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US20150218475A1 - Method for providing heat from an oxidation process and from electrical energy - Google Patents

Method for providing heat from an oxidation process and from electrical energy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20150218475A1
US20150218475A1 US14/420,534 US201314420534A US2015218475A1 US 20150218475 A1 US20150218475 A1 US 20150218475A1 US 201314420534 A US201314420534 A US 201314420534A US 2015218475 A1 US2015218475 A1 US 2015218475A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
gas
heat
hydrocarbon
containing gas
electrical energy
Prior art date
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Abandoned
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US14/420,534
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English (en)
Inventor
Jörg Strese
Gerd Hinüber
Christoph Butterweck
Georg Markowz
Jürgen Erwin Lang
Rüdiger Schütte
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Evonik Operations GmbH
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Evonik Industries AG
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Filing date
Publication date
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Assigned to EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG reassignment EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STRESE, JORG, LANG, JURGEN ERWIN, MARKOWZ, GEORG, BUTTERWECK, Christoph, HINUBER, GERG, SCHUTTE, RUDIGER
Publication of US20150218475A1 publication Critical patent/US20150218475A1/en
Assigned to EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH reassignment EVONIK DEGUSSA GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: EVONIK INDUSTRIES AG
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • C10L3/06—Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/186—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters using electric heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/18—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters
    • F01K3/20—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein having heaters with heating by combustion gases of main boiler
    • F01K3/22—Controlling, e.g. starting, stopping
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/04—Specifically adapted fuels for turbines, planes, power generation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
    • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas, comprising the generation of heat by operating an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • Positive control energy is required when the normal electricity supply falls too far short of the electricity demand at a particular time, in order to prevent an undesired fall in the network frequency and a breakdown in the supply of electricity caused as a result.
  • Negative control energy is required when there is an unexpected surplus of generated electrical power, with the consequence of an undesired increase in frequency.
  • the difficulty arises that, in the case of certain types, such as wind power and solar energy, the energy generating capacity is not available at all times and cannot be controlled in a specific way, but is for example subject to time-of-day and weather-dependent fluctuations, which are predictable only to a limited extent.
  • the laid-open patent application DE 10 2009 007 567 A1 discloses a method for producing methanol by using carbon dioxide from the waste gas of fossil fuelled power generating plants, combined heat and power generating plants or other CO 2 emitters, the CO 2 being subjected to a methanol synthesis with hydrogen, which is preferably generated from an electrolysis with regeneratively obtained electrical energy, in particular in phases of low load of an associated electricity network.
  • the synthesized methanol can be temporarily stored in a methanol reservoir or be fed as fuel to a heating or electricity generating power plant.
  • An energy generating plant carrying out the method comprises a combined heat and power generating plant, a wind, water and/or solar power plant, an electrolysis plant, a reservoir for each of CO 2 , O 2 and H 2 , a methanol synthesis plant, a methanol reservoir and a control system, in order to control these plant components for energy generation in dependence on the electricity demand to achieve optimum utilization.
  • the laid-open patent application DE 43 32 789 A1 discloses a method for storing hydrogen energy by reaction of hydrogen, obtained for example by using solar or nuclear energy, with carbon dioxide to methane or methanol, which can then be used for example as a fuel for transport means or combustion facilities.
  • the laid-open patent application DE 10 2004 030 717 A1 discloses a method and a device for converting and storing regeneratively obtained energy by means of conversion into chemical energy by using electrical energy and carbon dioxide, the chemical energy being delivered again as chemical and electrical energy demand-dependently.
  • a process cycle is provided, in which energy from a geothermal or regenerative source is converted into electrical energy, which is fed to a consumer and an electrolysis device.
  • the hydrogen obtained by the electrolysis is partly fed to a consumer and partly subjected to a synthesis with CO 2 from a CO 2 reservoir to form a hydrocarbon and an alcohol.
  • the hydrocarbon for example methane
  • the hydrocarbon is stored in an associated reservoir and partly fed to a consumer, partly fed to a combustion heating process, to which on the other hand oxygen from the electrolysis is fed.
  • the combustion heating process generates electrical energy, which is partly fed to the electrical consumer and partly fed to the electrolysis process.
  • CO 2 generated in the combustion heating process is stored similarly to CO 2 that originates from a CO 2 recovery process, which is supplied with CO 2 from the hydrocarbon consumer.
  • the document WO 2010/115983 A1 also describes an energy supply system with an electricity generating device for the regenerative generation of electrical energy that can be fed into an electricity supply network, a hydrogen generating device for generating hydrogen by using electrical energy of the regenerative electricity generating device, a methanation device for converting hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generating device and a fed carbon oxide gas into a gas containing methane, and a gas providing device for providing an additional gas or a substitute gas in a variably specifiable additional/substitute gas quality suitable for feeding into a gas supply network by using the methane-containing gas from the methanation device and/or the hydrogen from the hydrogen generating device.
  • the method should be scalable, so that relatively small facilities, which may also be of a modular construction, can be used for carrying out the use or chemical storage of even small surpluses of electrical energy. Furthermore, decentralized operation of the facilities required for carrying out the method should be possible.
  • the method should also have the highest possible efficiency. Furthermore, the method according to the invention should allow itself to be carried out using infrastructure that is conventional and still available.
  • the method should allow itself to be carried out with the fewest possible method steps, but they should be simple and reproducible.
  • implementation of the method should not involve any risk to the environment or human health, so that it should be possible to largely dispense with the use of toxic substances or compounds that could involve disadvantages for the environment.
  • the subject matter of the present invention is accordingly a method for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas, comprising the generation of heat by operating an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas, which is characterized in that alternatively a required provision of heat from the oxidation of the hydrocarbon-containing gas is substituted by the provision of heat from electrical energy with an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power and the hydrocarbon-containing gas that is not oxidized is provided.
  • the method allows a hydrocarbon-containing gas, preferably natural gas, to be provided without expensive large-scale plants having to be constructed and maintained for this.
  • a hydrocarbon-containing gas preferably natural gas
  • the overall efficiency of the present method for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas is very much higher than the overall efficiency of the methods of the prior art described in the introductory part of this application for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas, preferably methane. Much lower investment costs are necessary here than in the case of methanation.
  • the present method can be operated very dynamically in comparison with methanation, so that a hydrocarbon-containing gas can be obtained in a very short time without losses of efficiency. Furthermore, the method of the present invention can be carried out in a decentralized manner. This allows the method also to be carried out during servicing work on part of the plants that are used for providing a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • the present method allows the real option value to be increased, since it allows gas and electricity to be exchangeable, so that both control energy for the gas network and control energy for the electricity network can be provided.
  • the method can be carried out with relatively few method steps, but they are simple and reproducible.
  • implementation of the method does not involve any risk to the environment or to human health, such that is possible to dispense largely with the use of toxic substances or compounds that could involve disadvantages for the environment.
  • the method of the present invention serves in particular for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • a hydrocarbon-containing gas is understood according to the invention as meaning a gas that comprises high proportions of hydrocarbons.
  • gaseous hydrocarbons include, in particular, methane, ethane, propane, ethene, propene and butene.
  • the gas may also comprise other gaseous compounds.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gases particularly include naturally occurring and/or synthetically produced natural gas.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gas that is used may have a proportion of methane, ethane, propane, ethene, propene and butene, preferably a proportion of methane that is at least 50% by volume, with preference at least 60% by volume and with particular preference at least 80% by volume.
  • the present method serves for obtaining a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • the term “obtaining” means in particular that control over, possession of and/or ownership of this gas is/are gained. Ownership of a gas is not gained by a gas simply not being drawn from a gas line. Rather, a hydrocarbon-containing gas is obtained if physical and/or legal control over gas that is conserved when it is not consumed is achieved, for example possession or ownership. This may be the case for example if a hydrocarbon-containing gas is provided by a supplier under long-term delivery contracts and the gas has to be taken. Furthermore, however, the term obtaining also comprises a conserved gas over which the operator of the method according to the invention has control or which was previously in the possession and/or ownership of that operator.
  • the present invention comprises the generation of heat by operating an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas is not subject to any specific restrictions, thus covering gas burners, gas motors and gas turbines.
  • Gas burners with low or high output may be used here, such as for example monobloc burners, which generally have an output of up to 10 MW, or larger burners, which often comprise a separate blower.
  • the gas burner may have a separate ignition burner. Accordingly, the gas burner may be used in simple gas heaters or in devices for generating steam by burning gas.
  • the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas may comprise a combined heat and power generating plant.
  • the method of the present invention may be used in a unit-type cogenerating plant.
  • the combined heat and power generating plant or the unit-type cogenerating plant may comprise here a gas motor and/or a gas turbine.
  • the use of a combined heat and power generating plant for carrying out the present method allows surprising advantages to be achieved, in particular with regard to the energy required for the provision of heat.
  • the use of electricity instead of gas can achieve efficiencies of over 100%, these high efficiencies being achieved in particular because even in a combined heat and power generating plant waste heat that cannot be expediently used is produced.
  • relatively low outputs are necessary for heat generation. Since a combined heat and power generating plant generates not only heat but also electricity, considerable gas can be provided even with a relatively low installed capacity of the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power.
  • the ratio of the installed heating capacity of the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power to the total capacity of the combined heat and power generating plant may lie in the range from 1:1 to 1:10, with preference 1:1.5 to 1:5 and with particular preference 1:1.8 to 1:4.
  • the total capacity of the combined heat and power generating plant is calculated here from the consumption of gas, and consequently represents the potential for providing gas by the use of electricity from renewable energy.
  • the present invention in combination with the use of combined heat and power generating plants also offers the advantage of being able to reliably make electricity available even in a network with a high proportion of energy from renewable sources.
  • Energy from renewable sources cannot be provided on a planned basis.
  • the necessary storage facilities are relatively expensive, so that, when there is a low supply of energy from renewable sources, in particular solar or wind power, conventional plants are used.
  • a very considerable amount of gas is conserved at times when there is a high supply of energy from renewable sources, since the plant can be shut down, while the heat requirement can be covered by the use of electricity.
  • This gas can, however, be used for electricity generation at times of a low supply of energy from renewable sources, so that it is possible to counteract in an economical way the planning uncertainty that is involved in the use of renewable energy sources.
  • the present invention also comprises an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power.
  • the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power is not subject to any specific limitations. Accordingly, the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power may for example transform electrical energy into heat by resistance heating and/or induction heating. Furthermore, electrical energy may be converted into thermal energy by microwaves, so that the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power may generate microwaves.
  • thermoelectric heating system can take power from the network in large amounts, i.e. between 0.5 MW and 1 GW, with preference 1 to 500 MW.
  • a single component can achieve this thermal output here.
  • these outputs may, however, be provided by a common group (“pool”) of multiple units, some of which are spatially separate, these separate units preferably being controlled by a central control device.
  • the taking of power from the electricity transmission network or the provision of electrical energy by an energy plant can be varied over time and in the power output, so that a very short-term reaction to changes in the supply of electricity or in the load of the network are possible.
  • the heat to be provided in a specific period of time can possibly be provided by the oxidation of gas. This allows the security of supply for the end users or major customers to be safeguarded.
  • Apparatuses and devices that have low wear and require little servicing are preferably used for carrying out the present invention. Furthermore, the by the apparatuses for generating heat are preferably designed such that they are not subjected to overload.
  • the type of apparatus for generating heat by the oxidation of hydrocarbon-containing gas or by the use of electrical energy is not critical. What is important is that the heat that is obtained by the electricity can replace or substitute the heat that is obtained by the oxidation of gas.
  • the degree of substitution that is to say the proportion of thermal energy that can be substituted by the use of electrical energy, is not critical here.
  • the ratio of the heating capacity achievable by gas to the heating capacity that is provided by electrical energy may lie in the range from 100:1 to 1:100, preferably in the range from 10:1 to 1:10, with particular preference in the range from 5:1 to 1:5 and with special preference in the range from 2:1 to 1:2.
  • the possibility of generating necessary thermal energy alternatively by electrical energy or by the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas means that there is joint control over the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power and the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas, so that a required amount of heat can be obtained alternatively by electrical energy or by oxidation of gas.
  • control should be understood here in a comprehensive sense, so that simple manually controlled switching over and/or switching on of the at least two units for generating thermal energy is encompassed.
  • one or more control devices which with particular preference can be operated by way of a common control panel, may be used for performing the control.
  • the control by these devices may be realized here semi-automatically or fully automatically.
  • the control may be assisted here by the use of a computer system. Return signals may be taken into consideration here in the control, so that the control can also be interpreted as meaning feedback control.
  • the at least two apparatuses for generating heat to be specific the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, are preferably designed such that they have good switchability. Furthermore, these apparatuses are distinguished by good reproducibility of the control.
  • the control of all the units may preferably be performed here jointly, in particular centrally, so that the internals for controlling the units, in particular the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, have devices which make communication possible.
  • Known interfaces and data transmission devices may be used for this purpose, such as a LAN (Local Area Network), the Internet or other digital or analog networks.
  • the control of the at least two apparatuses for generating heat may take place in dependence on many different factors. These include, inter alia, the supply of electrical energy, the supply of gas and the load of the electricity transmission network.
  • Gas is usually supplied and traded in long-term contracts, so that the supply of gas can often be regarded as constant.
  • exceptional cases for example when there is a technical defect, or in exceptional situations, for example of a political nature or when there is an enormously high consumption by the generating countries themselves, the gas supply may turn out to be low in an unplanned way. Accordingly, the method of the present invention leads to an improvement in the security of supply in exceptional situations.
  • the use of electricity is preferably chosen in dependence on the supply of electrical energy.
  • electricity when there is a high proportion of renewable energy sources for obtaining electricity, strong fluctuations in the electricity supply can be expected, since, as explained in more detail in the introduction, solar and wind energy cannot be provided on a planned basis over a relatively long timescale.
  • the supply of electrical energy may be established for example by way of the frequency of the AC network, an oversupply existing when there is a frequency that is too high, so that heat is generated with electricity. When there is a frequency that is too low, gas is used with preference for heat generation.
  • the AC network operates at approximately 50.00 Hz, in the United States at 60.00 Hz.
  • supplies of control power or control energy are provided in dependence on a frequency deviation, the responsibility for this being borne by the network operator, which in turn obtains control power or control energy from companies.
  • a detailed description of this can be found, inter alia, in the Netztechnik/Netz compassion [network technology/network operation] forum of the VDE (FNN) “Transmission Code 2007” of November 2009.
  • the supply of electricity can be determined by way of trading platforms and/or by OTC methods and an associated electricity price.
  • electrical energy can accordingly be used for heat generation.
  • the price of gas necessary to generate a comparable amount of heat may be used here as a threshold.
  • the trading platforms that can be used include in particular electricity exchanges, such as for example the European Energy Exchange (EEX).
  • EEX European Energy Exchange
  • OTC (over-the-counter) methods refer to trading methods that are enacted outside of exchanges.
  • gas is generally used for heat generation. If the price for obtaining a specific amount of thermal energy from electrical energy is lower than from gas, electricity is used for heat generation. If the price is identical, heat can be obtained with gas, with electricity or a mixture of the two possibilities. In the price determination, it is necessary of course to take into consideration related costs, such as for example costs for the storage of gas, servicing costs for the apparatuses, etc.
  • an amount of thermal energy to be provided within a specific time period or at a specific time may alternatively be provided by burning gas and/or by using electrical energy.
  • the electrical energy is preferably not merely converted into heat when there is a surplus, but when there is an actual demand that exists during a predetermined time period and/or at a specific time. This allows the storage capacity of the heat reservoir to be minimized, while in particularly preferred cases no additional reservoir has to be used as a result of implementing the present method.
  • the specific time period within which an amount of thermal energy is to be provided is at most 24 hours, preferably at most 12 hours, with particular preference at most 6 hours and with special preference at most 1 hour. These time periods may also recur, possibly one after the other for a sustained time. What is important, however, is that heat is only provided when there is an actual demand, the time component of the demand being taken into consideration.
  • the supply of electrical energy may preferably be determined just before the provision of thermal energy. It may preferably be provided that the decision with regard to the type of provision of the thermal energy is taken at most 12 hours, preferably at most 6 hours, with particular preference at most 2 hours and with special preference at most 1 hour before the time period and/or the point in time over which or at which the thermal energy is to be provided.
  • Customary market enquiries can be used for determining the supply of electrical energy, so that the decision on whether a predetermined amount of thermal energy is provided by way of electrical energy or the burning of hydrocarbon-containing gas is dependent on an actual supply price.
  • Surprising advantages can be achieved, however, by predictions of the supply of electricity being produced.
  • data of weather forecasts may be used in particular.
  • historical data on the demand or consumption of electrical energy may be used, in order to predict a possible surplus of electrical energy that can be used for the provision of thermal energy.
  • the data on historical consumption may comprise for example the daily variation, the weekly variation, the annual variation and further variations in terms of the electricity demand.
  • the data on the consumption forecast may also take into consideration specific changes, for example the accession or discontinuation of a major consumer.
  • the data on the weather forecast may be produced over a time period of any desired length, but the reliability of the forecast data decreases over longer time periods. Therefore, the forecasts mentioned are usually produced for a time period of 30 minutes to 2 months, preferably 1 hour to 1 month, with particular preference 2 hours to 14 days and with special preference 24 hours to 7 days.
  • the preparation of the forecast may take place at any time before the time period to which the forecast applies, but the reliability is reduced if it is produced at a very early time. If the forecast is produced very late, however, the options for influencing a change are reduced. According to a preferred embodiment, therefore, many forecasts are carried out at relatively short intervals, where the respective results should be understood as instructions for future action, so that almost continuous adaptation can be achieved. Thus, when there is a deviation from an earlier forecast in the actual consumption values or the power output that is provided by the renewable energy, an adaptation of the energy source used for the generation of the necessary thermal energy is performed.
  • the use of electrical energy may be chosen in dependence on the load of the electricity transmission network.
  • This embodiment of the method according to the invention makes it possible to efficiently relieve the load on the electricity transmission networks, which preferably operate at high voltages. This problem occurs in particular on account of the geographically fixed nature of electricity generating plants that are based on wind or solar energy. In this connection, reference is made in particular to the high costs and the approval procedure that are involved in the construction of new transmission networks for electricity.
  • the method comprises the following steps:
  • the load of the electricity transmission network relates here in particular to the load of the lines that make up the electricity transmission network.
  • the load of the lines connecting locations of high electricity generation to locations of high electricity demand should be taken into consideration here. Generally, there may be multiple lines between these locations, possibly using multiple node points. What is important is that the load of all the possible transmission paths is at such a level that electrical energy or electrical power can take place only at the expense of temporary overload of the transmission lines.
  • the transmission lines are authorized for a specific current and voltage, the admissible current and voltage values being determined by the type of line, in particular the diameter and/or the insulation of the transmission line. If the load is too high, i.e. there is a current intensity that is too high, the temperature of the line increases, so that damage to the line may be feared. Accordingly, these lines are produced for particular specifications that are known to the network operator, for example the distribution network operator and/or the transmission network operator.
  • load can be determined in a customary way, it being possible for example to use the temperature of the transmission line and/or the present current intensity.
  • the current intensity may be measured here for example by way of induction.
  • the transmission network operator may allow short-term instances of overload.
  • the aforementioned predetermined value that serves for deciding on the type of heat generation may depend here on the requirements of the network operator and the access possibilities to the electricity network. Accordingly, the predetermined value may lie within a wide range. Preferably, this value may be at least 70%, with preference at least 80%, with particular preference at least 90% and with special preference at least 95% of the maximum continuous load capability of the electricity network.
  • the maximum continuous load capability of the electricity network represents here the load capability in terms of the current intensity and voltage of the respective transmission line that is maintained over a time period of at least 20 h without causing any measurable, permanent damage to the transmission line. This maximum continuous load capability is generally known to the network operator and may be dependent on weather conditions. At a high ambient temperature, the transmission line can generally transmit a lower current intensity.
  • the present invention surprisingly allows a hydrocarbon-containing gas to be provided, this gas being obtained by avoided oxidation.
  • the term “providing” means within the scope of the invention that the gas that is not oxidized can be used for other purposes. These other purposes include, inter alia, storage of the gas that is not oxidized, delivery of the gas that is not oxidized to other customers and use of the gas that is not oxidized as a raw material, for example in the chemical industry for the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) and methyl halides.
  • HCN hydrogen cyanide
  • CS 2 carbon disulphide
  • the present invention succeeds in increasing the real option value.
  • Real option value is understood within the scope of the present invention as meaning the possibility of using a specific power output or energy technically in a wide variety of ways. These diverse possibilities for use allow an improvement to be achieved in the cost-effectiveness of the apparatuses and facilities that are used.
  • a customer may be offered the feeding in of a specific, constant power into the electricity network, while higher power, occurring when there are strong winds, is used for the generation of thermal energy by the use of electricity as a result of the use of the present method. This allows the plannability of the network load to be improved.
  • the method may be used to provide control power or control energy to the operators of electricity transmission networks.
  • the frequency of an AC network depends on the balance between power fed in and power drawn. When there is a surplus of power fed in, the frequency increases, when too much power is drawn, the frequency falls.
  • balancing power outputs are required if unforeseeable events occur. These include for example power plant outages, interruptions in the electricity transmission network or a discontinuation of major consumers on account of unexpected defects.
  • This desired frequency is currently 50.00 Hz in Europe and 60.00 Hz in the US, while these figures do not restrict the present invention.
  • positive control energy is required, where this can be provided by increasing the feeding in, for example by increasing the power output of an electricity power plant, or by reducing the amount taken by certain consumers, generally major customers.
  • Negative control energy which is required when there is a frequency that is too high, can be provided by reducing the feeding in, for example by reducing the power output of an electricity power plant, or by increasing the amount taken by certain consumers, generally major customers.
  • control power In the currently applicable code of practice (UCTE Handbook), the respective requirements and types of control power are also specified.
  • the types of control power have for example different requirements with regard to the time response to a frequency deviation.
  • the types of control power defined so far differ in the time for which power is delivered.
  • various boundary conditions apply with regard to the use of control power.
  • Primary control power is delivered Europe-wide by all the sources involved independently of the place of origin of the disturbance.
  • the absolute maximum power has to be delivered when there are frequency deviations of minus 200 mHz and below (in absolute terms), the absolute minimum power has to be delivered when there are frequency deviations of plus 200 mHz and above.
  • the primary control power is provided largely in proportion to the frequency deviation at the particular time. From the non-operative state, the respective maximum power (in terms of the absolute amount) must be provided within seconds.
  • the primary control power is usually procured by the network operator through a market, where for example power plant operators or major electricity customers offer the corresponding primary control power.
  • the secondary control reserve is not provided commonly in the European association, but separately in each control zone by the respective transmission network operator.
  • Secondary control power (SCP) and minutes reserve power (MRP) are intended to compensate as quickly as possible for disturbances and consequently ensure that the frequency is restored as quickly as possible to the desired range, preferably at the latest after 15 minutes.
  • SCP and MRP are stipulated for the SCP and MRP (5 minutes and 15 minutes, respectively, before full power is delivered after activation); at the same time, these power outputs must also be provided over longer time periods than primary control power. More details on this can be can be found, inter alia, in the Netztechnik/Netz compassion [network technology/network operation] forum of the VDE (FNN) “Transmission Code 2007” of November 2009.
  • the present method can, inter alia, serve the purpose of offering primary control power. At present, this must be offered symmetrically, such that a supplier must deliver both positive control power and negative control power.
  • a controllable electricity consumer may be used in combination with the aforementioned units for generating thermal energy.
  • the controllable electricity consumers include in particular industrial plants that can be cut back in their electricity consumption when positive control power is provided. Aluminium plants or other electrolysis plants may be mentioned, inter alia, by way of example.
  • thermal energy obtained by electricity instead of by oxidation of gas is preferably used.
  • this method is preferably distinguished by the fact that both apparatuses generate heat at the same time, so that heat is generated by the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and the use of electrical energy simultaneously over a certain time period.
  • the oxidation of gas is reduced (negative control power) or increased (positive control power).
  • the currently valid regulations in Europe prescribe for example offering a band that is at least +/ ⁇ 1 MW wide, this power having to be offered for a time period of at least one week.
  • the values mentioned can be increased by an integral multiple, so that for example a band of +/ ⁇ 2 MW may also be offered.
  • the electrical power may in turn be generated by the operator of the method itself or be purchased on the energy market.
  • the present method may be used in order to offer secondary control power.
  • Secondary control power is offered or provided with lower dynamics.
  • the transmission network operator Transmission System Operator, TSO for short
  • TSO Transmission System Operator
  • the transmission network operator undertakes the control of the system with which control power is provided.
  • the transmission network operator prescribes a desired power value that has to be provided by the supplier.
  • a power output of 5 MW positive or 5 MW negative must be offered over a time period of at least one week, it likewise being possible of course for integral multiples of these values, such as 10 MW, 15 MW or 30 MW, of positive or negative control power to be offered. It should be stated that these values are given to illustrate the present invention, without any restriction as a result being intended.
  • negative control energy the unit for generating heat by electrical energy must deliver these power values individually or by a common group of multiple units in order to be able to offer this power.
  • negative secondary control energy that is to say taking energy from the network
  • positive secondary control energy may also be delivered, where in this case there is a changeover from generation of heat by electricity to gas heating.
  • a negative secondary control power may also be provided and offered, without a simultaneous offer of positive secondary control power being necessary.
  • the provision of positive and negative secondary control power may be jointly offered.
  • the present method is also suitable in conjunction with the delivery of minutes reserve power.
  • minutes reserve power as negative control power can be offered and delivered independently of positive minutes reserve power. Accordingly, the statements made above with regard to the secondary control power also apply with respect to the provision of minutes reserve power.
  • control energy in the gas network is understood as meaning the energy that is necessary for physically balancing out a gas network, the balancing being the responsibility of the gas network operator.
  • balancing energy Disequilibria to be balanced out are generally referred to as balancing energy.
  • the present method can accordingly be used to make control energy available to a gas network operator.
  • gas can be used for providing thermal energy, while, when there is a shortfall of gas in the gas network, electrical energy is used for obtaining heat.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment of the method of the present invention is distinguished by the fact that the hydrocarbon-containing gas provided is stored.
  • the use of a gas reservoir allows the aforementioned real option values to be combined, so that the method can be used for providing control energy for the electricity transmission network and at the same time for providing control energy for the gas network.
  • Simultaneously occurring contributions of energy i.e. feeding of gas into the gas network and of electrical power into the electricity network, can be secured here, where in this case gas from the gas reservoir is used to meet the obligation.
  • gas obtained when there is a take-up of electrical energy in the case of the provision of negative control power for the electricity network can also be secured when there is a surplus supply of gas, i.e. a low gas price or a control demand for negative control energy, in the gas network.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gas provided may be stored in an overground reservoir and/or underground reservoir.
  • cavern storage facilities and pore storage facilities may be mentioned, inter alia.
  • Pore storage facilities are very inexpensive to maintain, but have disadvantages in terms of how gas is fed in and retrieved.
  • pore storage facilities generally having disadvantages in comparison with cavern storage facilities in this respect, the gas concerned being known as cushion gas and often reflected in the costs of a gas reservoir.
  • Pore storage facilities are often set up in depleted natural gas and/or oil fields.
  • cavities of rock that contain water and the water of which can be displaced by gas (aquifers) are suitable for the provision of pore storage facilities.
  • Cavern storage facilities are set up in layers of rock (rock caverns) and rock salt formations (salt caverns).
  • the gas may be stored as liquefied gas at low temperatures or at high pressure.
  • overground reservoirs are spherical gas tanks, which operate under high pressure. With a diameter of the steel sphere of 40 m, a design for 10 bar is expedient, while pressures of up to 20 bar can also be realized if there is a correspondingly thick wall.
  • Pipe storage facilities are set up underground at a shallow depth, a hydrocarbon-containing gas, in particular natural gas, at a pressure of up to 100 bar being stored in pipes, which are preferably arranged in parallel.
  • Overground reservoirs which on account of the shallow depth also include pipe storage facilities, are distinguished by a very high feed-in and retrieval rate. Accordingly, these reservoirs are suitable in particular for the provision of control energy for the gas network.
  • a combination of the aforementioned reservoirs in particular a combination that comprises at least one overground reservoir and at least one underground reservoir, may be used, so that the advantages of overground reservoirs and underground reservoirs can be combined.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gas provided is stored in spatial proximity to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • This embodiment of the method according to the invention surprisingly succeeds in ensuring minimal load of the gas network, so that on the one hand no entry-exit fees or other charges for using the gas network due to the lower consumption have to be paid.
  • physical control over the gas obtained can also be ensured. This allows the provision of control gas, i.e. control energy, for the gas network to be ensured independently of other control devices.
  • the gas inlet to the reservoir is at most 20 000 m, with preference at most 10 000 m and with particular preference at most 5000 m away from the gas inlet of the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • the distance to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas that is at the smallest distance from the reservoir applies here, the figures referring to the distance in a straight line.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gas provided occurs with a spatial separation from the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • This also allows storage devices that are bound to geographical requirements, such as the aforementioned porous and/or cavern storage facilities, to be used for carrying out the present method.
  • the gas inlet to the reservoir is at least 10 000 m, with particular preference at least 20 000 m and with special preference at least 50 km away from the gas inlet of the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas.
  • the distance to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas that is at the smallest distance from the reservoir applies here, the figures being based on distances in a straight line.
  • At least one reservoir may be present nearby and at least one may be spatially separate.
  • the shortest distance applies to the reservoir nearby and the greatest distance applies to the reservoir that is spatially separate, the figures being based on distances in a straight line.
  • the hydrocarbon-containing gas provided may be stored in the natural gas pipeline network by raising the pressure.
  • the source of the electrical energy that is used for carrying out the present method is not critical. Accordingly, the electrical energy may be generated by nuclear power plants, coal power plants, gas power plants, wind power plants and/or solar power plants.
  • the electrical energy that is alternatively used for providing heat may originate at least partially from renewable energy sources, for example from wind power and/or solar energy.
  • the thermal energy provided by an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power or an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas can be used variously. Preferably, it can be used for increasing the temperature of a liquid. Furthermore, it may be provided that the heat generated from electrical energy and/or by oxidation of gas increases the temperature of a liquid by at least 10° C., preferably at least 30° C., with particular preference at least 60° C. The temperatures are based here on the difference between the inlet temperature of the liquid entering the apparatus and the outlet temperature of the liquid.
  • the thermal energy may serve for generating steam.
  • the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas may comprise in particular a device that can provide gas.
  • the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power likewise generates steam.
  • the present method can be used in all areas in which heat is generated by oxidation of gas. These include heating systems in single-family or multi-family dwellings, communal supply installations that for example provide district heating, and large-scale industrial plants, in particular chemical plants.
  • the present method may be carried out in particular in combination with a combined heat and power generating plant, preferably a unit-type cogenerating plant, as explained above.
  • a combined heat and power generating plant preferably a unit-type cogenerating plant, as explained above.
  • Relatively small electricity generators that are operated with gas may be used here in particular, providing electricity and heat for single-family dwellings, residential buildings, relatively small businesses and hotels on a distributed basis.
  • These combined heat and power generating plants preferably have a capacity of less than 100 kW, with particular preference less than 75 kW and with special preference less than 50 kW.
  • These plants may be used multiply in an interconnected group, so that there is a common control system, which may be realized centrally or decentrally.
  • the total capacity of the interconnected group is not subject to any limitation here, so that total capacities of at least 1 MW, preferably at least 5 MW, with particular preference at least 50 MW and with most particular preference at least 100 MW can be realized, this capacity representing the rated capacity under full load.
  • the present invention concerns a facility for carrying out the present method that is characterized in that the facility comprises at least one consuming entity with at least one device to be heated, at least one apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and at least one apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, the device to be heated being designed such that it can be heated both by the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and by the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, and the facility comprises at least one control device which is connected via data lines to the apparatuses for generating heat and to a means for determining the demand for thermal energy, the means for determining the demand for thermal energy being in connection with the device to be heated.
  • a consuming entity should be understood within the scope of the present invention in a broad sense, and can be for example a single-family dwelling, a multi-family dwelling, a small business or an industrial plant.
  • a consuming entity comprises at least one device to be heated. This device depends on the type of consuming entity, the device to be heated being connected to the two apparatuses for generating heat, to be specific at least one apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and at least one apparatus for providing heat by using electrical energy.
  • connection may be designed very differently depending on the consuming entity, so that these apparatuses for generating heat may be arranged directly in a device to be heated or at least one of the apparatuses for generating heat may be connected to a device to be heated, for example by at least one steam line or some other heat-carrying line.
  • the devices to be heated include, inter alia, heating boilers that can be heated with a gas burner and/or a heating coil.
  • a steam generator operated with gas may provide steam for various parts of the plant, for example stills, reactors or pipelines, where these parts of the plant can respectively be heated by heating coils, by microwaves or induction.
  • the method of the present invention may be carried out with preference with a facility which, in addition to an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, comprises a control device.
  • the control device is preferably connected, inter alia, to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power, so that data can be exchanged. This data exchange may take place by customary means and methods that have been previously mentioned.
  • the control device may be connected to a sensor, for example a temperature sensor, which determines the heat requirement of a consuming entity.
  • the control device may be connected here to individual components of the facility by one line each. Furthermore, these components may however also be connected to the control device via a single line. In this case, one or more distributors, which can collect appropriate data of the individual components and pass it on to the control device, may be provided for example.
  • control device in particular the design as a computer system and the embodiment where the control device is equipped with communication devices, have already been described, so reference is made thereto.
  • the facility may comprise a gas reservoir.
  • the control device is connected via a data line to a valve, which is installed in the gas line that supplies the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas with gas and can divert gas into the gas reservoir when electricity is used for generating heat.
  • the facility of the present invention may comprise multiple consuming entities, for example single-family or multi-family dwellings or small businesses.
  • the heating system of the consuming entities respectively comprises an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power as well as a device to be heated.
  • these components are preferably controlled by a common control system via data lines.
  • a heat requirement is transmitted to the control device, which may be determined with a sensor, for example a temperature sensor.
  • the control device may transmit corresponding control signals to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas, to the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power or to both apparatuses.
  • the facility has a means for determining the demand for thermal energy, this means preferably being connected to the aforementioned control device.
  • the means for determining the demand for thermal energy may be in connection with the device to be heated. This connection to the device to be heated is not subject to any specific limitation, but arises from the method of determination with which the means determines the heat requirement.
  • These means include in particular sensors, for example temperature sensors, and heat-requirement measuring devices or other control units for setting a predetermined temperature or a predetermined temperature range.
  • this means for determining the demand for thermal energy or the control system may be provided with a unit which calculates from the data that is provided by this means for determining the demand for thermal energy as well as further data, for example historical data on the historical consumption, data on the heat capacity and the final temperature to be achieved or production data of chemical plants, an amount of thermal energy to be provided, which is alternatively provided by way of the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas or the use of electrical energy.
  • the means for determining the demand for thermal energy transmits a heat requirement to the control system and, when a predetermined temperature is achieved, likewise reports this event, it being possible in this way for feedback control to be achieved.
  • the thermal energy respectively required for the heating-up operations may be provided in each case of need specifically by the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and/or by electricity.
  • a timely response to the offer to supply electricity and the substitutability give rise to advantages, in particular that of a small size of a possible heat reservoir.
  • a preferred facility with which the method is carried out does not require a heat reservoir that can store more than the heat requirement for a week or more.
  • the heat storage capacity is at most 200% of the heat requirement for one day, with particular preference at most 100% and with particular preference at most 50%.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a first embodiment of a facility according to the invention for carrying out the present method
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic representation of a second embodiment of a facility according to the invention for carrying out the present method
  • FIG. 3 shows a flow diagram for an embodiment of a method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic setup of a preferred embodiment of a facility for carrying out the method according to the invention.
  • This facility comprises a consuming entity 1 , where this may for example be an industrial plant, the heat requirement of which can be covered alternatively by way of an apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas 2 and/or an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power 3 .
  • the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas 2 is supplied with fuel by a gas line 4 , whereas the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power 3 is connected to an electricity line 5 .
  • the apparatuses for generating thermal energy heat up a device to be heated 6 the present representation being very schematic.
  • a heating boiler may be a device to be heated 6 , which can be heated with a gas burner and/or a heating coil.
  • a steam generator operated with gas may for example provide steam for various parts of the plant, for example stills, reactors or pipelines, it being possible for these parts of the plants respectively to be heated with heating coils, by microwaves or induction.
  • the device to be heated 6 is accordingly connected to the two apparatuses for generating heat 2 , 3 , it being possible for this connection to be designed in very different ways, so that these apparatuses for generating heat 2 , 3 may be arranged directly in a device or these apparatuses for generating heat 2 , 3 may for example be connected to the device to be heated 6 by steam lines or other heat-carrying lines, as explained above by way of example.
  • the present facility also comprises a control device 7 , which is connected via data lines 8 , 8 ′ and 8 ′′ to the apparatuses for generating heat 2 , 3 and a means for determining the demand for thermal energy, which is not represented for reasons of overall clarity.
  • the means for determining the demand for thermal energy is in turn connected to the device to be heated 6 . This connection is dependent on the method of determining the heat requirement.
  • the means for determining the requirement for thermal energy may be designed, inter alia, as a sensor, for example as a temperature sensor, which measures the temperature of the device to be heated and transmits this measurement result to the control device 7 .
  • the embodiment presented here shows one line respectively to the individual components, but these components may also be connected to the control device via a single line.
  • one or more distributors which can collect appropriate data of the individual components and pass it on to the control device 7 , may be provided for example.
  • the control device 7 is connected to a valve 10 , which is installed in the gas line 4 and can divert gas via the line 11 into a gas reservoir 12 when electricity is used for generating heat.
  • gas is for example bought under long-term contracts and used for providing heat, the heating method being changed over such that gas can be provided when there is a great supply of electricity.
  • This gas is in the present case transferred to the reservoir 12 and can be used for various purposes, which have been explained above.
  • gas may be offered as control energy on the gas market.
  • the gas may be sold, in particular when the price is high.
  • FIG. 2 a further embodiment of a facility for carrying out the present method is schematically represented, the apparatuses for generating heat that have previously been explained in more detail not being described for reasons of overall clarity.
  • FIG. 2 shows various consuming entities 20 , 20 ′ and 20 ′′, which are respectively connected by a gas line 24 and an electricity line 25 .
  • the consuming entities 20 , 20 ′ and 20 ′′ may for example be single-family or multi-family dwellings or small businesses.
  • the heating system of the consuming entities 20 , 20 ′ and 20 ′′ has of course at least one apparatus described in more detail in FIG. 1 for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas and an apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power as well as a device to be heated.
  • control device 29 controls these components by a control system 29 via data lines 30 , 30 ′ and 30 ′′, which connect the control device 29 to the respective consuming entities 20 , 20 ′ and 20 ′′.
  • a heat requirement is transmitted to the control device 29 , which is determined with a corresponding means and can be determined with a sensor, for example a temperature sensor.
  • the control device 29 may transmit corresponding control signals to the apparatus for the oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas, to the apparatus for providing heat by using electrical power or to both apparatuses.
  • the amount of gas made available by the use of electricity can be withdrawn from the gas network via the gas conduit 31 and stored in the gas reservoir 32 , and be provided.
  • step 1 the amount of thermal energy to be provided is determined.
  • the method of determination to be used for this can be chosen to be very simple, for example by measuring the temperature of a component or by a liquid. If the actual temperature is less than the desired temperature, thermal energy is required, and is provided in the following method steps.
  • a means for determining or predicting the required amount of energy may be used for this, for example a computer which calculates the required amount of electrical energy from the difference between the actual temperature and the desired temperature and transmits to the control device the amount of electrical energy or chemical energy in the form of gas that is respectively required to achieve the intended desired temperature.
  • step 2 the supply of electrical energy is determined. This determination may take place with a computer system which enquires appropriate data from electricity exchanges or takes into consideration data correspondingly provided by the electricity exchanges. Furthermore, as already explained above, the electricity supply may also take the form of the provision of control energy, in particular negative control energy.
  • the energy to be provided is generated by oxidation of a hydrocarbon-containing gas, as stated in step 5.
  • the heat to be provided is created by the use of electrical energy.

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US9667071B2 (en) 2011-11-10 2017-05-30 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power by an energy store by using tolerances in the determination of the frequency deviation
US9748775B2 (en) 2011-11-10 2017-08-29 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power using an energy store having variable deadband width when providing the control power
US9831364B2 (en) 2014-11-28 2017-11-28 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Process for producing hollow silicon bodies
US9948096B2 (en) 2012-12-21 2018-04-17 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power to stabilize an alternating current network, using an energy accumulator

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US20140312689A1 (en) * 2011-11-10 2014-10-23 Evonik Industries Ag Method for providing control power by an energy store by using tolerances in the delivery of power
US9667071B2 (en) 2011-11-10 2017-05-30 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power by an energy store by using tolerances in the determination of the frequency deviation
US9748775B2 (en) 2011-11-10 2017-08-29 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power using an energy store having variable deadband width when providing the control power
US9966762B2 (en) * 2011-11-10 2018-05-08 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power by an energy store by using tolerances in the delivery of power
US9948096B2 (en) 2012-12-21 2018-04-17 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Method for providing control power to stabilize an alternating current network, using an energy accumulator
US9831364B2 (en) 2014-11-28 2017-11-28 Evonik Degussa Gmbh Process for producing hollow silicon bodies

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