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US20100230518A1 - System and process for battery recycling - Google Patents

System and process for battery recycling Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100230518A1
US20100230518A1 US12/701,693 US70169310A US2010230518A1 US 20100230518 A1 US20100230518 A1 US 20100230518A1 US 70169310 A US70169310 A US 70169310A US 2010230518 A1 US2010230518 A1 US 2010230518A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
feedstock
shredded
conveyor
batteries
oven
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/701,693
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English (en)
Inventor
James Ewles
Kenneth Wayne Elliott
Wayne Stevens
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE Inc
Original Assignee
INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE Inc filed Critical INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE Inc
Priority to US12/701,693 priority Critical patent/US20100230518A1/en
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE INC. reassignment INTERNATIONAL MARINE SALVAGE INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: STEVENS, WAYNE, ELLIOTT, KENNETH WAYNE, EWLES, JAMES
Publication of US20100230518A1 publication Critical patent/US20100230518A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B9/00—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • B03B9/06—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse
    • B03B9/061—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse the refuse being industrial
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/52—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste cells or batteries, e.g. recycling
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03B—SEPARATING SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS
    • B03B9/00—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • B03B9/06—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse
    • B03B2009/066—General arrangement of separating plant, e.g. flow sheets specially adapted for refuse the refuse being batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/52—Mechanical processing of waste for the recovery of materials, e.g. crushing, shredding, separation or disassembly
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a system and process for recycling sealed cell batteries.
  • a known method for recycling alkaline batteries involves mechanically removing the casing from the battery cell and then using chemical processes to separate the solid materials of the cell.
  • Major solid components of the cells are carbon, zinc, potassium, and manganese.
  • chemical separation processes There are several problems with chemical separation processes. Firstly, the component materials involved are of low value while chemical processing is expensive. Also, additional waste streams are created with the chemical processes. In view of these drawbacks, this recycling method has not found widespread use.
  • This invention seeks to overcome drawbacks of known sealed cell battery recycling processes.
  • the batteries are shredded to form a shredded feedstock.
  • the shredded feedstock is heated above ambient temperature and rolled to form a dried material.
  • the dried material is screen separating into a coarse fraction and a powder fraction and the powder fraction is output.
  • a system for recycling sealed cell batteries comprises an oven with a first conveyor extending into the oven.
  • a rotatable tunnel extends within the oven from an output of the first conveyor.
  • the tunnel has a spiral vane depending from its inner surface which extends along a length of the tunnel.
  • a second conveyor is positioned below an output of the rotatable tunnel.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for battery recycling in accordance with this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partially cut-away perspective view of a portion of the system of FIG. 1 ,
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another system for battery recycling in accordance with this invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a portion of another system for battery recycling in accordance with this invention.
  • a battery is a series of battery cells.
  • a 9 V battery is a true battery
  • AAA through D size batteries are cells.
  • the term battery is used to mean either true batteries or cells.
  • the central core of an alkaline cylindrical button cell is the anode which is a dispersion of zinc oxide powder in a gel containing a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.
  • This core is surrounded by a separator which is a non-woven layer of cellulose (paper) or a synthetic polymer (plastic).
  • a separator which is a non-woven layer of cellulose (paper) or a synthetic polymer (plastic).
  • an annular cathode which is a compressed paste of manganese dioxide with carbon (graphite) powder to increase conductivity.
  • the anode, separator, and cathode are sealed in a drawn steel casing.
  • a system 10 for recycling sealed cell alkaline batteries has a pre-shredder 12 for pre-shredding the feedstock in order to rupture their sealed steel casings.
  • the batteries may be further shredded in secondary shredder 14 , which may be a granulator, and are then conveyed downstream by conveyor 16 .
  • the conveyor which may be a chain conveyor or a belt conveyor with flights, assists in breaking up the feedstock into a more uniform material feed stream.
  • oven conveyor 20 has an input belt conveyor 22 with an overlying blade 24 .
  • the input belt conveyor dispenses to an upstream screw tunnel 26 .
  • the upstream screw tunnel has a spiral vane depending from its inner surface that extends along the length of the tunnel.
  • the upstream screw tunnel 26 in turn dispenses to a middle belt conveyor 28 with an overlying blade 30 .
  • the middle belt conveyor dispenses to a downstream screw tunnel 32 having a similar configuration as the upstream screw tunnel.
  • the downstream screw tunnel dispenses to an output belt conveyor 34 .
  • the output belt conveyor has an overlying blade 36 .
  • An oven 40 surrounds all but the upstream end of the input belt conveyor and downstream end of the output belt conveyor.
  • Feedstock traveling on the input belt conveyor 22 is levelled by blade 34 .
  • the material then drops into upstream screw tunnel 26 .
  • This screw tunnel rotates to roll the feedstock and feed it downstream.
  • the feedstock drops to the middle belt conveyor 28 where it is levelled—by blade 30 —and conveyed into downstream screw tunnel 32 .
  • the downstream screw tunnel rotates to roll the feedstock and convey it to output belt conveyor 34 , where the feedstock is levelled by blade 36 and then dispensed from the oven conveyor.
  • the feedstock By conveying and rolling the feedstock at elevated temperatures in the oven conveyor, the feedstock is dried and evaporation of mercury in the feedstock is promoted.
  • each of the air uptakes feed to a cyclone 46 , with air uptakes 13 and 15 feeding to the cyclone through a particulate filter 37 .
  • a vacuum source 44 draws air through the cyclone 46 to a scrubber 48 before the air leaves the system 10 .
  • the cyclone swirls the moving air to drop out any powder or other solids entrained by the moving air.
  • the scrubber sequesters vapours in the moving air which, with the alkaline battery feedstock, will be mercury vapours.
  • the scrubber may be a venturi scrubber with a pH control system that ensures the solubility of vapours.
  • a venturi scrubber With a venturi scrubber, the scrubber itself acts as the vacuum source.
  • Filter 37 traps any paper and light plastics drawn off by air intakes 13 and 15 so that the scrubber is not obstructed by this material and so that any fire that develops in the scrubber is not fed by this paper and plastics.
  • mercury has a boiling point of about 357° C., it is nevertheless volatile even at room temperature and therefore off gases at the various air uptakes as well as off gassing strongly in the oven conveyor.
  • Feedstock leaving the oven conveyor passes to a sieve 50 which may be a shaker table with a mesh size #30. This separates a coarser fraction of the feedstock from a finer fraction.
  • the mesh size is such that the finer fraction which drops through the sieve is a zinc oxide, manganese dioxide, and potassium hydroxide powder. This powder is recovered as a finished product of the process.
  • the coarser fraction which comprise the shredded steel casing along with brass, cellulose (paper), graphite (carbon), and plastic, collectively known as fluff, pass to a magnetic separator 52 , which may be a magnetic wheel.
  • the separated steel (magnetic component) is immersed in a first water bath 54 .
  • Water from the bath 54 drains through a wash screen 56 . Any remaining powder will pass through the screen and therefore remain in the water. Larger solids, namely the separated steel, are blocked by the screen and are washed off the screen to recover the steel as a second finished product of the process.
  • the water which passes through the screen 56 passes on to filter press 60 .
  • the fluff (non-magnetic component) which is separated by the magnetic separator is immersed in a second water bath 62 .
  • Water from the bath 62 drains through a wash screen 64 . Any remaining powder in the water will pass through the screen with the water. Larger solids, namely the fluff, are blocked by the screen and are washed off the screen.
  • This fluff passes to a tumbler dryer 66 where it is dried and then to a specific gravity separator 68 .
  • the specific gravity separator separates the ferrous component of the fluff (graphite and brass) from the nonferrous component (paper and plastic). These two output streams are finished products of the process.
  • the water which passes through screen 64 passes on to filter press 60 .
  • the water passing to the filter press from screens 56 and 64 passes through the membranes of the filter press such that any powder which had been in the water is recovered as a wet powder.
  • This wet powder is fed back to the conveyor 16 in the system 10 .
  • the water, which at this stage is normally caustic, then passes to a holding tank (not shown) wherein its pH is adjusted so that it may be reused in the water baths.
  • the recovered powder of zinc oxide, manganese dioxide, and potassium hydroxide may be used in fertilizer provided its mercury content has been sufficiently reduced.
  • a powder with a mercury content of less than 75 ppm is suitable for use in fertilizer.
  • mercury concentrations down to undetectable levels may be achieved.
  • the recovered steel may be used in the steel industry.
  • the recovered paper and plastic from the fluff may be burned for energy (e.g., in oven 40 ).
  • alkaline batteries may also be used for any of zinc carbon, zinc chloride, and manganese batteries.
  • the composition of the recovered powder will vary somewhat depending upon the type of battery which forms the feedstock. However, for all of these types of battery, the recovered powder may be used in fertilizer.
  • the time during which the feedstock remains in the oven conveyor and the temperature of this conveyor are determined based on characteristics of the feedstock and desired properties of the powder output from the system. More specifically, a customer of the powder may specify a required dryness and mercury content for the powder. Characteristics of the feedstock which impact the required heating time and temperature are the size of the battery cells, the age of the cells (newer batteries need to be run slower at higher temperatures), mercury content, and the type of battery. Regardless of customer requirements, the feedstock must at least be sufficiently dry so that it separates at the screen separator 50 .
  • the temperature of the oven can be varied as required, typically, a temperature of between 300° F. and 800° F. is sufficient where the feedstock remains in the oven conveyor for 1 to 5 minutes.
  • the speed through the oven conveyor may be 26 ft/min and the temperature may be set at 800° F.
  • the mesh size of the screen separator can be varied as required provided it is sufficiently small to separate the powder fraction of the feedstock. However, a #30 mesh size is suitable where the powder is to be used in the fertilizer industry and also allows the powder to pelletize well.
  • System 100 for use with a feedstock of nickel metal hydride batteries is identical to system 10 of FIG. 1 , and like parts have been given like reference numerals, except as follows.
  • System 100 includes a tumbler dryer 76 at the output of the first wash screen 56 which feeds to a specific gravity separator 78 .
  • the anode is nickel oxyhydroxide and the cathode is most commonly a lanthanoid mixture with nickel, cobalt, manganese, and/or aluminum.
  • Some cathodes may include other metals, such as iron or chromium.
  • the electrolyte is most commonly potassium hydroxide.
  • the processing of nickel metal hydride batteries in system 100 proceeds identically to the processing of alkaline batteries in system 10 of FIG. 1 except as follows.
  • Vapours generated from drying the feedstock are water and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
  • the speed of the oven conveyor is adjusted so that the feedstock dries sufficiently through the oven conveyor at the chosen oven temperature.
  • the scrubber (which may be a venturi scrubber as used in the system 10 of FIG. 1 ) sequesters the vapours from the drying process.
  • the powder component which passes through the sieve comprises nickel oxyhydroxide powder, cobalt oxide, and lanthanoids.
  • sieve 50 may have a #30 mesh size.
  • the recovered powder may be used in the coatings industry for pigmentation or the powder may be used in the stainless steel industry.
  • the solid component which does not pass through the sieve, contains nickel plated steel and fluff.
  • the nickel plated steel forms the magnetic component which is separated from the fluff by the magnetic wheel 52 .
  • the nickel plated steel of this magnetic component typically encapsulates some of the fluff as a consequence of the upstream shredding process. This encapsulated fluff remains with the magnetic component leaving the magnetic wheel.
  • the magnetic component is directed through bath 54 to the first wash screen 56 .
  • the solid component leaving the wash screen passes to tumbler dryer 76 where it is dried.
  • the dried solid component then inputs specific gravity separator 78 to separate nonferrous fluff residues from the nickel plated steel.
  • the nickel plated steel is a finished product that may be used in the steel industry.
  • System 100 may be modified to operate with a feedstock of lithium button cells, namely lithium ion batteries —which are rechargeable—or lithium polymer batteries.
  • the anode is a lithium metal or lithium compound.
  • the cathode is, most commonly, manganese dioxide and the electrolyte is, most commonly, lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of a system 1000 for use with lithium button cells.
  • System 1000 is identical to system 100 of FIG. 2 except as follows.
  • the scrubber 48 outputs to a water atomizer 84 and the atomizer outputs to a tank 86 . These modifications are employed because of the highly combustible nature of lithium compounds and the VOCs in the batteries.
  • the powder which drops out is mostly lithium cobalt oxide (but can vary depending on the chemical composition of the lithium ion battery).
  • This powder can be used in the coatings industry.
  • a mesh size #30 is suitable to limit contamination of this powder.
  • the magnetic component separated by the magnetic wheel includes stainless steel and magnetic alloys as well as any copper that is trapped by the stainless steel and magnetic alloys.
  • the specific gravity separator 78 FIG. 3 ) separates out non-ferrous fluff encapsulated with this magnetic component and also separates the stainless steel, magnetic alloys, and copper from each other.
  • the oven conveyor is run at a low speed and high temperature (to promote evaporation of mercury), with system 1000 run with lithium batteries, the oven conveyor is run at a mid speed and temperature (to avoid combustion), and when the system 100 is run with nickel metal hydride batteries, the oven conveyor is run at high speeds and temperatures.
  • blowers could be used for this purpose.
  • filter 37 may be omitted when running system 10 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Primary Cells (AREA)
  • Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
US12/701,693 2009-03-13 2010-02-08 System and process for battery recycling Abandoned US20100230518A1 (en)

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US12/923,957 Expired - Fee Related US8210456B2 (en) 2009-03-13 2010-10-18 Battery recycling
US13/473,682 Abandoned US20120227589A1 (en) 2009-03-13 2012-05-17 Battery recycling

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EP (1) EP2406843B1 (fr)
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WO2018006687A1 (fr) * 2016-07-07 2018-01-11 Grst International Limited Procédé de recyclage de batterie au lithium-ion
CN108430643A (zh) * 2015-12-17 2018-08-21 保尔伍斯股份有限公司 研磨和干燥设施
WO2018218358A1 (fr) * 2017-05-30 2018-12-06 Li-Cycle Corp. Procédé, appareil et système de récupération de matériaux à partir de batteries
CN109985712A (zh) * 2019-04-04 2019-07-09 广州市联冠机械有限公司 一种用于筛选废旧电池中铜铝材料的装置及其工艺
US20220401963A1 (en) * 2021-06-16 2022-12-22 Bonhun KU Apparatus for processing waste battery
JP2023052213A (ja) * 2016-10-20 2023-04-11 デュッセンフェルト・ゲーエムベーハー 特に充電式バッテリのような使用済みバッテリを処理するリサイクル方法およびバッテリ処理設備

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CN106582922B (zh) * 2016-11-22 2018-12-04 新昌县以琳环保科技有限公司 一种太阳能电池板组件生产用废弃垃圾回收处理设备
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CN110534834A (zh) * 2019-09-11 2019-12-03 新中天环保股份有限公司 一种废旧锂离子电池中电解液的回收方法
CN110694771B (zh) * 2019-10-12 2021-08-31 福建常青新能源科技有限公司 一种废旧三元锂电池柔性气流脱粉方法
CN111250213B (zh) * 2020-03-18 2020-11-27 安徽绿沃循环能源科技有限公司 一种干电池回收处理装置
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US20110031336A1 (en) 2011-02-10
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CA2730320A1 (fr) 2010-09-16
EP2406843A4 (fr) 2013-05-29
US8210456B2 (en) 2012-07-03
US20120227589A1 (en) 2012-09-13
CA2778136A1 (fr) 2010-09-16
CA2778136C (fr) 2013-04-09
CA2730320C (fr) 2012-09-11

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