US2496863A - Method for producing cast iron rich in carbon - Google Patents
Method for producing cast iron rich in carbon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2496863A US2496863A US780302A US78030247A US2496863A US 2496863 A US2496863 A US 2496863A US 780302 A US780302 A US 780302A US 78030247 A US78030247 A US 78030247A US 2496863 A US2496863 A US 2496863A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- carbon
- iron
- pig iron
- carbon content
- melt
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 59
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 53
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 6
- 229910000805 Pig iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007970 homogeneous dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000006233 lamp black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001060 Gray iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 1
- RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N anthracen-1-ylmethanolate Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C[O-])=CC=CC3=CC2=C1 RHZUVFJBSILHOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003830 anthracite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000571 coke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- MGIUUAHJVPPFEV-ABXDCCGRSA-N magainin ii Chemical compound C([C@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CCCCN)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CN)[C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](C(C)C)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCSC)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(O)=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 MGIUUAHJVPPFEV-ABXDCCGRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
Definitions
- Gray iron has an iron content of about 95% and a carbon content of 2 to 5%, plus variable percentages of other components su h as silicon, tungsten, sulphur, manganese, phosphorus.
- the properties of the resulting irons may be widely varied from the almost self lubric'a'ting cast iron for bearings, formed by the addition of natural or synthetic graphite, to the high friction coefiicient iron containing either pertoleum or acetylene black, various forms of lamp black or carbon black or of amorphous carbons such as cokes of any origin, or anthracite, etc. Manufacturing methods as hitherto known scarcely permit a higher carbon content than 5% in cast irons.
- the present invention has for its object a cast iron rich in carbon and a method whereby the carbon content in cast irons may range from very slight proportions up to 40
- This new method is chiefly characterized by the application of high frequency vibrations to ensure a homogeneous distribution of the carbon throughout the molten iron.
- vibrations may be produced directly by a magnetic flux acting on the molten mass.
- They may also be obtained by plunging a metal core into the melt and subjecting said core to electrostriction or to magnetostriction.
- the invention may be executed in the following practical manner:
- lamp black for high friction coefficients and'graphite for low friction coeflicients.
- the carbon is placed at the bottom of the crucible and the pig iron is placed on top of the carbon, so that the iron may descend as it melts while the carbon which is lighter rises through the molten iron mass, thus promoting the carbon distribution.
- an electro-magnetic flux of about 10,000 cycles per second produced by an auxiliary winding is caused to act on the melt, stirring the latter as required.
- the melt may also be agitated by means of ultrasonic elastic vibrations produced by a mag- 2 netoor electro-striction oscillator acting upon a metallic core of rather high melting point, penetrating into the melt, the frequency of the ultrasonics employed being above 50,000 cycles per second.
- the melt is then cooled progressively by regulating the cooling action according to the'final product desired.
- the quality and percentage of the carbon introduced may be varied so as to maintain a high resistance to wear while at the same time keeping the friction coefficient at an appropriate value.
- the carbon component may be replaced by silicon carbide (C'arborundum).
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting a gray pig iron having a carbon content of up to 5%; adding further carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting a, gray pig iron having a carbon content of up to 5%; up to 35% carbon so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby efiecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of an electromagnetic flux having an audio-frequency of about 10,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of ultrasonic elastic waves having a frequency in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation; suspending in the melt a piece of iron; and subjecting the latter to vibrations in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting the homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to 35% carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of an electromagnetic flux having an audio-frequency of about 10,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of ultrasonic elastic waves having a frequency in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
- a process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to 35% carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; suspending in the bath a piece of iron; and subjecting the latter to vibrations in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting the homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
Description
Patented Feb. 7, 1950 METHOD FOR PRODUCING CAST IRON RICH INCARBON Jean Baptiste Deschamps Paris, France, assignors to St (Societe dEtudes, de Recherches and Jacques Bergier, S. E. R. A. P. et dApplications des Poudres agglomeres), Paris, France No Drawing. Application October 16, 1947, Serial No. 780,302. In France November 6, 1946 9 Claims. 1
It is known that the properties of cast iron vary according to the carbon content and the nature of the carbon distribution therein. Gray iron has an iron content of about 95% and a carbon content of 2 to 5%, plus variable percentages of other components su h as silicon, tungsten, sulphur, manganese, phosphorus. By increasing the percentage of carbon, whether in fine particles or in a lump, the properties of the resulting irons may be widely varied from the almost self lubric'a'ting cast iron for bearings, formed by the addition of natural or synthetic graphite, to the high friction coefiicient iron containing either pertoleum or acetylene black, various forms of lamp black or carbon black or of amorphous carbons such as cokes of any origin, or anthracite, etc. Manufacturing methods as hitherto known scarcely permit a higher carbon content than 5% in cast irons.
The present invention has for its object a cast iron rich in carbon and a method whereby the carbon content in cast irons may range from very slight proportions up to 40 This new method is chiefly characterized by the application of high frequency vibrations to ensure a homogeneous distribution of the carbon throughout the molten iron.
These vibrations may be produced directly by a magnetic flux acting on the molten mass.
They may also be obtained by plunging a metal core into the melt and subjecting said core to electrostriction or to magnetostriction.
The invention may be executed in the following practical manner:
Into a crucible a given quantity of gray pig iron is placed with a proportional quantit of carbon varying up to 40% and in the form of lamp black, graphite or other suitable form.
It is preferable to use lamp black for high friction coefficients and'graphite for low friction coeflicients.
The carbon is placed at the bottom of the crucible and the pig iron is placed on top of the carbon, so that the iron may descend as it melts while the carbon which is lighter rises through the molten iron mass, thus promoting the carbon distribution.
It is advantageous to effect this smelting operation in an induction furnace.
During the smelting, an electro-magnetic flux of about 10,000 cycles per second produced by an auxiliary winding is caused to act on the melt, stirring the latter as required.
The melt may also be agitated by means of ultrasonic elastic vibrations produced by a mag- 2 netoor electro-striction oscillator acting upon a metallic core of rather high melting point, penetrating into the melt, the frequency of the ultrasonics employed being above 50,000 cycles per second.
The melt is then cooled progressively by regulating the cooling action according to the'final product desired. As a particular example, in the production of cast iron for brake shoes, in accordance with the braking curve desired, the quality and percentage of the carbon introduced may be varied so as to maintain a high resistance to wear while at the same time keeping the friction coefficient at an appropriate value.
In some particular cases, the carbon component may be replaced by silicon carbide (C'arborundum).
It is understood that the method according to the invention may be modified as to detail and may be applied in various ways Without altering the spirit and scope of the invention.
What We claim is: 1. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
2. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting a gray pig iron having a carbon content of up to 5%; adding further carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
3. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting a, gray pig iron having a carbon content of up to 5%; up to 35% carbon so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration ranging between about 10,000 and 50,000 cycles per second, thereby efiecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
4. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of an electromagnetic flux having an audio-frequency of about 10,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
5. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation by subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of ultrasonic elastic waves having a frequency in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
6. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting the iron; and incorporating therein an amount of carbon in excess of that required for saturation; suspending in the melt a piece of iron; and subjecting the latter to vibrations in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting the homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
7. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to 35% carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of an electromagnetic flux having an audio-frequency of about 10,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
8. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; and subjecting the melt to a high frequency vibration by means of ultrasonic elastic waves having a frequency in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting a homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
9. A process for the production of gray pig iron that is super-saturated in carbon content, comprising in combination, the steps of melting gray pig iron; adding up to 35% carbon thereto so as to obtain a total carbon content in excess of that required for saturation; suspending in the bath a piece of iron; and subjecting the latter to vibrations in excess of 50,000 cycles per second, thereby effecting the homogeneous dispersion of the carbon in the pig iron.
JEAN BAPTISTE DESCHAMPS. JACQUES BERGIER.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS
Claims (1)
1. A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GRAY PIG IRON THAT IS SUPER-SATURATED IN CARBON CONTENT, COMPRISING IN COMBINATION, THE STEPS OF MELTING THE IRON; AND INCORPORATING THEREIN AN AMOUNT OF CARBON IN EXCESS OF THAT REQUIRED FOR SATURATION BY SUBJECTING THE MELT TO A HIGH FREQUENCY VIBRATION RANGING BETWEEN ABOUT 10,000 AND 50,000 CYCLES PER SECOND, THEREBY EFFECTING A HOMOGENEOUS DISPERSION OF THE CARBON IN THE PIG IRON.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2496863X | 1946-11-06 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2496863A true US2496863A (en) | 1950-02-07 |
Family
ID=9685824
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US780302A Expired - Lifetime US2496863A (en) | 1946-11-06 | 1947-10-16 | Method for producing cast iron rich in carbon |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2496863A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2749238A (en) * | 1949-09-10 | 1956-06-05 | Int Nickel Co | Method for producing cast ferrous alloy |
| US3507230A (en) * | 1968-02-28 | 1970-04-21 | Cybar Mfg Co | Method and tool for cutting by deflagration dense materials |
| US3689049A (en) * | 1969-04-04 | 1972-09-05 | Ajax Newark Inc The | Method and apparatus for separating metal from dross |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1876732A (en) * | 1928-10-17 | 1932-09-13 | Guilliam H Clamer | Metallurgical apparatus |
| US1939712A (en) * | 1929-08-08 | 1933-12-19 | Mahoux George | Treatment of metals and alloys |
| US1940622A (en) * | 1932-02-10 | 1933-12-19 | Ajax Electrothermic Corp | Electric induction furnace method |
| US2014559A (en) * | 1932-06-27 | 1935-09-17 | Detroit Electric Furnace Compa | Preparation of iron having improved characteristics |
| US2227255A (en) * | 1938-09-28 | 1940-12-31 | Gronwall Eugen Assar Alexis | Method and device for treating a molten metallic material |
| US2416830A (en) * | 1941-12-22 | 1947-03-04 | Heuberger Josef Friedrich | Iron-graphite contact |
| US2419373A (en) * | 1943-09-10 | 1947-04-22 | Metals & Controls Corp | Apparatus for vibrating metals during casting |
-
1947
- 1947-10-16 US US780302A patent/US2496863A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1876732A (en) * | 1928-10-17 | 1932-09-13 | Guilliam H Clamer | Metallurgical apparatus |
| US1939712A (en) * | 1929-08-08 | 1933-12-19 | Mahoux George | Treatment of metals and alloys |
| US1940622A (en) * | 1932-02-10 | 1933-12-19 | Ajax Electrothermic Corp | Electric induction furnace method |
| US2014559A (en) * | 1932-06-27 | 1935-09-17 | Detroit Electric Furnace Compa | Preparation of iron having improved characteristics |
| US2227255A (en) * | 1938-09-28 | 1940-12-31 | Gronwall Eugen Assar Alexis | Method and device for treating a molten metallic material |
| US2416830A (en) * | 1941-12-22 | 1947-03-04 | Heuberger Josef Friedrich | Iron-graphite contact |
| US2419373A (en) * | 1943-09-10 | 1947-04-22 | Metals & Controls Corp | Apparatus for vibrating metals during casting |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2749238A (en) * | 1949-09-10 | 1956-06-05 | Int Nickel Co | Method for producing cast ferrous alloy |
| US3507230A (en) * | 1968-02-28 | 1970-04-21 | Cybar Mfg Co | Method and tool for cutting by deflagration dense materials |
| US3689049A (en) * | 1969-04-04 | 1972-09-05 | Ajax Newark Inc The | Method and apparatus for separating metal from dross |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US2622022A (en) | Method for producing cast iron | |
| US2527829A (en) | Foundry additives | |
| US2496863A (en) | Method for producing cast iron rich in carbon | |
| US2726152A (en) | Addition agent and method for treating cast iron | |
| US2652324A (en) | Cast iron | |
| US2809888A (en) | Cast iron with high creep resistance and method for making same | |
| US2020171A (en) | Cast iron and the manufacture thereof | |
| US1683749A (en) | Alloy | |
| US2839393A (en) | Addition agent and method for treating cast iron | |
| US2444354A (en) | Treatment of cast iron | |
| US2757082A (en) | Method for producing magnesium containing cast iron | |
| US2734822A (en) | Method for making improved gray cast | |
| US2098081A (en) | Aluminum alloy | |
| US2488513A (en) | Production of white cast iron | |
| US2992096A (en) | Process for refining and improving the quality of steel and other ferrous metals | |
| US3133813A (en) | Process for the manufacture of cast iron having an eutectic graphite formation | |
| US2157390A (en) | Method for making cast iron | |
| US4052203A (en) | Crushable low reactivity nickel-base magnesium additive | |
| US1886873A (en) | Method of preparing gray cast iron of improved characteristics | |
| SU1388433A1 (en) | Method of producing grey modified cast iron | |
| RU2618294C1 (en) | Procedure for melting synthetical nodular cast iron in induction furnaces | |
| SU1497226A1 (en) | Method of grey cast iron | |
| US1127624A (en) | Alloy. | |
| RU2704678C1 (en) | Method of cast iron modifying and modifier for implementation of method | |
| US2429221A (en) | Grain refinement of aluminum-containing magnesium-base alloys |