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US20130337275A1 - Construction element made of adobe - Google Patents

Construction element made of adobe Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130337275A1
US20130337275A1 US13/882,125 US201113882125A US2013337275A1 US 20130337275 A1 US20130337275 A1 US 20130337275A1 US 201113882125 A US201113882125 A US 201113882125A US 2013337275 A1 US2013337275 A1 US 2013337275A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
adobe
assembling
clay
construction element
activatable
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/882,125
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English (en)
Inventor
Géry Despret
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
TERRACO GROUP SA
Original Assignee
TERRACO GROUP SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by TERRACO GROUP SA filed Critical TERRACO GROUP SA
Assigned to TERRACO GROUP S.A. reassignment TERRACO GROUP S.A. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DESPRET, GERY
Publication of US20130337275A1 publication Critical patent/US20130337275A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/001—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing unburned clay
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
    • E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
    • E04G21/02—Conveying or working-up concrete or similar masses able to be heaped or cast
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
    • E04B2002/0273—Adhesive layers other than mortar between building elements
    • E04B2002/0278—Adhesive layers other than mortar between building elements forming a unity with the building elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to construction elements made of compressed adobe.
  • the invention also relates to a method for assembling a portion of a building using such elements.
  • Stabilised adobe has also been the subject of interest in Western countries particularly due to the properties thereof which are in line with a sustainable development approach: excellent durability, reduction of transport and processing costs (particularly without any energy expenditure), high thermal inertia, easy recycling of debris, etc.
  • the stabilisation of clay adobe which is intended to reduce the water sensitivity thereof and increase the strength thereof, may be performed by compression/compaction and/or by means of a chemical process, for example by adding lime.
  • stabilised adobe including rammed clay and compressed clay blocks. However, these techniques require a large amount of time and labour.
  • adobe is also of aesthetic interest, since it enables great architectural variety along with shapes of complex appearances: walls, partitions, arches, domes, cornices, decorative facade elements, etc.
  • Such construction elements made of compressed clay adobe are known, for example, in the document FR 2 861 010 disclosing a method for prefabricating stabilised architectonic elements made of rammed earth. However, the assembly of these elements is not described therein.
  • the documents FR 2 936 534 and FR 2 509 344 relate to stabilised compressed clay blocks having profiles enabling the interlocking and self-alignment thereof for assembling walls.
  • the blocks are rigidly connected together with adhesive or mortar.
  • the international application WO 1986/06 126 relates to self-interlocking blocks made of cold-stabilised hypercompressed blocks for joint-free wall building.
  • the stability of these blocks is provided by liquid mortar injections.
  • the document FR 2 638 187 relates to a construction block made of compressed clay wherein the exposed surfaces each consist of an erosion protection plate.
  • the connection between the blocks is provided using mortar as a binder.
  • the international application WO 2008/062 299 relates to stabilised clay blocks comprising an inner portion made of non-stabilised clay and a thin layer of stabilised clay on one or two surfaces, wherein said surfaces serve to protect the wall constructed with such blocks against moisture, weathering and abrasion.
  • the clay blocks are connected with mortar.
  • One aim of the invention is that of providing a construction element made of compressed clay adobe having properties which are in line with sustainable development while enabling the production of portions of buildings under optimal conditions in respect of mechanical strength (stability) and productivity.
  • construction element denotes in the present application any element, whether supporting or not, suitable for being used in the field of construction, such as a masonry element, a partition element, a floor element, an exterior or interior cladding element, an exterior or interior decorative element, etc.
  • the construction element made of compressed adobe according to the invention is suitable for being joined on at least one of the surfaces thereof with an adjacent element via a layer including an activatable gellable mixture extending over the at least one surface of the element.
  • This layer may be obtained in various ways, for example by applying a coating or by filling in a mould.
  • this gellable mixture is liable to cause the surfaces of the adjacent elements in contact to react with each other over a specific depth.
  • the materials interact and are joined under the effect of physicochemical phenomena, interconnecting the elements in-depth without forming a joint and thus promoting the stability of the portions of buildings assembled in this way.
  • the advantage of this method is that of being able to use natural elements which are plentiful and non-toxic for this gellable mixture, which does away with any problems in respect of transporting and/or recycling construction waste.
  • a further aim of the invention is that of achieving a particular aesthetic effect using a type of adobe which is generally neglected due to the mechanical properties thereof.
  • the clay adobe used in the construction elements according to the invention is characterised by a plasticity index preferably between 10 and 35 (indicative values for “plastic” clays), and more preferably greater than 35 (indicative values for “highly plastic” clays such those comprising smectite including bentonite).
  • plasticity index preferably between 10 and 35
  • highly plastic clays such those comprising smectite including bentonite.
  • the clay adobe is supplemented with 3 to 10% lime by weight before compression.
  • these contents enable, surprisingly, short, medium and long-term pozzolanic reactions to have a very beneficial extent, particularly when using plastic to highly plastic clays, for durability and for the erosion and compression resistance of the construction element according to the invention.
  • the clay adobe advantageously comprises insofar as possible a smectite to be chosen from montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium. These smectite contents promote the waterproofing and thus the frost resistance of the construction elements.
  • the activatable gellable mixture incorporated in the construction element comprises smectite having a moderate swelling potential, to be chosen from montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium.
  • smectite having a moderate swelling potential
  • montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium.
  • These clays which may swell during activation, amplify the aggregation phenomenon at the interface between adjacent elements.
  • they are, when the elements are stabilised with lime, the most reactive in respect of same and stimulate pozzolanic reactions of lime, maximising the stabilisation of the construction.
  • the activatable gellable mixture preferably comprises siliceous sand or any other permeable inert material, having a grain size between 0.02 and 5 mm. This ensures in-depth activation of the layer of activatable gellable mixture, which may further comprise fine clay particles having a plasticity index greater than 35.
  • the construction element according to the invention comprises, on at least one of the aggregation surfaces thereof, grooves suitable for engaging, following activation, with the grooves of the adjacent element which are arranged perpendicularly to the grooves of the first element, so as to accentuate the aggregation of the elements together.
  • a further aim of the invention is that of providing a method for assembling a portion of a building using clay adobe elements having properties in line with sustainable development requirements, enabling the production thereof under optimal conditions in respect of mechanical strength (stability) and productivity.
  • the method for assembling a portion of a building comprises the provision of a mould and the filling thereof with a clay adobe which is subsequently compressed.
  • a construction element is thus formed and then removed from the mould.
  • a layer comprising an activatable gellable mixture is then present on at least one of the surfaces of the construction element which is then dried.
  • the surfaces to be assembled of first and second construction elements are washed or sprayed so as to activate the gellable mixture. These surfaces are placed in contact and pressed against each other. Under the effect of the activated gelled mixture, the contact zone softens and may swell slightly. The two adjacent elements are joined. The portion of the building is then left to dry.
  • the portions of buildings produced according to the method according to the invention have, due to the mutual aggregation of the constituent construction elements, an increased mechanical strength, which is advantageous, particularly in areas with seismic activity.
  • This method also has the advantage that the operations for applying the layer of gellable mixture and washing for the reactivation thereof are both extremely simple and quick. This technique thus promotes productivity and accessibility to low-skilled labour encountered in large numbers in low-income countries.
  • the method according to the invention also has a favourable impact on the environment and sustainable development. It particularly enables the reuse of local non-agricultural clays which, in many cases, are an almost inexhaustible source of material. The method requires practically no energy and does not use chemicals. Moreover, the constructions are, after demolition, readily recyclable.
  • the assembly method according to the invention fits in perfectly with the development of an economy focussing on profitability, durability and improving human living conditions. Furthermore, it is applicable practically everywhere, regardless of the level of local development in question.
  • the operation for filling the mould with clay adobe is simultaneous with the operation for producing the layer comprising the activatable gellable mixture.
  • a layer of the activatable gellable mixture is placed on at least one of the surfaces of the mould, the remainder of the volume consisting of clay adobe.
  • the method according to the invention also has an aesthetic impact, since, due to the aggregation of the construction elements forming the portion of the building, there are no joints, except in the case of moulded joints on manufacturing the element.
  • the portion of the building may thus have the external appearance of a covering, making it possible to save on the application of a levelling coat.
  • the operation for drying the construction element is advantageously oven-drying, which is preferably performed at 100° C. and 100% humidity.
  • the drying may also take place in an autoclave under vapour pressure.
  • the elements are stored in such a way as to preserve the humidity obtained during the oven-drying or autoclave vapour treatment as long as possible. Maintaining this humidity prevents any lime carbonation and thus maximises the lime available for pozzolanic reactions, increasing the extent thereof and thus enhancing the stability of the elements.
  • the wash is preferably a limewash.
  • the wash may comprise fine clay particles having a plasticity index greater than 35 and/or a small quantity of siliceous sand or any other conductive material of the wash.
  • This conductive material should enable, by enabling easier penetration of the wash in the activatable gellable layer, the in-depth activation thereof.
  • a clay adobe having a plasticity index preferably between 10 and 35, and more preferably greater than 35 is advantageously used.
  • These clays routinely used in the field of pottery and the earthenware industry, give the construction element a very low surface porosity and thus a higher quality finish.
  • clay adobe comprising 3 to 10% by weight of lime before compression is advantageously used.
  • these contents enable, surprisingly, short, medium and long-term pozzolanic reactions to have a very beneficial extent, particularly when using plastic to highly plastic clays, for durability and for the erosion and compression resistance of the construction element according to the invention.
  • clay adobe comprising insofar as possible a smectite to be chosen from montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium, is used.
  • a smectite to be chosen from montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium, is used.
  • a gellable mixture comprising smectite having a moderate swelling potential, to be chosen from montmorillonite and any type of bentonite, preferably containing calcium, is advantageously used in the assembly method according to the invention.
  • These clays which may swell during activation, amplify the aggregation phenomenon at the interface between adjacent elements.
  • a gellable mixture comprising fine clay particles having a plasticity index greater than 35 is preferably used.
  • this mixture also contains siliceous sand or any other permeable inert material, having a grain size between 0.02 and 5 mm so as to ensure in-depth penetration of the wash in the layer of gellable mixture.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a perspective view of a portion of a building (in this case, a construction block) according to the method according to the invention
  • FIGS. 2 a to 2 c and FIG. 3 are sectional views along the plane II-II in FIG. 1 of various stages of assembly of two construction elements in FIG. 1 .
  • FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show a construction element according to the invention provided with grooves on the assembly surfaces thereof.
  • FIG. 5 shows the operation for filling with clay adobe and activatable gellable mixture before compression according to one embodiment of the method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 shows a construction element (in this case a building block) 1 cut along a plane II-II.
  • FIG. 2 a shows the cross-section of this construction element 1 wherein two surfaces 4 are provided with a layer comprising an activatable gellable mixture 5 .
  • an activator or in this case a limewash 7
  • FIG. 2 b shows the assembly of two elements 1 on the surface 4 .
  • an activator or in this case a limewash 7
  • FIG. 2 c shows the assembly of two elements 1 on the surface 4 .
  • the bond between the elements 1 is thus not superficial but extends in-depth. Moreover, the effects of swelling cause, by reaction, further compression along the arrows 15 in each element 1 . These aggregation and compression phenomena are beneficial for the stability of a portion of a building consisting of such construction elements 1 .
  • the resulting stabilisation of the elements 1 is essentially due to the dissolution of the clay minerals in the alkaline environment created by the lime and the recombination of the silica (SiO 2 ) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) (generally found in highly plastic clay adobes) in clays and feldspars in the presence of calcium to form aluminium and calcium complex silicates cementing inert particles (of quartz, for example) together.
  • the pozzolanic reactions are amplified further in the event of oven-drying or autoclave vapour pressure treatment of the construction elements, which helps smooth the mechanical performances of the construction elements, which thus particularly become suitable as supporting elements.
  • the calcium in question is obtained equally well from the adobe and the limewash when it has diffused into the adobe during assembly.
  • FIGS. 4 a and 4 b show a construction element 1 provided with longitudinal grooves on the top surface 4 thereof and with transverse grooves on the bottom surface 4 thereof.
  • the grooves of the top surface 4 receive the wash.
  • the surfaces are grooved in order to increase the contact surface area developed with the wash and thus the extent of the activation and the subsequent physicochemical phenomena.
  • the perpendicular arrangement of the grooves of adjacent overlaid elements 1 means that there is no interlocking of the grooves, preventing an overflow of limewash towards the shoulders 17 and thus a loss of product for activating the activatable gellable layer.
  • the distance between the shoulders 17 of two overlaid adjacent elements 1 is used to control the subsidence of the contact area resulting from the activation.
  • the mutually perpendicular arrangement of the grooves also aids the subsidence of the contact area, following activation, of two overlaid adjacent elements 1 .
  • the grooves reduce in size as the contact area subsides and force the limewash to diffuse within the elements 1 . Consequently, the grooves have a favourable impact on the quality of the construction and the productivity of the method.
  • FIG. 5 shows, in four phases ( 5 . 1 to 5 . 4 ), the operation for filling a mould, wherein three layers are successively formed: a first layer of activatable gellable mixture followed by a layer of clay adobe, followed by a second layer of activatable gellable mixture. The whole consisting of these three layers is then compressed (phase 5 . 5 ). Unlike coating, a water-free gellable layer is used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
US13/882,125 2010-10-28 2011-10-26 Construction element made of adobe Abandoned US20130337275A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP10189218A EP2447433A1 (fr) 2010-10-28 2010-10-28 Élément de construction en terre crue
EP10189218.0 2010-10-28
PCT/EP2011/068767 WO2012055918A2 (fr) 2010-10-28 2011-10-26 Element de construction en terre crue

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20130337275A1 true US20130337275A1 (en) 2013-12-19

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US13/882,125 Abandoned US20130337275A1 (en) 2010-10-28 2011-10-26 Construction element made of adobe

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US20130337275A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP2447433A1 (fr)
BR (1) BR112013010155A2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2539258T3 (fr)
MA (1) MA34681B1 (fr)
MX (1) MX2013004600A (fr)
PT (1) PT2633131E (fr)
WO (1) WO2012055918A2 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201302985B (fr)

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WO2025179317A1 (fr) * 2024-02-26 2025-09-04 Martin Leitl Procédé pour assembler deux blocs de construction d'origine minérale présentant des surfaces de pose sensiblement planes

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FR3133872B1 (fr) * 2022-03-22 2024-07-12 Wienerberger Procédé d’assemblage d’au moins deux éléments de construction en terre crue non-cuite et construction réalisée par ce procédé
FR3152805A1 (fr) 2023-09-13 2025-03-14 Universite Gustave Eiffel Matériau argileux comprenant un mélange de cellulose et d’amidon pour la construction en terre crue

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MA34681B1 (fr) 2013-11-02
WO2012055918A2 (fr) 2012-05-03
PT2633131E (pt) 2015-07-22
ZA201302985B (en) 2014-06-25
EP2633131B1 (fr) 2015-03-25
WO2012055918A3 (fr) 2012-06-28
ES2539258T3 (es) 2015-06-29
EP2633131A2 (fr) 2013-09-04
MX2013004600A (es) 2013-12-02
BR112013010155A2 (pt) 2016-09-13

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