume four parts of-a saturated water solution of potassium chloride with one part of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution and should be prepared immediately before it is used. The introduction of the electrolyte into the outside shell 1 with'its tip 2 in contact with the sample 18 causes the electrolyte to pass through the apertured tip 2 and to moisten the surface of the sample 18, or a drop of the electrolyte may be placed on the alloy sample 18 at its point of contact with the tip 2' of the probe.
V The position of the needle on the scale of the voltmeter 16 indicates a potential reading that is characteristic of many alloys, such as those used in the structure of aircraft and the like. Representative potential meter readare listed in the following chart:
Volt Al-Alloys 248 (clad with 23) eaken 1 MMHO sci-: m w
758 (clad with 728) appear at pages 369 and 370 of the Hoyt text.
In the above chart it will be noted that the aluminum alloys designated 1 4s and 195 display on the vacuum tube voltmeter 16 a voltage of from 0.60 to 0.63 volt as a potential that is characteristic of this group of alloys. In other words, in the event the tip 2 of the electrode shown in section in the accompanying drawing in circuit is caused to contact an alloy 14s or 195, the voltage reading on the vacuum tube voltmeter 16 will be in the range of from 0.60 and 0.63 volt. The voltage reading 0.63 is a potential characteristic of the aluminum alloy 24s.
In a similar way the voltage reading 0.71 indicates and is a characteristic of the aluminum alloy 35 5. The alloy 61s has a characteristic potential reading of 0.76. A voltage reading that falls within the range from 0.75 to 0.78 indicates the alloy 24s clad with the alloy 2s. The voltage reading 0.81 volt is characteristic of the aluminum alloy 3s. The alloys 2s and 356 both are characterizedby the voltmeter reading- 0.83. The alloy 52s is indicated by the voltage reading 0.84 and the alloy 75s is indicated by the voltage reading 0.87. Readings on the voltmeter 16 between the range from 0.88 to 0.92 volt are character- 'istic of the aluminum alloy 75s clad with the alloy 72s.
The voltage reading 0.92 indicates the aluminum alloy 220 and the voltage reading 094 indicates the alloy 72s. From the foregoing experimental findings it will be apparent that, with the improvedhalf cell described and shown in; the accompanying drawings, other alloys, metals and the like will also display their;characteristic'voltages that in a similar manner may be used to identify the embodies the present invention is to It is to be understood that the structural details of the probe that is disclosed herein and of the circuit in which it is used are illustrative of a successfully functioning apparatus and method and that similarly functioning apparatus and method steps may be substituted for those disclosed herein without departing from the invention.
I claim:
l. A probe comprising an upwardly open glass outside shell that terminates downwardly in a small apertured tip and that is provided with a mouth for the introduction of an electrolyte within the outside shell, a plastic cap closing the open upper end of the outside shell, a platinum wire with its upper end exposed to outside the assembly by extending through and being secured to the plastic cap and the platinum wire extending axially within the glass outside shell, an inside shell with its upper end closed by the plastic cap and terminating downwardly in a small apertured tip, a mixture of granular'calomel and potassiurn chloride dispersed through liquid mercury within the inside shell, a downwardly permeable gas shield intermediate shell extending downwardly below the lower end of the inside shell and between the inside shell and the outside shell, a first fiber glass means interposed between and maintaining spacial relationship between the inside shell and the gas shield intermediate shell adjacent the lower ends'thereof, a second fiber glass means interposed between and maintaining spacial relationship between the gas shield intermediate shell and the outside shell adjacent the lower ends thereof, and an electrolyte consisting of a mixture by volume of four parts saturated water solution'of potassium chloride and one part of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution within the lower ends of the insideshell and the gas shield intermediate shell and the outside shell and the electrolyte being accessible to outsidethe probe through the apertured tip at the lower end of the outside shell.
' 2. The probe in the above claim 1 wherein the upper end of the inside shell is secured in the plastic cap.
3. The process for segregating one unknown from an indeterminate group of metals by its electrical characteristic by cleaning the surface of the unknown, contacting the cleaned surface of the unknown with an electrolyte that consists of a mixture of by volume four parts of a saturated water solution of potassium chloride and one part of a 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, and contacting the electrolyte of potassiumchloride and hydrogen peroxide with a saturated mixture of granular calomel and potassium chloride as the dispersed phase through liquid mercury as the dispersing medium, and determining as a physical characteristic of the unknown the potential value of the electrolyterin contact with the unknown and in contact with the granular calomel and potassium chloride in liquidmercury. 4. The process of determining the? electrical potential characteristic of an unknown mixture of metals as an alloy identifying physical constant thereof that is accomplished byelectrically contacting in a series connected potential indicating electrical circuit the unknown mixture of metals with an electrolyte of the composition by volume of four parts of a saturated water solution of potassium chloride and by volume one part of 30% hydrogen peroxide solution, and connecting in series therewith a saturatedmixture of granular calomel and potassium chloride dispersed through liquid mercury for obtaining a potential reading that is characteristic of the unknown mixture of metals. Q
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES. PATENTS 2,531,747 Stearn Nov. 28, 1950 2,665,412 Eding et al. Jan. 5, 1954 2,684,938 Mantzell July 27, 1954

Claims (1)

  1. 3. THE PROCESS FOR SEGREGATING ONE UNKNOWN FROM AN INDETERMINATE GROUP OF METALS BY ITS ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTIC BY CLEANING THE SURFACE OF THE UNKNOWN CONTACTING THE CLEANED SURFACE OF THE UNKNOWN WITH AN ELECTROLYTE THAT CONSISTS OF A MIXTURE OF BY VOLUME FOUR PARTS OF A SATURATED WATER SOLUTION OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND ONE PART OF A 30% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTION, AND CONTACTING THE ELECTROLYTE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WITH A SATURATED MIXTURE OF GRANULAR CALOMEL AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AS THE DISPERSED PHASE THROUGH LIQUID MERCURY AS THE DISPERSING MEDIUM, AND DETERMINING AS A PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF THE UNKNOWN THE POTENTIAL VALUE OF THE ELECTROLYTE IN CONTACT WITH THE UNKNOWN AND IN CONTACT WITH THE GRANULAR CALOMEL AND POTASSIUM CHLORIDE IN LIQUID MERCURY.
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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3375178A (en) * 1964-05-28 1968-03-26 Continental Oil Co Method of confirming the occurrence of plating in electroless nickel-plating
US3428532A (en) * 1964-02-06 1969-02-18 Continental Oil Co Method for identifying metals and alloys
US4006063A (en) * 1970-10-08 1977-02-01 Minas Ensanian Method for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids
US4197176A (en) * 1976-12-27 1980-04-08 Minas Ensanian Apparatus for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids
US4278519A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-07-14 Won Vann Y Electrode assembly for determining the identification of metals and metal alloys
EP0362203A4 (en) * 1987-03-31 1991-04-24 Tri-Electronics, Inc. Dynamic precious metal assay device
US10561460B2 (en) 2008-12-31 2020-02-18 Medtronic Ardian Luxembourg S.A.R.L. Neuromodulation systems and methods for treatment of sexual dysfunction

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2531747A (en) * 1947-06-12 1950-11-28 Robert F Stearn Metal identifier
US2665412A (en) * 1952-03-31 1954-01-05 Ethyl Corp Analysis of nonferrous alloys
US2684938A (en) * 1949-12-27 1954-07-27 Mantzell Ernst Device for measuring the ph

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2531747A (en) * 1947-06-12 1950-11-28 Robert F Stearn Metal identifier
US2684938A (en) * 1949-12-27 1954-07-27 Mantzell Ernst Device for measuring the ph
US2665412A (en) * 1952-03-31 1954-01-05 Ethyl Corp Analysis of nonferrous alloys

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3428532A (en) * 1964-02-06 1969-02-18 Continental Oil Co Method for identifying metals and alloys
US3375178A (en) * 1964-05-28 1968-03-26 Continental Oil Co Method of confirming the occurrence of plating in electroless nickel-plating
US4006063A (en) * 1970-10-08 1977-02-01 Minas Ensanian Method for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids
US4197176A (en) * 1976-12-27 1980-04-08 Minas Ensanian Apparatus for measuring surface characteristics of metals and metalloids
US4278519A (en) * 1980-01-25 1981-07-14 Won Vann Y Electrode assembly for determining the identification of metals and metal alloys
EP0362203A4 (en) * 1987-03-31 1991-04-24 Tri-Electronics, Inc. Dynamic precious metal assay device
US10561460B2 (en) 2008-12-31 2020-02-18 Medtronic Ardian Luxembourg S.A.R.L. Neuromodulation systems and methods for treatment of sexual dysfunction

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