US2748445A - Spliced woven fabrics and method of splicing the same - Google Patents

Description

June 5, 1956 SPLICED WOVEN FABRICS AND METHOD OF SPLICING THE SAME Filed Dec. 24, 1952 J. D. SKEER ET AL 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 l-lLllS lIIlllIlllllllIl-lll INVNTORS 55 n JaH/v D. SKEM .By KIR/ 5 H Dz/NLAP June 5, 1956 J. D, SKEER ET AL 2,748,445

SPLICED WOVEN FABRICS AND METHOD oF SPLICING THE SAME Filed Dec. 24, 1952 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 JNVEA/oas. JOHN D. .SKL-5R J- K/RKE hf. .Duh/LAP Il BY United StafCS Patent() f SPLICED WOVEN FABRICS AND METHOD OF SPLICING THE SAME John D. Skeer, Albany, N.` Y., and Kirke H. Dunlap, Arnprior, Ontario, Canada, assignors to F. C. Hayek & Sons, Rensselaer, N Y., a corporation of New York Application December 24, 1952, Serial No. 327,732

11 Claims. (Cl. 28-72) The present invention relates to the joining or splicing of woven fabrics. More particularly, it relates to the joining or splicing of papermakers wet felts made sub stantially entirely from fibres which exhibit no tendency to"felt as do natural wool fibers.

Paperrnakers wet felts heretofore have been made as fabrics woven from yarns consisting entirely of natural wool fibers or blends of other fibers with natural wool in which the percentage of natural wool is sufiiciently high to render the fabric fullable as the result of felting of the natural Wool fibers. While some felts are woven endless in the loom, many are woven as a piece and the ends therefore must be spliced together to form an endless structure. In the case of felts made of wool or containing a large percentage of wool, the splicing operation is normally carried out before the woven fabric is fulled. When the spliced fabric is fulled it shrinks in width to a very great extent and the fabric becomes very firm as a result of the felting of the natural wool fibers Withv each other. In the region of the splicing the woolen fibers in the overlapping ends will felt with woolen fibers in adjacent ends and picks and a very strong bond will be formed.

When papermakers wet felts are formed from bers which are not capable of felting or from blends of fibers in which only a small percentage are capable of felting, it has been found that the usual system of splicing will not produce sufficiently strong joints. According to the preferred forms of the present invention, entirely satisfactory spliced joints can be made even Where the fabric contains no feltable fibers and where relatively little shrinkage can be produced for the purpose of firming the fabric.

According to the present invention, the ends are looped or turned upon each other at a point within the overlap thereof, and the ends .in each case are woven in relatively opposite directions from each other to anchor the loops or turns. Splicing of adequate strength and durability can thus be produced in paperrnakers wet felts formed entirely or substantially entirely from nylon, Daeron, Orlon, saran and other similar fibers or blends of such fibers, having strength characteristics making them 'otherwise highly desirable for use in the manufacture of papermakers wet felts. `The nature of these fibers is such that' fabrics woven from them' exhibit relatively little shrinkage and consequently must be woven correspondingly tighter than a woolen fabric. Furthermore, these fibers exhibit no tendencyto felt and thus,- fabrics wovenV therefrom are not fullable. Y

It-l is the object of the present invention to provide a method for splicing fabrics and, more specifically, papermakers lwet felts, made from nonlfelting fbers'or blends of :such fibers and to provide endless spliced productsVA made in accordance with such inethod.

.-,Referring now to4 the drawings in which there are f'ligql -is an enlarged fragmentary, plan viewofa 'woven ICC fabric illustrating a method for splicing the same in accordance with the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a similar view showing a modified form of splice; and

Figs. 3 through 7 are diagrammatic illustrations of a preferred sequence of steps.

For purposes of illustrating the present invention there will be shown and described a plain weave fabric in which the splice is to be formed from fringes of warp ends. Obviously the principles of this invention Will apply to the forming of splices in fabrics having different weaving patterns as well as to the forming of splices from fringes of yarns other than Warp yarns.

in Fig. l, there is illustrated a spliced joint between two pieces 10 and 12, respectively, of a woven fabric. The pieces 1li and 12 may be separate pieces or they may comprise the opposite end areas of a single piece of fabric which it is desired to form into an endless structure, such as a papermakers Wet felt. The piece 10 is made up of picks 14 and warp ends 16 woven into a fabric having a plain Weave, as shown, or having any desired pattern. The piece 12 is made up of picks 18 and warp ends 20. The joint between the pieces 1i) and 12 occurs along the broken line 22 which lies between the last pick 14a of the piece 10 and the last pick 13a of the piece 12.

As will be understood by those familiar with the splicing of fabrics, the pieces 10 and 12 will be prepared for splicing by removing or omitting a number of picks to form a deep fringe made up of the extended warp ends. When the pieces 10 and 12 are brought together for splicing, corresponding Warp ends are tied together and from a point well back into one piece an end is picked up to draw the corresponding en-d from the other piece into the space left by the end which was picked up. In splicing a natural wool fabric, the two corresponding warp ends are overlapped through several picks and excess lengths are cut 0E. Overlapped portions of the ends are crowded together between adjacent warp yarns and because of the tendency of natural wool fabrics to felt, these overlapped ends will adhere to one another and to the adjacent Warp yarns. Also because of the tendency of natural wool to felt, the warp yarns and the filling yarns adhere to one another after the fabric has been fulled and thus offer great resistance to slipping of the yarns relative to one another. Such a spliced joint is very strong and thus entirely satisfactory in the case of natural Wool fabrics. However, in the case of fabrics made from fibers which exhibit no tendency to felt or which are made from blends of fibers containing relatively small percentages of natural wool, there will be little tendency for adjacent Warp ends to adhere to one another or to the fillers and there will be little resistance to slip of the warp yarns relative to the pick or filler yarns. Spliced joints made .in the manner just described in such fabrics are considerably weaker than those made in natural wool fabrics.

While strong spliced joints are desirable in many fabric applications they are particularly needed in papermakers According to the present invention, the correspondingwarp ends of the respective pieces are looped aroundeach other at, a point more or less remote from the line; of joindenp In the first `formi of this invention the ex-V treme ends ,are then woven back upon themselves` in a direction parallel with the Vgeneral runof the warp ends.v Iand in over-and-under relationship with the picks. The

excess lengths shown protruding from the fabric will be clipped off in the usual manner. The additional resistance to endwise movement of the warp ends offered by the loops as well as by the friction between the extreme ends and the adjacent ends and picks, has been found to be adequate for forming a splice in papermakers felts made, for example, of substantially 100% synthetic resin staple ber and blends of such bers.

ln the second form of the present invention the ends are looped together and turned through 90 and the extreme ends are Woven away from each other in directions parallel with the general run of the picks. This form of the invention also provides a splice of adequate strength for papermakers wet felts made substantially entirely from synthetic resin staple fibers.

The first form of the invention is illustrated in Fig. l wherein several individual joinders of corresponding warp ends are shown or indicated in a more or less diagrammatic manner. In said Fig. l the warp ends les and 20a are shown joined in the piece by a loop at the point 24. The extreme ends 16h and 201) respectively are turned beck through 180 so as to lie alongside themselves in the same ovcr-and-under relationship With the picks 14.

For purposes of illustration the next adjacent pair of corresponding Warp ends 16e and 20c are shown similarly joined at point ZS in the piece 10. The next adjacent pair of corresponding Warp ends 16d and 20d are joined at point 17 and the next pair 16e and 20e are joined at point 29 in the piece 1.2. The points 24, 2S, 27 and 29 are staggered at various distances from the line of joinder 22 and other corresponding warp ends may be joined at staggered points (not shown) on opposite sides of and at different distances from the line 22. Such staggering is employed in the present invention to secure maximum strength, to prevent the formation of ridges across the felt and to avoid concentration of overlapped yarns in such a small area as to make that area markedly less porous than the remainder of the felt. The particular patternl of staggering is a matter of choice forming no part of the present invention.

The method of forming the splice shown in Fig. l will now be described in connection with the warp ends 16a and a, it being understood that all of the other corresponding pairs of warp ends throughout the width of the pieces 10 and 12 will be joined in similar fashion and in any suitable sequence or staggered pattern. The portions of the warp ends 16a and 20a which extend into and form a part of the fringe will be nrst tied together by means of a knot (not shown) in a manner familiark to those skilled in the art of fabric splicing. The end in may then be picked up by means of a hook (not shown) at the point 24 in the piece 10 and withdrawn to pull the end 20 into the piece 10 with suitable tension and in proper over-and-under relationship with the picks 14. The knot is then untied and the hook is used to loop the ends around each other at the point 24 and to draw the extreme ends backward upon themselves throughseveral picks. The excess lengths of the free ends 16b and, 2011 are drawn on through the picks and may be clipped at the points of emergence from the fabric.

According to a convenient alternative method illustrated in detail in Figs. 3 through 7, the end 16a may be picked up at at point 31 which is beyond the point 24 by the distance occupied by a number of picks 14. The end 20a is drawn into the piece 10and emerges with the end 16a at the point 31. The knot is then untied and the ends are held in such relationship that they Vwill loop around each other when drawn back into the fabric. A hook 50 is inserted at point 33 and worked through the fabric to the point 31 where it engages the end 20a as shown in Fig. 4 to draw it back upon itself through the positions shown in Figs. 5 and A6. When the loop in the end 20a tightens upon the end 16a the latter is permitted to be drawn into the Yfabric whereupon the loops Willresin iibers.

slip on each other and may be drawn to the point 24 as shown in Fig. 7. This leaves the extreme ends 1Gb and 2Gb in the positions shownin Fig. 1 and the operation may be completed by clipping oft the excess lengths as described above. In Figs. 3 through 7, the steps have been separately illustrated for clear understanding. Thus, from the position shown in Fig. 5 to that shown in Fig. 6, the free end 16h of the warp yarn 16a has been held whereby the needle draws the free end 2Gb of the warp yarn 20a through the fabric to emerge at the point 33. Thereafter the free end 16!) may be released and the free end 2Gb may be drawn from the point 33 Whereby to draw the engaged yarns 20a and 16a to the point 24 as shown in Fig. 7. As a practical matter, the free end 16b may be released when the position shown in Fig. 5 has been reached. Since the yarn 20a is doubled upon itself around the needle 50 suiiicient friction will be exerted for the yarn 20a to draw the yarn 16a in while the needle 50 progresses from the Fig. 5 position to` the point of emergence 33. This will automatically bring the yarns to the position shown in Fig. 7 without their actually ever assuming the position shown in Fig. 6.l

In Figure 2, there is illustrated a modification of the present invention wherein pieces 30 and 32 are joined along a line 34. The piece 32 is woven from warp yarns 36 and picks 44 and the piece 3i) is woven from warp yarns 38 and picks 42. In this case, a warp end 36a from the piece 32 and a warp end 38a from the piece 30 are looped together at a point 40 within the piece 30.'

The extreme ends 36h and 38b are turned through 90, and are woven into the fabric by passing them in overand-under relationship with the warp ends 38 of the piece 30. In this manner, the ends 36b and 38h are Woven into positions parallel With adjacent picks 42 of the piece 30. It will be understood that other corresponding pairs of warp ends will be joined in staggered relationship in the pieces 30 and 32, as `described above in connection with the first form of the present invention.

As indicated hereinabove, While the present invention is applicable to ywoven fabrics generally it is of particular value in the manufacture of papermakers wet felts which are made entirely or substantially entirely from synthetic Even more particularly the present invention is highly successful when embedded in a papermakers wet felt made entirelyV or substantially entirely from synthetic resin libers which are capable of being heat-set at a temperature somewhat-above any temperaj tures to which the felt is normally subjected in use on papermaking and similar machines such as those used in the manufacture of lap pulp, asbestos cement products, wall board and similar products.

When such fibers are used the felt may be manufactured in accordance with'the disclosure in application for United States Letters Patent, Serial No. 313,367, tiled October 6, 1952,V by John D; Skeer. Y According to that disclosure the synthetic resin fibers are preferablystaple fibers having a staple Vlength and ber diameter lying within the ranges encountered in natural wool and which are delustered, crimped or curled by the manufacturer so that they are similar in many respects to natural wool. They are preferably made from synthetic resins which are similar to nylon in the tendency to permanently retain the crimped or curled-form evenv though subjected to the tensions imparted thereto in spinning, twisting, weaving and drying as well as heat treatment at temperatures as high as about 350 F; Furthermore the tibers should be capable of taking an additional set upon being heated to temperatures ranging from about F. to 350 F. and being cooled while being held in denite positions and conformations lin-.which it is desired that they be set. Among the bers having such qualities are: nylon and bers de rived from polyvnylidene chloride land acrylonitrile, copolymers of polyvinylacetate, polyvinylchloride and polylacrylonitrile and. condensation products of terephthalic acid ,andyvr ethylene glycol.y Thev tradenames Y saran,

u 1. e. ...5i

Orlon, dynel and Daeron are used to identify particular fibers within this group.

Fibers or blends of bers selected from the group discussed above are spun into yarn and woven into a fabric. A length of such fabric is then spliced into an endless length for use as la papermakers felt in accordance with either of the forms of the present invention. The spliced fabric is then immersed in hot water to cause shrinkage and is then dried whereupon further shrinkage occurs and heat treated to set the bers in the positions and conformations they assume in the shrunken and dried, spliced felt. As set forth in said application Serial No. 313,367, it is usual to maintain the spliced fabric under longitudinal tension during the shrinking, drying, heat treating andl cooling steps so that there is little change in length of the endless fabric and the effect of shrinkage is largely confined to reduction in width thereof.

Heat setting of the fibers as described above thus creates in them a tendency to remain in the positions and conformations assumed at the time the set is imparted and the resulting felt is firm and highly stable in dimensions so long as it is not subjected again to a temperature approaching that at which it was heat set. It Will be apparent that the heat setting of the spliced fabric Will also result in 'a setting of the splice itself. Thus the fibers of the yarns which arelooped together and woven into the fabric in opposite directions extending away from the loop will tend to permanently remain in the positions thus assumed. Such setting of the fibers results in setting of the yarns in the positions assumed in the splice and greatly increases the strength of the splice.

A papermakers wet felt may be made in 'accordance with the present invention by selecting a crimped nylon staple fiber having a staple length of about three inches, crimped, and a ber diameter Within the range encountered in natural wool. Such fibers are spun into yarn and woven into a length of fabric.

The ends of the length of fabric are spliced in either of the manners disclosed herein. The spliced fabric is then immersed in Water at about 180 F. for about twenty minutes during which it Was maintained under longitudinal tension, that is, tension exerted transversely of the splice, to maintain the length while confining shrinkage to the width of the fabric. The fabric is then dried by passing it, under longitudinal tension, over a drying drum heated to about 220 F. The passage of the` fabric over the dryer drum is effected in steps so that successive increments of the length of the fabric are kept in contact with the drum for periods of time sufficient to dry the fabric and to permit it to be heated to approximately the temperature of the drum. Periods of about five minuteshave been found to be adequate for drying and heating.

of the usual fabrics for use as papermakers wet felts. After each successivearea of the fabric is dried and heated it is moved out of contact with the dryer drum whereupon it cools toroom temperature while being maintained under longitudinal tension. The heating and cooling of the fibers under these conditions imparts to them the permanent set discussed above. The spliced area of the felt will be set in this manner along with the remaining areas of the felt and the resulting product will exhibit unusually great tensile strength, dimensional stability and resistance to wear as described in said application Serial No. 313,367. The spliced joint constructed and heat-set in accordance with the present invention is adequate in strength to match the great tensile strength exhibited by the remainder of the felt.

We claim:

l. In the splicing of Woven fabrics made substantially entirely of synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing, the steps comprising engaging a warp yarn at a point Within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn 6 inwardly from said edge at said point thereby drawing the corresponding warp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said first-named warp yarn at said point, separating the ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective ends of said yarns around each other at said point, and Weaving the respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in opposite directions extending away from said point.

2. In the splicing of woven fabrics made substantially entirely of synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing, the steps comprising engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly from said edge at said point thereby drawing the corresponding warp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said first-named warp yarn at said point, separating the ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective ends of said yarns around each other at said point, and weaving the respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in opposite directions extending away from said point and normal to said edges.

3. In the splicing of Woven fabrics made substantially entirely of synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective'fringes united preparatory for splicing, the steps comprising engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly from said edge at said point whereby drawing the corresponding Warp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said first-named warp yarn at said point, separating the ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective ends of said yarns around each other at said point, and weaving the respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in opposite directions extending away from said point and parallel with said edges.

4. In the splicing of woven fabrics made substantially entirely of synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing, the steps comprising engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly from said edge at said point thereby drawing the corresponding warp yarn united therewith into said Woven wabric to emerge with said first-named warp yarn at said point, separating the emerging ends of said united warp yarns, looping the emerging free ends of said yarns around each other at said point, weaving said free end of said corresponding yarn into said fabric alongside the portion thereof drawn into said fabric toward said edge with the remaining free end thereof emerging from said fabric at a second point lying between said first point and said edge, said corresponding yarn thus being doubled upon itself within said fabric and being looped around said first-named yarn at said first point, pulling the remaining free end of said corresponding yarn from said second point toward said edge whereby to draw said emerging free end of said first-named yarn back into said fabric to extend doubled upon itself from said said first point toward said second point, and terminating said pulling step when the lengths' of the doubled portions of both said warp yarns within said fabric are approximately equal.

5. In the manufacture of spliced endless papermakers felts from woven fabric made substantially entirely of heat-settable synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined by splicing and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing; splicing said fabric with said edges in abutment by the method which includes the steps of engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly from said edge at said point tl1erebydrawingthe corresponding warp. yarn united' there# with-into saidwovemfabric to emerge with said rstnamed warp yarn at said point, separating the. ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective ends of said yarns around each other at said point, and weaving the respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in opposite directions extending away from said point; shrinking said spliced fabric by immersing thefsarne in hot Water anddrying it against a heated surface; and heat-setting the fibers in said shrunken dried fabric inthe positions and conformations imparted thereto by splicing.

6.Y In `themanufacture of spliced endless paperrnakers felts from woven fabric made substantially entirely of heatsettable synthetic resin `fibers having-fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joinedA by splicing and having the cndsof corresponding yarn from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing; splicing said fabric with said edges in abutment by the method which includes the steps of engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on-v which one ofsaidV edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly fromisaid edge at said point thereby drawing the correspondingwarp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said'firstnamed warp yarn at said point, separating the ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective ends of said yarns around each other at said point, and weaving the respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in opposite directions extending away from said point and normal to said edges; shrinking said spliced fabric by immersing the same in hot water and drying it against a heated surface; and heat-setting the fibers in said shrunken dried fabric in the positions and conformations imparted thereto by splicing.

7. In the manufacture of spliced endless papermakers felts from woven fabric made substantially entirely of heat-settable synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined by splicing and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing; splicing said fabric with said edges in abutment by the method which includes the steps of engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs,`withdraw ing said warp yarn inwardly from said edge at said point thereby drawing the corresponding warp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said first named warp yarn at said point, separating the ends of said united warp yarns, looping the respective lends of said yarns around each other at said point, and weaving theV respective ends of said looped yarns into said fabric in. opposite directions extending away from said point and parallel with said edges; shrinking said spliced fabric by immersing the same in' hot water and drying it against'a heated surface; and heat-setting the bers in said shrunken dried fabric in the positions and conformations imparted thereto by splicing.

8. In the manufacture of spliced endless paperrnakers felts from woven fabric made substantially entirely of heat-settable synthetic resin fibers having fringes of warp yarns on the edges to be joined by splicing and having the ends of corresponding yarns from the respective fringes united preparatory for splicing; splicing said fabric with said edges in abutment by the method which includes the steps of engaging a warp yarn at a point within the woven fabric on which one of said edges occurs, withdrawing said warp yarn inwardly from said edgeat said point thereby drawing the corresponding warp yarn united therewith into said woven fabric to emerge with said firstnamed warp yarn at said point, separating the emerging ends of said united warp yarns, looping the emerging free ends of saidyarns around each other at said point, weaving said free end of said corresponding yarn into said fabric alongside the portion thereof drawn into said fabric and toward said edge with the remaining free end thereof emerging from said fabric at a second point lying between said rst point and said edge, said corresponding yarn thus being doubled upon itself within said fabric and being looped around said tirst-narned'yarn at said first point, pulling the remaining free end of said corresponding yarn from said second point toward said edge whereby to draw said emerging free end of said first-named yarn back into said fabric to extend doubled upon itself from said first point toward said second point, and terminating said pulling step when the lengths of the doubled portions of both said warpY yarns' within said fabric are approximately equal; shrinking said spliced fabric by immersing the same in hot water and drying it against a heated surface; and heat-setting the fibers in said shrunken dried fabric in the positions and conformations imparted thereto by splicing.

9. A woven fabric having a spliced joint formed along two abutting edges thereof, warp yarns from at least one of said edges extending across said joint andinto woven relationship with the filler yarns of the fabric on which the other edge occurs, said vextending warp yarns being looped respectively around corresponding warp yarns at points located at varying distances from said abutting edges, and the free ends of each pair of looped warp yarns respectively extending in woven relationship in said fabric in opposite directions from the point at which they are looped.

l0. A woven fabric having a spliced joint formed along two abutting edges thereof, warp yarns from at least one of said edges extending across said joint and into woven relationship with the filler yarns of the fabric 0n which the other edge occurs, said extending warp yarns being looped respectively around corresponding warp yarns at points located at varying distances from said abutting edges, and the free ends of each pair of looped warp yarns respectively extending in woven relationship transversely of the filler yarns in said fabric in opposite directions from the point at which they are looped.

1l. `A woven fabric having a spliced joint formed along two abutting edges thereof, warp yarns from at least one of said` edges extending across said jointV and into woven j relationship with the filler yarns of the fabric on which the other edge occurs, said extending warp yarns being looped respectively around corresponding warp yarns at points located at varying distances from said abutting edges,.and the free ends of each pair of looped warp yarns respectively extending in woven relationship transversely of the warp yarns in said fabric in opposite directions from the point at which they are looped.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS

Claims (1)

1. IN THE SPLICING OF WOVEN FABRICS MADE SUBSTANTIALLY ENTIRELY OF SYNTHETIC RESIN FIBERS HAVING FRINGES OF WARP YARNS ON THE EDGES TO BE JOINED AND HAVING THE ENDS OF CORRESPONDING YARNS FROM THE RESPECTIVE FRINGES UNITED PREPARATORY FOR SPLICING, THE STEPS COMPRISING ENGAGING A WARP YARN AT A POINT WITHIN THE WOVEN FABRIC ON WHICH ONE OF SAID EDGES OCCURS, WITHDRAWING SAID WARP YARN INWARDLY FROM SAID EDGES AT SAID POINT THEREBY DRAWING THE CORRESPONDING WARP YARN UNITED THEREWITH INTO SAID WOVEN FABRIC TO EMERGE WITH SAID FIRST NAMED WARP YARN AT SAID POINT, SEPARATING THE ENDS OF SAID UNITED WARP YARNS, LOOPING THE RESPECTIVE ENDS OF SAID YARNS AROUND EACH OTHER AT SAID POINT, AND WEAVING THE RESPECTIVE ENDS OF SAID LOOPED YARNS INTO SAID FABRIC IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS EXTENDING AWAY FROM SAID POINT.

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