US20120032765A1

US20120032765A1 - Magnetic fasteners

Info

Publication number: US20120032765A1
Application number: US13/188,432
Authority: US
Inventors: Brett Bilbrey; Aleksandar Pance; Peter Arnold; David I. Simon; Jean Lee; Michael D. Hillman; Gregory L. Tice; Vijay Iyer; Bradley Spare
Original assignee: Apple Inc
Current assignee: Apple Inc
Priority date: 2010-07-21
Filing date: 2011-07-21
Publication date: 2012-02-09
Also published as: US8963666B2; US9590352B2; US20120021619A1; US8576034B2; US20120028480A1; US20120023597A1

Abstract

The various embodiment provide fastening devices, systems and methods that utilize two or more maxels in respective correlated magnetic structures provided in a first structure and at least one second structure to fasten or repulse the first structure to or from, as the case may be, the at least one second structure. In at least one embodiment, each maxel is programmable and may vary either or both the polarity and magnetic strength of the given maxel. The variance of the polarity and/or magnetic strength of the given maxel may be programmable and may be varied to attract or repulse a second magnetic structure which desirably also contains one or maxels forming a correlated magnetic structure.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/366,466, filed Jul. 21, 2010 and titled, “Applications of Programmable Magnets,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein in its entirety. This application is also related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed with Attorney Docket No. P9757US1 (P217177.US.02) and titled “Alignment and Connection for Devices,” U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed with Attorney Docket No. P9757US2 (P217177.US.03) and titled “Magnetically-Implemented Security Devices” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. ______, filed with Attorney Docket No. P9757US4 (P217177.US.05) and titled “Programmable Magnetic Connectors,” all filed on the same day as this application and all of whose disclosures are hereby incorporated herein in their entireties.

INVENTIVE FIELD

The various embodiments described herein generally relate to magnetic fasteners. More particularly, the various embodiments described herein relate to apparatus, methods and systems for utilizing programmable magnetic devices to fasten, or unfasten, two or more components or devices.

BACKGROUND

Traditionally, various mechanical types of fasteners have been utilized to facilitate a permanent, semi-permanent or temporary coupling of the two or more devices. Examples of devices utilized to accomplish such coupling include screws, rivets, nails, bolts and nuts, non-programmable magnets, tape, wire binding, soldering, and other fastening devices and techniques. While such fasteners and techniques may provide for the desired coupling, they commonly and collectively suffer from the inability to selectably determine which two or more devices are too be coupled. Further, such fastening devices and techniques often are deficient in that the ability to provide a strong coupling also is commonly presented with an inability or greater difficulty in removing such coupling at a later time. As such a need exists for fastening devices, systems, techniques, and tools for the same which enable selective coupling at a desired retention and/or attractive strength while also facilitating a ready disengagement of such coupled items at a desired time.

SUMMARY

These and other limitations of existing apparatus, methods, and systems for fastening two or more devices are overcome by the various embodiments described herein.
In at least one first embodiment, a fastening device is provided which includes a first structure comprising at least a first maxel and a second maxel. Each of the first maxel and the second maxel may have a polarity and a magnetic strength. A second structure is also provided which may include at least one third maxel and at least one fourth maxel. Each of the third maxel and the fourth maxel may also have a polarity and a magnetic strength. The polarity of the first maxel, the second maxel, the third maxel and the fourth maxel may be configured to fasten the first structure to the second structure by developing magnetic attractions between one or more of the maxels on the first structure with one or more of the maxels on the second structure, for example, the first maxel with the third maxel and/or the second maxel with the fourth maxel.
In at least one second embodiment, a correlated magnetic structure is provided which may have two or more maxels. Either of such maxels may be configured as an electromagnetic structure which allows for programmability in desirably magnetic polarity and/or magnetic field strength. Such programmability may be obtained, for example, by inducing a the current in a first direction such that a first polarity, creating an attractive force, is created in one of the maxels and by reversing the current into a second direction such that a second polarity is created in one more maxels which results in a repulsive force arising between some or all of the first structure with respect to the second structure.
In at least one third embodiment, a method for fastening a first structure to a second structure is provided. According to this method, each of the first structure and the second structure have at least one magnetic property. Further, the second structure may include a programmable correlated magnetic structure having two or more maxels. The method entails the operations, in any sequence, of determining at least one magnetic property of the first structure; and configuring the magnetic polarity of a first maxel of the two or more maxels in the second structure such that upon being so configured the magnetic polarity of the first maxel creates an attractive magnetic force with the first structure.
Additional features and advantages of the before mentioned and other embodiments will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of the embodiment(s). The features and advantages of one or more of the various embodiments may be realize and/or obtained by use and/or practice of the instruments, combinations, systems, operations and/or methodologies particularly pointed out in the appended claims and/or in any future arising claim in this or a related application. These and other features of the various embodiments will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by practice of one or more embodiments as set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of the various embodiments described hereinafter, a more particular description of at least one of such embodiments will be rendered by reference to specific implementations thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be appreciated that these drawings depict only one or more embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting of any embodiments scope. The various embodiments will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 a depicts a prior art core magnetic structure with emitting magnetic field lines propagating from a North pole to a South pole.

FIG. 1 b depicts a prior art magnetic field produced by an electric current flowing through a conductive medium.

FIG. 2 depicts a planar view of a magnetic structure utilized to form a correlated magnet in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 3 depicts a planar view of a correlated magnetic structure having specified magnetic properties in each of the maxels forming such structure in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 4 a depicts a first exemplary embodiment of a correlated magnet structure having a first top surface in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 4 b depicts the opposing surface of the correlated magnetic structure shown in FIG. 4 a in accordance with the first exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 c depicts a second exemplary embodiment of a correlated magnet structure having a first top surface in accordance with at least a second exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 d depicts the opposing surface of the correlated magnetic structure shown in FIG. 4 b in accordance with the second exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 e depicts a third exemplary embodiment of a correlated magnet structure having a first top surface in accordance with at least a third exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 f depicts the opposing surface of the correlated magnetic structure shown in FIG. 4 e in accordance with the third exemplary embodiment.

FIG. 4 g depicts the top surface of a correlated magnetic structure configured into a screw in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 4 h depicts the head portion of a lag bolt or screw having a correlated magnetic structure configured therein in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 5 a is a pictorial representation of two correlated magnetic structures having opposing magnetic field patterns which prevent the magnetic fastening of the structures when the second structure is oriented in a particular way with respect to the first structure in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 5 b is a pictorial representation of the two correlated magnetic structures shown in the embodiment of FIG. 5 a wherein a shifting of the orientation of the second structure relative to the first structure results in a magnetic attraction of the second structure to the first structure along at least two maxels in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 5 c is a pictorial representation of the two correlated magnetic structures shown in the embodiment of FIG. 5 a wherein a rotation and re-orientation of the second structure relative to the first structure results in a magnetic attraction of the second structure to the first structure along at least five maxels in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 6 a is a pictorial representation of two correlated magnetic structures aligned so as to maximize the magnetic attraction between the first structure and the second structure in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 6 b is a pictorial representation of the two correlated magnetic structures of FIG. 6 a wherein a second structure has been rotated relative to the first structure about one or more axis so as to change the magnetic attractive and/or repulsive force profiles exhibited collectively and individually by a plurality of maxels on each of the respective first and second structures in accordance with at least one embodiment.

FIG. 6 c is a pictorial representation of the two correlated magnetic structures of FIG. 6 a and FIG. 6 b, wherein the second structure has been further rotated beyond the rotation exhibited in FIG. 6 b and relative to the first structure about one or more axis so as to change the magnetic attractive and/or repulsive force profiles exhibited collectively and individually by the plurality of maxels on each of the respective first and second structures in accordance with at least one embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The various of embodiments described herein generally relate to apparatuses, systems and/or methods which utilize the properties of magnetism to fasten or couple two or more items, components, devices, or systems together. In at least one embodiment, one or more “correlated magnets” are used to accomplish the before mentioned fastening and/or coupling functions. As used herein, a “correlated magnet” is a structure whose magnetic properties can be specified by a combination of two or more individual magnetic elements.
With reference to FIG. 1 a, each magnetic element presents itself as having a magnetic field and a magnitude, wherein the density of the magnetic field lines pictorially represent the magnitude of the magnetic field produced at any given time by the magnetic element. When presented in a substrate, such as a ferromagnetic structure like iron, magnetic field lines are commonly represented by a dipole structure from which field lines emanate and return. Such dipoles are commonly referred to as the “N” or North and the “S” or south poles. The magnetic fields emanate from one pole and return (but never actually end) in a continuous loop, as represented by the respective arrows. Further, when two dipole magnets are positioned relative to each other, the common poles will repel (i.e., an “N” pole will repel an “N” pole), and the opposing poles will attract (i.e., an “N” pole attracts an “S” pole and vice versa). Similarly, with reference to FIG. 1B, it is commonly known that a magnetic field is also produced when an electrical current, lc, is produced through a conductor, such as a wire, with the direction of the magnetic field being predicted by the “right hand grip rule” as shown by the arrows. Just as common magnetic poles repel and opposing magnetic poles attract, magnetic fields produced by electrical current passing through a conductor will also commonly or opposingly repel or attract, respectively. For example, a magnetic field emanating in a counter-clockwise condition, as shown in FIG. 1B, will oppose another wire having an electrical current flowing in the same direction and thereby also producing a counter-clockwise rotating magnetic field.
Further, it is well known that a current carrying wire and configured into multiple loops (such as in the form of a solenoid), when positioned about a ferromagnetic core (or similar substance) can be used to create an electro-magnet. The strength and direction of a magnetic field emanating there from can be controlled by controlling the direction of flow and the volume of current flowing through the wire of the solenoid. Based upon these well-known principles of electricity and magnetism, a correlated magnet can be configured, in accordance with at least one embodiment, by the combination of multiple individual magnets in a given configuration.
FIG. 2 represents one embodiment of a correlated magnet consisting of sixteen (16) magnetic elements (201-216, respectively). The correlated magnet may include any number of magnetic elements (hereinafter “maxels”), provided that at least two are utilized or are capable of being utilized at any given time. Each maxel may be of a fixed polarity, as in the case of a solid magnetic element, or varied based upon a direction of current flow, as in the case of an electromagnetic element. Maxels may also be utilized which produce no magnetic field at any given time, for example, by the absence of electrical current being provided to an electromagnetic structure forming the maxel. Likewise, it is to be appreciated that the strength of each maxel may also be fixed, reversible, or otherwise variable, as may be the case in a combined solid and electro- magnetic element. That is, the direction and strength of a correlated magnet may be programmed to pulse between varying states (e.g., “N” polarity one second, then “S” polarity for three seconds, then “N” polarity for two seconds, etc.). When coupled with a correspondingly second structure having maxels that correspondingly vary in polarity and strength, a fastening between two correlated magnet structures can be created that is effectively encrypted and unbreakable without know the pulse patterns used for the maxels forming the corresponding correlated magnetic structures. For example, such a system could be used to prevent the breaking of a magnetically fastened latch (e.g., in a door) by simply using a third magnet of sufficient opposing magnetic force. The third magnet would desirably have to vary its magnetic force properties across multiple, rand
It should be appreciated that the overall magnetic field of the correlated magnet will depend on the arrangement and magnetic field strength presented by each of the constituent maxels at any given time. For example, certain correlated magnets may exert a repulsive force at a first distance against an external magnetic or ferrous surface, but an attractive force at a second distance. Similarly, attractive and repulsive forces may be directionally oriented with respect to any two surfaces, such that a second surface approaching a first surface from an undesired angle, direction and/or distance is repulsed. Such a coupling or non-coupling of two structures might be important, for example, when conductor pins corresponding in position to a farthest right edge of the first structure must be aligned with those corresponding to the right most edge of the second structure.
One embodiment of a correlated magnet may take the configuration of FIG. 3, for example, in which maxels 201-204 and 213-216 are configured to emit a magnetic field such that the “S” polarity of the field is presented on a top surface of the structure 300, as viewed from above the drawing sheet. Also, maxels 206, 207, 210 and 211 are configured to emit a magnetic field such that the “N” polarity is presented on the top surface of the structure 300, as viewed from the same perspective at the same given time. Maxels may also be configured, for example, when configured as an electro-magnetic structure, to present a magnetic force of any desired magnitude, including a force of zero (0) magnetism, as represented by the “O” for maxels 205, 208, 209 and 212.
It should be appreciated that the overall magnetic field strength of any given correlated magnet will depend on the arrangement and magnetic field strength presented by each of the constituent maxels at any given time. The overall magnetic field strength may vary both in time, direction (e.g., “N” versus “S” versus “O” pole, and right-hand versus left-hand direction) and strength. For example, certain correlated magnets may exert a repulsive force at a first distance against an external magnetic or ferrous surface, but an attractive force at a second distance. Similarly, attractive and repulsive forces, with respect to any corresponding surface may be directionally oriented, such that a second surface approaching a first surface from an undesired attitude is repulsed.
As shown in FIG. 4 a, a first correlated magnet structure 400 may be configured to have a top surface 414 and at least one side surface 416. The structure 400 may also be configured to include six maxels, 402, 404, 406, 408, 410 and 412. Each of these maxels may be further configured to present a give magnetic pattern, such as the N—N—S—N—O—S pattern (as read from right to left and top to bottom, with the top surface 414 of the first structure 400 being parallel to the plane of the drawing sheet). It is to be appreciated that the opposing surface 414′ the structure at each maxel 402′, 404′, 406′, 408′, 410′ and 412′, will have the opposite polarity. For example, the opposing surface 414′ of structure 400 for maxel 402 will have the “S” polarity, this opposing surface is represented in FIG. 4 b as element 402′.
As shown in FIG. 4 c, a corresponding second correlated magnet structure 418 having a top surface 420 and at least one side surface 422, may also be configured to have six maxels, 424, 426, 428, 430, 432 and 434. Each of these maxels may be further configured to present on a top surface 420 of the structure 418 a pattern similar to the first correlated magnet structure, such as SS—N—S—N—N pattern shown in FIG. 4 c, an opposing surface 420′ pattern such as the S—N—N—S—S—N pattern shown in FIG. 4 d, or any other pattern, such as the N—S—N—N—N—O pattern shown in FIG. 4 e, with respect to third correlated magnet structure 436, having a top surface 438, at least one side surface 440 and maxels 442, 444, 446, 448, 450 and 452. The magnetic pattern for the opposing surface 438′ of the third correlated magnet structure 436 is S—N—S—O—S—S, as shown in FIG. 4 e. As used throughout this description and in the drawing figures, maxel polarities emanating from a top or first surface of a maxel in a correlated magnetic structure are identified in bold, while maxel polarities appearing on an opposing surface are underlined. It is to be appreciated, however, that any reference to a top, first or opposing surface is for purpose of explanation only and is not to be construed as a limitation of any embodiments claimed or described herein and that the designation of a surface as top or opposing is merely a matter of perspective and orientation.
It is to be appreciated that by configuring each maxel in a correlated magnetic structure, opposing structures can be attracted or repulsed. Further such attraction or repulsion may vary over time, distance and orientation. For example, as shown in FIG. 5 a, the first correlated magnet structure 400, when fixed in its orientation on an x-y-z plane, where the z axis propagates out of the surface of the page, has the maxel pattern shown in FIG. 4 a, namely, N—N—S—N—O—S on its top surface 414. Further, it may be desirable, for whatever reason, for second correlated magnetic structure 418 to become magnetically fastened to the first structure 400. The second structure 418 has a pattern of maxels on its top surface 420 of S—S—N—S—N—N and the opposite maxel pattern on its opposing surface 420′, namely N—N—S—N—S—S. That is, the second structure's opposing surface 420′ has a very similar maxel pattern as the first structure's top surface 414, with only maxels 410 and 432′ being different. Hence, the magnetic field patterns created, respectively, by the top surface of the first structure 400 and the opposing surface 420′ of the second structure 418 are opposing magnetic fields, as indicated by arrows 502 and 504, such that a force opposing the fastening of first structure to the second structure is generated and the fastening of the two structures in accordance with this orientation would be discouraged (if not practically extraordinarily difficult or impossible), when presented with opposing magnetic forces of a given strength.
However, if the second structure 418 is shifted two maxels to the right relative to the first structure 400 in the “x” direction, as shown in FIG. 5 b, then the “S” poles of maxels 406 and 412 of the top surface 414 of the first structure 400 would attract the “N” poles of maxels 424′ and 430′ on the opposing surface 420′ of the second structure 418. However, a combination of the first structure 400 and the second structure 418 in this orientation would result in only a two maxel overlap of maxels 406 with 424′ and maxels 412 with 430′. In certain embodiments, such a two maxel overlap may or may not present an optimal or desired bond between the structures.
It is to be appreciated, however, if the second structure 418 is rotated 180 degrees about the “x” axis and oriented relative to the first structure 400 as shown in FIG. 5 c, maxels 402, 404, 406, 408 and 412 on the front surface 414 of the first structure 400 directly correspond to opposing maxels 428, 426, 424, 434 and 430 on the front surface 414 of the second structure 418 (which is shown in FIG. 5 c as being into the page). As such, an attractive magnetic force is respectively created as each of these maxels overlaps, resulting in a magnetic bond of five maxel's strength, assuming for this example that each maxel creates a magnetic field, regardless of orientation, of the same magnetic strength. Notably, in this example, maxels 404 and 426, have respective “N” and “S” polarities on their respective top surfaces. When configured and oriented such that maxel 402 directly corresponds with maxel 428, maxels 404 and 426 likewise attract and result in the structure desirably being properly aligned in the “y” direction. However, should the second structure 418 be shifted upwards (in the positive “y” direction) relative to the first structure, while maintaining the same respective orientations as shown in FIG. 5 b such that maxel 402 now corresponds to maxel 434 and maxel 406 corresponds to maxel 403, then maxel 432, having an N polarity on its top surface 418 would be opposite maxel 404, which also has an N polarity on its top surface 414. As such, maxels 404 and 432 would oppose each other. It is to be appreciated that by tuning the opposing magnetic field strengths of maxels 404 and 432 relative to the combined attractive magnetic fields strengths resulting from the combination of maxels 402 with 434 and 406 with 430, the improper alignment of the first structure 400 relative to the second structure 418 can be discouraged and if the opposing strength formed by maxel 404 and 432 are sufficiently great, fastening of the first structure with the second structure in this particular orientation can be prohibited. For example, if the combined opposing magnetic forces created by the combination of maxels 404 and 432 are sufficient to overcome the attractive magnetic forces of maxel combinations 404 with 430 and 406 with 434, then a misalignment of the first structure 400 relative to the second structure, in the positive “y” direction of one maxel can be prevented, while the maximum attraction of five maxels can be obtained when the first structure 400 is aligned relative to the second structure such that the following maxel pairs overlap, 402 with 428, 404 with 426, 406 with 424, 408 with 434 and 412 with 430.
It is likewise to be appreciated that just as an attraction or repulsion of two correlated magnetic structures in the “y” direction can be dictated by the polarities and respective magnetic strengths of the maxels forming each correlated magnetic structure, so too can the attraction or repulsion of two or more correlated magnetic structures be dictated in the “x” and “z” directions. That is, it is to be appreciated that a desired alignment of correlated magnets in one structure with respect to a second structure can be used to encourage or discourage the alignment left, right, up or down (e.g., a movement to in an “x” or “y” direction in a two dimensional plane x-y plane), a relative distance, height or separation maintained with respect of one structure to another (e.g., along the z axis of an x, y, z cartesian coordinate system), or the pitch, roll or yaw of one structure relative to another (i.e., a rotation about any of the x, y or z axis of a cartesian coordinate system). Also, it is to be appreciated that similar control of surfaces relative to another and their attractive or repulsive properties relative to each other and/or other third structures can also be controlled with correlated magnets emitting circular magnetic fields, such as those created by a current passing through a conductor.
The exact distances at which a correlated magnet may be magnetically attractive or repulsive may also be configured and, in certain embodiments, varied over time. The attractive or repulsive force generally depends on the arrangement and strength of each individual maxel at any given time. By properly positioning maxels on a coded magnet surface, a force curve having particular attractive and repulsive strengths at certain distances may be created. It should likewise be noted that the force curve may switch between attraction and repulsion more than once as the separation distance between the correlated magnet and magnetic surface increases or decreases. Such magnetic force emanated from any given maxel may be fixed, as in the case of a ferromagnetic structure, or varied, as in the case of a maxel configured as an electromagnet. Correspondingly, the magnetic force characteristics of any given correlated magnet may be fixed, or varied, as any given embodiment or implementation of the inventive concepts set forth herein so desires. For example, the magnetic or repulsive force of a correlated magnet may increase as the sensed distance between two objects decreases (or in the opposite, increases). Such an embodiment may be desirable, for example, when a strong bond between a cable (e.g., a power cable) and a corresponding socket is desired after it is determined that the cable and socket are properly aligned. Similarly, the desire for a strong magnetic bond may decrease as the device containing the socket, for example, a laptop personal computer, tablet computer, or other electronic device, is powering down, thereby permitting the easy disengagement of any cables (e.g., the before mentioned power cable) connected to the electronic component.
Generally, the coding of a correlated magnetic surface (for example, the placement of maxels having particular field strengths and polarities) creates a particular two-dimensional pattern on the surface and thus a three-dimensional magnetic field. The three-dimensional magnetic field may serve to define the aforementioned force curve, presuming that the external magnetic or ferrous surface has a uniform magnetic field.
Further, the two-dimensional pattern of the correlated magnetic surface generally has a complement or mirror. This complement is the reversed maxel pattern of the correlated magnetic surface. Thus, a complementary correlated magnetic surface may be defined and created for any single correlated magnetic surface. A correlated magnetic surface and its complement are generally attractive across any reasonable distance, although as the separation distance increases the attraction attenuates. With respect to a uniform external magnetic or ferrous surface, the force curve of a complementary correlated magnet is the inverse of the original correlated magnet's force curve. The force curve between two correlated magnets may be varied by misaligning pairs of magnets, magnet strengths and the like, yielding the ability to create highly variable, and tailorable, attractive and repulsive force curves. Given that such force curves may also be programmable when the maxels used in any given correlated magnet are constructed of electromagnetic structures, key codes and other security features may used to specify and control the magnetic forces connecting any two given devices.
For example, each maxel may be specified as to its on/off status, with such status being associated with a given code. In at least one embodiment, a correlated magnet having four elements, may be configured such that the number code 6-9-1-4 results in maxels 1-4 each being turned on and in an attractive state, with respect to a second correspondingly coded correlated magnet, whereas an opposite code of 1-4-6-9 results in all four maxels being turned on and in a repulsive state, with respect to the second correlated magnet. That is, the first code pattern creates attractive magnetic forces with a correspondingly coded second correlated magnet structure, whereas the second code creates repulsive magnetic forces with the second structure. Similarly, a code of 0-0-0-0 could result in all four maxels being in an “off” status whereby they are neither attractive nor repulsive. It is to be appreciated that the magnitude of the attractive (or repulsive) force may also be specified. For example, a code of “9” may result in a maximum attractive force, with respect to the second magnet having a fixed maxel, whereas a code of “4” results in a maximum repulsive force, with respect to the same maxel for the second correlated magnet, as represented below in Table 1. Other coding techniques may be utilized for any given embodiment.

TABLE 1

PERCEIVED FORCE	ATTRACTIVE	REPULSIVE

HIGHEST	9	4
MED-HIGH	8	3
MEDIUM	7	2
MED-LOW	6	1
LOWEST	5	0

Further, by using look-up tables, lists, correlation matrices, encryption algorithms, or other methods of associating a specified user code with a programmable or predetermined operative code, each maxel in a programmable correlated magnet may be coded as to its status and the desired magnitude of attractive/repulsive force of each maxel. That is, a user may customize their code such that, upon entry of a particular sequence, the desired level of attractive or repulsive strength of any given maxel and/or group of maxels may be specified or altered. As shown below in Table 2, a four maxel correlated magnet may be specified, for example, as one of sixteen possible permutations wherein each maxel (with respect to a given second, fixed correlated magnet structure) may be specified as ranging from a strong “N” polarity to a weak “S” polarity, recognizing that a strong “S” next to a correspondingly strong “N” might result in a cancelling magnetic force at the boundary of such force fields. A sequence of maxel #1 having a weak “S” force, maxel #2 having a strong “N” force, and maxels #3 and #4 each having a strong “S” force may be specified by the code sequence 12-24-37-38. It is to be appreciated that the code sequence applied to any cell in the table below may be randomized so as to allow customization of code sequences for a correlated magnet. For example, cell [12] could be identified by the code [88]. It should be appreciated that “strong” and “weak” are arbitrary and relative designations for attractive or repulsive magnetic forces. It should likewise be appreciated that more than two force states may exist and be employed by any embodiment.

	TABLE 2

	Maxel #

Strength	1	2	3	4

1 = strong “S”	[11]	[21]	[37]	[38]
2 = weak “S”	[12]	[22]	[36]	[39]
3 = weak “N”	[13]	[23]	[35]	[40]
4 = Strong “N”	[14]	[24]	[34]	[41]

Any given programmable correlated magnet may be matched with a corresponding second programmable correlated magnet structure. For example, in one embodiment, the frame for a bicycle could have built into it or attached thereto a programmable correlated magnet structure, that when paired with a bike rack having an opposing programmable correlated magnet structure, creates a strong and desirably inseparable and uniquely correlated magnetic bond between the two structures, the bicycle and the rack. More specifically, each bike rack's programmable correlated magnet could be configured by a user using any of the predetermined code sequences (for example, the sequence 12-24-37-38, as shown above) which is specified as a user defined code sequence, for example, 88-72-11-46. This user defined maxel sequence and code sequence could then be correspondingly programmed into the bike's programmable correlated magnet structure, by the inputting both of the rack's predetermined code sequence, i.e., 12-24-37-38 and the user's unique code, i.e., 88-72-11-46. Upon entry of the code into both structures, the bike and the rack, an attractive magnetic force arising from multiple uniquely configured maxels is desirably created and thereby results in the fastening of the bike to the rack. In order to separate the bike from the rack, the user could re-enter the user's code sequence into the bike's and/or the rack's programmable correlated magnet structure, which would correspondingly reverse the polarities and strengths of the maxels in at least the bike or the rack to enable separation of the bike from the rack. One or more switches encoded in the bike rack's programmable correlated magnet structure could also be reset, which upon being reset returns the rack's correlated magnet back to a programmable state for use by a subsequent cyclist.
Since the maxel pattern of a correlated magnet varies in two dimensions, rotational realignment of an external magnetic surface (including a complementary correlated magnet) may relatively easily disengage the correlated magnet from the external magnetic surface. The exact force required to rotationally disengage two correlated magnets, or a correlated magnet and a uniformly charged external surface, may be much less than the force required to pull the two apart. This is because rotational misalignment likewise misaligns the maxels, thereby changing the overall magnetic interaction between the two magnets.
For example, as shown in FIG. 6 a, when a first correlated magnet structure 600 is positioned directly above a corresponding second correlated magnet structure 614, the “N” and “S” poles of each maxel structure may be opposite each other, and thereby attract. In this configuration, the magnetic coupling between the each of the two correlated magnet structures, for example structures 608′ and 616, are at their greatest strength. However, as one structure is rotated relative to the other, as shown in FIG. 6 b, the magnetic coupling between each maxel pair, individually, and all of the maxel pairs, collectively, decreases and the force necessary to further so rotate likewise decreases. As shown in FIG. 6 c, as the first structure 600 continues to rotate relative to the second structure 614, the magnetic coupling between the structures further decreases and desirably shifts from an attractive force, to a neutral force and then to a repulsive force. For example, when structure 600 has rotated 90 degrees clockwise relative to structure 614 about the z axis (where the z axis is perpendicular to the plane of the page), the “N” poles of maxels 608 and 602 (which are on the opposite side of structure 600 shown) oppose the “N” poles of maxels 622 and 624. As to be appreciated, this opposing force situation results in an repellant force arising between the structures 600 and 616 that results in structure 600 being repelled away from structure 614 in a rotational manner and away from the near side of structure 614 (as indicated by dashed line 616).
Numerous types of rotational fasteners exist today. Examples include, but are not limited to, Philips head screws, flat head screws, lag bolts, lag screws, hex nuts, Allen bolts, and star bolts (collectively, for purposes of concisenss only, hereinafter a “Screw”). All Screws commonly rely upon a rotation in a given axis to fasten one structure to another, while unfastening the structures when rotated in the opposite direction. Various types of tools and implements exist which fasten, by tightening, or unfasten (by loosening) the Screw, examples of such tools include, but are not limited to, Phillips headed screw drivers, torque wrenches, plumber's wrenches, Allen keys, and drill bits (collectively, for purposes of conciseness only, hereinafter a “Driver”).
One application of such an embodiment of correlated magnets, whereby a strong magnetic force is created when a first structure is properly aligned with a second structure, while allowing some degree of rotational float, in any direction, before structures are repelled, may be in magnetic Screws and magnetic Drivers. As described above with respect to the embodiments of FIGS. 4 a-4 f, correlated magnetic structures may be configured such that a strong magnetic attraction, or fastening, occurs in one or more directions but not in other directions. As applied to Screws and Drivers, correlated magnetic structures can be configured in Screws, and corresponding structures in Drivers, so as to provide maxels that form a strong bond or fastening of the Driver to the Screw when a rotation in a clockwise or counter-clockwise direction is intended of the Screw, and form a less strong attraction when a vertical (up/down) or horizontal (laterally across a Screw's head) movement is applied to a Driver relative to a surface of the Screw.
As shown in FIG. 4 g, one embodiment of a correlated magnet structure for use in a Screw may include a plurality of “star figures” or other predetermined configurations. Such configurations may be uniquely designed such that only specially configured Drivers will correspond therewith. As shown for the embodiment in FIG. 4 g, the center of the Screw 460 presents an “N” polarity, a first ring 462 presents an “S” polarity, a plurality of first star tips 464, present an “N” polarity, a plurality of second star tips 466 present an “S” polarity, and a plurality of third zones 468 present no polarity, as represented by the symbol “O.” In at least one embodiment, the polarity of the maxels in the star tips on the Screw and on the corresponding structures on the Driver are configured to create a fastening of the Screw to the Driver of sufficient strength to enable the Driver to rotate the Screw up to a desired torque level, such that the fastening of two or more structures by the Screw occur under any given maximum torque. The torque may vary by application from infinitesimal to infinite. The maxel configurations in the Screw and/or Driver are desirably configured such that the rotational fastening of the Screw to the Driver is broken whenever a torque above a desired maximum torque is applied. It is to be appreciated that the maximum torque permitted by any given Screw may be greater than that desired for a given application of the Screw. As such, in at least one embodiment, the maximum torque allowed for a given fastening operation may be controlled by configuration of the maxels in the Driver, while a standard configured Screw is used. More specifically, the Driver may be configurable such that certain maxels are energized or de-energized based upon a desired maximum permitted torque for a given application. For example, by de-energizing one-half (½) of the maxels in the Driver otherwise corresponding to the “S” polarized start tips 466 in the Screw, the maximum selective torque range for the Driver is reduced by approximately one-quarter. That is, in at least one embodiment, the maxels in the Driver corresponding to the center 460 may provide a baseline minimum torque. The first ring 462 may provide an increase in the permitted baseline torque, such an increase may be incremental or multiplicative (e.g., 2×, 3×, etc.). Each of the first star tips 464, second star tips 466, and third zones may be individually or collectively energized to provide an incremental or multiplicative increase in the maximum permitted torque range specified by a Driver (providing the Screw also supports the desired maximum permitted torque). Thus, the Driver may be configured to support Screws of varying maximum torques for applications requiring a torque that cannot be exceeded, and Screws may have non-standardized activated maxel patterns, based upon a common maxel layout.
In at least one embodiment, the fastening of the Screw to the Driver in a desired and proper orientation (e.g., up/down and left/right) is directed by the concentric maxel rings, 460 and 462, which discourage a non-desired alignment of the Driver with the Screw, such as an alignment which is off-center. By properly configuring the maxels, a strong attraction sufficient to temporarily fasten the Screw to the Driver can be accomplished with the concentric maxel rings 460 and 462, while the outer star tips 464 and 466 can be configured to control the maximum torque permitted upon the Screw by the Driver. Last, in at least one embodiment, the neutral zones 468 desirably facilitate the removal of the Driver from the Screw whenever the maximum torque is exceeded, as upon entering such a configuration the “N” and “S” maxels on the Screw no longer correspond with the opposing “S” and “N” maxels on the Driver. The “S” and “N” maxels rotate, relative to the Screw's maxels, so as to correspond with the “O” maxels in the third zone, at which instance the fastening of the Screw to the Driver is broken by the gyroscopic effect of a spinning head on the Driver. While the double star configuration shown in FIG. 4 is one possible embodiment of a magnetic screw and driver, it is to be appreciated that other embodiments are possible.
For example, as shown in FIG. 4 h, a correlated magnetic Screw may also be configured as a lag bolt 470. The lag bolt 470 may include a top surface 472, which has an “N” polarity, and a plurality of side surfaces 474-482 having varying polarities. For such an embodiment, the side surfaces would correspond to a compatible Driver (having a socket or similar configuration) while providing a strong fastening of the lag bolt with the Driver along the corresponding side surfaces and a weaker fastening of the lag bolt with the Driver along the corresponding top surfaces 472.
A non-fastening of the Driver to the Screw may occur for any embodiment of a magnetic correlated screw by using electromagnetic maxels whose polarity can be reversed or neutralized by the corresponding provision or absence of electricity to the maxels in the Driver. Similarly, an assembly line process may be utilized whereby electromagnetic maxels in a Driver are energized when Screws are appropriately positioned relative the Driver and the Driver is automatically de-energized when a desired torque or fastening time, as desired or appropriate, is exceeded. The use of magnetic screws and Drivers can also result in assembly processes wherein a Screw is positioned beneath a top surface layer of a structure, for example, a chassis of a consumer electronics device, such that the screw is hidden from view. For such an embodiment, positioning of the Driver relative to the screw and proper torque control may be desirable and achieved by the corresponding positioning of the maxels in the Screw and Driver.
In another embodiment of correlated magnets, the fastening of various components to a device may be dictated by the presence or absence of electricity to energize one or more correlated magnetic structures. For example, a battery component for a consumer electronic device may be configured such that the battery compartment, when de-energized to a low energy level, exerts a repulsive force upon a battery (configured for insertion into the compartment) such that a contact between the electronic device and the battery is interrupted so as to prevent draining of the energy stored in the battery below a minimum level. Similarly, such a configuration can be used to expel, partially or completely, the battery from the battery compartment, open a battery compartment cover, or otherwise signal to a user that recharging and/or replacement of the battery is required. Similarly, correlated magnetic structures may be used in ink-jet printers to indicate when the quantity of ink in a given cartridge exceeds a minimum threshold by partially or completely expelling the ink cartridge from its compartment wherein each of the cartridge and its compartment have a correlated magnetic structure. Likewise, the quantity of ink in a given cartridge may be indicated when a covering for an ink cartridge storage compartment is opened, wherein each of the covering and the ink cartridge or ink cartridge compartment have a correlated magnetic structure. Similarly, correlated magnetic structures can be configured to exert a retention force upon a battery when energized above a given level and to exert a repulsion force when the battery falls below a desired minimum level. Such an embodiment, for example, could be used in home smoke detectors to automatically expel, for replacement, a battery whose energy life has fallen below a desired or determined threshold.
In another embodiment, “buttons” used on smart phones and other electronic devices may be configured with correlated magnetic structures, such that the buttons are elevated or recessed, as desired, into a given surface as desired for any given application. For example, a portion of an otherwise touch sensitive iPad screen could be configured with a plurality of commonly recessed, correlated magnetic structure “buttons”, wherein the buttons commonly reside below a flexible membrane portion of the touch sensitive surface. In at least one embodiment, the buttons are configured as a plurality of maxels in a flexible membrane that also serve to accomplish touch sensitive capacitive coupling. Such maxels, for example, may be configured with an “S” polarity. Further, below the surface of each such button, one or more maxels are configured so as to attract the button down into the device and into a recessed position without requiring the use of any electricity, and thereby conserve battery life. As desired, the maxels corresponding to such buttons can be activated, so as to change their polarity, or other maxels associated thereby, so that upon being polarized, one or more of the buttons are repelled from their otherwise common and recessed position. In at least one embodiment, such repulsive forces result in the button presenting a bump or other tactile feature in the flexible membrane that continues to operate as a touch sensitive surface (typically by the use of capacitive coupling). The height and lateral size of the bump are desirably sufficient for tactile sensation. For example, when using a spreadsheet application, a portion of an iPad screen could be configured to have bumps appear on the touch sensitive surface which represent the numbers and characters commonly presented on a calculator. Desirably, the repulsive force of the maxels on the underlying layer and those in the touch sensitive surface are of sufficient force to present a sensation of a button while also allowing the user to experience the sensation of the button being depressed. Hence, the maxel configured bumps enable a user of a product such as an iPad to obtain tactile feedback, when desired, while also having all the characteristics of a touch sensitive screen. In at least one embodiment, the maxel configured bump structure may be applied across a substantial or entire portion of a given touch sensitive screen and thereby facilitate customization of where, on the screen, the tactile bumps are to appear. Such customization can occur based upon user preference, screen orientation and/or as specified for a given application. Bumps may also appear dynamically, based upon any of the foregoing or other factors. For example, a left handed user might desire for the calculator bumps to appear on a left versus a standard right portion of a touch screen of a given orientation (landscape or portrait). Similarly, an application may desire for bumps to appear in certain locations at certain times, but not others. A word processing application might generate bumps corresponding to a QWERTY keyboard along a bottom portion of a screen of a given orientation, while a video application might position the bumps to correspond to graphical control images (e.g., play, pause, FF, RWD) appearing across a top or one or more side edges of the touch sensitive control surface, which also functions as the video presentation screen. In at least one embodiment, graphical images may be presented so as to correspond directly or proximately with such bumps. In at least one embodiment, capacitive coupling is still utilized across the entirety of the flat panel, including in situ with any bumps, to provide touch sensitive control features and functions. The appearance or disappearance of a bump occurs solely based upon principles of magnetism such that the user control features of a touch sensitive control surface and/or screen are not compromised and such that the bumps appear or recess without requiring the use of any mechanical parts. Further, in at least one alternative embodiments, maxels configured into a touch sensitive screen or similar flexible membrane may be appropriately attracted and/or repulsed so as to create, at any given time, a recess or “well” instead of a bump, while at another given time presenting a flat surface or a respective opposite surface (i.e., a bump instead of a previously presented well). Further, it is to be appreciated that the use of correlated magnetic structures to form bumps or wells may be used in any device desiring such characteristics including, but not limited to, any type of keypad, keyboard, touch screen, or other control surface.
Another application of an embodiment of correlated magnets, whereby a strong magnetic force is created when a first structure is properly aligned with a second structure, while allowing some degree of rotational and/or lateral position error before the structures are repelled, may be in cycling pedals and their respective shoes. As is commonly known, cycling shoes are desirably attached, but releasable under a certain amount of force and after a certain degree of rotation about the pedals top surface from their corresponding pedals. Existing retention and release systems rely upon a cleat attached to a shoe and a corresponding attachment mechanism built into a pedal. Examples of the same include those made by LOOK, SPEEDPLAY, TIME, SHIMANO, and others. By using correlated magnetic structures in shoes and pedals, magnetic force curves can be created which enable a shoe, sans cleat, to be magnetically attached to a pedal when aligned in a desired orientation relative to a bike frame and for the same pedal to be neutral or even repelled from the pedal and away from the bike, for example, so as to aid a cyclist in getting their foot properly positioned to touch the ground at an optimal distance from the bike's crank, wheel, and other components. Further, the amount of rotation, or error can be customized to the needs of the individual cyclist. For example, some riders may desire a large degree of error of the pedal, while still retaining an adequate attractive force for purposes of minimizing knee strain or ensuring proper foot-to-pedal alignment. In contrast, some riders, typically professionals, may desire maximal attractive force over a much narrower error in angle so as to maximize the energy transfer from leg/shoe to the pedal. For such an embodiment, a greater rotational force might be required by the rider before a neutral or repulsive magnetic force is created between the pedal and the cyclist's shoe. Further customization of the shoe to pedal correlated magnet profile can be accomplished by varying the magnetic force directions and strengths of one or more maxels. Similar attachment and release mechanisms for which strong correlated magnet directional forces and weaker rotational forces can be utilized include ski bindings, snowboard bindings, and other applications. Further, it is to be appreciated that by the use of various other rotational sensors, including speed, motion, and g-force sensors, the attractive or repulsive force between a binding system and a shoe, boot, or glove can be varied, when variable strength maxels are utilized. For example, a binding system could be designed such that a repulsive force is created when high g-forces are created in rapidly varying directions, as might occur when a skier crashes while skiing.
In another embodiment of a programmable correlated magnet, a correlated magnetic structure could be built, for example, into the top of a desk, a docking station, the opening or closing mechanism for a laptop computer or other computing device, or a mounting bracket configured for use therewith so as to secure the positioning of a structure relative to the desk top. The structure correspondingly having, for example built into a chassis (for example, a laptop chassis), programmable correlated magnetic structures for fastening the chassis/structure to the desktop or docking station. Contrarily, opposing correlated magnets may be provided in surfaces or structures and correspondingly in devices to repel the attempted placement of an item, component, device or structure on any given surface or into a given cavity. For example, an MP3 music player could be configured such that the entrance of the MP3 player is opposed by a magnetic force emitted by a basin, such as a washing machine tub, sink, or toilet. Contrarily the MP 3 player and basin structure could be configured with correlated magnetic structures such that a desired placement of the player relative to the basin occurs. Similarly, the hinges of a laptop's display screen could be configured with correlated magnets so as to enable the positioning of the display screen at a distance from a keyboard more suitable for a user's view, such as, on the back of an airline seat.
Further, it is to be appreciated that the code structures utilized to secure/release a programmable correlated magnet may use any means of access and/or user identification. As described above, one such means of access is a user provided code or PIN. Other means of access/identification can include, but are not limited to, key fobs, biometric scanners, bar code and matrix code scanner, and thumb drives which upon insertion into a corresponding socket can provide randomly generated code sets for each of the corresponding programmable correlated magnets.
Correlated magnets may be programmed or reprogrammed dynamically by using one or more electromagnetic maxels to form a coded surface pattern. As current is applied to the electromagnetic maxels, they will produce a magnetic field. When no voltage is applied, these maxels would be magnetically inert. When the input current is reversed, the polarity of the maxels likewise reverses. Thus, the coding of the correlated magnet may be changed through application of electricity. Further, any single electromagnetic maxel yields many possible codings presuming all other maxels remain constant: a first coding for the correlated magnetic surface when the electromagnetic maxel is attractive, a second when the current is reversed and the electromagnetic maxel is repulsive, and a third when no current is applied and the electromagnetic maxel is neutral. by varying the position of the maxel on the correlated magnet and/or the current supplied to the maxel, even more variations may be obtained. Given a correlated magnet having a five-by-five maxel array (for example), the number of possible codings if all maxels are electromagnets, held in a fixed position and supplied with a fixed current is 3²⁵, or 847,288,609,443 possible codes at any given moment. Since the coding of the surface may be adjusted dynamically, certain embodiments discussed herein may change their magnetic fields on the fly and thus their force curves. Specific implementations of this concept are discussed herein, although those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that variations and alternate embodiments will be apparent upon reading this disclosure in its entirety.
Further, the two-dimensional pattern of the correlated magnetic surface generally has a complement or mirror. This complement is the reversed maxel pattern of the correlated magnetic surface. Thus, a complementary coded magnetic surface may be defined and created for any single correlated magnetic surface. A correlated magnetic surface and its complement are generally attractive across any reasonable distance, although as the separation distance increases the attraction attenuates. With respect to a uniform external magnetic or ferrous surface, the force curve of a complementary correlated magnet is the inverse of the original correlated magnet's force curve. The force curve between two correlated magnets may be varied by misaligning pairs of magnets, magnet strengths and the like, yielding the ability to create highly variable, and thus tailorable, force curves.
Given the foregoing discussion of correlated magnets, it should be appreciated that such magnetic surfaces may be incorporated into a variety of devices, apparatuses, applications and so on to create or enhance functionality of one sort or another. Anything to which another thing is desirous of attaching or staying in relative position thereto, may desirably, be so affixed using correlated magnets.
It should be appreciated that the precise alignment and “homing” that may be achieved with appropriately configured pairs of correlated magnetic surfaces may provide useful functionality for precision assembly of devices. As one example, a laptop computer generally has precise tolerances and positions for all its constituent elements within the laptop chassis. If one element is misplaced, the laptop may not function properly or may not pass a final assembly inspection.
Continuing this example, each element to be placed within a laptop computer may have a correlated magnetic surface with a unique magnetic code. A certain position within the laptop chassis may have the complementary or attracting correlated magnetic surface. Thus, when the element is near that position, it may self-align at the position. Further, such alignment is not necessarily limited to lateral motion but may include rotational alignment as well. This precision alignment may facilitate construction or assembly of fault-intolerant devices.
Another embodiment may take the form of an assembly tool with a correlated magnetic surface that dynamically changes as assembly of a device proceeds, such that the tool mates with the next element to be placed in the assembly process. For a simplified example, consider a screwdriver sized to accept multiple screws of different lengths, head sizes and the like. As assembly of a device proceeds, the screwdriver may receive a command from a computing device overseeing the assembly process to dynamically change the coding of a correlated magnet on the screwdriver tip. An operator may lower the screwdriver into a container of screws and attract to the tool only the screw that has an attractive correlated magnetic surface. Thus, the screwdriver may attract only the proper screw for the next assembly step.
This same concept may be applied to automated assembly lines. Essentially, if the assembly tool (such as a robotic arm) can receive feedback regarding the current state of the assembly process, it may dynamically reprogram its correlated magnetic surface to pick up the next piece for placement and put it in the proper area, according to the foregoing disclosure.
Certain embodiments may take the form of a magnetic “rivet” or fastener. The rivet may include multiple splines that are magnetically locked to the rivet body in a withdrawn position. When the rivet is inserted into or through a material, the insertion tool may dynamically deactivate the electromagnetic magnets holding the splines to the body. The splines may thus extend outward behind the material in a fashion similar to an anchor bolt. In alternative embodiments, the tool used to place the rivet may have a coded magnetic surface that attracts the splines to the tool, thereby keeping them flush against the barrel. When the tool is removed, the splines extend. In this embodiment, the magnetic rivet may have a bore into which the tool may fit in order to draw the splines inward against the rivet body.
In addition to assembling devices through the use of coded magnetic surfaces, devices held together by such surfaces may be relatively easily disassembled. Degaussing the device may wipe the coded magnetic surfaces, causing them to no longer attract one another. Thus, at least certain portion of the device may easily separate from one another for breakdown, recycling and the like.
Certain embodiments may also take the form of a latch or closing mechanism for an electronic device, box or other item that may be opened and closed. One example of such a device is a laptop computer. A first correlated magnet may be placed at a lip or edge of a device enclosure, typically in a position abutting the top or lid of the device when the device is in a closed position. A second magnet may be located in the lid and generally adjacent the first correlated magnet when the device is closed. The first and second correlated magnets may be coded to attract one another when the separation distance is below a threshold and repulse one another when the separation distance exceeds the threshold. Thus, the correlated magnets may assist in opening or closing the device, depending on the separation distance. The magnets may have sufficient attractive force below the separation threshold to automatically pull the device closed in certain embodiments.
Another embodiment may place multiple coded magnets in the clutch (e.g., hinge) of a laptop computer or similar device. One coded magnet may be in the portion of the clutch engaged with the base of the laptop and one on the clutch portion engaged with the top of the laptop. The magnets may be coded to rotationally repulse one another until a certain rotational alignment is achieved, at which point the magnets may be coded to attract one another. In this fashion, the circular coded magnets may act as a detent to hold the device top open in a particular position with respect to the device base. The coded magnets may have multiple such virtual detents to permit a user a range of options for opening and/or closing the device.
While several embodiments have been discussed, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure set forth herein. For example, as the form factor of correlated magnets decreases in size and the magnetic force generated by any given maxel increases in strength, and/or duration, it is to be appreciated that correlated magnets may be utilized in practically any application, including everything ranging from the building trades (e.g., to fasten structural components), electronics, bio-medical (for example, used to guide an instrument, treatment device, medicine, or the like containing a programmable correlated magnet structure through one's body) and in other fields and endeavors. Hence, the described embodiments are, in all respects, to be considered only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the claimed subject matter is therefore indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Claims

1. A fastening device comprising:

a first structure comprising at least a first maxel and a second maxel, wherein each of the first maxel and the second maxel has a polarity and a magnetic strength; and

a second structure comprising at least a third maxel and a fourth maxel, wherein each of the third maxel and the fourth maxel has a polarity and a magnetic strength; and

wherein the polarity of the first maxel, the second maxel, the third maxel and the fourth maxel are configured so at to develop an attraction between at least one of:

(a) the first maxel with the third maxel or fourth maxel; and

(b) the second maxel with at least one of the third maxel and the fourth maxel.

2. The fastening device of claim 1 wherein the first maxel further comprises an electromagnetic structure whereby the polarity of the first maxel can be varied by a change of current flow in the electromagnetic structure.

3. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein each of the first maxel and third maxel further comprise electromagnetic structures.

4. The fastening device of claim 3, wherein the attraction or repulsion of the first maxel relative to the third maxel is controlled by activating or deactivating the electromagnetic structure in a least one of the first maxel and the third maxel with a desired direction of electrical current flow.

5. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein the second maxel further comprises an electromagnetic structure and the polarity of the first maxel and the second maxel are uniquely programmable.

6. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein the magnetic strength of the first maxel is variable.

7. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein the first maxel is configured in a clutch of a laptop computer.

8. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein the first maxel is configured in a spine of a rivet.

9. The fastening device of claim 2, wherein the first maxel is configured in spine of a freewheel.

10. The fastening device of claim 1, wherein at least one of the first maxel, the second maxel, the third maxel and the fourth maxel is programmable.

11. A correlated magnetic structure comprising:

at least one first maxel and

at least one second maxel.

12. The correlated magnetic structure of claim 11, wherein the at least one first maxel further comprises an electromagnetic structure.

13. The correlated magnetic structure of claim 12, wherein the electromagnetic structure further comprises a variable current structure, where by varying the current in a first direction a first polarity of the at least one first maxel is created and by varying the current in a second direction a second polarity of the at least one first maxel is created.

14. The correlated magnetic structure of claim 11, wherein the at least one first maxel is configured to correspond to and create an attractive force between the at least one first maxel and a corresponding at least one third maxel on a second correlated magnetic structure and the at least one second maxel is configured to correspond to and create a repulsive force between the at least one second maxel and at least one fourth maxel on the second correlated magnetic structure.

15. The correlated magnetic structure of claim 14, wherein the attractive force created between the at least one first maxel and the at least one third maxel is dominate across both the first correlated magnetic structure and the second correlated magnetic structure when the first correlated magnetic structure and the second correlated magnetic structure are respectively oriented in a first configuration and wherein the repulsive force created between the at least one second maxel and the at least one fourth maxel is dominate across both the first correlated magnetic structure and the second correlated magnetic structure when the first correlated magnetic structure and the second correlated magnetic structure are respectively oriented in a second configuration.

16. A method for fastening a first structure to a second structure, wherein each of the first structure and the second structure have at least one magnetic property and wherein the second structure includes a programmable correlated magnetic structure having two or more maxels comprising:

determining at least one magnetic property of the first structure; and

configuring the magnetic polarity of a first maxel of the two or more maxels in the second structure;

whereby upon configuring the magnetic polarity of the first maxel an attractive magnetic force is created between the configured first maxel and the first structure.

17. The method of claim 16, comprising:

configuring the magnetic polarity of a second maxel of the two or more maxels in the second structure;

whereby upon configuring the magnetic polarity of the second maxel a repulsive magnetic force is created between the second maxel and the first structure.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the attractive magnetic force is sensed by the second structure relative to the first structure when the second structure approaches the first structure from a first given attitude, and wherein the repulsive magnetic force is sensed by the second structure relative to the first structure when the second structure approaches the first structure from a second given attitude.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the repulsive magnetic force is sensed by the second structure relative to the first structure when the second structure is rotated about a common axis relative to the first structure.