US2860039A - Graining zinc offset plates - Google Patents
Graining zinc offset plates Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2860039A US2860039A US499249A US49924955A US2860039A US 2860039 A US2860039 A US 2860039A US 499249 A US499249 A US 499249A US 49924955 A US49924955 A US 49924955A US 2860039 A US2860039 A US 2860039A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- zinc
- graining
- plate
- weight
- grain
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 24
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 24
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 title claims description 24
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229960002163 hydrogen peroxide Drugs 0.000 description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 5
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007605 air drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000007645 offset printing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004069 differentiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L disodium;carboxylatooxy carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)OOC([O-])=O VTIIJXUACCWYHX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010297 mechanical methods and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940045872 sodium percarbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- MSLRPWGRFCKNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;hydrogen peroxide;dicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].OO.OO.OO.[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]C([O-])=O MSLRPWGRFCKNIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41N—PRINTING PLATES OR FOILS; MATERIALS FOR SURFACES USED IN PRINTING MACHINES FOR PRINTING, INKING, DAMPING, OR THE LIKE; PREPARING SUCH SURFACES FOR USE AND CONSERVING THEM
- B41N3/00—Preparing for use and conserving printing surfaces
- B41N3/03—Chemical or electrical pretreatment
- B41N3/038—Treatment with a chromium compound, a silicon compound, a phophorus compound or a compound of a metal of group IVB; Hydrophilic coatings obtained by hydrolysis of organometallic compounds
Definitions
- This.invention pertains to; the graining of zinc offset plates and more particularly to the chemical graining of such plates by the use of solutions containing hydrogen peroxide.
- Zinc plates are used on a very large scalein the lithographic. or offset process of printing. These plates are d n r p iqdusedxby. rollin m ngot nd, he metal mp s t bn. u h. Zinc. plat s s usu y abo 99%.
- a basic requirement of offset printing processes is the differentiation between image and non-image areas of the plate.
- the image areas must be ink-receptive and are provided by the remaining parts of the photosensitive layer which represent the image.
- the non-image areas from which, in the course of preparing the plate, the photosensitive layer has been removed must be receptive to water.
- the success of oifset printing relies largely on a clean delineation of these two areas and this in turn relies primarily on a proper grain of the zinc plate. It is furthermore important that the grain be fine and clear to reproduce the image clearly and sharply which is particularly important in the printing of halftones.
- the chemical graining solutions of this'process contain an acid, hydrogen-peroxide: and water.
- Mineral acids are satisfactory in general but we prefer to use sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid.
- Hydrochloric acid does not function as well in "this process because of its interaction with hydrogen peroxide present which can lead to;
- peroxygen compounds which release hydro-- gen; peroxide when dissolved in water
- peroxide when dissolved in water
- peroxide compounds may be employed in the present invention, as for instance sodium percarbonate, sodium carbonate peroxide and others, it is pre fer-redin-practicingthe invention to use commercial hydro gen peroxide itself in order't'o avoid accumulation of salts in the bath.
- the graining process is carried out by immersing'the plate into the graining solution.
- Treatment time is ordinarily between about /2 to about 15 minutes, depending on the composition and condition of the zinc plate.
- lithographic zinc plates are essentially composed of Zinc with very minor percentages of other metals, variations in the percentage of foreign metals present in the zinc will have an effect on the rate at which graining can be carried out. Graining rate may also depend to an extent on the original surface finish of the plate.
- bath temperature is not critical.
- a typical graining solution as used in our process will contain in aqueous solution about 1 to 5% of the mineral acid and about 1 to 10% hydrogen peroxide the percentage being upon a weight basis.
- the sulfuric acid in the aqueous bath will be from about 1 to 2%, while about 3 to 5% phosphoric acid gives best results.
- Example '1 A sheet of engravers zinc (nominal composition 0.15% lead, 0.014% iron, 0.15 cadmium, 0.005% copper, 0.005% magnesium) was degreased by rinsing with isopropyl alcohol followed by a water rinse and. then immersed for 2 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing approximately 0.7% by weight of sulfuric acid and approximately 8.8% by weight of hydrogen peroxide 100%. The sheet was withdrawn, rinsed with water and air dried. The sheet showed a fine light colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
- Example 2 Another sheet of engravers zinc was treated exactly as described .in Example 1, with a solution containing approximately 1.5% of sulfuric acid by weight. and approximately; 7% of'. hydrogen peroxide. 100% by weight. Treatment was for a half minute at room temperature. After rinsing and .air drying, the sheet showed a fine light-colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
- Example 3 TA sheet of lithographic zinc (nominal composition 0.1 5% lead, 0.017% iron, 0.15% cadmium, 0.005% cop-.
- Example 4 A sheet of engravers' zinc (nominal composition 0.15% lead, 0.14% iron, 0.15% cadmium, 0.005% copper, 0.005% magnesium) was degreased, rinsed and then treated for one minute at room temperature in a solution containing about 0.75% of sulfuric acid by weight and a lout 0.8% hydrogen peroxide 100% by weight. After rinsing and air drying, the sheet showed enough of an extremely fine grain on which Water spread easily, in-
- Example 5 Another sheetof lithographers' zinc was degreased, rinsed and then treated about 10 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing approximately 4.5% phosphorie acid by weight and approximately 1.2% hydrogen peroxide 100% by weight. After rinsing and air tions will produce. a deeper grain and will work more quickly than more dilute solutions which would tend to i peroxide by weight.
- the sheet showed a fine light-colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
- the composition of the graining solution can be varied over a considerable range of chemical concentrations. More concentrated solu- The zinc plates grained by the procedure described in.
- zinc offset plate's' which comprises treating the plate with an aqueous. solution comprising 1 to 5% sulfuric acid and 1 to 10% hydrogen per'oxideby weight.
- a process for chemically graining cold rolled alloy zinc offset plates which 'comprise'streating the plate for 1 a time of from about /z'to about, 15 minutes with an aqueous solution, comprising from about 1 'to 2% sulfuric acid by weight and from about 1 to 10% hydrogen
- aqueous solution comprising from about 1 'to 2% sulfuric acid by weight and from about 1 to 10% hydrogen
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)
Description
United States Patent GRAINING; ZINC OFFSET PLATES Paul;H. Margulies, Eggertsville, and. Henry E. Winters, J12, Bufialg, ;Nj.' Y sis signers to Food. Machinery and Chemical'CorporatiomSan Jose, Calif.
No Drawing, Application April, 4, 1955 r I Serial No. 499,249- a 2 clai s. c1. 41,-42
This.invention pertains to; the graining of zinc offset plates and more particularly to the chemical graining of such plates by the use of solutions containing hydrogen peroxide.
Zinc plates are used on a very large scalein the lithographic. or offset process of printing. These plates are d n r p iqdusedxby. rollin m ngot nd, he metal mp s t bn. u h. Zinc. plat s s usu y abo 99%.
ened for use in. olffsetprinting; This-roughening or grain-' ing of the surface is necessary because the non-image area on the finished plate ready for printing must be made; receptiueto water, forwhich. the smooth plate has little afilnity. Furthermore, a certain amount of grain is required to promote adhesion of the photosensitive layer put on the plate to receive the image to be printed.
A basic requirement of offset printing processes is the differentiation between image and non-image areas of the plate. The image areas must be ink-receptive and are provided by the remaining parts of the photosensitive layer which represent the image. The non-image areas from which, in the course of preparing the plate, the photosensitive layer has been removed must be receptive to water. The success of oifset printing relies largely on a clean delineation of these two areas and this in turn relies primarily on a proper grain of the zinc plate. It is furthermore important that the grain be fine and clear to reproduce the image clearly and sharply which is particularly important in the printing of halftones.
At present, zinc plates are grained by various mechanical methods. Ordinarily the plates to be grained are fastened in a horizontal position on an oscillating table and the grain is produced by the abrasive action of a suitable abrasive which is rubbed over the plate by means of steel balls rolling across the plate under the oscillating action of the machine. Mechanical graining has various disadvantages. The equipment used is of low production capacity because each graining machine can hold only one plate at a time and because graining time is quite extended, usually being one hour more or less. Furthermore, mechanical graining is apt to give variations in the grain produced so that reproducible results can be obtained only with difiiculty. Still another difficulty in the use of mechanically grained plates is caused by minute particles of the abrasive used which frequently remain imbedded in the plate surface.
In view of the fact that desirably grained surface re sembled an etched surface, chemical graining or etching with acids able to attack the Zinc would seem feasible. However, the action of such acids on the zinc, although resulting in chemical attack and corrosion, does not pro- 'rangingfromabout /2- to about 15 minutes.
. 2. duce the'fine and uniform offset printing.
.It, has been. foundin accordance with the present inventiomthat a' highly satisfactory, fine and r'eproduci-. blefuniformtgrain; can be produced on zin'c oifsetplat'es if these plates are treated. with. an aqueousr solution conitaining hydrogen peroxide and a mineral acid; This grain:
is produced by simple immersion of the zinc plate into the treating solution. The treatment is ordinarily carried out at room temperature or slightly above and forperiods This chemi' cal graining process offers the substantial advantages of producing a reproducible fine grain usingsimple equipment of hi'gh. capacity and producing; the desired results" in very short periods of time.
The chemical graining solutions of this'process contain an acid, hydrogen-peroxide: and water. Mineral acids are satisfactory in general but we prefer to use sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. Hydrochloric acid does not function as well in "this process because of its interaction with hydrogen peroxide present which can lead to;
the development of chlorine;
Although peroxygen compoundswhich release hydro-- gen; peroxide when dissolved in water, may be employed in the present invention, as for instance sodium percarbonate, sodium carbonate peroxide and others, it is pre fer-redin-practicingthe invention to use commercial hydro gen peroxide itself in order't'o avoid accumulation of salts in the bath.
h r in ol t n. an, be rpl e v uccessfu ly, to
all types of zinc offsetplates. These platesdo not have,
the plate by the graining solution.
The graining process is carried out by immersing'the plate into the graining solution. Treatment time is ordinarily between about /2 to about 15 minutes, depending on the composition and condition of the zinc plate. Although lithographic zinc plates are essentially composed of Zinc with very minor percentages of other metals, variations in the percentage of foreign metals present in the zinc will have an effect on the rate at which graining can be carried out. Graining rate may also depend to an extent on the original surface finish of the plate.
Ordinarily the treatment will be carried out at room temperature but if it is desired to accelerate the rate of the reaction, the bath temperature may be raised somewhat. Generally speaking, bath temperature is not critical.
A typical graining solution as used in our process will contain in aqueous solution about 1 to 5% of the mineral acid and about 1 to 10% hydrogen peroxide the percentage being upon a weight basis. Generally the sulfuric acid in the aqueous bath will be from about 1 to 2%, while about 3 to 5% phosphoric acid gives best results.
The following examples will serve to illustrate the principle of the invention:
Example '1 A sheet of engravers zinc (nominal composition 0.15% lead, 0.014% iron, 0.15 cadmium, 0.005% copper, 0.005% magnesium) was degreased by rinsing with isopropyl alcohol followed by a water rinse and. then immersed for 2 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing approximately 0.7% by weight of sulfuric acid and approximately 8.8% by weight of hydrogen peroxide 100%. The sheet was withdrawn, rinsed with water and air dried. The sheet showed a fine light colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
grain required for successful 3 Example 2 Another sheet of engravers zinc was treated exactly as described .in Example 1, with a solution containing approximately 1.5% of sulfuric acid by weight. and approximately; 7% of'. hydrogen peroxide. 100% by weight. Treatment was for a half minute at room temperature. After rinsing and .air drying, the sheet showed a fine light-colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
V 7 Example 3 TA sheet of lithographic zinc (nominal composition 0.1 5% lead, 0.017% iron, 0.15% cadmium, 0.005% cop-.
per) wasdegreased, rinsed and treated for 12 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing about 1.3% sulfuric acid by weight and about 7% hydrogen peroxide 100% by weight. After rinsing and air drying, the sheet showed a fine light-colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
Example 4 ,A sheet of engravers' zinc (nominal composition 0.15% lead, 0.14% iron, 0.15% cadmium, 0.005% copper, 0.005% magnesium) was degreased, rinsed and then treated for one minute at room temperature in a solution containing about 0.75% of sulfuric acid by weight and a lout 0.8% hydrogen peroxide 100% by weight. After rinsing and air drying, the sheet showed enough of an extremely fine grain on which Water spread easily, in-
dic ating good water receptivity.
Example 5 Another sheetof lithographers' zinc was degreased, rinsed and then treated about 10 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing approximately 4.5% phosphorie acid by weight and approximately 1.2% hydrogen peroxide 100% by weight. After rinsing and air tions will produce. a deeper grain and will work more quickly than more dilute solutions which would tend to i peroxide by weight. I
drying, the sheet showed a fine light-colored uniform grain on which water spread easily, indicating good water receptivity.
As shown by the examples, the composition of the graining solution can be varied over a considerable range of chemical concentrations. More concentrated solu- The zinc plates grained by the procedure described in.
the preceding examples were used for commercial ofiset printing and produced excellent prints with clear halftones. I i
What is claimed is:
1. A process of chemically-graining cold rolled alloy.
zinc offset plate's'which comprises treating the plate with an aqueous. solution comprising 1 to 5% sulfuric acid and 1 to 10% hydrogen per'oxideby weight.
2. A process for chemically graining cold rolled alloy zinc offset plates which 'comprise'streating the plate for 1 a time of from about /z'to about, 15 minutes with an aqueous solution, comprising from about 1 'to 2% sulfuric acid by weight and from about 1 to 10% hydrogen References Cited in the of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,154,451 Hull Apr. '18, 1939.
Claims (1)
1. A PROCESS OF CHEMICALLY GRAINING COLD ROLLED ALLOY ZINC OFFSET PLATES WHICH COMPRISES TREATING THE PLATE WITH AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION COMPRISING 1 TO 5% SULFURIC ACID AND 1 TO 10% HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY WEIGHT.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US499249A US2860039A (en) | 1955-04-04 | 1955-04-04 | Graining zinc offset plates |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US499249A US2860039A (en) | 1955-04-04 | 1955-04-04 | Graining zinc offset plates |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2860039A true US2860039A (en) | 1958-11-11 |
Family
ID=23984477
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US499249A Expired - Lifetime US2860039A (en) | 1955-04-04 | 1955-04-04 | Graining zinc offset plates |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2860039A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3194703A (en) * | 1961-07-05 | 1965-07-13 | Philips Corp | Method of treating bodies of semiconductive material by chemically etching with an acid etching liquid |
| US3269881A (en) * | 1963-12-30 | 1966-08-30 | Allied Chem | Hydrogen peroxide etching of copper in manufacture of printed circuits |
| US3277820A (en) * | 1965-08-04 | 1966-10-11 | Ball Brothers Co Inc | Lithographic plate and method of making same |
| US6310017B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2001-10-30 | Ct Associates, Inc. | Cleaner composition, method for making and using same |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2154451A (en) * | 1934-12-17 | 1939-04-18 | Du Pont | Bright dip |
-
1955
- 1955-04-04 US US499249A patent/US2860039A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2154451A (en) * | 1934-12-17 | 1939-04-18 | Du Pont | Bright dip |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3194703A (en) * | 1961-07-05 | 1965-07-13 | Philips Corp | Method of treating bodies of semiconductive material by chemically etching with an acid etching liquid |
| US3269881A (en) * | 1963-12-30 | 1966-08-30 | Allied Chem | Hydrogen peroxide etching of copper in manufacture of printed circuits |
| US3293093A (en) * | 1963-12-30 | 1966-12-20 | Allied Chem | Dissolution of metal with acidified hydrogen peroxide and use as copper etchant in manufacture of printed circuits |
| DE1298383B (en) * | 1963-12-30 | 1969-06-26 | Allied Chem | Process and means for the chemical dissolution of copper |
| US3277820A (en) * | 1965-08-04 | 1966-10-11 | Ball Brothers Co Inc | Lithographic plate and method of making same |
| US6310017B1 (en) | 1999-02-01 | 2001-10-30 | Ct Associates, Inc. | Cleaner composition, method for making and using same |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA1239612A (en) | Anodic oxidation and silicate treatments of roughened aluminium | |
| US3929591A (en) | Novel lithographic plate and method | |
| US3834998A (en) | Method of producing aluminum planographic printing plates | |
| US4336113A (en) | Electrolytic graining of aluminum with hydrogen peroxide and nitric or hydrochloric acid | |
| US2922715A (en) | Presensitized printing plate and method for preparing same | |
| JPS6110491A (en) | Method of treating aluminum sheet | |
| US4374710A (en) | Electrolytic graining of aluminum with nitric and oxalic acids | |
| US4634656A (en) | Aluminum alloy, a support of lithographic printing plate and a lithographic printing plate using the same | |
| US3073765A (en) | Process for electrolytically graining aluminum lithographic plates | |
| KR960012749B1 (en) | Process for electro-chemically modifying support materials of aluminium or aluminium alloys | |
| JPS6347349A (en) | Aluminum alloy support for lithographic printing plate | |
| US4416972A (en) | Electrolytic graining of aluminum with nitric and boric acids | |
| US4360401A (en) | Method for making aluminum alloy lithographic plates or Al/Ca lithographic alloy | |
| US2882154A (en) | Planographic printing plate | |
| GB1020648A (en) | Lithographic plates | |
| US4339315A (en) | Process for preparing lithographic printing plate bases | |
| US2860039A (en) | Graining zinc offset plates | |
| US4547274A (en) | Support for lithographic printing plate and lithographic printing plate | |
| US4367124A (en) | Process for preparing lithographic printing plate bases | |
| US3197391A (en) | Method of etching aluminum | |
| US3350206A (en) | Lithographic plates, gluconate solutions therefor and process for producing the same | |
| US5013399A (en) | Method of preparing support for lithographic printing plate | |
| JPS62140894A (en) | Aluminum alloy support for planographic plate | |
| US4678551A (en) | Process for producing an aluminum support for a lithographic printing plate | |
| US4626328A (en) | Process for the electrochemical roughening of aluminum for use as printing plate supports, in an aqueous mixed electrolyte |