US20210270043A1

US20210270043A1 - Simulated Rock Panels

Info

Publication number: US20210270043A1
Application number: US16/934,441
Authority: US
Inventors: Dale Thomas
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2015-11-09
Filing date: 2020-07-21
Publication date: 2021-09-02
Also published as: US20180238059A1; WO2017083415A1; US10718118B2

Abstract

The appearance of natural rock faces are formed on planar panels or part portions thereof that disposed horizontally by stamping or texturizing a cementitious mixture of veneer material and then selectively applying colorant matter, which may include combinations of stains and mineral.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Division of and claims the benefit of priority to the US Non-Provisional patent application of the same title, which was filed on 11 Nov. 2016, having application Ser. No. 15/315,261, and is incorporated herein by reference.
The present application and application Ser. No. 15/315,261 also claim the benefit of priority to the PCT application of the same title, filed with the USPTO as the RO on 9 Nov. 2016, having international application no. PCT/US2016/061177, and which is also incorporated herein by reference. The present application, application Ser. No. 15/315,261 and international application no. PCT/US2016/061177 also all claim the benefit of priority to the US Provisional patent application of the same title, which was filed on 9 Nov. 2015, having application No. 62/252,868, which is also incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

The field of inventions is building materials, and more particularly cementitious boards or panels as wall fascia to create the appearance of natural rock faces.
It is desirable to create vertical wall or building interior or exterior surface that have the appearance of natural rock faces, such as to simulate a building constructed in or carved from rock, or a natural rock cavity, such as a cave or waterfall. Such features can be used on exterior walls, over or around fireplaces, or in bathrooms, showers and bath enclosure, as well as outdoor landscaping features such as garden walls, swimming pools walls and fountains used to create the look of natural waterfalls.
Such rock appearing surface has been created by methods known generally as vertical concrete overlay. Current vertical concrete overlay methods are labor intensive and expensive due to the skilled workmanship of artisan's, and are hence cost prohibitive for average homeowners or businesses on a budget. It is also very difficult to stain and decorate the rock with liquids or viscous materials because of gravity and the work being done in a vertical position.
The largely vertical orientation of the fascia may preclude the placement of other viscous or powdered or granular materials used for coloring and pigmentation to achieve natural effects. Hence, a high level of skill is required to create a natural appearance over large areas. This trade specific art is not easily learned or performed by other trades.
The above and other objects, effects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of the embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings

SUMMARY OF INVENTION

In the present invention, the first object is achieved by providing a panel member having a simulated rock face appearance, comprising at least one planar portion, a colored veneer layer deposited on an outer surface of the at least one planar portion, the colored veneer layer having an outer surface with a non-planar texture to resemble a natural rock face, in which the colored veneer layer consists essentially of a cured cementitious mixture, a coloring layer deposited on selective portion of at least one of the outer surface of the colored veneer layer and planar portion that is not covered by the colored veneer layer to create a contrasting color appearance to adjacent portions of the colored veneer layer.
A second aspect of the invention is characterized by the above panel in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of concrete stain, natural minerals and artificial minerals.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which the coloring layer is selectively applied to a first regions of the colored veneer layer, the first region having a different texture than a texture on a second region of one or more adjacent portions of the veneer layer that is not covered by the coloring layer.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent in which an aggregate of at least one of natural minerals and artificial minerals is disposed in a concrete stain, in which the concrete stain at least partially penetrates into or adheres to the textured veneer layer.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which the colored veneer layer has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which the colored veneer layer on the at least one planar portion of the panel member has a depth of at least 0.5 mm and less than 75 mm to provide a depth variation between a highest position on each panel member and a lowest position on each panel member that is between 10-75 mm.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels having peripheral edges that are covered with the colored veneer layer to provide a variation in thickness at the peripheral edges that is at least equal to the depth variation between the highest position on the panel member and the lowest position on the panel member.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which the colored veneer layer has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels having a width and a height of at least 4 feet and the appearance of a continuous rock face on a side opposite the at least one planar portion.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any of the above panels in which at least one selective portion that receives the coloring layer is a valley within the colored veneer layer that extends to the at least one planar portion.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by method of fabricating a simulated rock surface, the method comprising the steps of providing a planar support panel, applying a fluid cementitious mixture onto an upper surface of the planar support panel while the planar support panel is disposed in a horizontal orientation, applying one or more molds or stamps to texturize an upper surface of the fluid cementitious mixture, curing the fluid cementitious mixture at least partially with the mold or stamp in place to form a hardened rock like texture, removing the one or more stamps or molds from the hardened rock like texture, applying a coloring layer on one or more first selective portions of an outer surface of the hardened rock like texture to create a contrasting color appearance to adjacent portions of hardened rock like texture that do not receive the application of the coloring layer.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by such a method of fabricating a simulated rock surface wherein the fluid cementitious mix is applied with a cone slump viscosity of at least about 9 inches.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface wherein the mold has sufficient depth to form a peek to valley height of at least about 9 mm.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of concrete stain, natural minerals and artificial minerals.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which the coloring layer is selectively applied to at least one portion of the hardened rock like texture that have a different texture than adjacent portions of the hardened rock like texture that are not covered by the coloring layer.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent comprising one or more of concrete stain, natural minerals, artificial miners, concrete stain further comprising one or more of natural minerals and artificial minerals in which the concrete stain at least partially penetrates into or adheres to the textured veneer layer.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture on at least one planar portion of the panel member has a depth of at least 0.5 mm and less than 75 mm to provide a depth variation between a highest position on each panel member and a lowest position on each panel member that is between 10-75 mm.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which planar support panel has peripheral edges that are covered with the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture to provide variations in thickness at the peripheral edges that is at least equal to the depth variation between the highest position on the panel member and the lowest position on the panel member.
Another aspect of the invention is characterized by any such method of fabricating a simulated rock surface in which the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.
The above and other objects, effects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of the embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic cross-sectional elevation of alternative panel formed according to the inventive methods illustrated in FIG. 2

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of the fabrication method used to form the panel of FIG. 1A, 1B, 3D and 3E.

FIG. 3A-D schematically illustrate in cross-sectional elevations the transformation of the substrate in the process of FIG. 2, in which FIG. 3D is an enlarged view of the portion indicated by the encircling dashed line of FIG. 3E.

FIGS. 4A and 4B schematically illustrate in cross-sectional elevations alternative embodiments of the inventions in which the process of FIG. 2 is deployed to add multiple layers to substrates having multiple planar portions that intersect at right angle for use as cove and edge molding to cover seams in panel joints and wall corners and edges.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional elevation that is enlarged to illustrate a portion of a panel.

FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of portions of a kit for installing multiple panels.

FIG. 7 flow chart of the fabrication method used to form the panel of FIG. 6 and other panels that are installed with a seamless appearance.

FIG. 8A is a plan view of the panels arranged after step in the process of FIG. 7, whereas FIG. 8B is a plan view of the templates aligned to trim the overlapped panel regions.

FIG. 9A is a plan view of the trimmed panels, whereas FIG. 9B is a plan view of the molds oriented to be aligned with the trimmed panel edges.

FIG. 10A illustrates in a plan view the molds aligned with the trimmed substrate in the stamping process, whereas FIGS. 10B and 10C are section view of the mold and panel after molding respectively.

FIG. 11 is a plan view of the mold, template and substrate of the process of FIG. 7-10C.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring to FIGS. 1A through 11, wherein like reference numerals refer to like components in the various views, there is illustrated therein a new and improved Simulated Rock Panel, generally denominated 100 herein.
An objective is to create realistic large-scale simulated rock surface by connecting panels. This poses several technical challenges that have been overcome by the various embodiments of the invention described below. Panels lend themselves to more automated manufacturing methods and to the decoration of smaller surface where vertical application techniques would neither practical nor cost effective.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention the Simulated Rock Panel 100 comprises a substrate 110, a veneer layer 120 disposed on the substrate and comprising from about 30 to 75% decorative aggregate and a partial application of contrasting colorant 130 over dispersed portions of the veneer layer 120. The veneer layer 120 has integral colorant to create an exterior region with a first surface appearance, and the partially applied colorant region 130 to create a contrasting appearance, which together provide an overall external appearance of natural rock faces and/or carved or naturally weathered rock.
The outer surface 100 a of the panel 100 can have the appearance of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rock faces, as well as including embedded fossils, as well as weathered, eroded and precipitated deposits, such as limestone on the same.
In the application process 1000 of FIG. 2, the veneer layer 120 has integral color and is stamped or otherwise patterned (step 1030) after deposition in step 1020 to provide an external texture. The contrasting colorant 130 is selectively applied (step 1050) over the stamped or textured veneer layer 120 to create a rock like impression in which selective areas of relief or projections (101) have the colorant and other regions (102) do not, as shown in FIG. 1A.
In the texturing process of step 1030 it is first preferable that a liquid release agent is applied with a mechanical or pump sprayer. Then, rubber rock or wood texture stamps are used mechanically or manually to press the soft mixture enough to create a full impression of the natural rock or other natural surface desired. Another embodiment may be a reverse or 3D impression of a photograph of any particular design or shape including digital designs or other art work.
It should be understood that depending on the nature and complexity of the texturing step 1030 and subsequent steps it is preferable to deploy slow settable mixture for layer 120 to increase the working time for adding layers 130 and 125, particularly when such layers are mineral or aggregates, as for example in the subsequently described primary Mineral Layer (which is optionally placed in the wet mix prior to setting). Otherwise, the veneer stamped board 100 after step 1030 is allowed to set on a horizontal flat surface.
One or more additional full or partial layers 125 may be applied over the veneer layer 120, as illustrated in process 1000 in FIG. 2 at step 1040, with the resulting simulated rock panels shown in FIG. 1B.
In step 1040 and 105 for creating the coloring layer 130 and/or additional layers 125, fluid coloring material is optionally applied manually by hand with a roller or brush or mechanically such as a sprayer to achieve the desired natural look using liquid or powdered colorants, which can be added in this or subsequent steps. Fluid coloring materials include concrete stains and settable mixture of colorant that form a discrete layer, rather than a stained superstrate or upper portion of another layer.
Alternatively, in step 1040 and 1050 for creating the coloring layer 130 and/or additional layers 125, what can be considered a mineral layer having natural or synthetic pigments. such a layer is optionally applied by gluing or adhered to the cured surface using various techniques such as being sprayed or brushed on by hand. They are layered to create a natural expression of minerals, lichen, moss or other natural occurrences, in or on any other layer, including a prior mineral layer, either partially or adjacent to the mineral portion applied previously.
The one or more additional or partial layers 125 or the colorant layer 130 are optionally a mineral layer is applied over or within the veneer layer 120. It may consist of any type of pigments, natural or manmade minerals, or aggregates, shells, fossils or other materials with an organic or inorganic base. Glitters and or minerals etc. are layered or placed to mimic mineral deposits found in rock cliffs, boulders, river beds and untouched rock formations and their deposits and natural compositions found in nature or other worldly imagined rock formations. Natural earth pigments or particles mined from the earth or crushed and extracted from natural rock may be applied. Other materials used in the mineral layer may be used such as crushed glass, ground crystal, sea shells, hematite and various other manufactured metals and minerals, silver, gold including gold nuggets, gold leaf, diamonds, or other natural or synthetic material to produce a desired effect. Synthetics including glitter made from plastic or other man made materials used to create a natural or simulated look of natural occurrences found in or on rock.
A Mineral Layer as layer 125 or 130 may be applied as per the following:
1. While veneer coat is wet.
2. Between wet veneer layers during a multiple wet layer process.
3. Using adhesives after the veneer layer is set.
4. A mineral layer may be applied within or over color layer of acrylic latex or other pigment carrier such as lacquers etc.
5. During sealer coat.
6. Integrally within the sealer coat material or mixed in with the wet mix as described in veneer layer line 7 above. Such a coloring layer 125 and 130 may comprise a coloring agent in which aggregate of at least one of natural minerals and artificial minerals is disposed in a concrete stain, which may include pigmented carrier, in which the concrete stain at least partially penetrates into the textured veneer layer. It should be appreciated that the pigment used to create the stain is of much smaller particular size than the aggregate, and with the carrier would penetrate pores in the sold veneer. However, the aggregate would be adhered to the surface of the veneer without being colored by the pigment native to the stain. Hence, such colored regions 130 would create regions of mixed appearance in which the stain color, aggregate color and specularity differ from the solid colored veneer.
The minerals applied in this step 1040 or 1050 are optionally both natural minerals such as silver, gold, mica, iron pyrite, quartz, hematite etc. and synthetic such as glass, glitter etc. and is designed to replicate natural rock and optionally wood features.
It should be appreciated that with the horizontal orientation of panels 110 it is much easier to control the placement of the aggregate or granular materials used in the coloring layer and to provide patterns of color resembling natural rock.
The colorant layer 130 may optionally have an overcoat layer or sealer 140 that is transparent, step 1060 in FIG. 2, as shown in FIG. 3E. The colorant layer can 130 include a wide variety of materials components to create an appearance of partially exposed sub-strata in natural rocks.
The one or more additional full or partial layers 125 and colorant layer 130 can be applied by a broad range of processes using one or more compositions. The veneer layer and contrasting colorant are applied while the substrate panel is horizontal, permitting the use of automated equipment to create patterns characteristic of natural and weathered stone.
Further, the substrate 110, with the additional layers has a total thickness of from about ⅜ in. to about 1.25 in (about 10 mm to about 32 mm) that permits cutting and trimming with hand tools to allow on site fitting and installation directly to studs or wall board materials that are over studs, framing or other standard interior or exterior wall facings.
The substrate 100 preferably has dimensions of at least about 4′×8′ so it can be cut or fitted with adjacent panels to adapt to any wall surface size. For installations around indoor bathtub enclosures in the US, 3′×5 panels are preferred. FIG. 6 illustrates in plan view select components of a kit that use multiple irregular panels to fit a bathtub enclosure and avoid lateral seams that appear artificial. Such a kit may also include the trim pieces illustrates in FIG. 4. During installation, the upper and lower panel in FIGS. 6, 100 and 100′ respectively, are optionally cut to the size and shape before fitting to a wall above and alongside a bathtub. Field cutting is done on the straight side, such as at broken line 601 and 601′. Hence, the upper and lower portions can be trimmed horizontally to fit the wall height above the tub. It should be noted each panel 100 and 100′ has a jagged, fractal or rock like upper and lower edge 101 b and 101 b′ respectively were the seams will form. A filler panel 100″ has matching upper and lower edge profiles 101 a″ and 101 b″. These matched fittable and filler panels combination are preferably supplied in a kit, along with one or more container of grout like colorant to match either veneer 120, coloring layer 130 or alternative layer 125.
To provide the panels in such kits, large rectangular panels 100 can be cut to desired shape before or after the layering process is deployed on a substrate 110. If a panel is cut to shape after layer deposition it is preferably in step 1030 to use a mold 210 having a dominant protrusion to cast a rocklike groove 501 (FIG. 5) at the location at which panels are cut to define the jagged edges 101 a, 101 b′ and 101 a″ and 101 b″. The panel 100, 100′ or 100″ is then cut at this groove 501 to form the jagged edge.
Alternatively, the substrate 110 can also be factory cut or molded with jagged edges on a side that might be used as a seam. The edges that form seams are then optionally decorated with a mineral or colorant in layers 125″ (in FIG. 6) and/or 130 to give the appearance of a natural rock vein at the seam location. The mold can also create this groove at the edge or a panel with a jagged edge. Hence, a seam formed between panels will appear to be a natural rock fracture, such as along a sedimentary deposit, or from the erosion of softer sedimentary material. It should also be noted that an upper right portion of panel 100′ optionally has a vein like deposit of either colorant layer 130 or additional layer 125 along the opposing edge of filler panel 120. These groove like decoration 125′/130″ and 125′ can switch from one side of the seam to the other by alternating which adjacent panel they are on. It should be understood that mineral or colorant can also be deposit on the inside of the mold 210 before pressing the wet concrete to form the veneer 110. The molding can be filled with a thin layer of water soluble/swellable gel to hold the mineral or coloring particulate when the mold 201 is inverted. Water soluble or other solvent removable adhesives can also be used,
Panels are then shipped or transported to the site and installed similarly to large sized tiles using adhesives or mortars typical to industry standards.
Panels can be also installed in a staggered configuration to create the appearance of rock seams, at the edge of adjacent panels, and panels can be cut or fractured in irregular shapes to cover edges seams or where one panels over laps one or more panels. It should be appreciated that jagged or irregular edge as described in this paragraph or with respect to FIG. 6 can be any size or shape, artistically designed to look like natural rock fissures, cracks or separations, where rocks are naturally set or layered upon or adjacent to each other.
Also, when panel trimming is required it is preferred that panel edges that meet walls, corners or ceilings are cut to minimize panel seams. Further, pre-cut irregular shapes formed prior to the stamping process of step 1030 can optionally be used to cover walls of any size, as for example, irregular shapes can be cut from 3′×5′ panels, 4′×8′ panels and then after the process of FIG. 2, attached to walls larger than 3′×5′ or 4′×8′, such as 8′×20′ walls.
Another aspect of the invention is formed panels that can be assembled into a wall that simulates a rock face appearance that is seamless, that is does not have a periodic lines where adjacent panels have been placed side by sides and/or top to bottom.
It is also preferable to apply a rock line design to panels that has a natural appearance when the panels are joined on a vertical surface and avoid tile lines.
This has been achieved in a more preferred embodiment by a using forming the planar support substrate in a shape corresponding to natural rock formation in which the edge roughness is on the order of size of at least the depth variation in the panels.
Completed panels that have matching edge seams that give the appearance of natural stone or rock formation can be obtained by process 2000 in FIG. 7. In this process, panels are first overlapped at one or more edges as shown in FIG. 8A, to provide an overlapped region on 1 or more adjacent sides 110 o.
A template 205 is placed on the overlap region to define a cutting or trimming pattern for panels 110, in which each trimmed panel 110′ will have a complementary edge with the other adjacent panel 110′ and the template 205. The molds 210 have an edge contour 210 e that matches the template 205 edge shape and the trimmed board edge 110 e. After the fluid cement mix is placed at least on the portion of the board 110′ proximal to edge 11 oe, the mold 210 being aligned with the edge 110 e is pressed therein to form a matching edge shape that rise in the 3^rddimension upon curing. The mold 201 is removed after the mixture that forms the veneer layer 120 becomes sufficiently hard to be self-supporting.
Alternatively, the panel 110′ with the jagged edges 110 e that matches the mold 210 edge 201 e can be formed by other methods, such as casting, or cutting in a semi-fluid state, as well as using any machining or cutting method at the edge of planar panels with or without overlapping, such as by milling, sawing and water jet cutting, and the like. The mold edge 210 e can be used instead of a template 205, and any numerically controlled cutting method need not use a physical template.
A realistic appearance at planar board edges 110 e also requires forming deep impressions during the stamping/molding process. By forming panels that when fitted together have the deep impressions at the edge, the edge 110 e is not noticeable, in part by being irregular, but more so, by not being readily apparent as it is hid by the shadowing and view obstruction in the adjacent panels. The jagged edge roughness or irregularly is based modeled on natural rock formation by creating molds from natural rocks.
More specifically, texture required to provide a natural rock feature appearance should have a depth or thickest portion of about ½″ to 3″ (12 mm-75 mm) for the highest grade points off the face of the supporting board 110 (H in FIG. 10C). The lowest grade (L in FIG. 10C) 1/32″ to ⅛″ (0.5 mm-3 mm), is the minimum depth or thinnest portions of the overlaid product off the face of the supporting board 110, providing a depth variation from the peak to valley (PV in FIG. 10B.) in the mold and board 110 of at least about 9 mm, but more preferably 10 mm-74 mm. These depth variations are preferably on adjacent panels edges to create the desired effect.
In many simulated rock materials, the depth variation is also preferably about the same in the variation of irregularly of the non-linear edge of the planar board 110 after molding the cementitious mixture to form a solid veneer 120 with the rock like appearance. The ranges are guidelines, as other rock formations, or even the pressing or artistic or fanciful shape in the panel or panel edges can be used to create other visual effects.
However, the range of depth variations that can provide the most natural rock appearances and invisible edge seams in adjacent panels, are rather challenging to fabricate on wide planar substrates 110. It should also be noted that the more preferred composition for forming any of veneer layer 120 have sufficient working time to apply additives, stains and colorants.
Given the above variations in thickness are preferred to provide a natural appearance at seams and panel edges, the fluid cementitious mixture must have a sufficiently low viscosity to flow into the deep areas of the mold during stamping, and an appropriate cure rate for production efficiency.
It has been discovered that at a desirable deep texture within or at the edge of the panels, such low viscosity fluid cementitious mixtures tend to shrink to rapidly on curing resulting in deleterious cracks and surface crazing. Crazing should be understood to be an array of small crack generally well distributed over the entire visible surface, of which at least some may extend downward to the planar substrate. The cracks and crazing are likely to be worse in the further fabrication and handling required to make larger panels, such as 4×8′ panels, as for example when the panels flex, and potentially lead to integrity failure, as well as customer rejection for obvious defects in workmanship.
A very soft or highly workable fluid cementitious mix with a high water to cement ratio is required to make large natural shapes on a horizontal surface by stamping with horizontal molds. Therefore, the challenge of horizontal stamping with molds on using a very soft material requires more moisture in the mixture which typically causes shrinkage cracking during the setting and curing process as well as reduces the overall strength of the finished product. The shrinkage cracks vary depending on the quality and quantity of polymer used in the mix. The shrinkage cracking also becomes more severe as the panel size is increased.
It is has been discovered that the shrinkage can be solved by using a high concentration of acrylic polymer to water ratio, provided the proper acrylic polymer is selected, or alternatively selecting a polymer latex that completely replaces water, as well as using any mixture of additives that can reduce shrinkage to avoid cracks at the desirable viscosity range for stamping.
A very soft or highly workable mix with a high water to cement ratio that achieves the desired depth when mold patterns are stamped on a horizontal surfaces has been found to be in the 9 to 11 slump range with 10-11 slump being most desirable. As the consistency and viscosity of the cement mixture before stamping with molds is somewhere between a very low viscosity self-leveling concrete mix and convention molding and forming compositions (with slumps of about 2-5), it should be appreciated that alternative formulations may deploy additives and polymers that are generally used for self-leveling concrete.
It should also be understood that stiffer concrete mixture can probably be used with some vibration during the stamping process, as concrete mixture, being Bingham fluids, will drop in viscosity on the stress imposed by vibration.
Accordingly, a preferred range of compositions generally comprise a mixture of a cement and sand in a ratio of 1 part by weight cement to 1 part by weight sand up to about 1 part by weight cement to 3 parts by weight sand.
Colorants, pigments and natural and artificial minerals can be added to this mixture in the dry state, or after the composition is mixed with a fluid to give the desire viscosity range for stamping the desired patterns. It has been discovered that a polymer latex additive must replace all or some of the water in the mixture to avoid cracking or crazing on shrinkage. The following table provides examples of compositions and the resulting thicknesses in which cracks and crazes occur. The compositions all have 1 part by weight CSA type cement to 3 parts by weight sand. The indicated mixture of water to fluid polymer is by volume, with the total amount of fluid as a weight percent of the entire mixture is between about 18-22%. The range of fluid varies depending on the retained water in the sand or aggregate.


		% by	Thickness of
		volume	the veneer	Crazing and
Test		water		120 on the	shrink
No.	Latex type	replacement	board	110	cracking?

1	Sitka Latex R	50	6 mm	Yes, 6 mm
	(Sika Corp,			and above
	Lyndhurst, NJ)
2	Sitka Latex R	100	6 mm	Yes, 8 mm
	(Sika Corp,			and above
	Lyndhurst, NJ)
3	Mapei Latex Additive	50	6 mm	Yes, 6 mm
	(Mapei, Deerfield			and above
	Beach, VFL)
4	Mapei Latex Additive	100	8 mm	Yes, and
	(Mapei, Deerfield			above
	Beach, VFL)
5	Acry-Lock (W. R.	50	8 mm	Yes, and
	Meadows, Inc.,			above
	Hampshire, IL)
	Acry-Lock (W. R.	100		None up to
	Meadows, Inc.,			100 mm
	Hampshire, IL)

It should be appreciated that the above test formulation can have about 0 to 5 weight % of other coloring additive and mineral without departing from the results. If more additive is desired, similar results can be obtaining by replacing some of the sand with such solid materials.
Substrate 110 is optionally any substrate, backer or lightweight substrate such as Cement board greatly recognized in the US as Hardy Board™ tile backer is prepared to desired size or shape of natural rock formation. Another substrate may be water resistant drywall, plywood, high density foam board or other. Substrate is primed with a concrete adhesive bonder according to manufacturer's instructions, such as Quikcrete Sakrete Weld-Crete®, CSI concrete bonder, etc. Also, a cementitious slurry coat over plywood or foam board or other to provide an intermediate bond coat, which is commonly known within the industry.
Veneer layer 120 is optionally a non-Portland cement base; a mixture of:
1. Pure Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA) approximately 15% to 50% of the mix designs.
2. (Aggregates of 30% to 75% of mix design) includes silica sand, different grades of crushed rock and or other aggregates can be used such as recycled material, ground glass and other materials designed to be used as aggregates in concrete mortar designs. Aggregate shape, sizing, gradation are determined by end use.
3. Acrylic Polymers+−5% of cement content designed for use in thin concrete applications including Forton™ Polytech's Polycure FT, ELOTEX® and BERMOCOLL® Redispersible Polymer Powders.
4. Polycarboxylate ether superplasticizers such as Riteks SP 7000, RussTech Admixtures™, Grace ADVA cast 555™ Zhengzhou Senhe TH41150™ and others, reduce water requirements improves workability and provides an ultra-high strength mix.
5. Set Retarder for CSA citric acid 0.02%-0.04% cement ratio provides optimal working time.
6. Pigments or dye for color.
Further, any pigments or colored dye or colored aggregates may be added at the end of the mixing cycle to produce random striations and layers to provide the look of metamorphic or sedimentary layers found in nature. (in description below)
It should be appreciates that these components may be substituted with other materials, including those developed or discovered in the future which provide the functions and benefits described below, and include pre-mixtures or mixture sets of the following or equivalent components.
1. Calcium sulfoaluminate cements (CSA). The largest manufacturer and user of pure CSA is China. It comes in varying degrees of strengths and grades depending on set times, overall strengths etc. Pure CSA cement is made by one manufacturer in the US (Rapid Set®) made by CTS cements in the USA. CSA cement provides early-age strength a denser microstructural formation and improved abrasion resistance and has lower CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing process than OPC, (ordinary Portland cement)
2. Addition of Polymers such as acrylic, styrene acrylic, and latex help to increase hydration time, improved tensile strength, and flexural strength and improve impact and abrasion resistance, water resistance, and chemical resistance, and provides a superior bonding ability to many different surfaces including plywood, Styrofoam of various densities.
3. Addition of high-range water reducer (HRWR) also known as Superplasticizers, polycarboxylate ether-based superplasticizers (PCEs) or naphthalene, calcium lignosulfonate or other. Superplasticizers are added to decreases the water requirements by neutralizing the surface charges on the cement particles which causes greater dispersion and viscosity of the working mixture. HRWR's increase workability and reduced air entrapment which provides a denser more water resistant and stronger final product.
4. Retarder for CSA (citric acid) is used to slow the mix set time. This allows working time for multiple layers and better production flow.
5. Silicate sand is added at a percentage of weight to cement. The sand mesh size is optionally varied depending upon the mix thickness and end use.
6. Integral color (concrete dye) is added for various base colors to the final product.
7. Pigments or colored dye or colored aggregates may be added at the end of the mixing cycle to produce random striations and layers to provide the look of metamorphic or sedimentary layers found in nature. (in description below).
The veneer mixture 120 is prepared to an acceptable trowel able or pourable or sprayable mixture for the veneer layer. The veneer compound is applied to the substrate using screed tools, sprayed, troweled and/or applied with other machinery. The veneer compound is applied at a thickness commensurate with the thickness of the impression to be made. More veneer mix may or may not be applied to include multiple layers while still wet. This may include different colors of mix and or different sizes, types and colors of aggregates. These are different colored or textured layers are drizzled or placed randomly adjacent to or on top of other layers. Different layered compositions will create distinctive textural areas from heavy to fine within the final product. This may create ribbon or sediment layer effects within the product as you might find in sedimentary rock or metamorphic rock in nature, using the colorant layer and one or more optional layers 125. FIG. 5 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the method in which a protrusion in the mold forms a valley 501 in the veneer layer 120. The valley 501 may extend to near the substrate 110. The valley 501 is covered with the additional or partial layer 125 to create the appearance of a sedimentary vein in rock, and the coloring layer 130 is applied to regions around it. The rock like appearance created as shown in plan view in FIG. 6, in which section line A-A refers to FIG. 5. Region 125′ is an additional layer applied at an inchoate jagged seam to be formed when panels 100, 100′ and 100″ are brought together on a vertical surface.
Additional or partial layers 125 can include any of the materials and composition of the coloring layer 130, but are intended to create a contrasting appearance from at least one of the veneer layer 120 and preferably also the coloring layer 130 from one or more of difference in texture, gloss, specularity, color and color variation with lighting conditions, such as color temperature of the light source and optionally have fluorescent and/or phosphorescent properties.
Overcoat or sealant 140 is optionally a sealer or epoxy coating with or without a protective polyurethane protective coating following the epoxy later. The epoxy layer may or may not be applied to include different types of epoxies to create the desired effects. Countertop epoxy will fill the natural voids to create a smooth surface, where desired, and may or may not include a protective coating depending on the location and final use of the product. Standard and advanced concrete sealer coats may be applied in a single or multiple coat application. Different sealers may be required for different applications such as wet, heat, sun exposure or interior or durability requirements such as foot or vehicular traffic. The type of sealer used and its applications is based on the desired protection and intended end use of the product.
In another embodiment for creating layer 125 and 130, a high solids two part or three part epoxy may be applied to fill the impressions in the rock surface creating a smooth or semi smooth, clear top coating to be used in various locations and if desired, a smooth glass like surface is achieved. Pigmented Epoxy may also be used in different layers to create different aesthetics including mineral and metallic effects embedded in the epoxy layer. A sealer coat or clear coat may be applied which includes reflective particles or minerals to include another or different mineral layer as mentioned in the sections above.
The colorant layer 130 or additional or partial layers 125 may be applied in steps 1040 and 1050 by different layering techniques done by hand or machine. The layers may be different colors or aggregates or both so as to integrally blend base colors to further mimic natural formations of rock. Multiple layered veneers are optionally implemented to create a natural effect. Multiple layers may be applied while mix is still in the wet or plastic stage or while set and still in active stage of curing time. Layers 125 and 130 may be poured, drizzled, troweled or splattered or other procedures which are manipulated by hand or machine to any desired form or design.
The color layer 130 and additional or partial layers 125 are also optionally may have powdered pigments, aggregates of various sizes or other materials, dry or wet, sandwiched between the wet mixes that are layered. This step replicates natural sedimentary and metamorphic phenomena found in natural rock. The additional powdered pigments, minerals and the like can also be added to the top of the veneer layer 120 by being sprinkled or spray on the inside of the mold 210 before stamping, and adhered using water or other soluble adhesives, such as polymer gels, so they stick to the inside of the mold 201 when it is inverted.
The color layer 130 and Additional or Partial Layers 125 is also optionally concrete stain of any particular type including powders or liquids of natural or synthetic pigments. The carrier may be applied as a dry pigment or liquid stain applied with a roller, brush or sprayer to achieve the desired effect. It may also be a solid medium such as chalk, wax or other solid pigment medium.
FIGS. 4A and 4B schematically illustrate in cross-sectional elevations alternative embodiments of the inventions in which the process of FIG. 2 is deployed to add multiple layers to substrates having multiple planar portions that intersect at right angle for use as cove and edge molding to cover seams in panel joints and wall corners and edges.
In summary, the inventive processes, articles, and compositions of matter provide the following commercial benefits and advantages in creating largely patternless large sized natural rock impressions (without a pattern type texture) implemented in a light weight thin panel of cementitious matter over cement board, plywood or foam board etc.
In particular the disclosed process for manufacturing impression stamped panels horizontally provides the following advantages: speed of manufacturing, reduction in labor costs, and the ability to use a more viscous material for the veneer layer 120.
Further, a better quality product in some aspects is achieved due to working on a horizontally rather than vertically by the ability to color and stain liquids without running prior to set up. The process also allows time for dry materials applied with adhesives to resist sagging prior to setting up.
Further, the texturing step 1030 of method 1000 for stamping concrete intended for vertical use on a horizontal surface provides off site manufacturing, speed of fabrication, and reduces the requirement for specialty skilled workers for manufacturing and installation skill requirements are reduced. This product makes this type of work available to handypersons and people with general trade level skill sets. The quality of the work is also improved because the manufacturing is done on a horizontal surface where different layers, coloring and other decorative techniques are possible that cannot be done in vertical positions or applications.
While the invention has been described in connection with a preferred embodiment, it is not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the particular form set forth, but on the contrary, it is intended to cover such alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

I claim:

1. A panel member having a simulated rock face appearance, comprising:

a. at least one planar portion,

b. a colored veneer layer deposited on an outer surface of the at least one planar portion, the colored veneer layer having an outer surface with a non-planar texture to resemble a natural rock face, in which the colored veneer layer consists essentially of a cured cementitious mixture,

c. a coloring layer deposited on selective portion of at least one of the outer surface of the colored veneer layer and planar portion that is not covered by the colored veneer layer to create a contrasting color appearance to adjacent portions of the colored veneer layer.

2. The panel member of claim 1 in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of concrete stain, natural minerals and artificial minerals.

3. The panel member of claim 1 in which the coloring layer is selectively applied to a first regions of the colored veneer layer, the first region having a different texture than a texture on a second region of one or more adjacent portions of the veneer layer that is not covered by the coloring layer.

4. The panel member of claim 2 in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent in which an aggregate of at least one of natural minerals and artificial minerals is disposed in a concrete stain, in which the concrete stain at least partially penetrates into or adheres to the textured veneer layer.

5. The panel member of claim 1 in which the colored veneer layer has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.

6. The panel member of claim 1 in which the colored veneer layer on the at least one planar portion of the panel member has a depth of at least 0.5 mm and less than 75 mm to provide a depth variation between a highest position on each panel member and a lowest position on each panel member that is between 10-75 mm.

7. The panel member of claim 6 having peripheral edges that are covered with the colored veneer layer to provide a variation in thickness at the peripheral edges that is at least equal to the depth variation between the highest position on the panel member and the lowest position on the panel member.

8. The panel member of claim 6 in which the colored veneer layer has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.

9. The panel member of claim 7 in which the colored veneer layer has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.

10. The panel member of claim 1 having a width and a height of at least 4 feet and the appearance of a continuous rock face on a side opposite the at least one planar portion.

11. The panel member of claim 1 in which at least one selective portion that receives the coloring layer is a valley within the colored veneer layer that extends to the at least one planar portion.

12. A method of fabricating a simulated rock surface, the method comprising the steps of:

a. providing a planar support panel,

b. applying a fluid cementitious mixture onto an upper surface of the planar support panel while the planar support panel is disposed in a horizontal orientation,

c. applying one or more molds or stamps to texturize an upper surface of the fluid cementitious mixture,

d. curing the fluid cementitious mixture at least partially with the mold or stamp in place to form a hardened rock like texture,

e. removing the one or more stamps or molds from the hardened rock like texture,

f. applying a coloring layer on one or more first selective portions of an outer surface of the hardened rock like texture to create a contrasting color appearance to adjacent portions of hardened rock like texture that do not receive the application of the coloring layer.

13. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 wherein the fluid cementitious mix is applied with a cone slump viscosity of at least about 9 inches.

14. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 wherein the mold has sufficient depth to form a peek to valley height of at least about 9 mm.

15. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent selected from the group consisting of concrete stain, natural minerals and artificial minerals.

16. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which the coloring layer is selectively applied to at least one portion of the hardened rock like texture that have a different texture than adjacent portions of the hardened rock like texture that are not covered by the coloring layer.

17. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which the coloring layer comprises a coloring agent comprising one or more of concrete stain, natural minerals, artificial miners, concrete stain further comprising one or more of natural minerals and artificial minerals in which the concrete stain at least partially penetrates into or adheres to the textured veneer layer.

18. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture on the at least one planar portion of the panel member has a depth of at least 0.5 mm and less than 75 mm to provide a depth variation between a highest position on each panel member and a lowest position on each panel member that is between 10-75 mm.

19. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which planar support panel has peripheral edges that are covered with the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture to provide variations in thickness at the peripheral edges that is at least equal to the depth variation between the highest position on the panel member and the lowest position on the panel member.

20. The method of fabricating a simulated rock surface according to claim 11 in which the cured fluid cementitious mixture having a hardened rock like texture has a thickness of at least about 9 mm and is substantially free of cracks and crazes.