US2482154A - Embossing of composition surfaced coverings - Google Patents

Description

Sept. 20, 1949. v R. w. CHARLTON ET AL 2,482,154

EMBQS-SING OF COMPOSITION SURFACED COVERINGS Filed April 15, 1947 INVENTOR. E/IMH l V 65 /424 ra/v y fffl/vk Xi Fay/r0 Patented Sept. 20, 1949 EMBOSSING OF COMPOSITION SURFACED COVERINGS Ralph W. Charlton, Verona, N. J., and Frank X. Rovito, Brooklyn, N. Y., assignors to Congo: leum-Nairn Inc., a corporation of New York Application April 15, 1947, Serial No. 741,592

This invention relates to coverings for floors, walls, articles of furniture and the like and relates especially to coverings which comprise composition material that provides a tough and wearresistant surface layer.

It is a purpose of this invention to provide coverings of the character mentioned which are of improved appearance because the surface presents an attractive pattern in the form of alligator embossing. Alligator embossing, as this term is used herein and in the claims, is afforded whenever the surface of the surface layer of the covering presents a multiplicity of essentially smooth surface areas of varying shape and irregular outline surrounded by channel-like borders wherein the composition material of the surface layer is recessed below the general level of the surface provided by the smooth surface areas. Leather produced from the hide of alligators ordinarily presents embossed markings of the character referred to and it is for this reason that such random patterns have commonly been referred to as alligator markings or embossing. It is a further purpose of this invention to provide the alligator embossing without materially adding to the cost of coverings of the character referred to as conventionally produced with a continuous, fiat and smooth surface, and without the necessity of using expensive machinery such as would be required if attempt were made to produce the alligator embossing by mechanical means.

This invention is based upon the discovery that in the case of coverings wherein the composition material of the wear-resistant surface layer consists essentially of pitch-base binder and a filler, certain waxes, namely, hard vegetable waxes of high softening point, have the property, when applied as a coating for the surface layer of such composition material, of inducing the development of alligator embossing in the surface of the surface layer of composition material merely upon subjecting the wax-coated layer of composition material to stoving at a temperature of the order of 130 F. to 200 F.

Coverings especially suited for use as flooring but also useful for covering the surfaces of walls, articles of furniture and the like have been manufactured extensively, which coverings comprise a surface layer of composition material wherein the base for the binder component is a vegetable or animal pitch material. Such pitch materials are derived as residua from the refinement of fats and oils of vegetable or animal origin and are generally known under such names as stearin pitch, cottonseed pitch, candle tar, corn Claims. (Cl. 11745) oil pitch, pa m oil pitch, etc. When any such pitch material constitutes the base of the binder component of the composition material, it may be used as the sole binder but usually is blended with a minor proportion of some modifying ingredient which may, for example, constitute from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the binder and which ordinarily consists of gilsonite, although other 'modifyingbinder substances may be employed such as wool grease, petroleum residua, etc. Any binder of the composition above described is referred to herein and in the claims as pitch-base binder. The softening point of the pitch-base binder should be of the order of F.

to 150 F., and for most purposes the binder has a softening point of about F. to about F. A good pitch-base binder which is employed in most commercially-produced coverings of the type in question consists of about 80% to about 90% by weight of cottonseed pitch and about 10% to about 20% by weight gilsonite.

The pitch-base 'blnder may be used to the extent of about 30% to about 65% by weight of the composition material employed as the wear-resistant surface layer of the covering in combination with suitable pigment and/or filler material. Any suitable pigment may be employed, the pigment most commonly used bein red iron oxide pigment, although other pigments may be used such as black iron oxide, maroon oxide, green chromium oxide, ochre, and the like. Finely-divided solid substantially water-insoluble filler ma terials may be used as diluents or extenders such as limestone flour, slate flour, China clay, silica and the like. The pigment or other filler that is employed should, of course, be one which does not exhibit excessive decomposition or color change during those mixing or other operations which are carried out at elevated temperature, e. g., at a temperature of the order of about 300 F. to about 325 F. When it is stated that the filler is substantially water insoluble, this does not preclude the presence of a filler having slight water solubility of the order of gypsum. Whether the finely-divided solid filler material is in the form of a pigment or is in the form of a diluent or extender, it is referred to generally herein as finely divided filler. The filler ordinarily constitutes from about 35% to about 70% by weight of the composition material of the surface layer of the covering. By way of specific example, a composiv tion material which consists of about 35% of pitch-base binder and about 65% of combined pigment andmineraI filler affords a composition which can be handled satisfactorily in the manuplactic and readily workable in a mixer at a temperature in the neighborhood of 300 F. and during the coating operation whereby it is spread to provide a surface layer for the covering. Moreover, the composition material should exhibit little or no flow at the temperature at which the covering is seasoned by stoving,'-such temperature being selected, depending upon the softenin point of the particular composition material em ployed, from within a range which generally is of the order of 130 F. to 200 F. During stoving, the composition material should becapble of developing hardness, wear resistance, and indentation resistance appropriate for the use for which-the covering is intended, e. g.-, a floor covering.

In the manufacture of a covering utilizingcoinposition material 'of the character referred to having a pitch-base binder'pthe binder and filler ingredients are'heated to'a temperature of the order of 300 F. to 325 a suitable 'rhixer such as a Pfleiderer mixer or a steam-jacketed pug mill, and the mixer is kept in operation until thorough mixing'of the ingredients'is accom plished. After the mixing has been completed, the composition material, while still hot and plastic, is applied to a suitable'basesheet to pro- 7 vide the wear-resistant surface layer of the co'vering by any suitablemeans such as a heated doctor blade. The base sheet that is usually employed in coverings of the type referred to is asphalt saturated flooring felt,'e'. g., 350 point (0.05 inch) dry felt which has been 'saturat'ed'to the extent of about 100% to 110% with'asphalt having a softening point of about 160 F. In

addition to asphalt saturated flooring felt, other ture of the order of'130? F. to 200 F. (usually about 155 F.) for a period of about'five days in order to season the composition material of 'the coating layer. During the stoving, the comp'os'i tion material 'of the coating layer develops the, increased hardness, increased wear-resistance and increased indentation-resistance ap'proprie ate for the purposes for whichjthe covering intended, e. g., a floor covering. Thete'rin stov ing as used herein and .in the claims refers to any operation wherein'the covering is brought to the desired superatmospheric temperature ap propriate for accelerating the seasoning 'of the composition material of the surface layer. The stoving is ordinarily) accomplished in a large chamber in which the atmosphere is 'maintained at the desired stoving temperature and in which the covering is disposed with its surfaceexposed to the heated atmosphere until the seasoning is completed.

Coverings produced as described above have been extensively manufactured and sold, and as so made and sold have a continuous smooth surface which is the necessaryre sult of the appli- U cation of composition material in the -form of a 4' surface layer of uniform thickness by means of a doctor blade or other similarly acting spreading device. 7 j

According to this invention, a covering having a wear-resistant surface layer of the composition material described above wherein the binder is pitch-base binder is -provided with surface decoration whichjmate'rially enlrances the attractiveness of the appearance of the covering, such decoration being in the form of the alligator embossing that has been mentioned here inabovew According to this invention, a surface decoration inthe-form of alligator embossing is impartedto the wear-resistant surface layer of composition material of the character'described hereinabove by coating the exposed surface of the su rface 1ayer of composition material with and thereafter subjecting the covering to stoving at a temperature ofthe order of F. to

. 200"F. During the stoving the .jde'cor'ative 'alligator "embossing develops in the surface of .the wearr'e'si'stant surface layer ofthe'compositi'on material, "and after the stovingh'as bee'ncoin pleted the covering, which comprises the decorative alligator embossing in the surface layer, is ready for "the market. I

Further purposes, features andadvantages of' the invention will be apparent from thefollo'wing description of 'a typical example of the practice of this invention, the description being'in connection with "the accompanying drawings, wherein: v

, Fig. 1 is a plan View or a piece. of covering which embodies this invention and which shows a typical pattern of alligator surface thereof, and

Fig. 2 is a "section taken on the line 2-2 purpose'of clarity.

vflhejcoivering shown in the drawing comprises alba'selshe'et 10 which may,by way of specific example, be 50 point asphalt impregnated floor- Fig. 1, Fig. 2 being, on an enlarged scale for the in'gfelt of 'the type described more fully hereinaboveIYAdherent to the base sheet I0 is the layer H of co'rfipos'ition "material tliat provides the wear-resistant, surface :layer of the covering. The surface of the layer"! l ofcomp'osition material, 'iinsftead of being smooth andlfiat continuously throughout theextent of the piece of coveringshown in the drawing, is broken up'into areas 12 thatiare of different sizes and shapes and'thatfhaveirregular outlines; Ifheareas l2 present "a smooth outer surface and are surrounded by the channel-like borders l3 wherein the composition material of the-layer H is recessed;below the general level of the smooth bution of the wax coating l4 solely; on the surface of the areas [2, the contrast between the 7 areas I2 andtheborders I3 is enhanced due to thefact that the areas 12 on which the wax coating 14 occurs have a somewhat higher gloss than the recessed borders 1 3,

r The drawing shows a typical alligator embossing as it appears one-piece of the covering which may, for am e. ;l :E g nriecsa embossing in the V the random-pattern of the alligator embossing wouldpresent a similar decorative effect. 'The.

covering is well adapted for production in the form of wide sheets, e. g., 36 or 72 inches in width, which are of indefinite length and which are generally made up into rolls for storage and shipment. Alternatively, the covering can be produced in the form of tile-like bodies. It is to be understood that the particular alligator embossing pattern shown in the drawing is merely illustrative, for the decorative pattern of the embossing is a random pattern that is subject to wide variation as to-the size and outline of the areas 12v and the width and depth'of the channel-like borders [3.

The production of alligator embossing such as that shown in the drawing may be illustrated according to the following typical example of the practice of this invention. The composition material of the layer ll consists of the following ingredients:

Per cent Cottonseed pitch (softening point about 125 F.) 30 Gilsonite Red iron oxide pigment 30 Other finely-divided filler 35 The mixing and application of the composition material to the base sheet may be according to' conventional practice as described and illustratedpreferred practice whereby the embossing is pro-- duced. While the layer ll of composition material is warm, i. e., at a temperature of the order of 150 F. to 250 F., there is applied to the outer surface thereof a coating of wax emulsion wherein the wax employed is carnauba wax. The emulsion contains approximately 12% by weight of the carnauba wax, the balance of the emulsion being water except for the presence of a suitable emulsifying agent such .as ammonium linoleate.

or other similar soap. Since it is the carnauba wax that is the effective agent in ultimately producing the alligator embossing, the constituents of the aqueous emulsion, other than the carnauba wax, are largely immaterial. An emulsion suitable for the purpose can be producedby known methods and emulsification techniques. The emulsion is applied at a rate such that in the coating, after the evaporation of the water, the weight of wax deposited is approximately 0.01 pound per square yard of surface. After application of the emulsion, the emulsion is dried and the covering is next subjected to stoving at a temperature of about 140 F. to 155 F. for four to six-days. During the stoving the decorative alligator embossing develops gradually due solely to the interaction of the layer of composition material and wax coating under the conditions that occur during the stoving. Afterv the .stoving has been completed, the covering with the decorative pattern of alligator embossing is ready for the market, for during the stoving the layerof composition material also has acquired the-increased wear resistance and the increased indentation.

6'. resistance required for. a satisfactory floor covering or the like.

In order to produce the alligator embossing, the wax that is. used as the coating for the composition material should have a melting point of the order of F. to F. as determined by the standard ring and ball softening point test. The wax also should-be a hard Wax, namely, a wax the penetration of which at 77 F. is of the range 8 to 15 hundredths of a centimeter. The penetration values above given are determined by a modification of the Standard Method of Test for Penetration of Bituminous Materials, ASTM Designation D525 (page 220, part III, ASTM Standards, 1944). The penetration in hundredths of a centimeter is that which occursin 5 seconds at 77 F. using a standard needle and a 500 gram load. The wax that is employed the practice of this invention. Other examples.

ofsuitable vegetable waxes are candelilla wax and esparto wax. Esparto wax is also known as fiber wax or reed wax. Such waxes are preferably used in commercially pure form, but may be admixed with minor quantities of diluent or extender materials so long as the mixture retains the properties of a vegetable wax of the softening point and hardness values that have been referred Thus, there are on the market Vege-' table waxes which are not pure but contain some to above.

diluent or extender materials. Waxes of this character are suitable for use accordingto this invention but are less eifective in producing the alligator embossing than the pure vegetable wax. When it is stated that the coating which is applied consists essentially of vegetable wax of given softening point and penetration, employment of such modified waxes as well as pure waxes is intended. ,Moreover, the presence of an emulsifying agent used to produce the wax in the form of an aqueous emulsion is not precluded.

Application of the wax coating to the wearresistant surface layer of the covering is preferably accomplished by emulsification of the. wax in water and distribution of the emulsion as a coating by means of spray application or other spreading means such as a suitable swab, for example, a wool blanket saturated with the aqueous emulsion. Application of the wax in a heat-liquefied condition by spray application also is satisfactory, but the intensity of the alligator embossing that'is ultimately produced is some-- what less as compared with application of the wax while in an aqueous emulsion and the provision of a uniform coating is more difficult to control. In either case, namely, whether the wax is applied in the form of an emulsion or is applied as a spray while in molten condition, the wax is applied in the form of minute thermoplastic particles and such application ofthe wax is preferable in order to obtain best results when the covering is later stoved for the purpose of developing the alligator embossing. While the foregoing constitutes the preferred methods for applying the wax coating in the practice of this invention, the wax coating also may be applied by spreading the wax as'by means of a suitable swab while the-wax-is-in a heat-liquefied con-' dition, :but the intensity the :aliigatur embossing is somewhat less when the wax coating .applied in .this way. The wax may also beapplied as acoatmgwhen thinned mithza volatilesolvent either by spreading .as t-by ruse .ofa swab or by spray application, but the :use .of a volatile solvent not only detracts from the .:intensity of the alligator embossing that can @be produced but also is less practical .due to "the added expense involved in the useof a solvent, due to the difilculties encountered in .attemptingsolvent recoveryand.due'to thehazard of possible fireor explosion. More generally, :any method of :application .of .the wax coating :may be employed, but in :any case the coating should be applied so that the wax contained-in the coating will become spread at the rate of at least 0.00'5 pound per square yard of surface covered. Generally it is impractical to applysthe wax coatingzso as to'bein excess .of about 0.015 pound :per squareyard. For most purposes application of :the wax coating so that the wax is distributed at the rate of about 0.01'pound to about 0.0l5pound *persquare yard has been found'to be preferable.

'With regard "to the stoving temperature, any temperature between about 130' F. and about 200 F. is appropriate forthe development of the alligator embossing, although for the development of .alligator embossing of greatest intensityithe stoving should'be carried out at a-temperature'below the softening :point of the wax. For example, when the wax employed is a 'wax such as carnauba wax which "has a softening point of about 185 F., a stoving temperature of the order of 135 F. to 1'55" Fh has been found to be particularly efiective in "the development of very pronounced alligator embossing. The duration of the stoving treatment-in any case is that which :is required to developthe desired intensity of the alligator embossing. The embossing usually begins to'become apparent after about one to three hours of stoving and-thereafter gradually becomes more intense. than about one day usually is not necessary as far as'the development of alligator embossing is concerned for the intensity of-the alligator-embossing is not materially increased by more-pro longed stoving. However, in connectionwi th the duration-of thestoving treatment, also is necessary to take into consideration the amoun 't of stoving which is required to develop idthecomposition :material those properties f hardness,

wear-resistance andindentation-resistance which are essential 1 for the type of covering in: question, e. g., -a.:floor covering. It isone-o'f the advantages of this invention, however, that in the ordinary case the duration ofpthe stovingrequired to=e-ifeot the desired .degree of seasoning Jof the layer oi composition material also accomplishes a;satis;fac-

tory development of-the alligator embossing. -in the practice of :this inventionrthe .waxzeoatingzis applied to thelayer of composition'materialrprior auaa-M 81 i. :re., .at :-:a temperature :of the torderiof 21-50 @F. 1 176 250 F. "Howevenitisnonessential thatthe layer of composition unaterial :be 'warm when the was: coating is :applied, tor the alligator embossing may likewise be produced when the wax coatingis applied while the :layer of composition material is :cold, :-although1the:.embossed pattern *is somewhat less intense. I in the production of the alligator embossing, the pattern that is obtained is, in any case, :a random pattern. "However, the intensity of :pat-' tern development, namely, the v=deptl1 and width of the channel-like lborders, and the boldness of the patterm'namely, the size of the areassun rounded by the channel-like borders, can-pa varied by varying the conditions under which the alligator embossing is produced. The most significant factor in this regard, aside fromthe duration of the stov ing, is the weight per unit of area of the Wax in the coating that is applied to the surface of the layer of composition material, for both the intensity and the boldness of the pattern are increased upon increasing the amount of wax per unit area that is applied. :It

has previously been mentioned that the intensity of the pattern is favored by application vof the wax coating in the form of anemulsion, and by application of the wax coating while the layer of compositionmaterial, to which the wax coat- Stoving for longer 7 to substantial seasoning "of *thecomposition material, namely, .whilethe composition materialxis sufficiently plastic so thatrit susceptiblezof'rbe ing worked at a'temperatureinf the order of 800" F. and .the stoving :of the composition material; of the coating layer not only accomplishes the seasoning of the coating layer gbut-als'o thexlevel opmentofthe alligatorsembossing iwhen theflayer' of composition has the coating sof iw-ax applied thereto according to this. invention.

.As above mentioned it is preferable to i applyl the wax coating whileathe layer-pf composition materiallto which thezcoatingzisappliediisswarm;

ing is applied, is warm. Another-factor bearing: on the intensity of the pattem that iszdeveloped is the --visc,osity of the composition material .at the time of coating it withthe wax-coating and under the temperature conditions of the coating operation, the-intensitylofsthe pattern that isdeveloped being increased-somewhat as the viscosity of the composition material is decreased While still affording plastic consistency-appropriate for satisfactory mixing and spreading characteristics at the temperatures at which those operations are carried out. The temperature rof the stoving Sin relation to the softening point of :the wax em ployed is'also material, :maximum intensity being afforded when the stoving is carried out :at :a

temperature slightly lower, namely about 5 'F.to F. 'lower,;than the softening pointof the :wax. The characterof the'alligator embossing is also influenced by the particular 'waxi or -wax mixture that is employed. Somewhat more generally the nature of the alligator embossing that is produced is subject W to variation but can be 0011- trolled. Thus when those conditions for obtain ing what is regarded as the most pleasing pat tern have'been determined'the general appearance of the pattern as to intensity and boldness is reproducible by operating under those conditions which are favorable to the production-of such pattern.

In the development of the alligator embossing the channel-like borders become recessedinto the wear-resistant layer of composition material and are not merely discontinuities-in'thewax coating. Thus even if the-wax coating were to V be removed from the finished productas by washing it off with a, solvent, thealligator embossing would remain to givea decorativeappearance to the surface of the layer of composition material.

However, the :wax coating is normally left. intact for it provides a desirable'finish for'the areas I which are suroundedxby the-channel-like borders. Moreover, "it is the inherent result of the method of production of the alligator embossing according to this invention that the twax coating -does not exten'd .across the tc'hanne'l -like borders and this fact serves te -enhance the contrast between areas which carry the wax coating and the channel-like borders with resultant improvement in appearance. U Q

While the production of alligator embossing according to this invention has been described in connection with a specific example of a covering comprising a base sheet and a wear-resistant surface layer of composition material having a pitch-base binder, it is to be understood that the invention is applicable for the production of alligator embossing in the case of any covering wherein the wear-resistant surface layer is provided by composition materal of the character hereinabove generally described wherein the binder is a pitch-base binder. While smooth surface coverings of the character described, which heretofore have been produced commercially, have comprised a strain-resistant base sheet, it is apparent the alligator embossing can be produced whenever the composition material is disposed in the form of a wear-resistant surface layer, whether the composition material is or is not backed by a strain-resisting base sheet. Somewhat more generally, it is to be understood that while this invention has been described in connection with certain specific examples of the practice thereof and in connection with the specific embodiment thereof shown in the accompanying drawing, this has been done merely for the purpose of illustrating the practice of this invention and that the scope of this invention is to be governed by the language of the following claims.

We claim:

1. In the manufacture of a covering of the character described wherein the surface layer of the covering is formed from composition material comprising about to about 65% by weight of a pitch-base binder having a softening point of the order of 95 F. to 150 F. and about to 70% by weight of finely-divided solid substantially water-insoluble filler material, the production of alligator embossing in the surface of said surface layer of composition material by the steps comprising applying to the surface of said composition material constituting the surface layer of said covering prior to substantial seasoning of said layer a coating which weighs about 0.005 pound to about 0.015 pound per square yard and which consists essentially of a vegetable Wax the softening point of which is of the order of 150 F. to 185 F. and the penetration of which at 77 F. is of the order of -8 to 15 hundredths of a centimeter and subjecting said surface layer of composition material with said coating applied thereto to stoving at a temperature above about 130 F. and below the softening point of the wax for at least one hour until the surface of said surface layer of composition material develops alligator embossing therein.

2. In the manufacture of a covering of the character described according to claim 1, the steps recited in claim 1 for the production of alligator embossing wherein said wax is applied in the form of minute thermoplastic particles in the production of said coating for said layer of composition material.

3. In the manufacture of a covering of the character described according to claim 1 the steps recited in claim 1 for the production of alligator embossing in the surface of said layer of composition material wherein the wax contained in said coating is applied in the form of an aqueous emulsion.

4. In the manufacture of a covering of the '10 character described according to claim 1 the steps recited in claim 1 for the production of alligator embossing in the surface of said layer of composition material wherein said coating is applied to the surface of said surface layer of composition material while said layer of composition material is at a temperature of the order 150 F. to 250 F.

5. In the manufacture of a covering of the character described according to .claim 1 the steps recited in claim 1 for the production 'of alligator embossing in the surface of said layer of composition material wherein the stoving is carried out at a temperature 5 to 30 F. below the softening point ofth'e' wax in 'said'coating to develop alligator 'ernbossing in the surface of said surface layer 'of composition material.

6. In the manufactureof a covering of the character described comprising a strain-resistant base sheet and integral with said base sheet a wear-resistant surface layer about 0.01 to about 0.04 inch in thickness wherein said surface layer is formed from composition material in which the binder has a softening point between about 95 F. and about 150 F. and is composed essentially of about to about by weight of cottonseed pitch and from about 10% to about 20% by wei ht of gilsonite and in which said binder constitutes from about 30% to about 65% by weight of said composition material, the balance of said composition material being essentially finely-divided solid water-insoluble filler material, the production of alligator embossing in the surface of said surface layer of composition material by the steps comprisin applying to the surface of said composition material constituting the surface layer of said covering prior to substantial seasoning of said layer a coating which weighs about 0.005 pound to about 0.015 pound per square yard and which consists essentialli of Vegetable wax the softening point of which is of the order of about 150 F. to about 185 F. and the penetration of which at 77 F. is of the order of 8 to 15 hundredths of a centimeter and subjecting said surface layer of composition material with said coating applied thereto to stoving at a temperature above F. and below the softening point of the wax for at least one hour until the surface of said surface layer of composition material develops alligator embossing therein.

'7. In the manufacture of a covering of the character described according to claim 6, the steps recited in claim 6 for the production of alligator embossing in the surface of said layer of composition material wherein the wax contained in said coating is applied in the form of an aqueous emulsion.

8. A covering of the character described comprising a surface layer which is the product of stoving a composition material comprising about 30% to about 65% by weight of pitch-base binder having a softening point of the order of 95 F. to F. and about 35% to about 70% of finelydivided solid substantially water-insoluble filler material, the surface of said layer presenting nonrepetitive alligator embossing in the form of a multiplicity of smooth surface areas of varying and random shapes and sizes defined by irregular outlines and surrounded by channellike borders wherein the composition material of the surface layer is recessed below the general level provided by the said smooth surface areas, said smooth surface areas carrying a coating consisting essentially of vegetable wax having a soiheningg point oi the; omen qt 1:50; E: @185? E. and; m penetration: at; 775 F; Qf the order Qfi'fi; to 15. hundriedbhs; 0i; a centimeter and; said; channneL-like: borders. being substantialfly iree Qfi wax;

9.. In: the manufacture of; a covering of; the diameter descrfloed according to; claim- 6 the steps: neci-ted; in claim; 6. fon the graduation 01% alligator embossing in the surface of said-layer! 0f cemposition materiallwhenem the-staying. is carnied out, at a temperature 5 toi30f F. belqwthe L0 soften-ingpoint at the wax inesaid coating; todevelop alligator embossing in theswsfaceofi said surfiaee. layer ofcompesitionl material.

10;; covering: of. theeharacter described ac.-

; R m eEs emEn V The fdllowing'references are of recond inhthe file of; this: patent:

STA'I'ES PATENTS;

Number. Name. Date 453,589 Bradley June 9,1891

842,615. Boerche Jan. 2 9', 1907 carding to. claim 8, wherein said.- vegetable wax 15 eonsists. essentially oi'carnaubae wax;

' RALPH GHARLTON.

X. ROVIZI'O;

E'ckert July 21, 1942

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