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US20130183103A1 - Base seal for a dump, in particular a residual salt dump - Google Patents

Base seal for a dump, in particular a residual salt dump Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130183103A1
US20130183103A1 US13/810,159 US201113810159A US2013183103A1 US 20130183103 A1 US20130183103 A1 US 20130183103A1 US 201113810159 A US201113810159 A US 201113810159A US 2013183103 A1 US2013183103 A1 US 2013183103A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
dump
base seal
mixture
bentonite
afore
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/810,159
Inventor
Ines Feldberg
Hans-Joachim Kind
Matthias Kockx
Michael Lesch
Albrecht Palm
Martin Westphal
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
K+S AG
Original Assignee
K+S AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by K+S AG filed Critical K+S AG
Assigned to K+S AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT reassignment K+S AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOCKX, MATTHIAS, LESCH, MICHAEL, PALM, ALBRECHT, FELDBERG, INES, KIND, HANS-JOACHIM, WESTPHAL, MARTIN
Publication of US20130183103A1 publication Critical patent/US20130183103A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B1/00—Dumping solid waste

Definitions

  • Dumps or surface landfills of a whole variety of types are known, for example also residual salt dumps.
  • Such residual salt dumps frequently have a height of more than 120 m and generate corresponding distributed loads and shear stresses. This means that due to the great weight, high normal and tangential forces are applied onto the substrate of the support surface. The consequence of this is a deformation at the base of the dump, i.e. the occurrence of subsidences and vertical displacements. In the area of the deformation, extensions and compressions of the seal system can occur. In the center of the dump, these deformations, here subsidences, are greater than in the edge area in consequence of the extra load. In the edge areas, vertical displacements also occur in addition to the subsidences. These deformations must be absorbed by the base seal system under the respective local dump conditions.
  • the prior art for sealing the dump basis are clay seals, which are also used in residual salt dumps.
  • a layer of clay with a thickness of about 0.3 m is applied onto the subsoil, onto which the dump is piled.
  • the permeability coefficient of such a clay layer is of k ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 m/s.
  • Another variant consists in a so-called enrichment of the surface soil.
  • An enriched surface soil is a soil into which powdered clay or bentonite is incorporated with a corresponding weight proportion. Depending on the composition of the soil, the proportion of powdered clay amounts to between 3 and 10 weight percent.
  • EP 0 456 035 A2 in a road surfacing for drivable traffic areas, primarily in the area of gas stations, to provide below the roadbed a sealing layer made of a mixture of clay minerals, for example montmorillonite and other mineral materials.
  • the mixture is composed of fractions of different grain sizes in such a manner that the volume of the respectively finer graining is greater than the pore volume of the respectively coarser graining and the coarsest grain of the finer graining is equal or smaller than about 1/10 of the smallest grain of the coarser graining.
  • the base seal Due to the conditions specific to the dump (high load, accumulation of salted dump water, solubility, and viscoplastic behavior of the dump material), the base seal must have a corresponding solidity that resists to the mechanical stresses and does not negatively influence the stability of the dump body. On the other hand, it must be sufficiently deformable to absorb the deformations of the ground and of the base seal caused by the extra load, without losing its effectiveness.
  • the object underlying the invention is therefore to provide an alternative base seal for a dump, more specifically a residual salt dump that can resist to deformations under local conditions, without a substantial deterioration of the permeability coefficient.
  • the base seal comprises two layers disposed on top of one another, the upper layer comprising a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k ⁇ 10 ⁇ 9 m/s, and the lower layer has a mixture of sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k ⁇ 5*10 ⁇ 10 m/s.
  • the choice between bentonite or powdered clay as a part of the mixture for forming the layer of the base seal depends on which material is actually available in sufficient quantity.
  • a base seal that is configured in this manner acts in the following way under the load of the dump: the upper layer of the base seal with a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay constitutes a so-called graded, mineral seal, wherein the grain range of the sand amounts to between 0 and 2 mm and the grain range of the gravel between 8 and 16 mm.
  • the lower layer that is made of sand and bentonite or powdered clay has a more ductile consistency than the upper layer.
  • the angle of friction of the upper layer amounts to ⁇ 35° and that of the lower layer to ⁇ 30°.
  • the material of the mixture of the lower layer can penetrate into the underside of the upper layer and in this manner provides for a substantially unchanged permeability coefficient.
  • a polymer for example, a long carbon chain with a high molecular weight and correspondingly active side chains
  • a polymer for example, a long carbon chain with a high molecular weight and correspondingly active side chains
  • the proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture amounts to ca. 2 to 10 weight-percent, preferably 3 to 5 weight-percent of the entire mixture.
  • the proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture for the lower layer amounts to ⁇ 11 weight-percent in relation to the entire mixture.
  • the upper layer has a thickness of ⁇ 0.2 m, whereas the lower layer has a thickness of ⁇ 0.1 m.
  • the amount of powdered clay or bentonite in the mixture of the upper layer depends substantially on the grain distribution of the gravel portion. This means that the addition of powdered clay or bentonite depends on the grain distribution. In the prior art, the grain distribution is determined in laboratory tests and the bentonite or powdered clay proportion is matched with it. Therefore, it must be noted that due to the stresses, the individual layers seal off one another due to the press-fitting.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic section of a residual salt dump
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a two-layered base seal in the initial condition
  • FIG. 3 shows a base seal according to FIG. 2 after a deformation.
  • the residual salt dump labeled 1 stands on the subsoil 2 , the base seal labeled 10 being located between the residual salt dump I and the subsoil 2 .
  • the base seal labeled 10 comprises the upper layer 11 and the lower layer 15 .
  • the upper layer 11 comprises a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay, whereas the lower layer is thinner and comprises sand and bentonite or powdered clay.
  • the initial condition of the base seal is shown.
  • the base seal can be deformed under the action of the stresses.
  • the effectiveness of the base seal is not influenced in the deformed areas, which are compressed and compacted. In the areas that are extended and compacted, the effectiveness can increase, i.e. the permeability coefficient remains constant or decreases.
  • the principle of the base seal according to the invention consists in that the lower layer 15 , which is formed thinner and more ductile than the lower layer 16 , is pressed into the lower part of the upper layer and the effectiveness of the entire base seal thus remains the same or increases.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Sealing Material Composition (AREA)
  • Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a base seal of a dump, in particular a residual salt dump, said seal comprising two layers disposed on top of one another. The upper layer has a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦10−9 m/s and the lower layer has a mixture of sand and bentonite or powered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦5*10−10 m/s.

Description

  • Dumps or surface landfills of a whole variety of types are known, for example also residual salt dumps. Such residual salt dumps frequently have a height of more than 120 m and generate corresponding distributed loads and shear stresses. This means that due to the great weight, high normal and tangential forces are applied onto the substrate of the support surface. The consequence of this is a deformation at the base of the dump, i.e. the occurrence of subsidences and vertical displacements. In the area of the deformation, extensions and compressions of the seal system can occur. In the center of the dump, these deformations, here subsidences, are greater than in the edge area in consequence of the extra load. In the edge areas, vertical displacements also occur in addition to the subsidences. These deformations must be absorbed by the base seal system under the respective local dump conditions.
  • The prior art for sealing the dump basis are clay seals, which are also used in residual salt dumps. Hereby, a layer of clay with a thickness of about 0.3 m is applied onto the subsoil, onto which the dump is piled. The permeability coefficient of such a clay layer is of k≦10−9 m/s. Another variant consists in a so-called enrichment of the surface soil. An enriched surface soil is a soil into which powdered clay or bentonite is incorporated with a corresponding weight proportion. Depending on the composition of the soil, the proportion of powdered clay amounts to between 3 and 10 weight percent.
  • In this context, it is known from EP 0 456 035 A2 in a road surfacing for drivable traffic areas, primarily in the area of gas stations, to provide below the roadbed a sealing layer made of a mixture of clay minerals, for example montmorillonite and other mineral materials. The mixture is composed of fractions of different grain sizes in such a manner that the volume of the respectively finer graining is greater than the pore volume of the respectively coarser graining and the coarsest grain of the finer graining is equal or smaller than about 1/10 of the smallest grain of the coarser graining.
  • From EP 0 453 619 A1, a multilayered ground is moreover known for areas in which water-polluting substances, more specifically hydrocarbons, are poured and transferred, which has a barrier layer containing bentonite.
  • Due to the conditions specific to the dump (high load, accumulation of salted dump water, solubility, and viscoplastic behavior of the dump material), the base seal must have a corresponding solidity that resists to the mechanical stresses and does not negatively influence the stability of the dump body. On the other hand, it must be sufficiently deformable to absorb the deformations of the ground and of the base seal caused by the extra load, without losing its effectiveness.
  • The object underlying the invention is therefore to provide an alternative base seal for a dump, more specifically a residual salt dump that can resist to deformations under local conditions, without a substantial deterioration of the permeability coefficient.
  • In order to solve the object, it is proposed according to the invention, that in a base seal of a dump, more specifically a residual salt dump, the base seal comprises two layers disposed on top of one another, the upper layer comprising a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦10−9 m/s, and the lower layer has a mixture of sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦5*10−10 m/s. The choice between bentonite or powdered clay as a part of the mixture for forming the layer of the base seal depends on which material is actually available in sufficient quantity. When using bentonite, the proportion of smectite amounts to more than 50%, the powdered clay contains illite and smectite in different proportions. A base seal that is configured in this manner acts in the following way under the load of the dump: the upper layer of the base seal with a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay constitutes a so-called graded, mineral seal, wherein the grain range of the sand amounts to between 0 and 2 mm and the grain range of the gravel between 8 and 16 mm. The lower layer that is made of sand and bentonite or powdered clay has a more ductile consistency than the upper layer. Due to the weight of the dump, stresses appear at the base, which can lead to extensions and compressions. If such a deformation occurs, it has turned out that in case of an extension of the base seal, the upper layer penetrates into the lower layer and ensures there that the base seal continues to fulfill its function. This means that the base seal regenerates itself in the course of the deformation.
  • Advantageous features and embodiments of the invention can be gathered from the sub-claims.
  • Thus, it is more specifically provided that the angle of friction of the upper layer amounts to φ≧35° and that of the lower layer to φ≧30°. During a deformation of the base seal, which can occur vertically as well as horizontally, as a consequence of the load, the material of the mixture of the lower layer can penetrate into the underside of the upper layer and in this manner provides for a substantially unchanged permeability coefficient. In order to reduce the permeability coefficient, a polymer (for example, a long carbon chain with a high molecular weight and correspondingly active side chains) can be added to the mixture of the lower layer, which also improves salt resistance.
  • Furthermore, it has turned out that for the upper layer the proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture amounts to ca. 2 to 10 weight-percent, preferably 3 to 5 weight-percent of the entire mixture. The proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture for the lower layer amounts to ≧11 weight-percent in relation to the entire mixture. Moreover it has turned out to be advantageous if the upper layer has a thickness of ≧0.2 m, whereas the lower layer has a thickness of ≧0.1 m. At this point, it must be pointed out that the amount of powdered clay or bentonite in the mixture of the upper layer depends substantially on the grain distribution of the gravel portion. This means that the addition of powdered clay or bentonite depends on the grain distribution. In the prior art, the grain distribution is determined in laboratory tests and the bentonite or powdered clay proportion is matched with it. Therefore, it must be noted that due to the stresses, the individual layers seal off one another due to the press-fitting.
  • In the following, the invention is exemplarily described and submitted in more detail based on the drawings:
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic section of a residual salt dump;
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows a two-layered base seal in the initial condition;
  • FIG. 3 shows a base seal according to FIG. 2 after a deformation.
    •
  • The residual salt dump labeled 1 stands on the subsoil 2, the base seal labeled 10 being located between the residual salt dump I and the subsoil 2. The base seal labeled 10 comprises the upper layer 11 and the lower layer 15. The upper layer 11 comprises a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay, whereas the lower layer is thinner and comprises sand and bentonite or powdered clay. In the representation according to FIG. 2, the initial condition of the base seal is shown.
  • It is known that the base seal can be deformed under the action of the stresses. The effectiveness of the base seal is not influenced in the deformed areas, which are compressed and compacted. In the areas that are extended and compacted, the effectiveness can increase, i.e. the permeability coefficient remains constant or decreases. The principle of the base seal according to the invention consists in that the lower layer 15, which is formed thinner and more ductile than the lower layer 16, is pressed into the lower part of the upper layer and the effectiveness of the entire base seal thus remains the same or increases.

Claims (10)

Claims:
1. A base seal of a dump, more specifically of a residual salt dump comprising two layers disposed on top of one another, the upper layer having a mixture of gravel, sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦10−9 m/s, and the lower layer having a mixture of sand and bentonite or powdered clay with a permeability coefficient of k≦5*10−10.
2. The base seal of a dump according to claim 1,
characterized in that
the friction angle of the upper layer amounts to φ≧35°.
3. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the friction angle of the lower layer amounts to φ≧30.
4. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the mixture of the lower layer comprises a polymer for improving the sealing properties.
5. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the sand has a grain range of 0-2 mm.
6. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the gravel has a grain range of 8-16 mm.
7. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture for the upper layer amounts to ca. 2-10 weight percent, preferably 3-5 weight percent.
8. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the proportion of bentonite or powdered clay in the mixture for the lower layer amounts to ≧11 weight percent.
9. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the upper layer has a thickness of ≧0.2 m.
10. The base seal of a dump according to one of the afore-mentioned claims,
characterized in that
the lower layer has a thickness of ≧0.1 m.
US13/810,159 2010-07-12 2011-05-17 Base seal for a dump, in particular a residual salt dump Abandoned US20130183103A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010026863.1 2010-07-12
DE102010026863A DE102010026863B4 (en) 2010-07-12 2010-07-12 Base seal of a heap, especially a residue salt heap
PCT/DE2011/001077 WO2012006981A1 (en) 2010-07-12 2011-05-17 Base seal for a stockpile, in particular a residual salt stockpile

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20130183103A1 true US20130183103A1 (en) 2013-07-18

Family

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US13/810,159 Abandoned US20130183103A1 (en) 2010-07-12 2011-05-17 Base seal for a dump, in particular a residual salt dump

Country Status (8)

Country Link
US (1) US20130183103A1 (en)
EP (1) EP2593247B1 (en)
AR (1) AR082209A1 (en)
CA (1) CA2803472C (en)
DE (1) DE102010026863B4 (en)
ES (1) ES2620256T3 (en)
PL (1) PL2593247T3 (en)
WO (1) WO2012006981A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2015066508A (en) * 2013-09-30 2015-04-13 クニミネ工業株式会社 Construction method of water shielding material and water shielding layer
WO2018197912A1 (en) * 2017-04-25 2018-11-01 VÁCI, Gyula Multilayer insulating device for the protection of space-delimiting bodies

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4222685A (en) * 1979-03-20 1980-09-16 Corporation De Fomento De La Produccion Pond sealing
US4908129A (en) * 1987-05-27 1990-03-13 Dyckerhoff & Widmann Aktiengesellschaft Impervious layer formation process and landfill adsorption system
EP0864725A1 (en) * 1997-03-14 1998-09-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Oil-based compositions for sealing subterranean zones

Family Cites Families (6)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4005839A1 (en) * 1990-02-23 1991-09-05 Wagner Jean Frank Dr MINERAL BASE SEALING OF A WASTE DISCHARGE
EP0453619A1 (en) * 1990-04-27 1991-10-30 Conoco Mineralöl Gmbh Multilayered ground for areas in which water polluting substances are poured or transferred
DE4014858A1 (en) * 1990-05-09 1991-11-14 Dyckerhoff & Widmann Ag ROAD COVER FOR TRAFFIC AREAS
DE4117270A1 (en) * 1991-05-27 1992-12-03 Blz Geotechnik Gmbh Sealing and stabilising piles of potash - using filter ash cement suspension forced into or poured over surface of heap
LU88493A1 (en) * 1994-06-02 1994-12-01 Marc Watgen Process for sealing by means of earth barriers, in particular for the production of orderly landfills without drainage
DE19540387C2 (en) * 1994-11-05 1998-01-15 Gasteier & Bilke Verfahrenstec Sealing system for a landfill construction as well as for securing contaminated sites and processes for the production of this sealing system

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4222685A (en) * 1979-03-20 1980-09-16 Corporation De Fomento De La Produccion Pond sealing
US4908129A (en) * 1987-05-27 1990-03-13 Dyckerhoff & Widmann Aktiengesellschaft Impervious layer formation process and landfill adsorption system
EP0864725A1 (en) * 1997-03-14 1998-09-16 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Oil-based compositions for sealing subterranean zones

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
Abichou, T; Benson, C; Edil, T. "Beneficial reuse of Foundry Sands in Construction of Hydraulic Barrier Layers". March 2008. Link: https://chbenson.seas.virginia.edu/images/stories/pdfs/Foundry_Byproducts/Abichou%20et%20al%2098%20%20lab.pdf *
Chalermyanont, T; Arrykul, S. "Compacted sand-mentonite mixtures for hydraulic containment liners". April 2005. Link: http://rdo.psu.ac.th/sjstweb/journal/27-2/09bentonite.pdf *
Jamiolkowski, M; Lancellotta, R; Lo Presti, D. "Pre-failure deformation characteristics of geomaterials - Volume 2". 2001. Link: https://books.google.com/books?id=3za2roqvL84C&lpg=PA959&dq=soil-bentonite%20cover%20ductility&pg=PA959#v=onepage&q=soil-bentonite%20cover%20ductility&f=false *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2015066508A (en) * 2013-09-30 2015-04-13 クニミネ工業株式会社 Construction method of water shielding material and water shielding layer
WO2018197912A1 (en) * 2017-04-25 2018-11-01 VÁCI, Gyula Multilayer insulating device for the protection of space-delimiting bodies

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2593247A1 (en) 2013-05-22
AR082209A1 (en) 2012-11-21
ES2620256T3 (en) 2017-06-28
CA2803472C (en) 2015-07-14
PL2593247T3 (en) 2017-06-30
DE102010026863B4 (en) 2013-05-29
CA2803472A1 (en) 2012-01-19
EP2593247B1 (en) 2016-12-21
DE102010026863A1 (en) 2012-01-12
WO2012006981A1 (en) 2012-01-19

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Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:FELDBERG, INES;KIND, HANS-JOACHIM;KOCKX, MATTHIAS;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20130211 TO 20130222;REEL/FRAME:030089/0493

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