US2670572A - Method of making glass-to-metal seals - Google Patents
Method of making glass-to-metal seals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2670572A US2670572A US226937A US22693751A US2670572A US 2670572 A US2670572 A US 2670572A US 226937 A US226937 A US 226937A US 22693751 A US22693751 A US 22693751A US 2670572 A US2670572 A US 2670572A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- glass
- cobalt
- seal
- chromium
- metal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000428 cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(2+);cobalt(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Co+2].[Co+3].[Co+3] UBEWDCMIDFGDOO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Co]=O IVMYJDGYRUAWML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 9
- UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium iron Chemical compound [Cr].[Fe] UPHIPHFJVNKLMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002939 deleterious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 moylbdenum Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005482 strain hardening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003245 working effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C27/00—Joining pieces of glass to pieces of other inorganic material; Joining glass to glass other than by fusing
- C03C27/04—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer
- C03C27/042—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts
- C03C27/046—Joining glass to metal by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, glass-ceramic or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts of metals, metal oxides or metal salts only
Definitions
- the present invention is particularly (but not exclusively) concerned with the sealing of cer-' tain alloys to relatively soft glasses having coefficients of thermal expansion in the region of .0000080 to .000010 per degree centigrade over the range 20 to 500 C.
- Such glasses are common glass as used, for example, in the manufacture of plate glass having a coefficient of expansion of the order .00000895 per degree centigrade, or another with an expansion coefficient of .00000930 per degree centrigrade, or a special high expansion glass with an expansion coefficient of .000009'72.
- the present .invention provides a. method of 'making a glass-to-metal seal which i character- .ised by the step of applying a light coating of cobalt or cobalt-containing substanceto the surface of the metal or the glass. in the vicinity of the seal, prior tov sealing.
- a. method of 'making a glass-to-metal seal which i character- .ised by the step of applying a light coating of cobalt or cobalt-containing substanceto the surface of the metal or the glass. in the vicinity of the seal, prior tov sealing.
- the cobalt of the coating will oxidise to form cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by the hot plastic glass in its'vicinity', the thus modified glass being plastic at a much lower temperature than glass without cobalt oxide addition. In this way the method results in the production of a seal which is substantially stress-free and adherent.
- any convenient method may be employed for applying the cobalt coating. Electroplating or metal spraying methods may for example be used. Alternatively the coating may be applied by dusting the metal or glass surfaces with powdered cobalt oxide or powdered cobalt-containing substances. Again, if desired, the coating may be applied by painting or spraying the metal or glass with a suspension in liquid (e. g. Water, paraifin or oil) of cobalt oxide or cobalt-containing substances, in which case the liquid should be dried oii before the seal is made in order to prevent bubble formation in the glass.
- liquid e. g. Water, paraifin or oil
- the invention is particularly advantageous in the manufacture of spun cones of cathode-ray tubes used in the Television Industry, and in similar applications.
- the invention is particulary applicable to the making of glass-to-metal seals using chromium iron comprising carbon 0.2% maximum, chromium to 30% and the remainder substantially all iron.
- the preferred range for the chromium iron is carbon 0.1% maximum, chromium 16-22% and the remainder substantially all iron.
- Stabilizing elements such as titanium, niobium, tantalum, aluminium, moylbdenum, vanadium and tungsten may also be present.
- the invention includes glass-to-metal seals (e. g. for electric filament lamps, cathode-ray tubes and the like) when made by methods which include the characteristic step herein described.
- a method of making a glass-to-metal seal which consists in first applying a light coating consisting of metallic cobalt to at least one of the glass and metal surfaces at which the seal is to be formed, and then efiecting heat sealing under conditions such that the cobalt of the coating will oxidise to form cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by hot plastic glass in the vicinity,
- the thus modified glass being plastic at a much lower temperature than glass without cobalt oxide addition.
- a method of making a seal between glass and a chromium-iron alloy which method consists in first applying, by the process of electro-plating,
- a light coating comprising a cobalt containing substance which will upon heating form cobalt oxide to at least one of the glass and chromium-iron surfaces at which the seal is to be formed, and then effecting heat sealing under conditions such that from the coating aforesaid there will be produced cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by hot plastic glass in the vicinity of the seal, the thus modified glass being plastic at a substantially lower temperature than the same glass without such modification.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
Description
.of. the glass.
Patented Mar. 2, 1954 r iumrsio smrsrs PATENT OFFICE METHOD. OFIMAKING GLASS-T O-METAL SEALS Edwiu'tSmith', :Shdflield, England, assignor to 'Firtlr-Vickers Stainless Steels Limited, .Sheffield, England, a British company No Drawing. Application May 17,.1951,
Serial No. 226,937
Glaims-priority,xapplication Great Britain.
August 22,. 1950 stress. If, however; thisdifierence is too. great,
cracking-or strippingof the glassmay occur.
The present invention is particularly (but not exclusively) concerned with the sealing of cer-' tain alloys to relatively soft glasses having coefficients of thermal expansion in the region of .0000080 to .000010 per degree centigrade over the range 20 to 500 C. Such glasses are common glass as used, for example, in the manufacture of plate glass having a coefficient of expansion of the order .00000895 per degree centigrade, or another with an expansion coefficient of .00000930 per degree centrigrade, or a special high expansion glass with an expansion coefficient of .000009'72.
For the purpose of sealing to glasses of the above kind, ithas hitherto been a general practice to employ chromium irons containing 16 to 30 per cent of chromium. A drawback to the use of such alloys with a chromium content in the higher part (say 2630%) of the range, is the diihculty of producing the alloys in suitable form for subsequent use, since they have poor hot and cold working properties, in particular, they are difficult to spin or deep press. Efforts have been made to overcome these difficulties by various alloy additions, but these are only partially successful. In consequence, attention has been given to the alloys within the lower part or the chromium range, say 16 to 22% chromium, which are much'easier to work. These, however, have a slightly higher coefficient of expansion than the 26 to 30% alloys and can only be used with reasonable success for scaling to special glasses having high coefiicients of expansion. They also tend to suffer from transformation changes which have a deleterious effect on the sealing characteristics. One way of dealing with these transformation changes is to add stabilizing elements such as titanium, niobium, tantalum, aluminium, molybdenum, vanadium and tungsten, which suppress the transformation changes, or by using an alloy with a very low carbon content. ,"Ihesemodifications to the plain chromium iron alloys, however, do not materially 'afiect the normal thermal expansion rateand unless glasses with a suitable rate of expansion .are selected trouble still arises by cracking. or stripping of the glass.
The present .invention provides a. method of 'making a glass-to-metal seal which i character- .ised by the step of applying a light coating of cobalt or cobalt-containing substanceto the surface of the metal or the glass. in the vicinity of the seal, prior tov sealing. In making a seal by a method involving the coating step .aioresaid, the cobalt of the coating will oxidise to form cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by the hot plastic glass in its'vicinity', the thus modified glass being plastic at a much lower temperature than glass without cobalt oxide addition. In this way the method results in the production of a seal which is substantially stress-free and adherent.
While the invention may be applied to glassto-metal seals in general, the principal application which is contemplated is to seals between chromium iron alloys and relatively soft glasses of the kind previously indicated.
In carrying out the invention any convenient method may be employed for applying the cobalt coating. Electroplating or metal spraying methods may for example be used. Alternatively the coating may be applied by dusting the metal or glass surfaces with powdered cobalt oxide or powdered cobalt-containing substances. Again, if desired, the coating may be applied by painting or spraying the metal or glass with a suspension in liquid (e. g. Water, paraifin or oil) of cobalt oxide or cobalt-containing substances, in which case the liquid should be dried oii before the seal is made in order to prevent bubble formation in the glass.
The above methods are equally suitable for both types of plate glass available in this country and with both 17% chromium iron and 20% chromium iron available as standard products. The invention has also proved satisfactory with chromium irons containing appreciable amounts of retained austenite when cooled from the sealing temperature. Ihese materials would not otherwise give satisfactory scale.
The invention is particularly advantageous in the manufacture of spun cones of cathode-ray tubes used in the Television Industry, and in similar applications.
The invention is particulary applicable to the making of glass-to-metal seals using chromium iron comprising carbon 0.2% maximum, chromium to 30% and the remainder substantially all iron. The preferred range for the chromium iron is carbon 0.1% maximum, chromium 16-22% and the remainder substantially all iron. Stabilizing elements such as titanium, niobium, tantalum, aluminium, moylbdenum, vanadium and tungsten may also be present.
The invention includes glass-to-metal seals (e. g. for electric filament lamps, cathode-ray tubes and the like) when made by methods which include the characteristic step herein described.
I claim:
1. A method of making a glass-to-metal seal which consists in first applying a light coating consisting of metallic cobalt to at least one of the glass and metal surfaces at which the seal is to be formed, and then efiecting heat sealing under conditions such that the cobalt of the coating will oxidise to form cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by hot plastic glass in the vicinity,
the thus modified glass being plastic at a much lower temperature than glass without cobalt oxide addition.
2. A method of making a seal between glass and a chromium-iron alloy, which method consists in first applying, by the process of electro-plating,
a light coating comprising cobalt to the metal surfaces at which the seal is to be formed, and then effecting heat sealing under conditions such "that the cobalt of the coating will oxidise to form cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by the hot plastic glass in the vicinity of the seal, the thus modified glass being plastic at a much lower temperature than glass without cobalt oxide ad-- dition 3. A method of making a glass-to-metal seal between a chromium-iron alloy containing a portion of carbon 0.1 maximum, chromium 1622 and the remainder substantially all iron, and a relatively soft glass having a coeificient of thermal expansion in the region of .0000080 to .000010 per degree centigrade over the range 20 to 500 C,. which method consists in first applying a light coating comprising a cobalt containing substance which will upon heating form cobalt oxide to at least one of the glass and chromium-iron surfaces at which the seal is to be formed, and then effecting heat sealing under conditions such that from the coating aforesaid there will be produced cobalt oxide which will be absorbed by hot plastic glass in the vicinity of the seal, the thus modified glass being plastic at a substantially lower temperature than the same glass without such modification.
EDWIN SMITH.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Great Britain June 16 1939
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD OF MAKING A GLASS-TO-METAL SEAL WHICH CONSISTS IN FIRST APPLYING A LIGHT COATING CONSISTING OF METALLIC COBALT TO AT LEAST ONE OF THE GLASS AND METAL SURFASCES AT WHICH THE SEAL IS TO BE FORMED, AND THEN EFFECTING HEAT SEALING UNDER CONDITIONS SUCH THAT THE COBALT OF THE COATING WILL OXIDES TO FORM COBALT OXIDE WHICH WILL BE ABSORBED BY HOT PLASTIC GLASS IN THE VICINITY, THE THUS MODIFIED GLASS BEING PLASTIC AT A MUCH LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN GLASS WITHOUT COBALT OXIDE ADDITION.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB1039276X | 1950-08-22 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2670572A true US2670572A (en) | 1954-03-02 |
Family
ID=10869716
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US226937A Expired - Lifetime US2670572A (en) | 1950-08-22 | 1951-05-17 | Method of making glass-to-metal seals |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2670572A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR1039276A (en) |
Cited By (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2745739A (en) * | 1952-10-22 | 1956-05-15 | United States Steel Corp | Steel glass seals and steel therefor |
| US2920786A (en) * | 1956-07-12 | 1960-01-12 | Philips Corp | Electric discharge tube |
| US2948992A (en) * | 1957-02-21 | 1960-08-16 | Gen Electric Co Ltd | Glass compositions and glass-to-metal seals |
| US2955385A (en) * | 1956-11-09 | 1960-10-11 | Western Electric Co | Method of making glass-to-metal seals |
| US2955386A (en) * | 1956-12-04 | 1960-10-11 | Tung Sol Electric Inc | Method of forming a seal for tubular glass enclosures |
| US2964881A (en) * | 1955-11-03 | 1960-12-20 | Philips Nv | Method of making a conductive vitreous seal |
| US3036675A (en) * | 1956-06-02 | 1962-05-29 | Csf | High-melting-point seals |
| US3057445A (en) * | 1958-05-23 | 1962-10-09 | Philips Corp | Metal-to-ceramic seal and method of making same |
| US3202493A (en) * | 1959-02-18 | 1965-08-24 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Art of sealing quartz to metal |
| US20100119740A1 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2010-05-13 | Electronics Packaging Solutions, Inc. | Glass-to-metal bond structure |
| US9328512B2 (en) | 2011-05-05 | 2016-05-03 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Method and apparatus for an insulating glazing unit and compliant seal for an insulating glazing unit |
| US9540863B2 (en) | 2010-06-02 | 2017-01-10 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Multi-pane glass unit having seal with adhesive and gas-restrictive coating layer |
| US9546513B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2017-01-17 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Edge seal assemblies for hermetic insulating glass units and vacuum insulating glass units |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB251951A (en) * | 1925-05-11 | 1926-12-02 | Philips Nv | Improvements in sealing metal in or to glass |
| US1947417A (en) * | 1922-06-13 | 1934-02-13 | Holst Gilles | Electric discharge tube |
| US2151809A (en) * | 1937-09-25 | 1939-03-28 | Rca Corp | Stem for electron discharge devices |
| GB507525A (en) * | 1937-10-09 | 1939-06-16 | Siemens Ag | Improvements in or relating to the production of sealed joints between glass and metal |
| US2338538A (en) * | 1938-07-11 | 1944-01-04 | Gen Electric | Glass-to-metal seal |
-
1951
- 1951-05-17 US US226937A patent/US2670572A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1951-07-02 FR FR1039276D patent/FR1039276A/en not_active Expired
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1947417A (en) * | 1922-06-13 | 1934-02-13 | Holst Gilles | Electric discharge tube |
| GB251951A (en) * | 1925-05-11 | 1926-12-02 | Philips Nv | Improvements in sealing metal in or to glass |
| US1627780A (en) * | 1925-05-11 | 1927-05-10 | Philips Nv | Joint between metal and glass and method of making the same |
| US2151809A (en) * | 1937-09-25 | 1939-03-28 | Rca Corp | Stem for electron discharge devices |
| GB507525A (en) * | 1937-10-09 | 1939-06-16 | Siemens Ag | Improvements in or relating to the production of sealed joints between glass and metal |
| US2338538A (en) * | 1938-07-11 | 1944-01-04 | Gen Electric | Glass-to-metal seal |
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2745739A (en) * | 1952-10-22 | 1956-05-15 | United States Steel Corp | Steel glass seals and steel therefor |
| US2964881A (en) * | 1955-11-03 | 1960-12-20 | Philips Nv | Method of making a conductive vitreous seal |
| US3036675A (en) * | 1956-06-02 | 1962-05-29 | Csf | High-melting-point seals |
| US2920786A (en) * | 1956-07-12 | 1960-01-12 | Philips Corp | Electric discharge tube |
| US2955385A (en) * | 1956-11-09 | 1960-10-11 | Western Electric Co | Method of making glass-to-metal seals |
| US2955386A (en) * | 1956-12-04 | 1960-10-11 | Tung Sol Electric Inc | Method of forming a seal for tubular glass enclosures |
| US2948992A (en) * | 1957-02-21 | 1960-08-16 | Gen Electric Co Ltd | Glass compositions and glass-to-metal seals |
| US3057445A (en) * | 1958-05-23 | 1962-10-09 | Philips Corp | Metal-to-ceramic seal and method of making same |
| US3202493A (en) * | 1959-02-18 | 1965-08-24 | Eitel Mccullough Inc | Art of sealing quartz to metal |
| US20100119740A1 (en) * | 2008-10-17 | 2010-05-13 | Electronics Packaging Solutions, Inc. | Glass-to-metal bond structure |
| US9540863B2 (en) | 2010-06-02 | 2017-01-10 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Multi-pane glass unit having seal with adhesive and gas-restrictive coating layer |
| US9328512B2 (en) | 2011-05-05 | 2016-05-03 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Method and apparatus for an insulating glazing unit and compliant seal for an insulating glazing unit |
| US10119327B2 (en) | 2011-05-05 | 2018-11-06 | Astravac Glass, Inc. | Method and apparatus for an insulating glazing unit and compliant seal for an insulating glazing unit |
| US11035168B2 (en) | 2011-05-05 | 2021-06-15 | Astravac Glass, Inc. | Method and apparatus for an insulating glazing unit and compliant seal for an insulating glazing unit |
| US9546513B2 (en) | 2013-10-18 | 2017-01-17 | Eversealed Windows, Inc. | Edge seal assemblies for hermetic insulating glass units and vacuum insulating glass units |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR1039276A (en) | 1953-10-06 |
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