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US2658089A - Dehydrogenation of a gem alkyl arylcyclohexane - Google Patents

Dehydrogenation of a gem alkyl arylcyclohexane Download PDF

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US2658089A
US2658089A US158912A US15891250A US2658089A US 2658089 A US2658089 A US 2658089A US 158912 A US158912 A US 158912A US 15891250 A US15891250 A US 15891250A US 2658089 A US2658089 A US 2658089A
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alkyl
fluorene
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dehydrogenation
arylcyclohexane
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US158912A
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Vladimir N Ipatieff
Pines Herman
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Universal Oil Products Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
    • C07C5/32—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with formation of free hydrogen
    • C07C5/373—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with formation of free hydrogen with simultaneous isomerisation

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  • This invention relates to the conversion of an alkylaryl cyclohexane containing a geminal carbon atom into a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. More particularly, the process relates to the conversion of a gem alkylarylcyclohexane into a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said gem alkylarylcyclohexane.
  • a gem alkylarylcyclohexane hydrocarbon comprises, for example, a l-alkyl-I- aryl-cyclohexane in which the alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 5" carbon atoms and the aryl group is a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group or other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups.
  • This invention is particularly applicable to the conversion of l-alkyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane hydrocarbons into fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbons such as fluorene and substituted fluorenes.
  • the alkyl substituent group may be a methyl group but it is understood that the invention is also applicable to the treatment of gem alkylarylcyclohexane hydrocarbons in which the alkyl group includes an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butylgroup and the like, also cycloalkylgroups, such as a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a mixture of said alkyl and cycloalkyl groups.
  • One embodiment of this invention relates to a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting compound to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having; at least one ringmore than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • Another embodiment of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a further embodiment-of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l -methyl -l-phenyl-cyclohexane in the presence of a platinum, catalyst and of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a still further embodiment of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering-said fluorene.
  • demethylati'on can be avoided substantially during dehydrogenr ation by having present in the reaction, mixture an acidic material or acid-producing compound such as an alkyl' halide, a, hydrogen halide, hydrogen chloride and the like.
  • an acidic material or acid-producing compound such as an alkyl' halide, a, hydrogen halide, hydrogen chloride and the like.
  • the acid-producing material or acids ic, material employed in. this process to promote? isomerization during dehydrogenation may be added continuously or. intermittently together with they hydrocarbon charging stoclga dehydrogenation catalyst may also be prepared in-which a stable acid-acting compound ispresent therein; as well as a material which promotes dehydro-- genation.
  • hydrocarbon charging stoclga dehydrogenation catalyst may also be prepared in-which a stable acid-acting compound ispresent therein; as well as a material which promotes dehydro-- genation.
  • silica-alumina mixed with a dehydrogenation catalyst will promote both. dehydrogenation and isomerization.
  • they addition of a small.- amountof hydrofluoric. or. hydrochloric acid to. alumina forms an acid-type. catalystsuitable for promoting the dehydrogenation and isomerization reactions of this process.
  • This dehydrogenation and" formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is not limited to the conversion of 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane into fiuorene but it can be extended to other bicyclic hydrocarbons containing a geminal carbon atom in which one of the hydrocarbon groups combined with said geminal carbon atom is an aromatic hydrocarbon group while the other group is selected from the members of the class consisting of alkyl and cycloalkyl groups.
  • the catalysts preferred in this process comprise platinum and also platinum supported on alumina or other suitable carriers such as silica, charcoal, pumice, crushed porcelain, and the like.
  • the dehydrogenation temperature generally utilized is from about 250 to about 450 C.
  • suitable dehydrogenation catalysts such as alumina (or other suitable carriers) composited with a compound, and particularly with an oxide of an element selected from the members of the left-hand columns of groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table or mixtures thereof and more particularly aluminachromia or alumina-molybdenum oxide may be employed within the scope of the present invention but not necessarily under the same conditions of treatment and not necessarily with equivalent results.
  • These other catalysts which do not contain platinum are generally employed at a higher temperature than that used with the platinum catalyst but generally at a temperature below about 500 C.
  • polycyclic hydrocarbons formed by the process of this invention are useful as intermediates in organic synthesis and particularly as intermediates in the production of dyes, medicinals, insecticides and the like.
  • Some of the polycyclic hydrocarbons such as fluorene and various substituted fluorenes are also converted into resins and plastics by suitable polymerization and condensation treatment.
  • Earample I 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane was obtained by alkylating benzene with methylcyclohexene in the presence of hydrogen fluoride catalyst. The l-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexene was then passed over platinized alumina (5% by weight of platinum) at a temperature of 300 C. to form diphenyl, methane and hydrogen. 30% by weight of the charged 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexene underwent conversion per pass.
  • Example II Some of the l-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane prepared as indicated in Example I was mixed with 5% by weight of secondary butylchloride and the resultant mixture was then passed over platinized alumina catalyst as used in Example I maintained at a temperature of 300 C. This dehydrogenation treatment in the presence of the added butylchloride resulted in the formation of by weight of fiuorene per pass. The gaseous product of this dehydrogenation treatment consisted essentially of hydrogen.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • the isomerizing catalyst comprises a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride.
  • the process of claim 2 further characterized in that the dehydrogenation catalyst is a platinum-alumina composite.
  • a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst and of a platinum catalyst at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst and in the presence of a catalyst comprising essentially a carrier and an oxide of an element selected from the members of the left hand columns of groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table at a temperature of from about 250 to about 500 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl halide at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and of a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting halogen-containing compound to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-ary1cyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting halogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of alkyl halides and hydrogen halides to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • a process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating 1-methyl-1-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and of hydrogen chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fiuorene.
  • a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum-alumina catalyst and a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
  • a process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fiuorene.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)

Description

Patented Nov. 3, i953;
UITED STATES PATENT OFF ICE- DEHYDROGENATION OF A GEMJALKYL ARYLCYCLOHEXANE No Drawing. Application ApriIZS, 1950,, Serial No. 158,912
17 Claims. (Cl. 2605-668) This invention relates to the conversion of an alkylaryl cyclohexane containing a geminal carbon atom into a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. More particularly, the process relates to the conversion of a gem alkylarylcyclohexane into a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said gem alkylarylcyclohexane.
By a cyclohexane hydrocarbon containing a geminal carbon atom, we mean a cyclohexane hydrocarbon having at least one carbon atom in the ring with two substituent hydrocarbon groups attached thereto, namely, an alkyl group and an aryl group. Thus, a gem alkylarylcyclohexane hydrocarbon comprises, for example, a l-alkyl-I- aryl-cyclohexane in which the alkyl group contains from about 1 to about 5" carbon atoms and the aryl group is a phenyl group, a substituted phenyl group, a naphthyl group or other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups.
This invention is particularly applicable to the conversion of l-alkyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane hydrocarbons into fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbons such as fluorene and substituted fluorenes. The alkyl substituent group may be a methyl group but it is understood that the invention is also applicable to the treatment of gem alkylarylcyclohexane hydrocarbons in which the alkyl group includes an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butylgroup and the like, also cycloalkylgroups, such as a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, or a mixture of said alkyl and cycloalkyl groups.
One embodiment of this invention relates to a process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting compound to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having; at least one ringmore than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
Another embodiment of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
A further embodiment-of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l -methyl -l-phenyl-cyclohexane in the presence of a platinum, catalyst and of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
A still further embodiment of this invention relates to a process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering-said fluorene.
In the process of the present invention we have found that the above indicated; demethylati'on can be avoided substantially during dehydrogenr ation by having present in the reaction, mixture an acidic material or acid-producing compound such as an alkyl' halide, a, hydrogen halide, hydrogen chloride and the like. For example, when. 5% by'volume of butyl chloride is added. to. 11- methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane and the resultant mixture is passed over platinized alumina containing 5% by weight of platinum at a temperature of 300 0., the dehydrogenation is accompanied, by ring formation whereby the bicyclic hydrocarbon starting material is converted into a tricyclichydrocarbon, namely, fluorene, together withhydrogen as indicated by thefollowing equation:
Although the acid-producing material or acids ic, material employed in. this process to promote? isomerization during dehydrogenation may be added continuously or. intermittently together with they hydrocarbon charging stoclga dehydrogenation catalyst may also be prepared in-which a stable acid-acting compound ispresent therein; as well as a material which promotes dehydro-- genation. Thus, the presence'of small amounts,- of silica-alumina mixed with a dehydrogenation catalyst. will promote both. dehydrogenation and isomerization. Also they addition of a small.- amountof hydrofluoric. or. hydrochloric acid to. alumina forms an acid-type. catalystsuitable for promoting the dehydrogenation and isomerization reactions of this process.
This dehydrogenation and" formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is not limited to the conversion of 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane into fiuorene but it can be extended to other bicyclic hydrocarbons containing a geminal carbon atom in which one of the hydrocarbon groups combined with said geminal carbon atom is an aromatic hydrocarbon group while the other group is selected from the members of the class consisting of alkyl and cycloalkyl groups.
The catalysts preferred in this process comprise platinum and also platinum supported on alumina or other suitable carriers such as silica, charcoal, pumice, crushed porcelain, and the like. With the platinum catalyst, the dehydrogenation temperature generally utilized is from about 250 to about 450 C. Other suitable dehydrogenation catalysts such as alumina (or other suitable carriers) composited with a compound, and particularly with an oxide of an element selected from the members of the left-hand columns of groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table or mixtures thereof and more particularly aluminachromia or alumina-molybdenum oxide may be employed within the scope of the present invention but not necessarily under the same conditions of treatment and not necessarily with equivalent results. These other catalysts which do not contain platinum are generally employed at a higher temperature than that used with the platinum catalyst but generally at a temperature below about 500 C.
The polycyclic hydrocarbons formed by the process of this invention are useful as intermediates in organic synthesis and particularly as intermediates in the production of dyes, medicinals, insecticides and the like. Some of the polycyclic hydrocarbons such as fluorene and various substituted fluorenes are also converted into resins and plastics by suitable polymerization and condensation treatment.
The invention is illustrated further by the following examples but it is to be understood that the broad scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
Earample I 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane was obtained by alkylating benzene with methylcyclohexene in the presence of hydrogen fluoride catalyst. The l-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexene was then passed over platinized alumina (5% by weight of platinum) at a temperature of 300 C. to form diphenyl, methane and hydrogen. 30% by weight of the charged 1-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexene underwent conversion per pass.
Example II Some of the l-methyl-l-phenyl-cyclohexane prepared as indicated in Example I was mixed with 5% by weight of secondary butylchloride and the resultant mixture was then passed over platinized alumina catalyst as used in Example I maintained at a temperature of 300 C. This dehydrogenation treatment in the presence of the added butylchloride resulted in the formation of by weight of fiuorene per pass. The gaseous product of this dehydrogenation treatment consisted essentially of hydrogen.
We claim as our invention:
1. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
2. The process of claim 1 further characterized at. in that the isomerizing catalyst comprises a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride.
3. The process of claim 2 further characterized in that the dehydrogenation catalyst is a platinum-alumina composite.
4. A process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
5. A process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl halide to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
6. A process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
7. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst and of a platinum catalyst at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
8. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of an acid-acting isomerizing catalyst and in the presence of a catalyst comprising essentially a carrier and an oxide of an element selected from the members of the left hand columns of groups IV, V and VI of the periodic table at a temperature of from about 250 to about 500 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
9. A process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl halide at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
10. A process for producing fluorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of an alkyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
11. A process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum catalyst and of a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fluorene.
12. A process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and of a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fluorene and recovering said fluorene.
13. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting halogen-containing compound to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
14. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-ary1cyclohexane in the presence of a dehydrogenation catalyst and an acid-acting halogen-containing compound selected from the group consisting of alkyl halides and hydrogen halides to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
15. A process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating 1-methyl-1-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and of hydrogen chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fiuorene.
16. A process which comprises dehydrogenating a l-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinum-alumina catalyst and a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a fused ring polycyclic hydrocarbon having at least one ring more than said 1-alkyl-l-arylcyclohexane.
17. A process for producing fiuorene which comprises dehydrogenating l-methyl-l-phenylcyclohexane in the presence of a platinumalumina catalyst and a halide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen chloride and a butyl chloride at a temperature of from about 250 to about 450 C. to form a substantial yield of fiuorene and recovering said fiuorene.
VLADIMIR N. IPATIEFF. HERMAN PINES.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,272,266 Grosse et a1. Feb. 10, 1942 2,414,118 Orchin -7 Jan. 14, 1947 2,519,577 Ipatiefi et al Aug. 22, 1950

Claims (1)

1. A PROCESS WHICH COMPRISES DEHYDROGENATING A 1-ALKYL-1-ARYLCYCLOHEXANE IN THE PRESENCE OF A DEHYDROGENATING CATALYST AND AN ACID-ACTING ISOMERIZING CATALYST TO FORM A FUSED RING POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBON HAVING AT LEAST ONE RING MORE THAN SAID 1-AKLYL-1ARYLCYCLOHEXANE.
US158912A 1950-04-28 1950-04-28 Dehydrogenation of a gem alkyl arylcyclohexane Expired - Lifetime US2658089A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2767125A (en) * 1951-06-13 1956-10-16 Shell Dev Process for improving hydrocarbon oils boiling in the gasoline range
US3091652A (en) * 1960-11-03 1963-05-28 Dow Chemical Co Preparation of 9-methylene fluorene
US3091651A (en) * 1960-11-03 1963-05-28 Dow Chemical Co Preparation of 9-methylene fluorene
US3197518A (en) * 1962-04-04 1965-07-27 Ashland Oil Inc Interconversion of hydrocarbon ring compounds
US3928481A (en) * 1974-07-05 1975-12-23 Texaco Inc Preparation of polyphenyls

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2272266A (en) * 1940-03-30 1942-02-10 Universal Oil Prod Co Manufacture of polycyclic hydrocarbons
US2414118A (en) * 1945-03-27 1947-01-14 Nasa Synthesis of fluorene and its derivatives
US2519577A (en) * 1948-06-30 1950-08-22 Universal Oil Prod Co Production of aryl indan hydrocarbons

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2272266A (en) * 1940-03-30 1942-02-10 Universal Oil Prod Co Manufacture of polycyclic hydrocarbons
US2414118A (en) * 1945-03-27 1947-01-14 Nasa Synthesis of fluorene and its derivatives
US2519577A (en) * 1948-06-30 1950-08-22 Universal Oil Prod Co Production of aryl indan hydrocarbons

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2767125A (en) * 1951-06-13 1956-10-16 Shell Dev Process for improving hydrocarbon oils boiling in the gasoline range
US3091652A (en) * 1960-11-03 1963-05-28 Dow Chemical Co Preparation of 9-methylene fluorene
US3091651A (en) * 1960-11-03 1963-05-28 Dow Chemical Co Preparation of 9-methylene fluorene
US3197518A (en) * 1962-04-04 1965-07-27 Ashland Oil Inc Interconversion of hydrocarbon ring compounds
US3928481A (en) * 1974-07-05 1975-12-23 Texaco Inc Preparation of polyphenyls

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