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US20100223951A1 - Method and apparatus for cooling a hydrocarbon stream - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for cooling a hydrocarbon stream Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100223951A1
US20100223951A1 US12/377,282 US37728207A US2010223951A1 US 20100223951 A1 US20100223951 A1 US 20100223951A1 US 37728207 A US37728207 A US 37728207A US 2010223951 A1 US2010223951 A1 US 2010223951A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
refrigerant
stream
heat exchangers
cooler
heat exchanger
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/377,282
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English (en)
Inventor
Marco Dick Jager
Robert Klein Nagel Voort
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell USA Inc
Original Assignee
Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to SHELL OIL COMPANY reassignment SHELL OIL COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JAGER, MARCO DICK, KLEIN NAGELVOORT, ROBERT
Publication of US20100223951A1 publication Critical patent/US20100223951A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0032—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"
    • F25J1/0042—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration" by liquid expansion with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
    • F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F25J1/0055—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream originating from an incorporated cascade
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
    • F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
    • F25J1/0057—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream after expansion of the liquid refrigerant stream with extraction of work
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
    • F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
    • F25J1/008—Hydrocarbons
    • F25J1/0087—Propane; Propylene
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0214—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0214—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle
    • F25J1/0215—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle with one SCR cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0211—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle
    • F25J1/0214—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle
    • F25J1/0215—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle with one SCR cycle
    • F25J1/0216—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle with one SCR cycle using a C3 pre-cooling cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0228—Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes
    • F25J1/0235—Heat exchange integration
    • F25J1/0237—Heat exchange integration integrating refrigeration provided for liquefaction and purification/treatment of the gas to be liquefied, e.g. heavy hydrocarbon removal from natural gas
    • F25J1/0238—Purification or treatment step is integrated within one refrigeration cycle only, i.e. the same or single refrigeration cycle provides feed gas cooling (if present) and overhead gas cooling
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
    • F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
    • F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
    • F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
    • F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
    • F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
    • F25J1/0281—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc. characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander
    • F25J1/0283—Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
    • F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
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    • F25J1/0298—Safety aspects and control of the refrigerant compression system, e.g. anti-surge control
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    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/13—Economisers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/62—Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H2, N2, Air
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2220/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities
    • F25J2220/60—Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons
    • F25J2220/64—Separating heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. NGL, LPG, C4+ hydrocarbons or heavy condensates in general
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
    • F25J2245/00—Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams
    • F25J2245/02—Recycle of a stream in general, e.g. a by-pass stream

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating a hydrocarbon stream, particularly but not exclusively natural gas.
  • LNG liquefied natural gas
  • Natural gas can be liquefied by passing it through a plurality of cooling stages with heat exchanges to progressively reduce its temperature until liquefaction is achieved.
  • a plurality of cooling stages with heat exchanges to progressively reduce its temperature until liquefaction is achieved.
  • the first cooling stage is sometimes also termed ‘pre-cooling’ or ‘initial cooling’, and is usually designed to lower the temperature of the natural gas to below ⁇ 20° C.
  • the temperature is reduced by passing the natural gas through one or more heat exchangers against a refrigerant which has a refrigerant circuit.
  • the refrigerant circuit generally comprises a compressor for compressing the warmed refrigerant after it passes through the heat exchangers, and one or more coolers thereafter in order to reduce the heat of the compressed refrigerant.
  • US 2004/0065113 A1 shows in its FIG. 1 an installation for liquefying natural gas wherein after compression and two coolers, the refrigerant for the propane heat exchanger is accumulated in an accumulator before passage through a final water cooler labelled 105 .
  • the final water cooler is to subcool the already fully condensed refrigerant, i.e. cool the refrigerant below its bubble point.
  • a problem of US 2004/0065113 A1 is the requirement for an extra cooler.
  • the present invention providing a method of treating a feed stream comprising a hydrocarbon stream such as natural gas, the method at least comprising the steps of:
  • An advantage of the elimination of a cooler or coolers between the refrigerant accumulator and the heat exchanger(s) is a reduction in the capital and running costs of a liquefying method and apparatus.
  • Efficiency of the first refrigerant circuit can be maintained by an arrangement with the coolers prior to the refrigerant accumulator.
  • the hydrocarbon stream may be any suitable gas stream to be treated, but is usually a natural gas stream obtained from natural gas or petroleum reservoirs.
  • the natural gas stream may also be obtained from another source, also including a synthetic source such as a Fischer-Tropsch process.
  • the natural gas stream is comprised substantially of methane.
  • the feed stream comprises at least 60 mol % methane, more preferably at least 80 mol % methane.
  • the natural gas may contain varying amounts of hydrocarbons heavier than methane such as ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes as well as some aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • the natural gas stream may also contain non-hydrocarbons such as H 2 O, N 2 , Hg, CO 2 , H 2 S and other sulphur compounds.
  • the feed stream containing the natural gas may be pre-treated before use.
  • This pre-treatment may comprise removal of undesired components such as H 2 O, CO 2 , Hg, H 2 S and other sulphur compounds or other steps such as pre-cooling or pre-pressurizing. As these steps are well known to the person skilled in the art, they are not further discussed here.
  • feed stream as used herein relates to any hydrocarbon-containing composition usually containing a large amount of methane.
  • natural gas contained various amounts of ethane, propane and heavier hydrocarbons.
  • the composition varies depending upon the type and location of the gas. Hydrocarbons heavier than methane generally need to be removed from natural gas for several reasons, such as having different freezing or liquefaction temperatures that may cause them to block parts of a methane liquefaction plant. C2-4 hydrocarbons can be used as a source of natural gas liquids.
  • feed stream also includes a composition prior to any treatment, such treatment including cleaning, dehydration and/or scrubbing, as well as any composition having been partly, substantially or wholly treated for the reduction and/or removal of one or more compounds or substances, including but not limited to sulfur, sulfur compounds, carbon dioxide, water, and C 2 + hydrocarbons.
  • the cooling stage may be any part or step of a bigger or larger method or process for treating a hydrocarbon stream. Where the treatment of the hydrocarbon stream is to liquefy the hydrocarbon stream in two or three stages, the cooling stage may be part of or one of the cooling stages of the liquefying method.
  • the cooling stage is adapted to reduce the temperature of the feed stream to below ⁇ 0° C., more preferably below ⁇ 20° C., and optionally between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 50° C. Such temperatures are equivalent to a pre-cooling or initial cooling stage of a method of liquefying natural gas.
  • the present invention provides apparatus for treating a hydrocarbon stream such as a natural gas stream from a feed stream, the apparatus at least comprising:
  • a first cooling stage including one or more heat exchangers through which the feed stream and a first refrigerant stream can pass;
  • first refrigerant circuit around which the first refrigerant stream circulates, the first refrigerant circuit having one or more compressors, one or more coolers after the compressor(s), and a refrigerant accumulator after the cooler(s),
  • FIG. 1 is a general scheme of a liquefying process according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a modified general scheme of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 1 shows a general scheme for a liquefying a hydrocarbon stream such as natural gas. It shows an initial feed stream containing natural gas 10 , which feed stream may be pre-treated to separate out the presence of any of at least some heavier hydrocarbons and impurities such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, water, sulfur and sulfur compounds, including but not limited to acid gases.
  • the feed stream 10 passes through a cooling stage 100 .
  • the cooling stage 100 may comprise any number of heat exchangers, the heat exchangers being in parallel, series or a combination of same. Commonly, a cooling stage can comprise a number of heat exchangers in series, which is sometimes termed a ‘train’.
  • a feed stream may be divided amongst the heat exchangers in an equal or unequal manner. Generally, the complete feed stream passes through a series of aligned heat exchangers to be further cooled by each heat exchanger.
  • the heat exchanger(s) used in the present invention may be any of, or any combination of, heat exchangers known in the art, including kettles, spiral-wound or spool-wound, plate-fin, etc, heat exchangers.
  • the cooling stage 100 comprises two heat exchangers, 12 a , 12 b .
  • the heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b also passes a first refrigerant stream 20 circulating around a first refrigerant circuit 110 .
  • the first refrigerant of the first refrigerant stream 20 may be a single component such as nitrogen or propane.
  • it is a mixed refrigerant of two or more components, more preferably selected from the group comprising nitrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, butane and pentane.
  • first refrigerant is a mixed refrigerant
  • the feed stream 10 enters the first heat exchanger 12 a through inlet 31 , and passes along line 10 b to exit through outlet 32 as a first cooled hydrocarbon stream 10 c , which stream then passes through inlet 34 into the second heat exchanger 12 b and passes along line 10 d to exit through outlet 36 as a cooled hydrocarbon stream 30 .
  • the first refrigerant stream 20 passes into the first heat exchanger 12 a through inlet 24 , passes through the heat exchanger 12 a as line 20 a , and exits through outlet 26 where the stream is divided into two parts, one part passing through a first expansion valve 44 a to form an expanded and further cooled refrigerant stream 20 b which passes back into the first heat exchanger 12 a to provide the cooling for the lines 10 b , 20 a in a manner known in the art.
  • the second part 20 c passes through inlet 27 into the second heat exchanger 12 b , before outflowing through outlet 28 , being expanded through a second expansion valve 44 b to form an expanded refrigerant stream 20 e , which passes back into the second heat exchanger 12 b to cool the lines 10 d , 20 d in a manner known in the art.
  • the refrigerant stream vaporised in the first heat exchanger 12 a can be collected through outlet 35 as a first vapour refrigerant stream 50 a , which passes into a separator 38 a to provide a fully vaporised stream 50 c which passes into a compressor 14 .
  • Separator 38 a is typically a suction drum to prevent any entrained liquid entering compressor 14 .
  • the vapourised refrigerant in the second heat exchanger 12 b can be collected through outlet 37 to form a second vapour refrigerant stream 50 b , which passes through a second separator 38 b to form a second fully vapourised refrigerant stream 50 d which also passes into the compressor 14 .
  • Separator 38 b is typically a suction drum to prevent any entrained liquid entering compressor 14 .
  • the compressor 14 is driven by a driver 42 , and compresses the first refrigerant to provide a compressed refrigerant stream 60 .
  • the compressed refrigerant stream 60 is warmed due to the compression, and requires to be cooled so as to re-condense.
  • the compression of the vapourised refrigerant stream may involve more than one compressor: only one is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the compressed refrigerant stream 60 may be cooled using one or more coolers.
  • coolers may be any apparatus, unit or device able to cool a stream. These include water coolers, air coolers as well as other heat exchangers known in the art. Water and air coolers are common in the art.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first water and/or air cooler 16 , which provides a cooler refrigerant stream 60 a , and a second water and/or air cooler 18 which provides a more cooled refrigerant stream 60 b .
  • one or more further coolers may be added between the compressor 14 and the refrigerant accumulator 22 , or one or more of the coolers may be increased in size or capacity.
  • the lattermost cooler 18 in the first refrigerant circuit 110 in the direction of the flow of the first refrigerant stream 20 is larger than the first cooler 16 after the compressor 14 in the direction of the flow of the first refrigerant 20 .
  • the example is shown wherein the second cooler 18 is larger than the first cooler 16 .
  • the area of the second cooler 18 could be equivalent to the combined area hitherto used for an air cooler in the same location and a subcooler used after the refrigerant accumulator.
  • the heat exchange area in second cooler 18 is larger than the heat exchange area in first cooler 16 , more preferably in the range of from 2 to 8 times larger.
  • the temperature of the cooler refrigerant stream 60 a is typically in the range of from 90 to 60° C.
  • the temperature of the further cooled refrigerant stream 60 b could be in the range 60 to 30° C.
  • a refrigerant accumulator can be any form, shape or design required, and generally is some form of container or tank able to act as a reservoir of liquid refrigerant ready for use in one or more heat exchangers. Usually, there is no other major outlet from the refrigerant accumulator other than that to the inlet of a heat exchanger.
  • Some accumulators may include a control system for controlling the level and/or pressure in the refrigerant accumulator in a manner known in the art.
  • the liquid refrigerant in the refrigerant accumulator 22 passes via outlet 23 to the first inlet 24 of the first heat exchanger 12 a to be circulated as described above.
  • the refrigerant accumulator 22 will generally have no other liquid refrigerant outlets other than outlet 23 shown in FIG. 1 . Any control of the flow of liquid refrigerant from the refrigerant accumulator 22 could be carried out by a subsequent valve with a recycle line (not shown) back into the accumulator 22 .
  • a vapour refrigerant outflow from the refrigerant accumulator 22 to accommodate any evaporating refrigerant, but such outflow is not intended to be significant.
  • a refrigerant accumulator only has one outlet, and this is for the liquid refrigerant to go to the first cooling stage.
  • the first refrigerant cycle 110 there may also be a recycle line 70 between the first and second coolers 16 , 18 and the first separator or suction drum 38 a , in order to provide a control system, for example amount/rate/mass, of refrigerant passing through the compressor 14 , in order to have the compressor 14 running efficiently when the level of refrigerant entering the compressor 14 is variable.
  • a recycle line 70 between the first and second coolers 16 , 18 and the first separator or suction drum 38 a , in order to provide a control system, for example amount/rate/mass, of refrigerant passing through the compressor 14 , in order to have the compressor 14 running efficiently when the level of refrigerant entering the compressor 14 is variable.
  • any liquid entrained in suction drum 38 a may in addition be heated and vapourised such as to further increase the flow of refrigerant to compressor 14 .
  • the temperature difference between refrigerant in recycle line 70 and refrigerant in line 50 a , and line 50 c in
  • the absence of any coolers between the refrigerant accumulator 22 and the first inlet 24 reduces the equipment count of the first refrigerant circuit 110 , thereby reducing not only the capital costs but the running costs of the first refrigerant circuit 110 .
  • the cooling previously effected by any subcooler between a refrigerant accumulator and a first inlet can, by the present invention, be accommodated by the coolers 16 , 18 between the compressor 14 and the refrigerant accumulator 22 .
  • the scaling up required of any such cooler(s) is still less expensive than having one or more separate sub-cooler(s) after the refrigerant accumulator.
  • the heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b are tube-in-shell heat exchangers, one example of which are spiral-wound or spool-wound heat exchangers.
  • Such heat exchangers generally involve a tube circuit for the substance being cooled, sometimes termed “tube side” or “warm side”, (usually with separate tube circuits for different substances being cooled within the same heat exchanger), and the surrounding part of the tube circuits within the shell of the heat exchanger being for the refrigerant, and sometimes termed “shell side”.
  • first refrigerant streams 20 b and 20 e that pass back into the heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b to provide cooling are on the outside of the tubes, i.e. on the “shell side” or “cool side” of the heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b .
  • the cooling is effected by heat exchange through the tubes as the first refrigerant evaporates.
  • the cooled hydrocarbon stream 30 can then pass through a second cooling stage 200 , which stage could be a liquefaction system.
  • the second cooling stage 200 will generally comprise one or more heat exchangers, and a second refrigerant circuit, which refrigerant circuit is optionally part convergent with the first refrigerant circuit 110 .
  • the second cooling stage 200 has a main cryogenic heat exchanger 52 , through which the cooled hydrocarbon stream 30 passes to provide a liquefied hydrocarbon stream 40 .
  • a second refrigerant also passes through the cryogenic heat exchanger 52 , to exit as a wholly or substantially vapourised stream 80 a , which is compressed by one or more compressors 54 using a water/air cooler 55 , to provide a compressed stream 80 b which is cooled by a water/air cooler 56 to provide a cooled compressed stream 80 c , which then can be further cooled by passage through the first and second heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b to provide a second refrigerant stream 80 d.
  • the liquefied hydrocarbon stream 40 could then undergo a third cooling, such as sub-cooling against a third refrigerant, or for example by passage through an end-flash vessel 62 as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the end-flash vessel 62 can provide a vapour stream 95 for use as, for example, fuel gas, and a final liquefied hydrocarbon stream 90 which can then be transported and/or stored.
  • the liquefied natural gas may be further processed, if desired.
  • the obtained LNG may be depressurized by means of a Joule-Thomson valve or by means of a cryogenic turbo-expander.
  • FIG. 2 shows several modifications to the liquefying process shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a feed stream 10 passing through a first cooling stage 100 using two heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b , through which a first refrigerant stream also passes as part of a first refrigerant circuit 110 .
  • vapourised first refrigerant is collected from the heat exchangers 12 a , 12 b as vapour refrigerant streams 50 a , 50 b , which pass through first and second separators, typically in the form of suction drums, 38 a , 38 b , into a compressor 14 , from which a compressed refrigerant stream 60 passes through first and second water and/air coolers 16 , 18 to be collected in the refrigerant accumulator 22 .
  • FIG. 2 also shows a similar second cooling stage 200 to that shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the first cooled hydrocarbon stream 10 c after it outflows the first heat exchanger 12 a is passed into a first feed separator 13 , which provides a lighter stream 10 e and a heavier stream 15 in a manner known in the art.
  • the lighter stream 10 e is methane-enriched, and can then pass into and through the second heat exchanger 12 b .
  • the heavier stream which will generally be enriched with heavier hydrocarbons, could be used as NGL or fuel, optionally in another part of the liquefying process.
  • the second cooled hydrocarbon stream 10 f that outflows the second heat exchanger 12 b is passed into a second feed separator 17 , in order to separate the inflowing stream into a lighter stream 30 and heavier stream 19 .
  • the lighter stream 30 will generally be methane-enriched, and can then be used as the cooled hydrocarbon stream for the second cooling stage 200 as hereinbefore described.
  • the heavier stream 19 from the second feed separator 17 will generally be heavier-hydrocarbon enriched, and can be used in the first feed separator 13 in a manner known in the art.
  • the first cooling stage 100 includes a third pre-cool heat exchanger 12 c adapted to provide cooling to the first refrigerant of the first refrigerant circuit 110 , and the second refrigerant of the second refrigeration circuit.
  • the first refrigerant stream 20 is supplied by the refrigerant accumulator 22 , and passes via inlet 24 a into the third heat exchanger 12 c , passes upwardly therethrough, and outflows the third heat exchanger 12 c as a cooled stream 20 f , part of which passes directly up into the first heat exchanger 12 a through inlet 24 as described above for FIG.
  • the refrigerant stream vapourised in the third heat exchanger 12 c can be collected through an outlet 35 a as a third vapour refrigerant stream 50 e , which passes into a separator, typically in the form of a suction drum, 38 c , which is similar to the separators 38 a and 38 b shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , to provide a fully vapourised stream 50 f , which passes into the compressor 14 of the first refrigerant circuit 110 .
  • a non-limiting example of the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 is given in Table 1.
  • the data shows the refrigerant flows, pressure and temperature levels of various streams involved with producing 191 kg/s of LNG.
  • the condensing temperature of stream 60 b given in Table 1 is effectively the temperature at which the pre-cool refrigerant is sent to the pre-cool exchanger 12 c , as no further sub-cooling is done.
  • Table 2 An advantage of the invention is shown in Table 2. This table compares liquefaction with and without a process subcooler in the first refrigerant circuit shown in the arrangement of FIG. 2 , and liquefying 191 kg/s of LNG. Table 2 shows that each arrangement has nearly identical total ambient heat exchanger area, nearly identical total effective cryogenic exchanger area, and near identical pre-cool refrigerant compressor duty. But, the arrangement shown in FIG. 2 is without a sub-cooler, and so has one equipment item less. Thus, similar performance can be achieved with a lower equipment count and commensurate lower refrigerant circuit piping.

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WO2008019999A3 (fr) 2008-11-13

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