Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
  • A61K31/202—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids having three or more double bonds, e.g. linolenic
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
  • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
  • A61B5/16—Devices for psychotechnics; Testing reaction times ; Devices for evaluating the psychological state
  • A61B5/165—Evaluating the state of mind, e.g. depression, anxiety
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/437—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. indolizine, beta-carboline
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/4985—Pyrazines or piperazines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
  • A61K36/35—Caprifoliaceae (Honeysuckle family)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M21/00—Other devices or methods to cause a change in the state of consciousness; Devices for producing or ending sleep by mechanical, optical, or acoustical means, e.g. for hypnosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M21/00—Other devices or methods to cause a change in the state of consciousness; Devices for producing or ending sleep by mechanical, optical, or acoustical means, e.g. for hypnosis
  • A61M21/02—Other devices or methods to cause a change in the state of consciousness; Devices for producing or ending sleep by mechanical, optical, or acoustical means, e.g. for hypnosis for inducing sleep or relaxation, e.g. by direct nerve stimulation, hypnosis, analgesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants

Definitions

• the present invention relates pharmaceutical combinations and methods for their use to treat depression.
• Antidepressants are a well-known class of pharmaceuticals. They are generally categorized according to their mechanism of action on neurotransmitter activity (e.g., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants; and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors); with a number of drugs in each category having received marketing approval in the U.S. and elsewhere.
• neurotransmitter activity e.g., Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors; Tricyclic antidepressants; and Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
• antidepressants are known to have a number of drawbacks. For example, they are known to be plagued by long delays in initiating response (typically 4 or more weeks), and may have only a partial or no response.
• Certain natural compounds have also been investigated for their effectiveness in treating depression. For example, substantial work has been done to study the effectiveness of various omega-3 fatty acids in treating depression (See, for example, Carlezon et al., 2005; Marangell et al., 2003; U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,852,870, 8,071,646, and 8,372,451; and U.S. Patent Publ. Nos. 2005/0267212 and 2011/0200690).
• omega-3 fatty acids in treating depression has failed in clinical trials (e.g., VASCEPA® (icospent ethyl), an EPA-only omega-3 fatty acid, failed in depression clinical trials), and currently no omega-3 fatty acid formulation has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in treating depression.
• FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
• recent meta-analyses suggest omega-3 fatty acids, on a population level, have mixed results (See, for example, Mischoulon, 2011; Appleton et al., 2010; Martins, 2009; and Young and Conquer, 2005).
• the FDA has required the side effect “worsening of depression” to be included on the label of certain sleep medications (such as zolpidem), and this side effect known to be associated with the use of sleeping pills has been receiving increased attention in the media (See, for example, Rabin, 2012).
• sleep deprivation rather than sleep inducement—has been shown to help alleviate depression (See, for example, Giedke, 2002 which teaches that sleep deprivation may be help depression; See also, Giedke et al., 2003; Wirz-Justice, 1999; Adrien, 2002; Letemendia, 1986; and Wu, 1990).
• sleep-inducing medications may be contraindicated in patients suffering from depression.
• the present invention provides compositions, combinations and methods that overcome these and other problems, and provide a more robust treatment for depression with faster onset.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation has greater than 90% purity.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the composition is substantially free of an antidepressant.
• the present invention is directed to a combined pharmaceutical product for the treatment of depression, the product comprising, in combination: (i) first dose of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and (ii) a second dose of a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the combination of the doses is effective for the treatment of depression in a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a combined pharmaceutical product for the treatment of depression, the product comprising, in combination: (i) first dose of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and (ii) a second dose of a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the combination of the doses is effective for the treatment of depression in a patient in need thereof, and further wherein the combined pharmaceutical product further comprises instructions for administering each of the first dose and the second dose.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof in the absence of an antidepressant.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof, wherein the combination is effective for the treatment of depression even in the absence of an antidepressant.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent.
• the present invention is directed to a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent which is substantially free of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation.
• the present invention is directed to a combined pharmaceutical product for the treatment of depression, the product comprising, in combination: (i) first dose of an antidepressant and (ii) a second dose of a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the combination of the doses is effective for the treatment of depression in a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a combined pharmaceutical product for the treatment of depression, the product comprising, in combination: (i) first dose of an antidepressant and (ii) a second dose of a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the combination of the doses is effective for the treatment of depression in a patient in need thereof, and further wherein the combined pharmaceutical product further comprises instructions for administering each of the first dose and the second dose.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof in the absence of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof, wherein the combination is effective for the treatment of depression even in the absence of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation.
• the antidepressant is selected from the group consisting of tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's), selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors and alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonists.
• SSRI's selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
• selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
• norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors
• alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonists alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonists.
• the antidepressant is a tricyclic antidepressant selected from the group consisting of selected from the group consisting of trazodone, doxepin, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline and trimipramine, provided that if the antidepressant is trazodone it cannot also comprise the sleep-inducing agent.
• the tricyclic antidepressant is selected from the group consisting of doxepin, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline and trimipramine.
• the antidepressant is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor selected from the group consisting of citalopram, escitalopram, femoxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline and zimeldine.
• the antidepressant is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor selected from the group consisting of duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran and clovoxamine.
• the antidepressant is a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
• norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant is bupropion.
• the antidepressant is a alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonist.
• the alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonist antidepressant is mirtazapine.
• the sleep-inducing agent is selected from the group consisting of antihistamines, hypnotics, trazadone tricyclic antidepressant, melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, tryptophan and Valerian root.
• the sleep-inducing agent is selected from the group consisting antihistamines, hypnotics, trazadone tricyclic antidepressants, melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists and Valerian root.
• the sleep-inducing agents are selected from the group consisting of antihistamines, hypnotics, melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, and Valerian root.
• the sleep-inducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hypnotics, melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, and Valerian root.
• the sleep-inducing agent is selected from the group consisting of hypnotics, melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists.
• the sleep-inducing agent is a hypnotic.
• the hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of benzodiazepine hypnotics and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics.
• the benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of alprazolam, brotizolam, clonazepam, cinolazepam, diazepam, estazolam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, nimetazepam, qauzepam temazepam and triazolam.
• the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of imidazopyridines non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, pyrazolopyrimidines non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, cyclopyrrolones non-benzodiazepine hypnotics and ⁇ -carboline non-benzodiazepine hypnotics.
• the imidazopyridines non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of zolpidem (tartrate), alpidem, necopidem and saripidem.
• the pyrazolopyrimidines non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of zaleplon, divaplon, fasiplon, indiplon, lorediplon, ocinaplon, panadiplon and taniplon.
• the cyclopyrrolones non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of eszopiclone, zopiclone, pagoclone, pazinaclone, suproclone and suriclone.
• the ⁇ -carboline non-benzodiazepine hypnotics are selected from the group consisting of abecarnil and gedocarnil.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA in a weight to weight ratio from about 3.5:1 to about 6.99 to 1.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA in a weight to weight ratio from about 4.01:1 to about 6.99:1.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA in a weight to weight ratio from about 4.01:1 to about 5:1.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA in a weight to weight ratio of EPA:DHA is approximately 4.09:1.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA, when taken together, is greater than 90% of the formulation by weight.
• the omega-3 fatty acid formulation comprise EPA and DHA, when taken together, is greater than 91% of the formulation by weight.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression and further comprising administration to the patient an antidepressant in an amount effective to treat depression in combination with the insomnia therapy program.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program for to a patient suffering from depression and further comprising administration to the patient an omega-3 fatty acid formulation in an amount effective to treat depression in combination with the insomnia therapy program.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression and further comprising administration to the patient an antidepressant in an amount effective to treat depression in combination with the insomnia therapy program in the absence of administering a omega-3 fatty acid formulation.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program for to a patient suffering from depression and further comprising administration to the patient an omega-3 fatty acid formulation in an amount effective to treat depression in combination with the insomnia therapy program in the absence of administering an antidepressant.
• the present invention is directed to a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression, either alone or in combination with administration of one or more antidepressants and/or an omega-3 fatty acid formulation to the patient.
• depression is treatment resistant depression.
• treatment of depression or treatment-resistant depression is a 50% or greater reduction in a depression ratings scale score over the course of clinical treatment from starting point to endpoint depression symptoms rating scales.
• depression symptoms rating scales are selected from the group consisting of HRSD 17 , QIDS-SR 16 and MADRS.
• the treatment of depression or treatment resistant depression comprises the depression going into remission.
• the treatment of depression or treatment resistant depression comprises the patient achieving less than or equal to 7 on the HRSD 17 scale.
• the treatment of depression or treatment resistant depression comprises the patient achieving less than or equal to 5 on the QIDS-SR 16 .
• the treatment of depression or treatment resistant depression comprises the patient achieving than or equal to 10 on the MADRS.
• the patient is pregnant.
• the treatment of depression or treatment-resistant depression occurs within about 8 weeks of first treatment, about 7 weeks of first treatment, about 6 weeks of first treatment, about 5 weeks of first treatment, about 4 weeks of first treatment, about 3 weeks of first treatment, about 2 weeks of first treatment or about 1 week of first treatment.
• onset of the attenuation of depression or treatment-resistant depression occurs within about 8 weeks of first treatment, about 7 weeks of first treatment, about 6 weeks of first treatment, about 5 weeks of first treatment, about 4 weeks of first treatment, about 3 weeks of first treatment, about 2 weeks of first treatment or about 1 week of first treatment.
• exemplary, non-limiting embodiments provide a pharmaceutical combination comprising an omega-3 fatty acid and a sleep-inducing agent.
• the combination includes embodiments in which the omega-3 fatty acid and sleep-inducing agent are in separate dosage forms, but provided together, for example in a single package.
• the purity of the omega-3 fatty acid is greater than 90%.
• the disclosure also provides pharmaceutical combination comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent.
• the antidepressant and sleep-inducing agent may be provided together, but as separate dosage forms, or may comprise a single dosage form, e.g. as a pharmaceutical formulation.
• the present invention is directed to methods of treating depression comprising the administration of a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic to a patient in need thereof.
• the present invention is directed to methods of treating depression comprising the administration of a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic to a patient in need thereof wherein said a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic is selected from the group consisting of zolpidem (tartrate) and eszopiclone.
• the sleep-inducing agent is selected from trazodone, diphenhydramine, zolpidem, eszopiclone, tryptophan, and melatonin. In other embodiments the sleep-inducing agent is a benzodiazepine.
• one or more of the above embodiments are suitably combined.
• such an embodiment could reflect the combination of the embodiment directed to “a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an anti-depressant effective amount of a combination of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent to a patient in need thereof” and the embodiment directed to “the treatment of depression or treatment resistant depression comprises the patient achieving less than or equal to 7 on the HRSD 17 scale.”
• the elements comprising one or more of the embodiments herein are independent of each other such that one or more of the elements may be suitably excluded to comprise an additional embodiment thereof that is a subset of the original embodiment.
• the embodiments recited herein defining benzodiazepine hypnotics as being “selected from the group consisting of alprazolam, brotizolam, clonazepam, cinolazepam, diazepam, estazolam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, nimetazepam, qauzepam temazepam and triazolam” also represent an embodiment to a subset or sub-combination thereof, e.g. “selected from the group consisting of alprazolam, brotizolam and clonazepam” or any other suitable subset.
• the present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions and methods for their use to treat depression.
• the pharmaceutical compositions include combinations of omega-3 fatty acids, pharmacological sleep agents, and non-pharmacological sleep therapies, and may include other ingredients such as antidepressants.
• the present invention include (1) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent (2) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the composition is substantially free of an antidepressant (3) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an omega-3 fatty acid formulation and a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the composition further comprises an antidepressant (4) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent (5) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the composition is substantially free of an omega-3 fatty acid formulation (6) a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent, wherein the composition further comprises an omega-3 fatty acid formulation (7) methods of treating depression comprising the administration of the above examples to a patient in need thereof (8) a method of treating depression comprising the administration of an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression (9)
• an “active agent” means any compound, element, or mixture that when administered to a patient alone or in combination with another agent confers, directly or indirectly, a physiological effect on the patient.
• the active agent is a compound, salts, solvates (including hydrates) of the free compound or salt, crystalline and non-crystalline forms, as well as various polymorphs of the compound are included.
• Compounds may contain one or more asymmetric elements such as stereogenic centers, stereogenic axes and the like, e.g. asymmetric carbon atoms, so that the compounds can exist in different stereoisomeric forms. These compounds can be, for example, racemates or optically active forms. All stereoisomers, diastereomers, Z- and E-forms, in purified and mixture forms are included.
• active agents as provided herein include, for example, antidepressants, omega-3 fatty acid formulations and sleep-inducing agents.
• a “dosage form” is any unit of administration (“unit dose”) of one or more active agents.
• a “pharmaceutical composition” as used herein may be presented in the form of a dosage form or unit dose and may comprise one or more active agents.
• a pharmaceutical composition as used herein could, for example, provide two active agents admixed together in a unit dose or provide two active agents combined in a dosage form wherein the active agents are physically separated and/or have different release rates.
• Pharmaceutical compositions include any suitable formulation including, for example, capsules, tablets, injections and liquids and may be administered through any suitable route including oral, buccal, parenteral, intravenous, intramuscular, rectal, transdermal and the like.
• Excipients used to formulate the pharmaceutical formulations may be any of those suitable for the respective dosage form such as fillers, stabilizers, extenders, binders, humidifiers, surfactants, lubricants, and the like.
• a “combined pharmaceutical product” as used herein is a combination of two more doses of two or more different active agents combined in separate dosage forms which are not admixed.
• “Therapeutically effective amount” and/or “effective amount” means an amount effective, when administered to a human or non-human patient, to provide any therapeutic benefit.
• a therapeutic benefit may be an amelioration of symptoms, e.g., an amount effective to decrease the symptoms of binge-eating disorder or a major depressive disorder.
• a patient may not present symptoms of a condition for which the patient is being treated.
• a therapeutically effective amount of a compound is also an amount sufficient to provide a significant positive effect on any indicia of a disease, disorder or condition e.g. an amount sufficient to significantly reduce the frequency and severity of binge eating behavior or depressive symptoms.
• a significant effect on an indicia of a disorder or condition includes a statistically significant in a standard parametric test of statistical significance such as Student's T-test, where p ⁇ 0.05; though the effect need not be significant in some embodiments.
• “Patient” as used herein means human or non-human animals.
• Frequency of dosage may vary depending on the compound used and the particular type of depression treated. For most disorders a dosage regimen of once per day is preferred. Dosage regimens in which the active agent, whether omega-3 fatty acid, antidepressant, or sleep-inducing agent is administered 2 times daily may occasionally be more helpful.
• the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the particular disease in the patient undergoing therapy. Patients may generally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assays suitable for the condition being treated or prevented, which will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the dose needed for use in the inventive compositions and combinations to effectively treat depression may, in certain embodiments, be lower than the dose needed to effectively treat depression when used alone (this lower dose may be referred to herein as a “suboptimal” dose, in that it is below an amount that is required for each of these ingredients to reach optimal therapeutic effect for any given patient when used alone).
• the dose of an antidepressant needed to effectively treat a patient's depression is lower when the antidepressant is used together with a non-benzodiazepine hypnotic (in a composition or combination, as taught herein) than when the antidepressant is used alone.
• the dose needed for use in combination with an insomnia therapy program to effectively treat depression may be lower than the dose needed to effectively treat depression when used alone.
• sleep-inducing agent(s), antidepressant(s), omega-3 fatty acid formulation(s) and insomnia sleep therapy program(s), in various embodiments of the present invention has been found to be surprisingly effective in treating depression.
• Depression includes depressive disorders listed in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V); such as major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, and depressive disorder not otherwise specified (for instance, premenstrual dysphoric disorder).
• DSM-V Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• the depression is treatment-resistant depression. “Treatment-resistant depression” as used herein indicates patients who do not respond to two separate trials of different antidepressants of adequate dose and duration in the current episode.
• Depression may be considered effectively treated when a patient's symptoms, as measured by a depression symptom rating scale, improve.
• “Depression symptoms rating scale” refers to any one of a number of standardized questionnaires, clinical instruments, or symptom inventories utilized to measure symptoms and symptom severity in depression. Such rating scales are often used in clinical studies to define treatment outcomes, based on changes from the study's entry point(s) to endpoint(s). Such depression symptoms rating scales include, but are not limited to, The Quick Inventory of Depressive-Symptomatology Self-Report (QIDS-SR 16 ), the 17-Item Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HRSD 17 ), the 30-Item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-C 30 ), or The Montgomery-Asperg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Beckman Depression Inventory II. Such ratings scales may involve patient self-report or be clinician rated.
• a 50% or greater reduction in a depression ratings scale score over the course of a clinical trial is typically considered a favorable response for most depression symptoms rating scales.
• “Remission” in clinical studies of depression often refers to achieving at, or below, a particular numerical rating score on a depression symptoms rating scale, i.e., less than or equal to 7 on the HRSD 17 ; or less than or equal to 5 on the QIDS-SR 16 ; or less than or equal to 10 on the MADRS or less than or equal to 9 on the Beck Depression Inventory II.
• An alternative measure commonly used to assess depression and response is the Patient Health Questionnaire No. 9 (PHQ-9).
• a reduction in the score is generally used as a measure of improvement and the score level is used to estimate none, mild, moderate or severe disease categories. Moving from one category to another is generally considered significant change. As such treatment of depression or treatment-resistant depression may be evidenced by an improvement to the patient progressing to next less severe PHQ-9 category after treatment which is termed “PHQ-9 categorical improvement” as used herein.
• “sleep-inducing compounds” and/or “sleep-inducing agents” include the following: (1) antihistamines such as BENADRYL® (diphenhydramine), (2) “hypnotics” which include (a) benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, brotizolam, clonazepam, cinolazepam, diazepam, estazolam, etizolam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, nimetazepam, qauzepam temazepam, and HALCION® triazolam), (b) “non-benzodiazepine hypnotics” also known as Z-drugs such as (i) “imidazopyridines” including AMBIEN (CR)® zolpidem (tartrate), alpidem, necopidem and saripidem (ii) “pyrazolop
• antidepressant includes (1) tricyclic antidepressants including DESYREL® (trazodone), doxepin, amitriptyline, amoxapine, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, protriptyline, and trimipramine; (2) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) including citalopram, escitalopram, femoxetine, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline, and zimeldine; selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors including duloxetine, venlafaxine, desvenlafaxine, milnacipran, and clovoxamine; (3) norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors such as bupropion; and (4) alpha-2 antagonist/serotonin 5HT2-3 receptor antagonists such as mir
• embodiments of the present invention comprise both an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent
• the antidepressant and the sleep-inducing agent are different compounds.
• trazadone is known in the art both as an antidepressant and as a sleep-inducing agent.
• an embodiment of the present invention that is directed to a pharmaceutical composition including both an antidepressant and a sleep-inducing agent may include trazadone as either the antidepressant or as the sleep-inducing agent, but not both.
• an “omega-3 fatty acid formulation” includes EPA and/or DHA. More particularly, an omega-3 fatty acid formulation according to the present invention may comprise EPA and DHA in a weight to weight ratio from about 3.5:1 to about 6.99 to 1, from about 4.01:1 to about 6.99:1, or from about 4.01:1 to about 5:1.
• the present invention also provides a highly purified omega-3 fatty acid formulation in which the weight to weight ratio of EPA:DHA is approximately 4.09:1.
• the EPA and DHA may be present in the formulation in either the triglyceride form or in the form of esterified fatty acid.
• Capsules typically contain the ethyl esters forms of EPA and DHA.
• Candy formulations typically contain the triglyceride forms of EPA and DHA.
• the present invention also provides highly purified omega-3 fatty acid formulations in which the content of EPA and DHA, taken together, is greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 84%, or greater than about 85% of the formulation by weight, and the omega-3 fatty acids comprise greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, or greater than about 91% of the formulation by weight. Additionally the present invention provides omega-3 fatty acid formulations in which the amount of cholesterol in the formulation is less than about 5% by weight, less than about 2.5% by weight, or less than about 1% by weight.
• the present invention also includes omega-3 fatty acid formulations in which the formulation comprises less than about 20 milliequivalents per kg peroxides, less than about 10 milliequivalents per kg peroxides, or less than about 5 milliequivalents per kg peroxides. See also U.S. Pat. No. 8,071,646, incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.
• the present invention is directed methods of treating depression by administering an insomnia therapy program to a patient suffering from depression (alone or in combination with one or more antidepressants and/or an omega-3 fatty acid formulation).
• insomnia therapy program refers to a non-pharmacological, computer-implemented cognitive behavioral therapy program useful for treating insomnia in a patient.
• insomnia therapy program “insomnia talk therapy program,” and “talk therapy program for insomnia” may be used interchangeably herein.
• insomnia therapy program includes the program described in Vincent and Lewycky, 2009 and Vincent et al., 2009, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. While such programs have been shown to be effective for treating insomnia (See, for example, Vincent, 2009), they have not been used to treat depression.
• an insomnia therapy program used in the present invention includes a plurality of software modules with which the patient interacts over a network.
• the software modules are stored in a computer system which includes non-transitory computer readable medium for storing the software, and one or more processors for executing instructions contained in the software.
• the software modules may be web-based such that the patient interacts with the software modules over the Internet.
• each software module is intended to affect a cognitive and/or behavioral change in the patient.
• Module 1 Includes psychoeducation about insomnia (e.g., information about normal sleep, types of sleep disorders). Presents the cognitive behavioral model of insomnia (Morin, 1993). Patient is instructed to avoid clock-watching to reduce hyperarousal in the bedroom.
• Module 2 Includes information regarding sleep hygiene (e.g., implication of daytime napping for sleep, information regarding effects of alcohol consumption on sleep) and stimulus control (e.g., encouragement to avoid engendering arousal in the bedroom environment, removing of oneself from bed if unable to sleep, going to bed only when sleepy). Patient is instructed to chose two habits to change.
• Module 3 Presents relaxation training and provides MP3 audio files for paced breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, imagery-induced relaxation, and self-hypnosis.
• Module 4 Teaches sleep restriction (Shman et al., 1987) and discusses how to gradually taper off hypnotic medications only under the direction of a physician. Patient is against tapering if they had comorbid medical conditions as a safety precaution. For SRT, patient is informed about how to calculate a sleep window but is discouraged from using this strategy if currently sleeping less than 4 hours per night.
• Module 5 Cognitive therapy, including instruction and modeling regarding the identification and correction of automatic thoughts that may increase arousal (Morin, 1993); instruction regarding scheduled problem solving (Dugas, 2003); and instruction and modeling regarding the downward arrow technique (Burns, 1980).
• Patient has the opportunity to listen to audio files of cognitive therapy between actors portraying patients with insomnia and the first author acting as cognitive therapist. Patient is instructed to monitor thoughts and attempt to replace anxiety-provoking thoughts with more realistic alternatives.
• omega-3 fatty acid formulation was started at 2 grams daily composed of a >90% pure omega-3 fatty acid formulation with a ratio of EPA:DHA of approximately 4:1 with AMBIEN® 5 mg at bedtime) and in 5 days mood showed significant improvement by patient report (patient reported no longer feeling depressed).
• non-benzodiazepine hypnotics which are known in the art to exacerbate depression
• are effective in treating depression including treatment-resistant depression
• antidepressant(s) or omega-3 fatty acid(s) when combined with antidepressant(s) or omega-3 fatty acid(s).
• the patient was started on a trial of fluoxetine and ATIVAN® (lorazepam) regularly at bedtime (0.5 mg and an additional 0.5 mg as needed for dose of 1.0 mg) (Riemann, 2009) and the patient's mood improved, with rating scale improvements (PHQ-9 score from 22 to 10) of greater than 50% in one week of treatment.
• sleep-inducing agents such as Valerian (which have not been shown in the art to be effective in treating depression) are effective in treating depression (including treatment-resistant depression) when combined with omega-3 fatty acid(s).
• the insomnia therapy program was organized into modules, and was offered as an internet-based application as a mix of interactive multimedia content, an interactive sleep diary, sleep restriction, and relaxation training.
• Module 1 included psychoeducation about insomnia (e.g., information about normal sleep, types of sleep disorders) and presented the cognitive behavioral model of insomnia.
• Module 2 included information regarding sleep hygiene (e.g., implication of daytime napping for sleep, information regarding effects of alcohol consumption on sleep) and stimulus control (e.g., encouragement to avoid engendering arousal in the bedroom environment, removing of oneself from bed if unable to sleep, going to bed only when sleepy).
• Module 3 presented relaxation, passive muscle relaxation, imagery-induced relaxation, and self-hypnosis. Participants were asked to choose the relaxation exercises that they most liked and to practice with those.
• Module 4 introduced the concept of sleep restriction.
• Module 5 introduced cognitive therapy, including correction of automatic thoughts that may increase arousal, instruction regarding scheduled problem solving, and instruction and modeling regarding the downward arrow technique.
• Module 6 were exercises in mindfulness meditation.
• the patient's depression improved after 3 weeks to a PHQ-9 score of 4.
• the program was a six module program which also tracked sleep metrics in a sleep diary.
• the modules focused on insomnia and goal setting, relaxation exercises, sleep restriction, mindfulness, cognitive restructuring and sleep hygiene.
• the patient continued to sleep 9 hours, but this shifted to all being at night as a result of the intervention.
• the patient's PHQ-9 score dropped to 4.

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