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US20170121794A1 - Al-mg-si alloy with scandium for the integral construction of alm structures - Google Patents

Al-mg-si alloy with scandium for the integral construction of alm structures Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170121794A1
US20170121794A1 US15/344,092 US201615344092A US2017121794A1 US 20170121794 A1 US20170121794 A1 US 20170121794A1 US 201615344092 A US201615344092 A US 201615344092A US 2017121794 A1 US2017121794 A1 US 2017121794A1
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weight
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aluminium alloy
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US15/344,092
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Blanka Lenczowski
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Apworks GmbH
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Apworks GmbH
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Publication of US20170121794A1 publication Critical patent/US20170121794A1/en
Assigned to APWORKS GMBH reassignment APWORKS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AIRBUS APWORKS GMBH
Assigned to APWORKS GMBH reassignment APWORKS GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: Airbus Defence and Space GmbH
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/06—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/08—Alloys based on aluminium with magnesium as the next major constituent with silicon
    • B22F1/0011—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
    • B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
    • B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/115—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by spraying molten metal, i.e. spray sintering, spray casting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
    • B22F5/008—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product of engine cylinder parts or of piston parts other than piston rings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
    • B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
    • B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/06—Making non-ferrous alloys with the use of special agents for refining or deoxidising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/02—Alloys based on aluminium with silicon as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/02—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working in inert or controlled atmosphere or vacuum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/047—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with magnesium as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/05—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys of the Al-Si-Mg type, i.e. containing silicon and magnesium in approximately equal proportions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/25—Process efficiency

Definitions

  • This relates to an aluminium alloy, a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy, and also the use of the aluminium alloy to produce heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods or for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
  • ALM additive layer manufacturing
  • ALM technology there are different production methods, such as powder bed methods, powder jet methods, or wire-based processes.
  • process technologies of this type provide a load-optimised component part construction with versatile individual design possibilities, for example by integrated and integral material construction from different or also “alloy-related” materials.
  • the generative methods support maximum utilisation of materials alongside component part complexity, depending on the manufacturing method.
  • what is made possible inter alia is customised manufacture of near-end-contour component parts with potentially also local material adaptation/change/reinforcement integrated directly in the process, with integration of a number of, or at least two material powder containers or material wire guides.
  • ALM processes particularly in air travel, constitute technological competition for precision casting techniques, which are used primarily for producing complex component parts for air travel or medical technology, which component parts are then thin-walled and load-optimised depending on the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy A357(AlSi7Mg0.6) is primarily used for thin-walled structures
  • A201/KO1 (AlCu5MgTiAg) is primarily used as a firmer variant for component parts having greater wall thicknesses.
  • the key starting criterion for the material properties of the casting alloys is the casting structure, which constitutes the basis for a subsequent heat treatment, since in the case of cast component parts there is no further thermo-mechanical treatment, as is also the case with ALM component parts.
  • aluminium alloy It is therefore desirable to provide an aluminium alloy. It is also desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture. It is additionally desirable to provide an aluminium alloy by means of which complex thermo-mechanical treatment can be avoided and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved. It is also desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping. In addition, it is desirable to provide an aluminium alloy with which it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and with which the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency can also be increased. In particular, it is therefore desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • One object of the present embodiment is therefore to provide an aluminium alloy.
  • a further object of the present embodiment is to enable the aluminium alloy to be directly integrated in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture.
  • a further object of the present embodiment is to avoid complex thermo-mechanical treatment and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved by means of the aluminium alloy.
  • a further object of the present embodiment is to allow the aluminium alloy to undergo a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping.
  • a further object of the present embodiment is to dispense with complex component part levelling and to also be able to increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency on account of the use of the aluminium alloy.
  • a further object of the present embodiment is to make the aluminium alloy suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • a first subject of the present embodiment is an aluminium alloy consisting of
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture.
  • a further advantage is that complex thermo-mechanical treatment can be avoided and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved by means of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment.
  • a further advantage is the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping.
  • a further advantage is that it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and to also increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency on account of the use of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment.
  • a further advantage is in particular the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • the alloy contains 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg) and/or 1.1 to 4.0% by weight, in particular 1.1 to 3.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si).
  • Mg magnesium
  • Si silicon
  • the alloy contains 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.15% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti) and/or 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, in particular 0.25 to 0.7% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc).
  • the amount of zirconium (Zr) is ⁇ 50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 10:1, in particular from 2:0.9 to 5:1.
  • the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 10:1, in particular from 2:1 to 5:1.
  • the alloy contains ⁇ 0.001% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), gadolinium (Gd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
  • the amount of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) corresponds individually to at most 1 ⁇ 4 of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the alloy contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • the alloy contains ⁇ 0.15% by weight or 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • the alloy is provided in the form of a powder, in particular in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d50 of ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, preferably 20 to 70 ⁇ m.
  • the present embodiment also provides a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, said method comprising the following steps
  • the embodiments also relate to a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy as defined herein.
  • the present embodiment also relates to the use of the aluminium alloy as defined herein for producing heat-resistant and lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods.
  • ALM additive layer manufacturing
  • the present embodiment additionally relates to the use of the aluminium alloy, as defined herein, for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
  • Embodiments described herein relate to an aluminium alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy consists of:
  • the aluminium alloy contains magnesium in an amount of from 3.0 to 6.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains magnesium in an amount of from 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy contains silicon in an amount of from >1.0 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains silicon in an amount of from 1.1 to 4.0% by weight, in particular from 1.1 to 3.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy should be suitable in particular for producing heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces. In order to improve the heat resistance, it is therefore essential that the aluminium alloy contains titanium and scandium.
  • the aluminium alloy therefore contains titanium in an amount of from 0.005 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains titanium in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.15% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. Titanium additionally reduces the electrical conductivity.
  • the aluminium alloy also contains scandium in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.75% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains scandium in an amount of from 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, in particular 0.25 to 0.7% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • a further essential constituent of the present aluminium alloy is zirconium. Similarly to titanium and scandium, zirconium also improves the heat resistance.
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.375% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains zirconium in an amount of from 0.02 to 0.35% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy contains high amounts of scandium in comparison to titanium and zirconium, and in particular the scandium amounts are higher than in conventional aluminium alloys.
  • the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in an amount that corresponds to ⁇ 50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 10:1.
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 5:1.
  • An advantageous aluminium alloy contains scandium and zirconium in a specific ratio by weight.
  • the amount of zirconium (Zr) is ⁇ 50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the amount of zirconium (Zr) in the aluminium alloy is ⁇ 40% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 10:1.
  • the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 5:1.
  • the aluminium alloy therefore preferably consists of
  • At least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V) can be added to the aluminium alloy.
  • at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V) can be added to the aluminium alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V).
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), and vanadium (V).
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb). In one embodiment, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight (in total), in relation to the total weight of the alloy, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) and terbium (Tb). Alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) or terbium (Tb).
  • the amount of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) corresponds individually to at most 1 ⁇ 4 of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy contains hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) individually in an amount that corresponds to ⁇ 25% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy contains hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) individually in an amount that corresponds to ⁇ 25% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • the aluminium alloy can also contain 0 to 0.8% by weight of manganese (Mn), 0 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr), 0 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu), 0 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn), 0 to 0.6% by weight of iron (Fe), and 0 to 0.004% by weight of beryllium (Be).
  • Mn manganese
  • Cr chromium
  • Cu copper
  • Zn zinc
  • Fe iron
  • Be beryllium
  • the aluminium alloy contains ⁇ 0.001% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), gadolinium (Gd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
  • the aluminium alloy can contain 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V), 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd), 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr), 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) and/or 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn).
  • the values in % by weight relate in each case to the total weight of the alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V) or 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd) or 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr) or 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) or 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn).
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V) and 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd) and 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr) and 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) and 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn).
  • the values in % by weight relate in each case to the total weight of the alloy.
  • iron and/or manganese reduces the adhesive effect. It is therefore advantageous to add iron and/or manganese, preferably iron or manganese to the aluminium alloy.
  • the aluminium alloy therefore contains 0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn) and 0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • the aluminium alloy contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • the aluminium alloy contains ⁇ 0.15% by weight or 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • the aluminium alloy contains iron and manganese
  • the aluminium alloy preferably contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe) and ⁇ 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • the aluminium alloy can be provided in the form of a powder or wire.
  • Methods for producing alloys in the form of a powder or wire are known in the prior art.
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable in particular for producing lightweight metal workpieces by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is therefore preferably provided in the form of a powder, wire or filler material.
  • the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d 50 of ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 70 ⁇ m.
  • the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d 50 of from 20 to 70 ⁇ m, preferably from 20 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m.
  • the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a wire having an average wire diameter of from 0.8 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm.
  • the aluminium alloy is preferably used as a powder when the aluminium alloy is to be processed by means of spraying methods.
  • Spraying methods are known in the prior art.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece can be produced via cold gas, atmospheric plasma, HVOF or flame spraying.
  • the average particle size d 50 of the powder is preferably ⁇ 100 ⁇ m, even more preferably from 50 to 90 ⁇ m, when the lightweight metal workpiece is produced via atmospheric plasma, HVOF or flame spraying. If the lightweight metal workpiece is produced via cold gas, the powder has an average particle size d 50 of from 5 to 70 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 60 ⁇ m.
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is therefore also suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces by spraying methods.
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is preferably provided in the form of a powder or wire.
  • a wire or a filler material is firstly produced from the powder of the aluminium alloy. Such production methods are known in the prior art.
  • the present embodiment also relates to a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM).
  • ALM additive layer manufacturing
  • the lightweight metal workpieces preferably produced by a method as described hereinafter.
  • step a) one requirement of the method according to the embodiment is therefore that an aluminium alloy is provided.
  • a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy is produced by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM).
  • ALM additive layer manufacturing
  • step c) of the method according to the embodiment the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) is cooled to ⁇ 200 ° C. with a solidification rate that is ⁇ 10,000,000 K/sec.
  • the cooling in step c) is performed to ⁇ 100 ° C., preferably to room temperature.
  • the cooling in step c) is performed with a solidification rate which is 1,000 to 10,000,000 K/sec, and preferably 5,000 to 100,000 K/sec.
  • the cooling in step c) is performed with a solidification step which is 10,000 to 100,000 K/sec, preferably 25,000 to 100,000 K/sec, most preferably 50,000 to 100,000 K/sec.
  • Such a solidification rate in particular has the advantage that higher amounts of scandium can be added to the aluminium alloy.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece can be cooled in a defined manner with the aid of cooling in moving air or by quenching in water.
  • step c) is performed in the open air.
  • step d) of the method according to the embodiment the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c) is subjected to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c) is preferably subjected to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C.
  • the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C., for example in a temperature range from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 50 h.
  • the heat treatment can be performed typically at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 10 h.
  • the heat treatment is performed at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 5 h, or for a period of from 30 min to 4 h.
  • the heat treatment can be performed in air, shielding gas, or in a vacuum.
  • the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment can also be performed in a number of stages and/or steps.
  • the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed in shielding gas, such as nitrogen or argon, at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example at temperatures between 100 and 350° C., for a period of from 30 min to 4 h.
  • shielding gas such as nitrogen or argon
  • the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed directly after step c), i.e. the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is carried out directly with the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c).
  • the method according to the embodiment is carried out without one or more further method steps between the method steps c) and d).
  • the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed after step c), but at a later moment in time, i.e. the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is carried out with the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c), but not immediately after step c).
  • the method according to the embodiment is carried out without one or more further method steps between the method steps c) and d).
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) can be subjected to a further cooling.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in one step.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in a number of steps.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to a defined temperature below the heat treatment temperature in step d), followed by a cooling in the open air to room temperature.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature with a cooling rate which is ⁇ 10 K/sec, and preferably ⁇ 10 to 20 K/sec.
  • a cooling rate which is ⁇ 10 K/sec, and preferably ⁇ 10 to 20 K/sec.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece is cooled to room temperature with a cooling rate in a range of ⁇ 20 K/sec or in a range from 20 K/sec to 1000 K/sec.
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece can be cooled in a defined manner to room temperature with the aid of cooling in moving air or by quenching in water
  • the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in the open air.
  • the present embodiment also relates to a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of spraying methods.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece is preferably produced by a method as described hereinafter.
  • steps a), c) and d) reference is made to the above definitions in respect of the aluminium alloy, the method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of additive layer manufacturing, and embodiments thereof.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece can be produced via cold gas, atmospheric plasma, HVOF, and flame spraying.
  • the present embodiment also relates to a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy.
  • the lightweight metal workpiece consists of the aluminium alloy.
  • the present embodiment is also directed to the use of the aluminium alloy for producing heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods.
  • ALM additive layer manufacturing
  • a further aspect of the present embodiment also relates to the use of the aluminium alloy for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
  • the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment offers the advantage that it can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture.
  • a further advantage is the fact that complex thermo-mechanical treatments can be avoided by means of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment, and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved.
  • a further advantage is the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping.
  • a further advantage is the fact that, on account of the use of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment, it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and also to increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency.
  • a further advantage is in particular the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.

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Abstract

This relates to an aluminium alloy, a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy, and also the use of the aluminium alloy for producing heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods or for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.

Description

    CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims priority to German Patent Application No. 10 2015 221 643.8, filed Nov. 4, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
    • TECHNICAL FIELD
  • This relates to an aluminium alloy, a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy, and also the use of the aluminium alloy to produce heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods or for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
    • BACKGROUND
  • Within the scope of ALM technology, there are different production methods, such as powder bed methods, powder jet methods, or wire-based processes. For heavily loaded structures/component parts, process technologies of this type provide a load-optimised component part construction with versatile individual design possibilities, for example by integrated and integral material construction from different or also “alloy-related” materials. The generative methods support maximum utilisation of materials alongside component part complexity, depending on the manufacturing method. Here, what is made possible inter alia is customised manufacture of near-end-contour component parts with potentially also local material adaptation/change/reinforcement integrated directly in the process, with integration of a number of, or at least two material powder containers or material wire guides. For applications of this type, it is sometimes advantageous to use materials having similar characteristics, such as AlMg3Si1 or AlMg5Si2, which can each be doped with scandium and zirconium. Properties of a structure can thus be selectively controlled with also smaller variations in the composition or in the structure. In order to be able to optimally utilise the potential of process technologies of this type, the use of process-specific materials is necessary.
  • Nowadays, standard materials are primarily used for ALM processes. In the case of titanium alloys the material is especially Ti6Al4V, and in the case of aluminium alloys it is AlSi10Mg.
  • ALM processes, particularly in air travel, constitute technological competition for precision casting techniques, which are used primarily for producing complex component parts for air travel or medical technology, which component parts are then thin-walled and load-optimised depending on the alloy. In the case of precision casting the aluminium alloy A357(AlSi7Mg0.6) is primarily used for thin-walled structures, and A201/KO1 (AlCu5MgTiAg) is primarily used as a firmer variant for component parts having greater wall thicknesses. The key starting criterion for the material properties of the casting alloys is the casting structure, which constitutes the basis for a subsequent heat treatment, since in the case of cast component parts there is no further thermo-mechanical treatment, as is also the case with ALM component parts.
  • However, in order to be able to utilise the advantages of ALM process technology to the full extent depending on the application of the component parts, it is necessary to design process-optimised alloys.
  • It is therefore desirable to provide an aluminium alloy. It is also desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture. It is additionally desirable to provide an aluminium alloy by means of which complex thermo-mechanical treatment can be avoided and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved. It is also desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping. In addition, it is desirable to provide an aluminium alloy with which it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and with which the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency can also be increased. In particular, it is therefore desirable to provide an aluminium alloy which is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • One object of the present embodiment is therefore to provide an aluminium alloy. A further object of the present embodiment is to enable the aluminium alloy to be directly integrated in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture. A further object of the present embodiment is to avoid complex thermo-mechanical treatment and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved by means of the aluminium alloy. A further object of the present embodiment is to allow the aluminium alloy to undergo a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping. A further object of the present embodiment is to dispense with complex component part levelling and to also be able to increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency on account of the use of the aluminium alloy. A further object of the present embodiment is to make the aluminium alloy suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • These objects are achieved by the subjects defined in the claims. Advantageous embodiments are disclosed by dependent claims.
    • SUMMARY
  • Accordingly, a first subject of the present embodiment is an aluminium alloy consisting of
      • 3.0 to 6.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg),
      • >1.0 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si),
      • 0.005 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti),
      • 0.1 to 0.75%by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc),
      • 0.01 to 0.375% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zirconium (Zr),
      • 0 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V),
      • 0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn),
      • 0 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of chromium (Cr),
      • 0 to 1.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of copper (Cu),
      • 0 to 0.05% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zinc (Zn),
      • 0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe),
      • 0 to 0.004% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of beryllium (Be),
      • and the rest being aluminium with further impurities individually of at most 0.1% by weight in relation to the total weight of the alloy, and on the whole at most 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, wherein the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • The aluminium alloy according to the embodiment can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture. A further advantage is that complex thermo-mechanical treatment can be avoided and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved by means of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment. A further advantage is the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping. A further advantage is that it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and to also increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency on account of the use of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment. A further advantage is in particular the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • By way of example, the alloy contains 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg) and/or 1.1 to 4.0% by weight, in particular 1.1 to 3.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si).
  • By way of example, the alloy contains 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.15% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti) and/or 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, in particular 0.25 to 0.7% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc).
  • By way of example, the amount of zirconium (Zr) is <50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • By way of example, the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 10:1, in particular from 2:0.9 to 5:1.
  • By way of example, the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 10:1, in particular from 2:1 to 5:1.
  • By way of example, the alloy contains ≧0.001% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), gadolinium (Gd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
  • By way of example, the amount of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) corresponds individually to at most ¼ of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • By way of example, the alloy contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • By way of example, the alloy contains ≦0.15% by weight or 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • By way of example, the alloy is provided in the form of a powder, in particular in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d50 of ≦100 μm, preferably 20 to 70 μm.
  • The present embodiment also provides a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, said method comprising the following steps
      • a) providing an aluminium alloy as defined herein,
      • b) producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy from step a) by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods,
      • c) cooling the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) to ≦200 ° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
      • d) subjecting the lightweight metal workpiece from step c) to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • The embodiments also relate to a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy as defined herein.
  • The present embodiment also relates to the use of the aluminium alloy as defined herein for producing heat-resistant and lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods. The present embodiment additionally relates to the use of the aluminium alloy, as defined herein, for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • Embodiments described herein relate to an aluminium alloy.
  • The aluminium alloy consists of:
      • 3.0 to 6.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg),
      • >1.0 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si),
      • 0.005 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti),
      • 0.1 to 0.75% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc),
      • 0.01 to 0.375% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zirconium (Zr),
      • 0 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V),
      • 0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn),
      • 0 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of chromium (Cr),
      • 0 to 1.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of copper (Cu),
      • 0 to 0.05% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zinc (Zn),
      • 0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe),
      • 0 to 0.004% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of beryllium (Be),
      • and the rest being aluminium with further impurities individually of at most 0.1% by weight in relation to the total weight of the alloy, and on the whole at most 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, wherein the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • One requirement of the present embodiment is therefore that the aluminium alloy contains magnesium in an amount of from 3.0 to 6.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. The aluminium alloy preferably contains magnesium in an amount of from 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • A further requirement of the present embodiment is that the aluminium alloy contains silicon in an amount of from >1.0 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. The aluminium alloy preferably contains silicon in an amount of from 1.1 to 4.0% by weight, in particular from 1.1 to 3.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • The aluminium alloy should be suitable in particular for producing heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces. In order to improve the heat resistance, it is therefore essential that the aluminium alloy contains titanium and scandium.
  • The aluminium alloy therefore contains titanium in an amount of from 0.005 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. The aluminium alloy preferably contains titanium in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.15% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. Titanium additionally reduces the electrical conductivity.
  • The aluminium alloy also contains scandium in an amount of from 0.1 to 0.75% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. The aluminium alloy preferably contains scandium in an amount of from 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, in particular 0.25 to 0.7% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • A further essential constituent of the present aluminium alloy is zirconium. Similarly to titanium and scandium, zirconium also improves the heat resistance.
  • The aluminium alloy contains zirconium in an amount of from 0.01 to 0.375% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy. The aluminium alloy preferably contains zirconium in an amount of from 0.02 to 0.35% by weight, in particular 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy.
  • One advantage of the present embodiment is that the aluminium alloy contains high amounts of scandium in comparison to titanium and zirconium, and in particular the scandium amounts are higher than in conventional aluminium alloys.
  • One requirement of the present aluminium alloy is therefore that the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc). In other words, the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in an amount that corresponds to ≦50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • Additionally or alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 10:1. By way of example, the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) [wt(Sc)/(wt(Zr) +wt(Ti))] is from 2:1 to 5:1.
  • An advantageous aluminium alloy contains scandium and zirconium in a specific ratio by weight.
  • In one embodiment of the present embodiment the amount of zirconium (Zr) is <50% of the amount of scandium (Sc). By way of example, the amount of zirconium (Zr) in the aluminium alloy is <40% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • Additionally or alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 10:1. By way of example, the aluminium alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) [wt(Sc)/wt(Zr)] is from 2:0.9 to 5:1.
  • The aluminium alloy therefore preferably consists of
      • 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg),
      • −1.1 to 4.0% by weight, preferably 1.1 to 3.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si),
      • 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.15% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti),
      • 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, preferably 0.25 to 0.7% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc),
      • 0.02 to 0.35% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zirconium (Zr),
      • 0 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V),
      • 0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn),
      • 0 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of chromium (Cr),
      • 0 to 1.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of copper (Cu),
      • 0 to 0.05% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zinc (Zn),
      • 0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe),
      • 0 to 0.004% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of beryllium (Be),
      • and the rest being aluminium with further impurities individually of at most 0.1% by weight in relation to the total weight of the alloy, and on the whole at most 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, wherein the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • In addition, at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V) can be added to the aluminium alloy. In particular, 0 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V) can be added to the aluminium alloy.
  • In one embodiment, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V). By way of example, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), and vanadium (V).
  • In one embodiment the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb). In one embodiment, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight (in total), in relation to the total weight of the alloy, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) and terbium (Tb). Alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of hafnium (Hf) or terbium (Tb).
  • If the aluminium alloy contains hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb), the amount of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) corresponds individually to at most ¼ of the amount of scandium (Sc). In other words, the aluminium alloy contains hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) individually in an amount that corresponds to ≦25% of the amount of scandium (Sc). By way of example, the aluminium alloy contains hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) individually in an amount that corresponds to ≦25% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
  • The aluminium alloy can also contain 0 to 0.8% by weight of manganese (Mn), 0 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr), 0 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu), 0 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn), 0 to 0.6% by weight of iron (Fe), and 0 to 0.004% by weight of beryllium (Be). The values in % by weight relate in each case to the total weight of the alloy.
  • It is particularly advantageous, however, when the aluminium alloy contains ≧0.001% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), gadolinium (Gd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). By way of example, the aluminium alloy can contain 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V), 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd), 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr), 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) and/or 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn). The values in % by weight relate in each case to the total weight of the alloy.
  • In one embodiment the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V) or 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd) or 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr) or 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) or 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn). Alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of vanadium (V) and 0.001 to 0.5% by weight of gadolinium (Gd) and 0.001 to 0.3% by weight of chromium (Cr) and 0.001 to 1.0% by weight of copper (Cu) and 0.001 to 0.05% by weight of zinc (Zn). The values in % by weight relate in each case to the total weight of the alloy.
  • The addition of iron and/or manganese reduces the adhesive effect. It is therefore advantageous to add iron and/or manganese, preferably iron or manganese to the aluminium alloy.
  • The aluminium alloy therefore contains 0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn) and 0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • By way of example, the aluminium alloy contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
  • Additionally or alternatively, the aluminium alloy contains ≦0.15% by weight or 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • If the aluminium alloy contains iron and manganese, the aluminium alloy preferably contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe) and ≦0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
  • The aluminium alloy can be provided in the form of a powder or wire. Methods for producing alloys in the form of a powder or wire are known in the prior art.
  • The aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable in particular for producing lightweight metal workpieces by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods. The aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is therefore preferably provided in the form of a powder, wire or filler material.
  • By way of example, the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d50 of ≦100 μm, preferably 10 to 70 μm.
  • In one embodiment, the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d50 of from 20 to 70 μm, preferably from 20 μm to 60 μm. Alternatively, the aluminium alloy is provided in the form of a wire having an average wire diameter of from 0.8 mm to 5 mm, preferably from 0.8 mm to 1.2 mm.
  • The aluminium alloy is preferably used as a powder when the aluminium alloy is to be processed by means of spraying methods. Spraying methods are known in the prior art. By way of example, the lightweight metal workpiece can be produced via cold gas, atmospheric plasma, HVOF or flame spraying. The average particle size d50 of the powder is preferably ≦100 μm, even more preferably from 50 to 90 μm, when the lightweight metal workpiece is produced via atmospheric plasma, HVOF or flame spraying. If the lightweight metal workpiece is produced via cold gas, the powder has an average particle size d50 of from 5 to 70 μm, preferably 5 to 60 μm.
  • The aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is therefore also suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces by spraying methods. The aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is preferably provided in the form of a powder or wire.
  • In one embodiment a wire or a filler material is firstly produced from the powder of the aluminium alloy. Such production methods are known in the prior art.
  • The present embodiment also relates to a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM). The lightweight metal workpieces preferably produced by a method as described hereinafter.
  • The method according to the embodiment for producing the lightweight metal workpiece comprises at least the following steps
      • a) providing an aluminium alloy,
      • b) producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy from step a) by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM),
      • c) cooling the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) to ≦200 ° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
      • d) subjecting the lightweight metal workpiece from step c) to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • In one embodiment the method for producing the lightweight metal workpiece consists of the following steps:
      • a) providing an aluminium alloy,
      • b) producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy from step a) by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM),
      • c) cooling the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) to ≦200° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
      • d) subjecting the lightweight metal workpiece from step c) to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • According to step a), one requirement of the method according to the embodiment is therefore that an aluminium alloy is provided.
  • With regard to the aluminium alloys, reference is made to the above definitions in respect of the aluminium alloy and embodiments thereof.
  • According to step b) of the method according to the embodiment, a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy is produced by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM).
  • Methods for producing lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) are known in the prior art.
  • According to step c) of the method according to the embodiment, the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) is cooled to ≦200 ° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec.
  • By way of example, the cooling in step c) is performed to ≦100 ° C., preferably to room temperature.
  • It is known to a person skilled in the art that the solidification rate should be adapted to the diameter of the produced lightweight metal component part/workpiece and is dependent on the heat dissipation of the produced lightweight metal workpiece. A person skilled in the art will therefore adapt the solidification rate to the produced lightweight metal workpiece accordingly, insofar as possible. In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the cooling in step c) is performed with a solidification rate which is 1,000 to 10,000,000 K/sec, and preferably 5,000 to 100,000 K/sec. By way of example, the cooling in step c) is performed with a solidification step which is 10,000 to 100,000 K/sec, preferably 25,000 to 100,000 K/sec, most preferably 50,000 to 100,000 K/sec. Such a solidification rate in particular has the advantage that higher amounts of scandium can be added to the aluminium alloy.
  • Such methods for cooling lightweight metal workpieces are known in the prior art. By way of example, the lightweight metal workpiece can be cooled in a defined manner with the aid of cooling in moving air or by quenching in water.
  • Alternatively, the cooling in step c) is performed in the open air.
  • According to step d) of the method according to the embodiment, the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c) is subjected to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • The lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c) is preferably subjected to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C.
  • In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C., for example in a temperature range from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 50 h. The heat treatment can be performed typically at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 10 h. By way of example, the heat treatment is performed at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example in a temperature range of from 100 to 350° C., for a period of from 10 min to 5 h, or for a period of from 30 min to 4 h.
  • By way of example, the heat treatment can be performed in air, shielding gas, or in a vacuum. The heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment can also be performed in a number of stages and/or steps. By way of example, the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed in shielding gas, such as nitrogen or argon, at temperatures between 100 and 400° C., for example at temperatures between 100 and 350° C., for a period of from 30 min to 4 h.
  • In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed directly after step c), i.e. the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is carried out directly with the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c). In other words, the method according to the embodiment is carried out without one or more further method steps between the method steps c) and d). Alternatively, the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is performed after step c), but at a later moment in time, i.e. the heat treatment according to step d) of the method according to the embodiment is carried out with the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step c), but not immediately after step c). In other words, the method according to the embodiment is carried out without one or more further method steps between the method steps c) and d).
  • In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) can be subjected to a further cooling.
  • By way of example, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature. In one embodiment, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in one step. Alternatively, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in a number of steps. By way of example, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to a defined temperature below the heat treatment temperature in step d), followed by a cooling in the open air to room temperature.
  • In one embodiment of the present embodiment, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature with a cooling rate which is ≧10 K/sec, and preferably ≧10 to 20 K/sec. By way of example, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece is cooled to room temperature with a cooling rate in a range of ≧20 K/sec or in a range from 20 K/sec to 1000 K/sec.
  • Such methods for cooling heat-treated lightweight metal workpieces are known in the prior art. By way of example, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece can be cooled in a defined manner to room temperature with the aid of cooling in moving air or by quenching in water
  • Alternatively, the heat-treated lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step d) is cooled to room temperature in the open air.
  • The present embodiment also relates to a method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of spraying methods. The lightweight metal workpiece is preferably produced by a method as described hereinafter.
  • The method according to the embodiment for producing the lightweight metal workpiece comprises at least the following steps:
      • a) providing an aluminium alloy,
      • b) producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy from step a) by means of spraying methods,
      • c) cooling the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) to ≦200° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
      • d) subjecting the lightweight metal workpiece from step c) to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • In one embodiment the method for producing the lightweight metal workpiece consists of the following steps:
      • a) providing an aluminium alloy,
      • b) producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy from step a) by means of spraying methods,
      • c) cooling the lightweight metal workpiece obtained in step b) to ≦200° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
      • d) subjecting the lightweight metal workpiece from step c) to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
  • With regard to steps a), c) and d), reference is made to the above definitions in respect of the aluminium alloy, the method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece by means of additive layer manufacturing, and embodiments thereof.
  • Methods for producing lightweight metal workpieces by means of spraying methods are known in the prior art. By way of example, the lightweight metal workpiece can be produced via cold gas, atmospheric plasma, HVOF, and flame spraying.
  • On account of the advantages provided by the lightweight metal workpiece according to the embodiment, the present embodiment also relates to a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy. By way of example, the lightweight metal workpiece consists of the aluminium alloy.
  • The present embodiment is also directed to the use of the aluminium alloy for producing heat-resistant lightweight metal workpieces by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods.
  • A further aspect of the present embodiment also relates to the use of the aluminium alloy for engine components, cylinder heads, crank housings, heat-resistant safety component parts, air-conditioning system components, structural aircraft component parts, in particular in the case of supersonic aircraft, power unit segments, pylons, or as coating material for component parts.
  • As mentioned above, the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment offers the advantage that it can be integrated directly in the production process in local or integral component part manufacture. A further advantage is the fact that complex thermo-mechanical treatments can be avoided by means of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment, and therefore further costly and time-consuming process steps can be saved. A further advantage is the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment enables a heat treatment without material damage and/or thermal stresses/warping. A further advantage is the fact that, on account of the use of the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment, it is possible to dispense with complex component part levelling and also to increase the component part reproducibility and economic efficiency. A further advantage is in particular the fact that the aluminium alloy according to the embodiment is suitable for producing lightweight metal workpieces, in particular by ALM process technologies and/or spraying methods.
  • While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the embodiment in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment, it being understood that various changes may

Claims (15)

1. An aluminium alloy consisting of:
3.0 to 6.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg),
>1.0 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si),
0.005 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti),
0.1 to 0.75% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc),
0.01 to 0.375% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zirconium (Zr),
0 to 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of hafnium (Hf), molybdenum (Mo), terbium (Tb), niobium (Nb), gadolinium (Gd), erbium (Er), and vanadium (V),
0 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn),
0 to 0.3% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of chromium (Cr),
0 to 1.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of copper (Cu),
0 to 0.05% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of zinc (Zn),
0 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe),
0 to 0.004% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of beryllium (Be), and
the rest being aluminium with further impurities individually of at most 0.1% by weight in relation to the total weight of the alloy, and on the whole at most 0.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, wherein the amount of zirconium (Zr) and of titanium (Ti) in total corresponds at most to half the amount of scandium (Sc).
2. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 3.5 to 5.5% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of magnesium (Mg) and/or 1.1 to 4.0% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of silicon (Si).
3. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.01 to 0.2% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of titanium (Ti) and/or 0.2 to 0.75% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of scandium (Sc).
4. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the amount of zirconium (Zr) is <50% of the amount of scandium (Sc).
5. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) in an amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) is from 2:0.9 to 10:1.
6. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) in a total amount such that the ratio by weight of scandium (Sc) to zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti) is from 2:1 to 10:1.
7. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains ≧0.001% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium (V), gadolinium (Gd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
8. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the amount of hafnium (Hf) and/or terbium (Tb) corresponds individually to at most ¼ of the amount of scandium (Sc).
9. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains 0.05 to 0.6% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of iron (Fe).
10. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy contains ≦0.15% by weight or 0.4 to 0.8% by weight, in relation to the total weight of the alloy, of manganese (Mn).
11. The aluminium alloy according to claim 1, wherein the alloy is provided in the form of a powder comprising particles having an average particle size d50 of ≦100 μm.
12. A method for producing a lightweight metal workpiece, said method comprising the following steps:
providing an aluminium alloy according to claim 1,
producing a lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy by means of additive layer manufacturing (ALM) and/or spraying methods,
cooling the produced lightweight metal workpiece to ≦200° C. with a solidification rate that is ≦10,000,000 K/sec, and
subjecting the cooled lightweight metal workpiece to a heat treatment in a temperature range of from 100 to 400° C.
13. A lightweight metal workpiece comprising the aluminium alloy according to claim 1.
14. (canceled)
15. (canceled)
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