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US20100120802A1 - Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Heterocyclic Amidines that Inhibit Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Production - Google Patents

Novel Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Heterocyclic Amidines that Inhibit Nitrogen Oxide (NO) Production Download PDF

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US20100120802A1
US20100120802A1 US12/688,298 US68829810A US2010120802A1 US 20100120802 A1 US20100120802 A1 US 20100120802A1 US 68829810 A US68829810 A US 68829810A US 2010120802 A1 US2010120802 A1 US 2010120802A1
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acetamidine
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Francesco Makovec
Antonio Giordani
Roberto Artusi
Stefano Mandelli
Ilario Verpiliq
Simona Zanzola
Lucio Claudio Rovati
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    • C07D215/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D215/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
    • C07D215/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinoline or hydrogenated quinoline ring systems having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen atoms or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms having only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A61P29/02—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID] without antiinflammatory effect
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
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    • C07D209/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D209/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings, condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom condensed with one carbocyclic ring
    • C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
    • C07D209/08—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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    • C07D217/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring; Alkylene-bis-isoquinolines with hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
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    • C07D239/72—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines
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    • C07D263/54—Benzoxazoles; Hydrogenated benzoxazoles
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    • C07D277/62—Benzothiazoles
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    • C07D307/78—Benzo [b] furans; Hydrogenated benzo [b] furans
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    • C07D333/52—Benzo[b]thiophenes; Hydrogenated benzo[b]thiophenes
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Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention are novel heteroaromatic amidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, methods for preparing the said derivatives and formulations thereof, and also their therapeutic use.
  • the present invention relates to the compounds of Formula (I) and to the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which show marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, both by inhibiting the production of nitrogen oxide (NO) and by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, such as PGE 2 , and of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and are therefore useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of pathologies associated with excessive production of NO due to expression of inducible NOS and of inflammatory prostaglandins produced by COX-2 and cytokines such as IL-6.
  • NO nitrogen oxide
  • PGE 2 cytokines
  • IL-6 interleukin-6
  • prostaglandins and cytokines are: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, synovitis, neuropathies, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and inflammatory or atherosclerotic pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
  • Nitrogen oxide is a chemical mediator that is widely involved in various physiological phenomena.
  • endothelium-derived relaxing factor EDRF
  • EDRF endothelium-derived relaxing factor
  • isoforms of the enzyme NOS have been identified.
  • the isoforms hitherto characterized are two constitutive isoforms, known as the type I or neuronal isoform (nNOS) and the type III or endothelial isoform (eNOS), and an inducible isoform, known as the type II or iNOS isoform.
  • iNOS is induced after activation, in particular cells, in response to an endotoxin- or cytokine-induced inflammatory stimulus; the control of iNOS is thus regulated at the level of synthesis of the protein, which, once expressed, produces high concentrations of NO for relatively long times.
  • Macrophages, endothelial cells, endothelial smooth muscle, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and the pulmonary epithelium are particularly effective as regards the expression of iNOS following an inflammatory stimulus.
  • a noteworthy difference between the constitutive enzymes and the inducible enzyme is thus a delayed but more sustained and longer-lasting production of NO mediated by the inducible enzyme, together at the site where this mediator is released. This determines the differences that give rise to the NO-mediated physiological or pathophysiological effects.
  • NO released from the constitutive enzymes acts as a mediator within a signal translation system, for instance the activation of guanylate cyclase by the NO released from the endothelial cells, which, by raising the levels of cGMP, controls the vascular tonus and muscle relaxation.
  • NO released from the inducible isoform acts as a cytotoxic molecule, involved in body defence mechanisms (Dugas B. et al.; Res. Immunol. 1995, 146 (9) 664-70).
  • iNOS is an enzyme of fundamental importance for the immune system
  • imbalances in the synthesis of iNOS-mediated NO may lead to a whole range of pathologies involved in inflammatory processes or involving the immune system as indicated previously.
  • iNOS has been found in the synovia and cartilage of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and it has been demonstrated that both the synovial cells and the chondrocytes, in vitro, are capable of expressing iNOS by stimulation with cytokines.
  • NO is a powerful stimulator of chondrocyte and synovial cell apoptosis, which would explain the tissue degeneration observed in RA (Armour K J, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 2001 December; 44(12):2790-6).
  • the first agents appearing in the literature capable of interfering with the production of NOS-mediated NO were enzyme inhibitors which were analogues of the substrate (L-arginine), among the following: L-NMMA (N G -methyl-L-arginine), L-NNA (N G -nitro-L-arginine), L-NAME (N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), L-NAA (N G -amino-L-arginine) and L-NIO (N ⁇ -iminoethyl-L-ornithine).
  • L-arginine enzyme inhibitors which were analogues of the substrate (L-arginine), among the following: L-NMMA (N G -methyl-L-arginine), L-NNA (N G -nitro-L-arginine), L-NAME (N G -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), L-NAA (N G -amino-L-arginine) and L-NI
  • Prostaglandins are inflammation mediators generated by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).
  • COX-2 The inducible isoform (COX-2) is overproduced (“upregulated”) in the inflamed tissues and this leads to an increased synthesis of PGE.
  • Interleukin-6 is a cytokine whose overexpression is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease [see Ho et al., J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 14, 56-61 (2002)] or rheumatoid arthritis [see Nakahara H. et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 48 (6), 1471-4 (2003)].
  • the compounds of the present invention represented by Formula (I) are therefore effective in treating pathologies in which there is an appreciable effect of excessive production of NO from iNOS and similarly conventional NSAIDs in pathologies in which reduction of the inflammatory prostaglandins (e.g.: PGE 2 ) is pharmacologically useful, for instance in the treatment of arthritis, including but not limited to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • PGE 2 inflammatory prostaglandins
  • the compounds of the invention may also be particularly useful, by means of their inhibitory activity on the production of IL-6, for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, for instance intestinal inflammations, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • the compounds of the present invention may find use in the treatment of acute or chronic pain of articular or neuropathic origin, in conditions in which treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opiate analgesics is indicated.
  • NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
  • opiate analgesics is indicated.
  • amidine substituent of formula Q is represented by the structure given below, in which R is C 1 -C 4 alkyl or cycloalkyl.
  • the substituents W, Y and X give rise, suitably in combination, to 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic derivatives containing up to 2 hetero atoms in the same ring, such as indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, isoquinoline or cinnoline derivatives.
  • the substituents R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkenyl and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • the substituents R 3 and R 4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl and C 1 -C 4 alkenyl.
  • Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, or a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl or alkenyl chain, or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl-aryl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl-heteroaryl group in which the aryl group is a phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carboxamido, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, sulfonamido, trifluoromethoxy, C 1 -C 6 alkoxy and C 1 -C 6 alkyl, and the heteroaryl group is a 5- or 6-atom heteroaromatic ring containing one or more hetero atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently
  • the C 1 -C 4 alkyl-aryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with an aryl group.
  • the C 1 -C 4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond.
  • Substituents for the aryl group are independently selected from the groups defined above as substituents for the aryl group.
  • the C 1 -C 4 alkyl-heteroaryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C 1 -C 4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group.
  • the C 1 -C 4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond.
  • heteroaryl means any of the heterocyclic nuclei defined above.
  • the compounds of formula (I) may thus be used either in free base form or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
  • the present invention thus includes all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I).
  • Pharmacologically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to: hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, methanesulfonate, maleate, citrate, fumarate and succinate.
  • compositions of the compounds of the invention may be prepared using conventional techniques.
  • the formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-articular and transdermal), topical or rectal use or other forms suitable for obtaining the desired therapeutic effect, for example delayed-action solid formulations for oral use allowing a slow release of the active principle over time.
  • Substances commonly used in the pharmaceutical field such as excipients, binders, disintegrants and substances capable of stimulating transdermal or mucosal absorption, may be used together with the active principle in the pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Table 1 below, which is non-limiting, illustrates a number of compounds of formula (I) that are the subject of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the invention are prepared from a compound of formula (II) by reaction with a compound of formula (III).
  • W, Y, X, Z, R 3 and R 4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), while G′ 1 and G′ 2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and the amine group (—NH 2 ), provided that, for each compound of formula (II), only one of the substituents G′ 1 or G′ 2 is an amine group (—NH 2 ).
  • R is as defined for the amidino substituent of formula Q and L is a leaving group.
  • the leaving group L is an alkoxy group (ethoxy or methoxy), or an alkylthio group (RS—; thiomethyl or thiomethylnaphthyl) or an arylthio group (Ar—S; thiophenyl).
  • reaction of a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) may be performed in a suitable solvent such as: alcohol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or tetrahydrofuran (THF), at temperatures of between 0° C. and 50° C., as described in the case of alkoxy-imidates (Cereda et al., J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, 2108-2113) or in the case of thioimidates (Collins et al., J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 2858-2871; Miosokowski et al., Synthesis, 1999, 6, 927-929; J. Eustache et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36, 2045-2046, or Shearer et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1997, 38, 179-182).
  • a suitable solvent such as: alcohol, acetonitrile, N,
  • N 1 and N 2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, nitro group (NO 2 ), or protected amine group (e.g. carbamate or amide), or a suitable precursor of an amine group, for instance a carboxyl (COOH) or a derivative thereof (acyl chloride, ester or primary amide), provided that, for each compound of formula (IV), only one of the substituents N 1 or N 2 is a nitro group or a protected amine group, or a suitable precursor thereof as defined above.
  • Suitable protecting groups for the amine group include: t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), trifluoroacetyl, acetyl and benzoyl.
  • the compounds of formula (II) are obtained by reducing a compound of formula (IV).
  • the reduction may be performed either using hydrogen and a catalyst (Pd/C or PtO 2 ), according to the usual methods of organic chemistry (P. Rylander, Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press, 1979), or using chemical reducing agents, for instance stannous chloride (F. D. Bellamy et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1984, 25 (8), 839-842.), iron (C. A. Merlic, JOC, 1995, 33-65), nickel boride (Atsuko Nose, Chem. Pharm.
  • the compounds of formula (II) may be obtained from a compound of formula (IV) by removal of the protecting group, according to methods known in organic chemistry (T. W. Green and P. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 1991, J. Wiley & Sons).
  • N 1 or N 2 is a carboxyl group (COOH)
  • the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) into a compound of formula (II) may be performed via Schmidt or Curtius degradation (H. Wolff, Organic Reactions, 1946.3, 307; J. Saunders, Chem. Rev. 1948, 43, 203).
  • W, Y, X, Z, R 3 and R 4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I) and P 1 and P 2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), at least one of the substituents P 1 or P 2 is a hydrogen atom.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained by aromatic nitration of a compound of formula (V) and, where applicable, by separation of the desired product from the corresponding regioisomers.
  • W, Y, X, R 3 and R 4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), Z is a halogen or hydrogen, and P 1 and P 2 are independently selected from groups as defined in a) and also nitro, amine and protected amine, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), only one of the substituents P 1 or P 2 is a nitro group, an amine group or a protected amine group.
  • a compound of formula (V) may be converted into a compound of formula (IV) in which Z is aryl or heteroaryl via formation of an aromatic-aromatic bond according to standard methods of organic chemistry (from J. Hassan, Chem.
  • the compounds of formula (V), in which Z is H or halogen are reacted with n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium, the resulting organolithium derivative (Va) is reacted with zinc chloride to give the corresponding organozinc reagents (Vb), which are reacted with the aryl or heteroaryl halide, via homogeneous catalysis (palladium), to form the compounds of formula (IV).
  • reaction conditions are equivalent to those reported (M. Amat et al., J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3158 and S. Hargreaves et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41, 1653).
  • the intermediates (Vb, Scheme 1) may be obtained directly from the compounds of formula (V) by oxidative addition of zinc metal (Knochel et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 4413; Yamanaka et al., Tetrahedron, 1993. 49, 9713).
  • the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 1) by reaction with an aryl or heteroaryl zinc derivative, using methods identical to those mentioned previously.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen or hydrogen by reaction with an organolithium (n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium).
  • the compounds of formula (V) give the corresponding derivatives (Va), which are reacted with trimethyltin chloride or tri-n-butyltin chloride to give the corresponding stannanes (Vb).
  • These intermediates are reacted with suitable aromatic or heteroaromatic halides, under palladium catalysis, to give the compounds of formula (IV).
  • the conversion of compounds of formula (V) into compounds of formula (Vb) may be performed using known procedures (P. Jutzi, J.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 2), via palladium-catalysed coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl stannane, using the methods described above, the preferred route depending on the compatibility of the substituents present.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is aryl and heteroaryl may be obtained from compounds of formula (V), in which Z is hydrogen or halogen, via Suzuki coupling of boronic derivatives with the corresponding halides.
  • This palladium-catalysed reaction for formation of the aryl-aryl bond using arylboronic or heteroarylboronic derivatives is a known process (J. Hassan, 2002, Chem Rev., 102, 1359-1469).
  • compounds of formula (V), in which Z is hydrogen or halogen are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with an alkyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide to form the intermediates (Va), which are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with trimethyl or triisopropyl borate according to standard procedures (A. Alvarez, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1653-1656, ⁇ J. G. Grieb, Synthetic Commun., 1995, 25, 214-2153).
  • the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from the compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 3) via Suzuki coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl boronic derivative, using the same methods as mentioned above.
  • the compounds of formula (V) in which Z is a suitable halogen are converted into compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkenyl chain, a C 1 -C 4 alkenylaryl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkenylheteroaryl group via palladium-catalysed arylation of a terminal olefin (Heck reaction).
  • the resulting olefins may constitute per se compounds of formula (IV) or may be converted (reduction reaction of the olefin to a saturated hydrocarbon) into compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is a linear or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl chain, a C 1 -C 4 alkylaryl group or a C 1 -C 4 alkylheteroaryl group.
  • the Heck reaction is performed according to known procedures (R. F. Heck, Org. React., 1982, 27, 345-390).
  • Y is a thiol group (SH), a hydroxyl group (OH), an unsubstituted nitrogen atom, (—NH 2 ) or a triphenylphosphonium group P + (Ph) 3
  • X is a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom (—NH 2 or —NHR 2 ), a thiol group (—SH) or a hydroxyl group (—OH).
  • Z is as defined for the compounds of formula (I)
  • J is an oxygen atom (O) or a nitrogen atom (N)
  • T is hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, amine or C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • the compounds of formula (VI), like the compounds of formula (VII), are commercially available or may be prepared from commercially available compounds according to known procedures.
  • the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the acids of formula (VII) and from the appropriate aminothiophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (D. Boger, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 2296-2297; or D. W. Hein et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 427-429).
  • Esters, imidates or amides of formula (VII) may be used as alternatives to the acids reported in Schemes 6a and 6c.
  • the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) (Scheme 6b) by reaction with suitable aminothiophenols, catalysed by pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PTS) or iron (III) chloride (Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46, 623-630).
  • the 2-substituted benzoxazoles are obtained from the respective acids of formula (VII) or derivatives (acyl chlorides, esters, ortho esters, imidates or amides) and from the appropriate aminophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with PPA (J. P. Heeschen in Journal Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3552-3561).
  • the benzoxazoles, Scheme 6c, are also obtained by reaction of aminophenols with the acyl chlorides of formula (VII) in toluene, and the corresponding amides thus formed are cyclized into benzoxazoles, thermally or via acid catalysis (p-toluenesulfonic acid) (R. P. Perry et al., Journal Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 2883-2887), or by POCl 3 -mediated cyclization.
  • p-toluenesulfonic acid p-toluenesulfonic acid
  • the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained by PPA-mediated reaction of the respective acids of formula (VII) and the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) (C. M. Orlando et al., J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 3147-3148).
  • the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) by condensation of the corresponding bisulfite adduct with phenylenediamines (M. A. Weidner et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. Lett., 2001, 1545-1548).
  • the 2-substituted benzimidazoles, Scheme 6d are obtained by reaction of the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) with the acyl chlorides corresponding to the acids of formula (VII), and the amides are then cyclized into the corresponding benzimidazoles as described above for the benzoxazoles.
  • the appropriate 2-substituted quinazolines are obtained by acylation of the amines (VI) with the benzoic acids (VII), followed by POCl 3 -mediated cyclization (A. Downes, in J. Chem Soc., 1950, 3053-3055), and the synthesis is completed by oxidation with DDQ or chloranil; the procedure described by J. Van den Eynde, Synthesis, 1993, 867-869 may be used as an alternative.
  • the benzofuran derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes, obtained from the phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII).
  • the benzothiophene derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes obtained from phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII)(A. Arnoldi, M. Carughi., Synthesis, 1988, 155-157).
  • X is a hydrogen atom, a nitrogen atom, a carboxylate group (COOH) or a derivative thereof, or an aldehyde group (CHO); T is a halogen or a sulfur atom.
  • W is a sulfur atom, a substituted carbon atom (—CR 1 ⁇ ) or an unsubstituted carbon atom (—CH ⁇ ) belonging to an olefinic or acetylenic system; Y is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom and Z is defined as for the compounds of formula (I).
  • Example 4c Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1b from 2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazole, which is prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4c. Yield: 84%; Rf (3/7 chloroform/toluene): 0.50; m.p.: 227.2-232° C.; IR (KBr): 1515, 1340 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO): 9.16 (d, 1H); 8.35 (dd, 1H); 8.23 (d, 1H); 8.15 (dd, 1H); 7.58 (m, 4H).
  • 2-Pentylbenzothiazole hydrochloride (20.5 g, 0.084 mol) is added, at 0° C., to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (44.6 ml 0.504 mol) and 100% nitric acid (10.6 ml, 0.215 mol) in methylene chloride (270 ml), and the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours and at room temperature for one hour. Water (150 ml) is added dropwise and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with 0.5M NaHCO 3 and with water. The resulting solution is dried, filtered and concentrated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from petroleum ether.
  • PPA 140 g
  • hexanoic acid 25.06 ml, 0.2 mol
  • 2-mercaptoaniline 21.84 ml, 0.2 mol
  • the mixture is heated at 120° C. for 30 minutes.
  • the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water.
  • the resulting solution is dried and evaporated, the residue is taken up in methanol, isopropyl ether/HCl is added and the hydrochloride is precipitated.
  • This intermediate is prepared by nitration of 2-phenylindole (6 g, 31 mmol) with NaNO 3 (2.8 g, 33 mmol) in 97% H 2 SO 4 (200 mL) at 5° C. Yield: 6.9 g (93%); m.p.: 198.7-200° C. (lit. 201-203° C.; Wayland, E. N. et al. J.O.C. 1966, 65).
  • this product may be prepared as reported below:
  • PPA 210 g
  • benzoic acid (12.96 g, 0.104 mol)
  • sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (19.98 g, 0.104 mol)
  • V. L. Guarda Heterocyclic Comm., 2000, 1.6, 49-54
  • the product is filtered off and suspended in NaHCO 3 ss, filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropyl ether.
  • Example 1a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 51%; Rf (85/25/1/2 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia/water): 0.84; Elem. anal. C 14 H 12 N 2 OS; theory C:65.60 H:4.72 N:10.93; found C:65.44 H:4.61 N:10.97; IR (KBr): 3418, 3302, 3197, 1606, 1428 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 1a Prepared in Example 1a. Yield: 68%; Rf (95:5:0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.46; IR (KBr): 3410, 3305, 3205, 1595, 1463, 1425 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 69%; Rf (8:2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.58; IR (KBr): 1525, 1335, 695 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 68%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.50; IR (KBr): 3440, 3330, 1605, 1320 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • TEA 1.5 ml, 0.008 mol
  • methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (0.83 g, 0.008 mol) in acetonitrile (20 ml).
  • the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 2-(5-aminosulfonyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole (1.0 g, 0.003 mol) is added.
  • the mixture is stirred at 35° C. for 96 hours and filtered.
  • the solid is recrystallized from 9/1 THF/methanol. Yield: 0.22 g (18%); Elem. anal.
  • Chlorosulfonic acid (16 ml, 0.24 mol) and 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (13.5 g, 0.047 mol) are stirred together at 0° C. for 15 minutes, the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring is continued for one hour. The mixture is poured into ice-water and the product is filtered off and washed with water. The product is added portionwise to a mixture of 32% aqueous ammonia (80 ml) and water (150 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 0° C., and is allowed to warm to room temperature, acidified with HCl and filtered.
  • PPA 500 g
  • picolinic acid 24.6 g, 0.2 mol
  • sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide 47 g, 0.2 mol
  • the mixture is heated at 120-130° C. for 6 hours.
  • the product is filtered off and washed with water.
  • the 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole is recrystallized from 9/1 isopropyl ether/methanol and is added to a solution of tin dichloride (61.6 g, 0.273 mol) in conc. HCl (50 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is heated at 95° C. for 120 minutes.
  • Iron powder (45.9 g, 0.822 mol), water (70 ml) and 37% hydrochloric acid (1.6 ml, 0.019 mol) are added to 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (10.95 g, 0.038 mol) in ethanol (300 ml).
  • the mixture is heated at 80° C. for one hour.
  • the organic phase is filtered and washed with water.
  • the resulting solution is evaporated and the product obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether.
  • Example 9b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 45%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.45; IR (KBr): 1600, 1515, 1485, 1255 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 15a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 44%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.67; Elem. anal. C 15 H 15 N 2 O 2 S; theory C:62.70 H:5.26 N:9.75; found C:62.87 H:4.79 N:9.16; IR (KBr): 3440, 3285, 3190, 1605, 1500, 1285, 1025 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 15a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 70%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.70; IR (KBr): 3430, 3315, 3205, 1600, 1270, 820 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 15a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 65%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.72; IR (KBr): 2860, 2610, 1530, 1450, 755 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 48%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.67; IR (KBr): 1678, 1515, 1340 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.33; IR (KBr): 2810, 1612, 1505, cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 10.42 (m, 5H); 8.38 (m, 2H); 7.62 (m, 7H).
  • Example 9b Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 4-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 76%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 3312, 1601, 1498, 1333 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 94%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.22; IR (KBr): 3330, 1635, 1470, 1090, 825 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 38%; Rf (85/25/2/1 chloroform/methanol/water/aqueous ammonia): 0.67; IR (KBr): 3367, 1630 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 11.5 (m, 1H); 7.2 (d, 1H); 6.6-6.9 (m, 3H); 6.5 (dd, 2H); 6.1 (m, 1H).
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 57%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.33; Elem. anal. C 15 H 13 N 3 O 2 ; theory C:67.40 H:4.90 N:15.72; found C:66.24 H:4.89 N:14.54; IR (KBr): 3311, 1689, 1611, 1282, 1111 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Elem. anal. C 14 H 11 N 3 ; theory C:76.00 H:5.01 N:18.99; found C:75.85 H:5.12 N:18.58; IR (KBr): 3455, 3315, 1622, 1494, 1385, 1242 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 9.21 (s, 1H); 8.45 (m, 1H); 7.50 (m, 5H); 6.85 (d, 1H); 5.88 (s, 2H).
  • N-Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrobenzylamine (33 g, 0.12 mol) and phosphoryl chloride (150 ml) are refluxed for 3 hours.
  • the mixture is concentrated and water is added, followed by addition of aqueous ammonia (pH>10).
  • the product is filtered off and recrystallized from water, and then from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane. Yield: 27.6 g (89%);
  • Triethylamine (116 ml, 0.835 mol) and DMAP (2.0 g, 0.016 mol) are added to 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile (68 g, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (1 litre).
  • the mixture is cooled to +5° C., and benzoyl chloride (38.8 ml, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) is added.
  • the resulting mixture is stirred for 2 hours and then concentrated.
  • the residue is taken up in 10/1 water/ethanol (550 ml) and the product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether.
  • Triethylamine (63.4 ml, 0.455 mol) is added to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylphsophonium bromide (50 g, 0.101 mol) in refluxing toluene (600 ml), followed by addition of benzoyl chloride (16.2 ml, 0.140 mol) in toluene (50 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 3 hours, cooled and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting mixture is concentrated and the product is recrystallized from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane, and the 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzofuran is filtered off.
  • Example 4b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4b. Yield: 83%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.52; m.p.: 155.3-156.7° C. Elem. anal. C 13 H 10 N 2 O; theory C:74.27 H:4.79 N:13.32; found C:73.48 H:4.85 N:13.12; IR (KBr): 3435, 3320, 1545, 1480, 1180, 695 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/chloroform): 0.58; IR (KBr): 3095, 1605, 1525, 1335, 820 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 31b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 57%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.66; IR (KBr): 3105, 1610, 1530, 1345, 1115 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 31b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 33%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.48; IR (KBr): 3095, 1615, 1525, 1485, 1340 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 1a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 55%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.37; Elem. anal. C 13 H 8 Cl 2 N 2 O; theory C:55.94 H:2.89 N:10.04; found C:55.55 H:3.08 N:9.82; IR (KBr): 3400, 3324, 3211, 1626, 1457 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9b Prepared from 4-nitro-2-aminophenol and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.53; IR (KBr): 3290, 1495, 1440, 1335 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 24 Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 51%; Elem. anal. C 16 H 14 BrF 3 N 4 ; theory C:48.14 H:3.53; N:14.03; found C:48.04 H:3.85 N:13.82; IR (KBr): 3040, 1680, 1620, 1410, 1320 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 8.5 (m, 2H); 7.7 (m, 4H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 2.4 (broad s, 3H).
  • Example 31b Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 41%; Rf (8/2 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.47; IR (KBr): 3105, 1515, 1325, 1170, 1120 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 24 Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 82%; Elem. Anal. C 15 H 14 FN 4 .HBr; theory C:51.59 H:4.04 N:16.04; found C:50.79 H:4.30 N:15.45; IR (KBr): 3237, 2885, 1684, 1611 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 31b Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 2-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 15%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.55; IR (KBr): 2996, 1625, 1520, 1479, 1340 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 8.5-8.0 (m, 3H); 7.2-7.9 (m, 4H).
  • Example 28 Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 38%; Elem. anal. C 16 H 16 N 4 ; theory C:72.70 H:6.10; N:21.20; found C:71.00 H:6.45 N:20.35; IR (KBr): 3454, 3055, 1643, 1393 cm ⁇ 1 ; 1 H-NMR (d 6 -DMSO) 7.7 (m, 1H); 7.5 (m, 7H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.7 (dd, 1H); 2.6 (s, 3H); 1.9 (s, 3H).
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 30%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.44; IR (KBr): 3455, 3360, 3125, 1570, 1460 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 9a 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole (example 9a) and methyl cyclopropylcarboximidate (Patai, The Chemistry of Functional Groups; The Chemistry of Cyano group; pp. 264-266, Zvi Rappoport, Wiley & Sons, 1970) in a manner similar to that described in Example 9. Yield: 57%; Elem. anal. C 17 H 15 N 3 O; theory C:73.63 H:5.45 N:15.15; found C:72.06 H:5.29 N:14.69; IR (KBr): 3401, 1646, 1604, 1469 cm ⁇ 1 .
  • Example 4a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a.
  • the amines of the two isomers are separated by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel (ethyl acetate).
  • Example 43a Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28 from 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole, Example 43a.
  • nitrite assay was subsequently performed on the cell supernatant, as described by Green et al. [Anal. Biochem. 126, 131-138 (1982)], and of PGE 2 by RIA assay.
  • the results obtained are shown in Table 3, in which is given, for a number of the compounds that are the subject of the invention and that are already illustrated in Table 1, the IC 50 , i.e. the concentration (micromolar) of antagonist capable of inhibiting the formation of nitrites and PGE 2 by 50% relative to the control group, i.e. relative to the cells stimulated with IL-1 ⁇ but without addition of antagonists.
  • test compounds that are subjects of the invention show a powerful inhibitory effect, at the micromolar level, on the production of NO.
  • the most active compounds are the benzothiazole derivatives, compounds 1, 4 and 18, the indole derivative 5, the benzofuran derivative 28 and the benzoxazole derivative 34, all having an activity of between 3 and 8 micromolar.
  • Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention also inhibit the IL-1 ⁇ -induced production of prostaglandins (PGE 2 ) at sub-micromolar concentrations.
  • PGE 2 prostaglandins
  • the benzimidazole compounds 19, 20, 21 and 35, the benzoxazole compounds 30 and 34 and the benzofuran compound 28 inhibit the formation of PGE 2 at concentrations (IC 50 ) of between 0.3 and 0.8 micromolar.
  • the inhibitory activity on the production of PGE 2 by many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention is probably at least partly due to their capacity to inhibit the production of NO.
  • NO potentiates the cytokine-induced production of PGE 2 in a variety of cell systems [see for example Watkins et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 121 (1997), 1482-1488].
  • RNA messenger RNA
  • SW 1353 human chondrosarcoma cells
  • IL-6 in SW 1353 cells stimulated for 6 hours with IL-1 ⁇ with an IC 50 of between 1.5 and 6 micromolar.
  • the capacity of IL-6 to inhibit the expression of messenger RNA may be considered as large, since the increase in the expression of this cytokine is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease, as described previously.
  • the experiments consisted of sub-plantar intradermal injection into the animal of 4 mg of Zymosan suspended in 100 ⁇ l of sterile physiological solution, while the test compounds were administered orally 30 minutes before injection of the phlogogenic agent.
  • Measurement of the inflammation of the injected paw and of the consequent hyperalgesic effects was performed 2, 4 and 6 hours after the administration of Zymosan.
  • the oedema was evaluated as the increase in volume of the injected paw within the period 0-6 hours, relative to the initial value of the volume of the paw, i.e. before the injection of Zymosan (basal value).
  • the measurements of the variation of the volume of the paw were recorded using a hydroplethysmometer (Mod. 7150, Basile, Italy), which consists of two plastic cuvettes containing a surfactant liquid, the larger one being used for immersion of the paw, connected to the smaller one which contains a transducer capable of recording small displacements of volume of the liquid used for the measurement.
  • the paw is immersed in the cuvettes up to the tibiotarsal joint.
  • the volume of liquid displaced by the paw indicates the magnitude of the inflammation.
  • At least three doses were used (generally 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) with at least five animals per group x dose, so as to be able to calculate an ED 30 , i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of reducing by 30% the Zymosan-induced volume increase, relative to the group of control animals, i.e. animals injected only with the phlogogenic agent and treated orally with distilled water.
  • the hyperalgesia induced by the intradermal administration of Zymosan was evaluated on these animals and at the same times described previously for the evaluation of the oedema, using the Randall-Selitto method [Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 111, 409 (1957)].
  • an analgesimeter was used (Basile, Italy), which consists in applying to the inflamed paw a weight in the form of a rounded-tipped cone, on which the applied force is gradually increased.
  • the operator blocks the punch and records the force, expressed in grams, which was applied to the paw (the cut-off value is 500 grams).
  • the difference in the mechanical pain threshold between the basal value (generally about 230-250 grams) and that recorded at the indicated times after injection of the phlogogenic agent, generally 130-140 g for the control animals 6 hours after injection of the phlogogenic agent, is defined as mechanical hyperalgesia.
  • an ED 30 was calculated, i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of increasing the pain threshold by 30% (mechanical hyperalgesia) in the animals treated with the test compounds relative to the group of control animals.
  • Table 4 presents the ED 30 values for the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity for a number of compounds that are the subject of the invention, compared with those obtained with Celecoxib and L-NAME.
  • the NO-synthase antagonist L-NAME was inactive up to the maximum dose tested (50 mg/kg) since, besides having an intrinsic activity that is generally lower than that of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, it may probably also be poorly absorbed via the oral route.

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Abstract

Heterocyclic amidines with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity that inhibit nitrogen oxide production, of formula (I):
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00001
in which:
    • G1 and G2 are hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and an amidino substituent of formula Q, provided that, for each compound of formula (I), only one of the two substituents G1 or G2 is an amidino substituent of formula Q:
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00002
and in which the substituents W, Y and X are combined to form 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic derivatives containing up to 2 hetero atoms in the same ring;
  • and
    • Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl or alkenyl chain, a C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group or a C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group.

Description

  • This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 11/068,347 filed Mar. 1, 2005. The entire disclosure of the prior application, application Ser. No. 11/068,347, and priority application T02004A000125 are considered part of the disclosure of the accompanying divisional application and is hereby incorporated by reference.
    • DESCRIPTION
  • The subject of the present invention are novel heteroaromatic amidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, methods for preparing the said derivatives and formulations thereof, and also their therapeutic use.
  • In particular, the present invention relates to the compounds of Formula (I) and to the corresponding pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which show marked anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity, both by inhibiting the production of nitrogen oxide (NO) and by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins, such as PGE2, and of cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), and are therefore useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of pathologies associated with excessive production of NO due to expression of inducible NOS and of inflammatory prostaglandins produced by COX-2 and cytokines such as IL-6.
  • Among the typical pathologies associated with anomalous production of NO, prostaglandins and cytokines are: rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, synovitis, neuropathies, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and inflammatory or atherosclerotic pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
  • Nitrogen oxide (NO) is a chemical mediator that is widely involved in various physiological phenomena. At the start of the 1980s it was discovered that the factor with vasodilatory activity released by the endothelium (endothelium-derived relaxing factor, EDRF), which causes acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation, is not other than NO released by the cells of the vascular endothelium. This discovery was concomitant with the identification of the metabolic pathway mediated by the enzyme NO synthetase (NOS), which, starting with L-arginine, leads to L-citrulline and NO (Moncada S., Higgs A., N. Engl. J. Med., 1993, 329 (27), 2002-12).
  • Three isoforms of the enzyme NOS have been identified. The isoforms hitherto characterized are two constitutive isoforms, known as the type I or neuronal isoform (nNOS) and the type III or endothelial isoform (eNOS), and an inducible isoform, known as the type II or iNOS isoform.
  • iNOS is induced after activation, in particular cells, in response to an endotoxin- or cytokine-induced inflammatory stimulus; the control of iNOS is thus regulated at the level of synthesis of the protein, which, once expressed, produces high concentrations of NO for relatively long times.
  • Macrophages, endothelial cells, endothelial smooth muscle, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and the pulmonary epithelium are particularly effective as regards the expression of iNOS following an inflammatory stimulus.
  • A noteworthy difference between the constitutive enzymes and the inducible enzyme is thus a delayed but more sustained and longer-lasting production of NO mediated by the inducible enzyme, together at the site where this mediator is released. This determines the differences that give rise to the NO-mediated physiological or pathophysiological effects.
  • Thus, whereas NO released from the constitutive enzymes acts as a mediator within a signal translation system, for instance the activation of guanylate cyclase by the NO released from the endothelial cells, which, by raising the levels of cGMP, controls the vascular tonus and muscle relaxation. On the other hand, NO released from the inducible isoform acts as a cytotoxic molecule, involved in body defence mechanisms (Dugas B. et al.; Res. Immunol. 1995, 146 (9) 664-70).
  • Thus, whereas, on the one hand, when appropriately regulated, iNOS is an enzyme of fundamental importance for the immune system, imbalances in the synthesis of iNOS-mediated NO may lead to a whole range of pathologies involved in inflammatory processes or involving the immune system as indicated previously.
  • It has been demonstrated that iNOS is induced in every species by inflammatory processes and that suppression of its activity is effective in reducing inflammatory symptomatologies (A. J. Hobbs et al., Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 1999, 39, 191-220).
  • It is believed, on the one hand, that NO is involved, together with other mediators, in physiological processes of plasticity and reconstitution of bone tissue, whereas, on the other hand, the involvement of iNOS-derived NO in the inflammatory process and in the degeneration of the tissues characterized in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) has been shown (van't Hof R J, Ralston S H.; Nitric oxide and bone, Immunology, 2001 July; 103(3): 255-261).
  • In point of fact, iNOS has been found in the synovia and cartilage of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and it has been demonstrated that both the synovial cells and the chondrocytes, in vitro, are capable of expressing iNOS by stimulation with cytokines. In addition, it has been shown that NO is a powerful stimulator of chondrocyte and synovial cell apoptosis, which would explain the tissue degeneration observed in RA (Armour K J, et al., Arthritis Rheum. 2001 December; 44(12):2790-6).
  • The high concentration of NO in patients with ulcerative colitis also suggests in this case an involvement of iNOS in this pathology.
  • With the identification of NO as the critical mediator of a congruous number of physiopathological processes, pharmacological control of its production is clearly of therapeutic potential. The first agents appearing in the literature capable of interfering with the production of NOS-mediated NO were enzyme inhibitors which were analogues of the substrate (L-arginine), among the following: L-NMMA (NG-methyl-L-arginine), L-NNA (NG-nitro-L-arginine), L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), L-NAA (NG-amino-L-arginine) and L-NIO (Nδ-iminoethyl-L-ornithine).
  • On account of their weak selectivity between the various isoforms, the clinical use of these inhibitors requires great care, since inhibition of the constitutive forms may have serious consequences, such as hypertension and more severe possible effects such as thrombosis and tissue damage. Thus, even though the therapeutic use of sparingly selective inhibitors is possible, the use of agents capable of selectively controlling the production of NO from iNOS is of greater therapeutic potential.
  • In the last decade, a large number of studies have appeared in the literature, documenting intense research in this direction (Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 1999, 9, 549-556; Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 2000, 10, 1143-1146); among these, NOS inhibitors of non-amino acid structure have been reported, which are for the majority based on bioisosteres of the guanidine group present in the structure of arginine, for instance S-alkylisothiourea, guanidine and amidine.
  • All these publications and studies reveal the therapeutic need for pharmacological agents based on modulation of the activity of iNOS characterized by a better pharmacological profile.
  • Prostaglandins (PGE) are inflammation mediators generated by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). The inducible isoform (COX-2) is overproduced (“upregulated”) in the inflamed tissues and this leads to an increased synthesis of PGE.
  • Interactions exist between NOS and COX systems, and the role of NO in inflammation may therefore depend not only on its direct effect but also on its modulatory effect on PGE bio-synthesis.
  • Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine whose overexpression is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease [see Ho et al., J. Gastroenterol. Suppl. 14, 56-61 (2002)] or rheumatoid arthritis [see Nakahara H. et al.; Arthritis Rheum. 48 (6), 1471-4 (2003)].
  • Since the enzymes iNOS and COX-2, just like the cytokine IL-6, the effect of which has been discussed above, are expressed in conjunction with inflammatory processes, demonstrating large effects in the establishment and development of the discussed pathologies, it would clearly be advantageous to be able to use a medicinal product capable of exhibiting inhibitory action on the iNOS-mediated production of NO and the formation of COX-2-mediated inflammatory prostaglandins, not to mention the expression of a cytokine, for instance IL-6.
  • The compounds of the present invention represented by Formula (I) are therefore effective in treating pathologies in which there is an appreciable effect of excessive production of NO from iNOS and similarly conventional NSAIDs in pathologies in which reduction of the inflammatory prostaglandins (e.g.: PGE2) is pharmacologically useful, for instance in the treatment of arthritis, including but not limited to osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • The compounds of the invention may also be particularly useful, by means of their inhibitory activity on the production of IL-6, for the treatment of gastrointestinal pathologies, for instance intestinal inflammations, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Finally, the compounds of the present invention may find use in the treatment of acute or chronic pain of articular or neuropathic origin, in conditions in which treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opiate analgesics is indicated.
  • The compounds of Formula (I) are represented by the following general formula:
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00003
  • in which:
      • G1 and G2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and the amidine substituent of formula Q, provided that, for each compound of formula (I), only one of the two substituents G1 or G2 is the amidine substituent of formula Q.
  • The amidine substituent of formula Q is represented by the structure given below, in which R is C1-C4 alkyl or cycloalkyl.
  • Amidine substituent of formula Q:
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00004
  • In the compounds of Formula I:
      • W is independently: a bond, a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1—or ═CH—), an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
      • Y is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), or an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
      • X is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom (—NR2— or ═N—), a sulfur atom (—S—) or an oxygen atom (—O—);
  • provided that: the substituents W, Y and X give rise, suitably in combination, to 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic derivatives containing up to 2 hetero atoms in the same ring, such as indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, quinoline, quinoxaline, quinazoline, isoquinoline or cinnoline derivatives.
  • The substituents R1 and R2 are independently selected from hydrogen, C1-C4 alkyl, C1-C4 alkenyl and C1-C4 alkoxy.
  • The substituents R3 and R4 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl and C1-C4 alkenyl.
  • Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, or a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl or alkenyl chain, or a C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group or a C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group in which the aryl group is a phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carboxamido, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, sulfonamido, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl, and the heteroaryl group is a 5- or 6-atom heteroaromatic ring containing one or more hetero atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl.
  • The C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with an aryl group. When the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond. Substituents for the aryl group are independently selected from the groups defined above as substituents for the aryl group.
  • The C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group. When the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond.
  • The term “heteroaryl” means any of the heterocyclic nuclei defined above.
  • The compounds of formula (I) may thus be used either in free base form or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. The present invention thus includes all the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I). Pharmacologically acceptable salts of the compounds of formula (I) include, but are not limited to: hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, methanesulfonate, maleate, citrate, fumarate and succinate.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations of the compounds of the invention may be prepared using conventional techniques. The formulations include those suitable for oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intra-articular and transdermal), topical or rectal use or other forms suitable for obtaining the desired therapeutic effect, for example delayed-action solid formulations for oral use allowing a slow release of the active principle over time.
  • Substances commonly used in the pharmaceutical field, such as excipients, binders, disintegrants and substances capable of stimulating transdermal or mucosal absorption, may be used together with the active principle in the pharmaceutical formulations.
  • Table 1 below, which is non-limiting, illustrates a number of compounds of formula (I) that are the subject of the present invention.
  • TABLE 1
    Examples of compounds of formula (I)
    Com-
    pound Structure G1 G2 W Y X Z
    1
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00005
         		Acetamidine H Bond S N Ph
    3
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00006
         		Acetamidine H Bond S N 4-Cl-Ph
    4
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00007
         		Acetamidine H Bond S N n-Pentyl
    5
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00008
         		Acetamidine H Bond CH NH Ph
    6
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00009
         		Acetamidine H Bond CH NMe Ph
    8
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00010
         		Acetamidine H CH CH N Ph
    9
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00011
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N Ph
    10
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00012
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N Ph
    11
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00013
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N Benzyl
    12
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00014
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N Styryl
    13
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00015
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 2-MeO-5- SO2NH2-Ph
    14
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00016
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 2-pyridyl
    15
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00017
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 4-MeO-Ph
    16
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00018
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 2.4-(MeO)2- Ph
    17
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00019
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 3-MeO-Ph
    18
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00020
         		H Acetamidine Bond S N 2-Me-Ph
    19
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00021
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH 4-F-Ph
    20
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00022
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH 4-Cl-Ph
    21
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00023
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH Ph
    22
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00024
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH n-pentyl
    23
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00025
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH 2-pyrrol
    25
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00026
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH 4-CO2Me-Ph
    26
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00027
         		Acetamidine H Bond N NH 4-CO2H-Ph
    27
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00028
         		Acetamidine H CH N N Ph
    28
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00029
         		Acetamidine H Bond CH O Ph
    29
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00030
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH Ph
    30
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00031
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH 4-ClPh
    31
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00032
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH 3-CF3Ph
    32
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00033
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH 4-CF3Ph
    33
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00034
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH 2-FPh
    34
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00035
         		H Acetamidine Bond O NH 3,4-ClPh
    35
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00036
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NH 3,4-ClPh
    36
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00037
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NH 3-CF3Ph
    37
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00038
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NH 2-OMePh
    38
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00039
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NH 2-FPh
    39
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00040
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NH 2-MePh
    40
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00041
         		Acetamidine H Bond S N 2-pyrrol
    41
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00042
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00043
         		H Bond S N 2-Ph
    42
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00044
         		Acetamidine H Bond O NH Ph
    43
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00045
         		H Acetamidine Bond NR N 2-MeO-Ph
    44
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00046
         		H Acetamidine Bond N NR 2-MeO-Ph
  • According to a further aspect of the present invention, the process required for preparing the compounds of formula (I) is described.
  • The compounds of the invention are prepared from a compound of formula (II) by reaction with a compound of formula (III).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00047
  • in which W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), while G′1 and G′2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and the amine group (—NH2), provided that, for each compound of formula (II), only one of the substituents G′1 or G′2 is an amine group (—NH2).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00048
  • in which R is as defined for the amidino substituent of formula Q and L is a leaving group. The leaving group L is an alkoxy group (ethoxy or methoxy), or an alkylthio group (RS—; thiomethyl or thiomethylnaphthyl) or an arylthio group (Ar—S; thiophenyl).
  • Optionally, the following steps can complete the conversion of a compound of formula (II) into a compound of formula (I):
      • removal of any protecting group present
      • conversion of the product into the corresponding salt or solvate.
  • The reaction of a compound of formula (II) with a compound of formula (III) may be performed in a suitable solvent such as: alcohol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or tetrahydrofuran (THF), at temperatures of between 0° C. and 50° C., as described in the case of alkoxy-imidates (Cereda et al., J. Med. Chem., 1990, 33, 2108-2113) or in the case of thioimidates (Collins et al., J. Med. Chem., 1998, 41, 2858-2871; Miosokowski et al., Synthesis, 1999, 6, 927-929; J. Eustache et al. Tetrahedron Letters, 1995, 36, 2045-2046, or Shearer et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1997, 38, 179-182).
  • The compounds of formula (III) are commercially available or may be prepared as described in the given references.
  • The compounds of formula (II) are obtained from compounds of formula (IV):
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00049
  • in which W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are as defined above for the compounds of formula (I), N1 and N2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, nitro group (NO2), or protected amine group (e.g. carbamate or amide), or a suitable precursor of an amine group, for instance a carboxyl (COOH) or a derivative thereof (acyl chloride, ester or primary amide), provided that, for each compound of formula (IV), only one of the substituents N1 or N2 is a nitro group or a protected amine group, or a suitable precursor thereof as defined above. Suitable protecting groups for the amine group include: t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (Z), trifluoroacetyl, acetyl and benzoyl.
  • When N1 or N2 is a nitro group, the compounds of formula (II) are obtained by reducing a compound of formula (IV). The reduction may be performed either using hydrogen and a catalyst (Pd/C or PtO2), according to the usual methods of organic chemistry (P. Rylander, Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press, 1979), or using chemical reducing agents, for instance stannous chloride (F. D. Bellamy et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 1984, 25 (8), 839-842.), iron (C. A. Merlic, JOC, 1995, 33-65), nickel boride (Atsuko Nose, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1989, 37, 816-818), Raney nickel/propanol (Kuo E., Synthetic Communication, 1985, 15, 599-6023) or sodium borohydride and Pd/C (Petrini M., Synthesis, 1987, 713-714).
  • When N1 or N2 is a protected amine group, the compounds of formula (II) may be obtained from a compound of formula (IV) by removal of the protecting group, according to methods known in organic chemistry (T. W. Green and P. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 1991, J. Wiley & Sons).
  • When N1 or N2 is a carboxyl group (COOH), the conversion of a compound of formula (IV) into a compound of formula (II) may be performed via Schmidt or Curtius degradation (H. Wolff, Organic Reactions, 1946.3, 307; J. Saunders, Chem. Rev. 1948, 43, 203).
  • The compounds of formula (IV) are commercially available or may be prepared from compounds of formula (V):
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00050
  • in which:
  • a) W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I) and P1 and P2 are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy and C1-C4 alkyl, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), at least one of the substituents P1 or P2 is a hydrogen atom. In this case, the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained by aromatic nitration of a compound of formula (V) and, where applicable, by separation of the desired product from the corresponding regioisomers.
  • b) W, Y, X, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), Z is a halogen or hydrogen, and P1 and P2 are independently selected from groups as defined in a) and also nitro, amine and protected amine, provided that, for each compound of formula (V), only one of the substituents P1 or P2 is a nitro group, an amine group or a protected amine group. In this case, a compound of formula (V) may be converted into a compound of formula (IV) in which Z is aryl or heteroaryl via formation of an aromatic-aromatic bond according to standard methods of organic chemistry (from J. Hassan, Chem. Rev., 2002, 102, 1359-469); when, in the compounds of formula (IV), Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the compounds of formula (V) are converted into compounds of formula (IV), using the coupling of an aryl-zinc with a suitable halide or the Stille reaction of the appropriate stannane with the corresponding halide.
  • When, in the compounds of formula (V), Z is halogen, and, in the compounds of formula (IV), Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the corresponding conversion may be performed by using the coupling of zinc derivatives with aromatic or heteroaromatic halides (Scheme 1).
  • According to this method, the compounds of formula (V), in which Z is H or halogen, are reacted with n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium, the resulting organolithium derivative (Va) is reacted with zinc chloride to give the corresponding organozinc reagents (Vb), which are reacted with the aryl or heteroaryl halide, via homogeneous catalysis (palladium), to form the compounds of formula (IV).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00051
  • The reaction conditions are equivalent to those reported (M. Amat et al., J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3158 and S. Hargreaves et al., Tetrahedron Letters, 2000, 41, 1653). Alternatively, the intermediates (Vb, Scheme 1) may be obtained directly from the compounds of formula (V) by oxidative addition of zinc metal (Knochel et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 1990, 31, 4413; Yamanaka et al., Tetrahedron, 1993. 49, 9713).
  • Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 1) by reaction with an aryl or heteroaryl zinc derivative, using methods identical to those mentioned previously.
  • Alternatively (Scheme 2), when, in the compounds of formula (V), Z is hydrogen or halogen, and, in the compounds of formula (IV), Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, the conversion of (V) into (IV) may be performed via cross-coupling catalysed by Pd stannanes with aryl or heteroaryl halides, according to the Stille method. The compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen are converted into the corresponding arylstannanes (Vb) according to known methods (Pereyere M., Tin in Organic Synthesis, Butterworths, 1987), i.e. by reacting a compound of formula (V) in which Z is halogen with hexamethylditin, using tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (0) as catalyst, in refluxing THF (J. La Voie, J. Org. Chem., 2000, 65, 2802-2805) or by reaction with hexabutylditin using the same catalyst, in toluene as solvent (K. Masanori et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn, 1983, 56, 3855-3856). This method is particularly effective when, in the compounds of formula (V), P1 or P2 is a nitro group or in which other substituents do not support the presence of bases and/or nucleophiles such as alkyllithiums.
  • Alternatively (Scheme 2), the compounds of formula (IV) may be obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen or hydrogen by reaction with an organolithium (n-butyllithium or t-butyllithium). In this case, the compounds of formula (V) give the corresponding derivatives (Va), which are reacted with trimethyltin chloride or tri-n-butyltin chloride to give the corresponding stannanes (Vb). These intermediates are reacted with suitable aromatic or heteroaromatic halides, under palladium catalysis, to give the compounds of formula (IV). The conversion of compounds of formula (V) into compounds of formula (Vb) may be performed using known procedures (P. Jutzi, J. Organometallic Chem., 1983, 246, 163-168). The coupling of the stannanes (Vb) with aromatic or heteroaromatic halides is performed according to standard procedures (P. Gros, Synthesis, 1999, 5, 754-756).
  • Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 2), via palladium-catalysed coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl stannane, using the methods described above, the preferred route depending on the compatibility of the substituents present.
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00052
  • Alternatively (Scheme 3), the compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is aryl and heteroaryl may be obtained from compounds of formula (V), in which Z is hydrogen or halogen, via Suzuki coupling of boronic derivatives with the corresponding halides. This palladium-catalysed reaction for formation of the aryl-aryl bond using arylboronic or heteroarylboronic derivatives is a known process (J. Hassan, 2002, Chem Rev., 102, 1359-1469).
  • In this case, compounds of formula (V), in which Z is hydrogen or halogen, are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with an alkyllithium or lithium diisopropylamide to form the intermediates (Va), which are converted into the boronates (Vb) by reaction with trimethyl or triisopropyl borate according to standard procedures (A. Alvarez, J. Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 1653-1656, ∘ J. G. Grieb, Synthetic Commun., 1995, 25, 214-2153).
  • The palladium-catalysed coupling of the intermediates (Vb), boronic acids or esters, with suitable aryl halides gives the compounds of formula (IV), according to known procedures (B. Maes et al., Tetrahedron, 2000, 56, 1777-1781).
  • Alternatively, the compounds of formula (IV) are obtained from the compounds of formula (V) in which Z is halogen (Scheme 3) via Suzuki coupling with an aryl or heteroaryl boronic derivative, using the same methods as mentioned above.
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00053
  • Alternatively (Scheme 4), the compounds of formula (IV) in which W, Y, X, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), Z is a linear or branched C1-C6 chain, a C1-C4 alkylaryl group or a C1-C4 alkylheteroaryl group, P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), and are obtained from the esters of formula (V) via Heck synthesis. In this case, the compounds of formula (V) in which Z is a suitable halogen are converted into compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is a linear or branched C1-C6 alkenyl chain, a C1-C4 alkenylaryl group or a C1-C4 alkenylheteroaryl group via palladium-catalysed arylation of a terminal olefin (Heck reaction). The resulting olefins may constitute per se compounds of formula (IV) or may be converted (reduction reaction of the olefin to a saturated hydrocarbon) into compounds of formula (IV) in which Z is a linear or branched C1-C6 alkyl chain, a C1-C4 alkylaryl group or a C1-C4 alkylheteroaryl group. The Heck reaction is performed according to known procedures (R. F. Heck, Org. React., 1982, 27, 345-390). In the case where the compound of formula (IV) thus obtained, in which Z is a linear or branched, unsaturated C1-C6 chain, needs to be converted into a compound of formula (IV) in which Z is a saturated C1-C6 chain, via catalytic hydrogenation, common techniques are used (P. Rylander, Catalytic Hydrogenation in Organic Synthesis, Academic Press, 1979).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00054
  • c) Alternatively (Scheme 5), the compounds of formula (IV), in which: W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I), P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), are prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (VI) with a compound of formula (VII). In the case where, for the compounds of formula (VI), P1 and P2 are as defined above, W is a bond or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom, as defined previously. Y is a thiol group (SH), a hydroxyl group (OH), an unsubstituted nitrogen atom, (—NH2) or a triphenylphosphonium group P+(Ph)3, X is a substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen atom (—NH2 or —NHR2), a thiol group (—SH) or a hydroxyl group (—OH).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00055
  • For the compounds of formula (VII), Z is as defined for the compounds of formula (I), J is an oxygen atom (O) or a nitrogen atom (N) and T is hydroxyl, hydrogen, halogen, amine or C1-C4 alkoxy.
  • Non-limiting examples of the synthetic route (c) are given in Scheme 6 below:
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00056
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00057
  • The compounds of formula (VI), like the compounds of formula (VII), are commercially available or may be prepared from commercially available compounds according to known procedures. In the case of Scheme 6a, the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the acids of formula (VII) and from the appropriate aminothiophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) (D. Boger, J. Org. Chem., 1978, 43, 2296-2297; or D. W. Hein et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1957, 427-429). Esters, imidates or amides of formula (VII) may be used as alternatives to the acids reported in Schemes 6a and 6c. Alternatively, the 2-substituted benzothiazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) (Scheme 6b) by reaction with suitable aminothiophenols, catalysed by pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate (PTS) or iron (III) chloride (Chem. Pharm. Bull., 1998, 46, 623-630).
  • In the case of Scheme 6c, the 2-substituted benzoxazoles are obtained from the respective acids of formula (VII) or derivatives (acyl chlorides, esters, ortho esters, imidates or amides) and from the appropriate aminophenols of formula (VI) by reaction with PPA (J. P. Heeschen in Journal Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3552-3561).
  • The benzoxazoles, Scheme 6c, are also obtained by reaction of aminophenols with the acyl chlorides of formula (VII) in toluene, and the corresponding amides thus formed are cyclized into benzoxazoles, thermally or via acid catalysis (p-toluenesulfonic acid) (R. P. Perry et al., Journal Org. Chem., 1992, 57, 2883-2887), or by POCl3-mediated cyclization.
  • In the case of Scheme 6d, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained by PPA-mediated reaction of the respective acids of formula (VII) and the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) (C. M. Orlando et al., J. Org. Chem., 1970, 35, 3147-3148). Alternatively, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles are obtained from the aldehydes of formula (VII) by condensation of the corresponding bisulfite adduct with phenylenediamines (M. A. Weidner et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem. Lett., 2001, 1545-1548).
  • Finally, the 2-substituted benzimidazoles, Scheme 6d, are obtained by reaction of the phenylenediamines of formula (VI) with the acyl chlorides corresponding to the acids of formula (VII), and the amides are then cyclized into the corresponding benzimidazoles as described above for the benzoxazoles. In the case of Scheme 6e, the appropriate 2-substituted quinazolines are obtained by acylation of the amines (VI) with the benzoic acids (VII), followed by POCl3-mediated cyclization (A. Downes, in J. Chem Soc., 1950, 3053-3055), and the synthesis is completed by oxidation with DDQ or chloranil; the procedure described by J. Van den Eynde, Synthesis, 1993, 867-869 may be used as an alternative.
  • In the case of Scheme 6f, the benzofuran derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes, obtained from the phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII). In the case of Scheme 6g, the benzothiophene derivatives of formula (IV) are prepared by reaction of the corresponding phosphoranes obtained from phosphonium salts of formula (VI) and from the acyl chlorides of formula (VII)(A. Arnoldi, M. Carughi., Synthesis, 1988, 155-157).
  • d) Alternatively (Scheme 7), the compounds of formula (IV) in which: W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are as defined for the compounds of formula (I), and P1 and P2 are as defined in point (b), are prepared by cyclization reaction of a compound of formula (XIII). The compounds of formula (XIII) are prepared by reaction of a compound of formula (XII) with the compounds of formula (XI). In the case where, for the compounds of formula (XI), P1 and P2, R3 and R4 are as defined above, X is a hydrogen atom, a nitrogen atom, a carboxylate group (COOH) or a derivative thereof, or an aldehyde group (CHO); T is a halogen or a sulfur atom. In the compounds of formula (XIII), W is a sulfur atom, a substituted carbon atom (—CR1═) or an unsubstituted carbon atom (—CH═) belonging to an olefinic or acetylenic system; Y is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom and Z is defined as for the compounds of formula (I).
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00058
  • Representative examples of conversion of compounds of formula (XI) into compounds of formula (IV) are given in Scheme 8.
  • Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00059
  • In Scheme 8a), the 2-iodobenzoic derivative, a compound of formula (XI), is converted into the acetylenic derivative of formula (XIII), via a Heck reaction (R. C. Larock et al., Journal Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 5936). The compound of formula (XIII) is then cyclized into the isocoumarin, which, by reaction with methanolic ammonia, is converted into the corresponding isoquinolinone; the isoquinolinone is converted into the compound of formula (IV) via known methods, for example by conversion to 1-chloroisoquinoline, followed by reductive dehalogenation.
  • As reported in Scheme 8b), the 2-bromoaniline of formula (XI) is reacted, under Heck conditions, with styrene or with a substituted styrene to give the compounds of formula (XIII) in which W and Y are both carbon atoms forming part of an olefinic bond. The cyclization of the compound of formula (XIII) into the compound of formula (IV) is performed via catalysis with Pd (J. LaVoie, Bio-organic & Medicinal Chem., 1996, 4, 621-630).
  • The following non-limiting examples describe the details of the synthesis of the amidine derivatives of formula (I):
  • Examples of Preparation of Compounds of Formula (I) According to Synthetic Route (a):
    • EXAMPLE 1 Compound 1 N-(2-phenylbenzothiazol-6-yl)acetamidine
  • Triethylamine (36.7 ml, 0.263 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (28.85 g, 0.263 mol) in acetonitrile (600 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes and 2-phenyl-6-aminobenzothiazole (29.8 g, 0.131 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 72 hours at room temperature, the solid is filtered off, suspended in ethyl acetate and basified with 1M NaOH (pH=10), and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with water, dried and evaporated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 14.5 g (42%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory: C:67.39 H:4.90 N:15.72; found C:66.78 H:5.03 N:15.60; IR (KBr): 3260, 3020, 1645, 1590 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.05 (m, 2H); 7.9 (d, 1H); 7.35-7.55 (m, 3H); 6.95 (m, 1H); 5.9-6.2 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (m, 3H).
    • 1a) 2-phenyl-6-aminobenzothiazole
  • 2-Phenyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole (73.5 g, 0.286 mol) is added to tin dichloride (200.74 g, 0.89 mol) in 37% HCl (300 ml). The mixture is heated at 100° C. for 40 minutes. The resulting mixture is cooled and aqueous ammonia (pH=10) is added dropwise. The product is extracted with chloroform and the extracts are concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether/hexane (2/1). Yield: 29.9 g (46%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.68; m.p.: 199.8-201.1° C.; IR (KBr): 3450, 3305, 3190, 1619 cm−1.
    • 1b) 2-phenyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole
  • 2-Phenylbenzothiazole (Aldrich, 63.89 g, 0.302 mol) is nitrated with 100% nitric acid (190 ml, 4.53 mol) at 5° C. The mixture is stirred at 5° C. for 70 minutes, quenched in ice-water and basified with 32% NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off and the solid obtained is suspended in water and filtered off. The product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 73.6 g (95%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.76; m.p.: 178.9-181.3° ; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 9.16 (d, 1H); 8.35 (dd, 1H); 8.23 (d, 1H); 8.15 (dd, 1H) 7.58; (m, 4H).
    • EXAMPLE 2 Maleate of Compound 1-Compound 2 N-(2-phenylbenzothiazol-6-yl)acetamidine maleate
  • A 1M solution of maleic acid in acetone (10 ml) is added dropwise to N-(2-phenylbenzothiazol-6-yl)acetamidine (1 g, 0.00374 mol) (Example 1), in acetone (30 ml). The product is precipitated and filtered off. Yield: 1.09 g (77%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S.C4H4O4; theory C:59.51 H:4.47 N:10.96; found C:59.30 H:4.36 N:10.62; IR (KBr): 3060, 1700, 1480, 1360 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 3 Compound 3 N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 40%; Elem. anal. C19H17N3O4S; M.W.: 383.419; theory C:59.70 H:4.00 N:13.92; found C:59.29 H:3.70 N:13.63; IR (KBr): 3450, 3290, 3115, 1640 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 8.2 (d, 2H); 7.9 (m, 1H); 7.6 (d, 2H); 7.4 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 3a) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 77%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.16; m.p.: 165.9-168° C.; Elem. anal. C13H9ClN2S; theory C:59.88 H:3.48 N:10.74; found C:59.22 H:3.34 N:10.84; IR (KBr): 3460, 3355, 3195, 1620 cm−1.
    • 3b) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-6-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1b from 2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazole, which is prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4c. Yield: 84%; Rf (3/7 chloroform/toluene): 0.50; m.p.: 227.2-232° C.; IR (KBr): 1515, 1340 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 9.16 (d, 1H); 8.35 (dd, 1H); 8.23 (d, 1H); 8.15 (dd, 1H); 7.58 (m, 4H).
    • EXAMPLE 4 Compound 4 N-(2-pentylbenzothiazol-6-yl)acetamidine
  • Triethylamine (16.6 ml, 0.119 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (5.58 g, 0.051 mol) in acetonitrile (100 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 2-pentyl-6-aminobenzothiazole(hydrochloride) (8.9 g, 0.034 mol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, filtered and evaporated. The residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and the product is extracted with 0.1M HCl. The aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water. The resulting organic phase is dried, filtered and evaporated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 5.0 g (56%); Elem. anal. C14H19N3S; M.W.: 261.39; theory C:64.33 H:7.32 N:16.07; found C:64.42 H:7.48 N:16.13; IR (KBr): 3318, 3085, 1655, 1615, 1586 cm−1 ; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7 (d, 1H); 7.3 (m, 1H); 6.8 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m 2H); 3 (t, 2H); 2-0.7 (m, 12H).
    • 4a) 2-pentyl-6-aminobenzothiazole hydrochloride
  • 10% Pd/C (0.88 g) is added to 2-pentyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole (10.3 g, 0.041 mol) in methanol (250 ml). The mixture is hydrogenated, the catalyst is filtered off and the filtrate is evaporated. The residue is taken up in methanol, isopropyl ether/HCl is added and the hydrochloride is precipitated. Yield: 9.29 g (89%); Rf (95/5 methylene chloride/methanol): 0.75; IR (KBr): 3465, 3395, 2955, 1505, 1455, 1155, 810 cm−1.
    • 4b) 2-pentyl-6-nitrobenzothiazole
  • 2-Pentylbenzothiazole hydrochloride (20.5 g, 0.084 mol) is added, at 0° C., to trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (44.6 ml 0.504 mol) and 100% nitric acid (10.6 ml, 0.215 mol) in methylene chloride (270 ml), and the mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hours and at room temperature for one hour. Water (150 ml) is added dropwise and the phases are separated. The organic phase is washed with 0.5M NaHCO3 and with water. The resulting solution is dried, filtered and concentrated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from petroleum ether. Yield: 10.6 g (50%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.71; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.05 (d, 1H); 8.25 (dd, 1H); 8.15 (d, 1H); 3.13 (t, 2H); 1.28-1.36 (m, 4H); 0.85 (t, 3H).
    • 4c) 2-pentylbenzothiazole hydrochloride
  • PPA (140 g) is added to hexanoic acid (25.06 ml, 0.2 mol) and 2-mercaptoaniline (21.84 ml, 0.2 mol). The mixture is heated at 120° C. for 30 minutes. The resulting mixture is cooled and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32% NaOH (pH=10). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The resulting solution is dried and evaporated, the residue is taken up in methanol, isopropyl ether/HCl is added and the hydrochloride is precipitated. Yield: 43.8 g (90%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.78; m.p.: 106.6-109.0° C.; IR (KBr): 30.75, 2925, 2210, 1884, 1440, 775 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 5 Compound 5 N-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: (63%); Elem. anal. C16H15N3 M.W.: 249.31; theory C:77.08 H:6.06 N:16.85; found C:76.97 H:6.29 N:16.85; IR (KBr): 3434, 3024, 1634, 1597 cm−1 ; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8-6.3 (m, 9H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 5a) 2-phenyl-5-amino-1H-indole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: (83%); Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 220.2-220.5° C. Elem. anal. C14H12N2; theory C:80.74 H:5.81 N:13.45; found C:80.55 H:5.76 N:13.35; IR (KBr): 3416, 3036, 1622, 1585 cm−1.
    • 5b) 2-phenyl-5-nitro-1H-indole
  • This intermediate is prepared by nitration of 2-phenylindole (6 g, 31 mmol) with NaNO3 (2.8 g, 33 mmol) in 97% H2SO4 (200 mL) at 5° C. Yield: 6.9 g (93%); m.p.: 198.7-200° C. (lit. 201-203° C.; Wayland, E. N. et al. J.O.C. 1966, 65).
    • EXAMPLE 6 Compound 6 N-(1-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 68%; Elem. anal. C17H17N3; theory C:77.54 H:6.51 N:15.96; found C:76.77 H:6.83 N:15.65; IR (KBr): 3441, 3013, 1634, 1597 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.90-7.20 (m, 6H); 6.90 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.60 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.40 (s, 1H); 5.90 (bs, 2H, exch. D2O); 3.75 (s, 3H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 6a) 5-amino-2-phenyl-1-methylindole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 86%; Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 107.5-110.5° C. IR (KBr): 3388, 3020, 1622, 1472 cm−1.
    • 6b) 2-phenyl-1-methyl-5-nitroindole
  • Sodium hydride (1.1 g, 29.0 mmol) is added to 2-phenyl-5-nitro-1H-indole (Example 5b, 6.5 g, 26.0 mmol) in 100 mL of DMF. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. MeI (1.62 mL, 26.0 mmol) is added dropwise and the mixture is stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The resulting mixture is poured into H2O/ice and the product is filtered off and washed with H2O. The solid is recrystallized from hexane and filtered off. Yield: 6.5 g (99.7%); Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.60; IR (KBr): 3434, 2923, 1515, 1462 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.50 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.90 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.80-7.30 (m, 6H); 6.75 (s, 1H); 3.75 (s, 3H).
  • Examples of Preparation of Compounds of Formula (I) According to the Synthetic Route (b):
    • EXAMPLE 7 Compound 5
  • As an alternative to the method described in Example 5, this product may be prepared as reported below:
    • N-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 5. Yield: 60%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3; theory C:77.08 H:6.06 N:16.85; found C:77.17 H:5.89 N:16.68; IR (KBr): 3434, 3024, 1634, 1597 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8-6.3 (m, 9H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 7a) 2-phenyl-5-amino-1H-indole
  • Bromobenzene (0.157 ml, 0.0014 mol) and dichloro-bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium (II) (51.3 mg, 0.073 mmol) are added to 2-boronic acid 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bisBOC)aminoindole (0.69 g, 0.0014 mol) in THF (10 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 24 hours, 4N HCl (4 ml) are added and the resulting mixture is heated at 80° C. for 10 hours. The resulting mixture is basified with 4M NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phases are combined, washed with water, dried, filtered and concentrated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Rf (2/1 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.30; m.p.: 220.2-220.5° C. Elem. anal. C14H12N2 theory C:80.74 H:5.81 N:13.45; found C:80.55 H:5.76 N:13.35; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.0 (s, 1H, exch. D2O); 7.8 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.6-7.20 (m, 4H); 7.05 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 6.8-6.3 (m, 3H); 4.5 (bs, 2H, exch. D2O).
    • 7b) 2-Boronic acid 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bisBOC)aminoindole
  • Triisopropyl borate (0.8 ml, 0.0035 mol) is added to 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bis-BOC)aminoindole (1 g, 0.0023 mol) in THF (3 ml). The mixture is cooled to −5° C. and 2M lithium diisopropylamide (1.38 ml, 0.0028 mol) is added. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 3 hours and 1M HCl is added (pH=3). The resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate and the organic phase is washed with water. The resulting solution is dried and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 0.56 g (51%); 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1 (s, 2H); 8.0 (d, 1H) 7.3 (d, 1H); 7.0 (dd, 1H); 6.6 (s, 1H); 1.6 (s, 9H); 1.3 (s, 18H).
    • 7c) 1-N-BOC-5-(N′,N′-bisBOC)aminoindole
  • DMAP (1.66 g, 0.013 mol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (32.6 g, 0.149 mol) are added to 5-aminoindole (9 g, 0.068 mol) in THF (300 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 48 hours, and further DMAP (0.83 g, 0.007 mol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (14.8 g, 0.068 mol) are added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for a further 6 days. This mixture is evaporated, and the solid is recrystallized from dilute citric acid and filtered off. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether and filtered off. Yield: 2.04 g; m.p.: 189.6-192.7° C. IR (KBr): 3450, 3140, 1740, 1470, 1160, 1120, 780 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8 (d, 1H); 7.7 (d, 1H); 7.4 (d, 1H); 7.1 (dd, 1H); 6.7 (d, 1H); 1.6 (s, 9H); 1.3 (s, 18H).
    • EXAMPLE 8 Compound 8 N-(2-phenylquinol-6-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 48%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3; theory C:78.13 H:5.79 N:16.08; found C:77.27 H:5.91 N:15.70; IR (KBr): 3345, 3055, 1640, 1600, 1480 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2-8.05 (m, 4H); 7.85 (d, 1H); 7.55-7.7 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.5 (m, 1H); 7.35-7.3 (dd, 1H); 7.25 (bs, 1H); 4.5 (bs, 2H); 2.1 (bs, 3H).
    • 8a) 2-phenyl-6-aminoquinoline
  • Pd/C (10%; 0.60 g) is added to 2-phenyl-6-nitroquinoline (7 g, 0.028 mol) in THF (300 ml) and methanol (300 ml). The mixture is hydrogenated at room temperature and at 1 atm. The catalyst is filtered off, the filtrate is evaporated and the product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 5.7 g (92%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.56; IR (KBr): 3455, 3320, 3205, 1625, 1495 cm−1.
    • 8b) 2-phenyl-6-nitroquinoline
  • 2-Chloro-6-nitroquinoline (10.5 g, 50.4 mmol) (Byoung S. L. et al. Heterocycles. 1998, 48.12, 65), phenylboronic acid (7.4 g, 60.4 mmol), palladium dichloride bis(triphenylphosphine) (0.70 g, 1.01 mmol) and barium hydroxide (38.1 g, 0.121 mol) in 200 mL of anhydrous THF are stirred at 65° C. for 20 hours. The mixture is diluted with water, extracted with CH2Cl2 and evaporated, and the residue is chromatographed on silica gel (1/1 hexane/ethyl acetate). Yield: 7.8 g (62%); IR (KBr): 3475, 3357, 1592, 1479 cm−1.
  • Examples of Preparation of Compounds of Formula (I) According to the Synthetic Route (c):
    • EXAMPLE 9 Compound 9 N-(2-phenylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine
  • Triethylamine (6.9 ml, 0.050 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (5.44 g, 0.050 mol) in acetonitrile (120 ml). The mixture is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature and 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole (1.8 g, 8.56 mmol) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred at room temperature for 72 hours. The mixture is evaporated, the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with sodium hydroxide, and the product is extracted with 0.1M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water, dried and concentrated. The product is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 2.0 g (23%); Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory C:67.39 H:4.90 N:15.72; found C:67.38 H:5.17 N:15.61; IR (KBr): 3378, 3053, 1650, 1593 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.01 (m, 2H); 7.88 (d, 1H); 7.53 (m, 3H); 7.39 (s, 1H); 6.90 (d, 1H); 1.91 (s, 3H).
    • 9a) 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 85%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.30; IR (KBr): 3439, 3316, 3199, 1621 cm−1.
    • 9b) 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • PPA (210 g) is added to benzoic acid (12.96 g, 0.104 mol) and sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (19.98 g, 0.104 mol) (V. L. Guarda, Heterocyclic Comm., 2000, 1.6, 49-54). The mixture is heated at 115-120° C. for 10 minutes, cooled, and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32 percent NaOH (pH=5). The product is filtered off and suspended in NaHCO3 ss, filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 17.0 g (64%); IR (KBr): 1515, 1341 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.77 (d, 1H); 8.39 (d, 1H); 8.25 (dd, 1H); 8.11 (dd, 1H); 7.61 (m, 4H).
    • EXAMPLE 10 Compound 10 N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 67%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C:64.62 H:5.08 N:14.13; found C:64.71 H:5.04 N:14.29; IR (KBr): 3439, 3067, 1641, 1586, cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.31 (d, 1H); 7.93 (d, 1H); 7.29 (m, 4H); 6.71 (m, 1H); 6.05 (m, 2H); 3.95 (s, 3H).
    • 10a) 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 51%; Rf (85/25/1/2 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia/water): 0.84; Elem. anal. C14H12N2OS; theory C:65.60 H:4.72 N:10.93; found C:65.44 H:4.61 N:10.97; IR (KBr): 3418, 3302, 3197, 1606, 1428 cm−1.
    • 10b) 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 59%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; C14H10N2O3S; M.W.: 286.30.
    • EXAMPLE 11 Compound 11 N-[2-benzylbenzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 43%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3S; theory C:68.30 H:5.37 N:14.93; found C:67.90 H:5.75 N:14.59; IR (KBr): 3320, 3085, 1625, 1105 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.8 (m, 1H); 7.3 (m, 6H); 6.8 (m, 1H); 6.0 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 11a) 2-benzyl-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in Example 1a. Yield: 68%; Rf (95:5:0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.46; IR (KBr): 3410, 3305, 3205, 1595, 1463, 1425 cm−1.
    • 11b) 2-benzyl-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 69%; Rf (8:2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.58; IR (KBr): 1525, 1335, 695 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 12 Compound 12 N-[2-styrylbenzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 32%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3S; theory C:69.60 H:5.15 N:14.32; found C:69.89 H:5.28 N:14.11; IR (KBr): 3320, 3080, 1625 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.0-7.1 (m, 9H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 12a) 2-styryl-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 69%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 1515, 1335, 740 cm−1.
    • 12b) 2-styryl-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 68%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.50; IR (KBr): 3440, 3330, 1605, 1320 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 13 Compound 13 N-[2-(5-aminosulfonyl-2-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine hydrochloride
  • TEA (1.5 ml, 0.008 mol) is added to methyl acetamidate hydrochloride (0.83 g, 0.008 mol) in acetonitrile (20 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, and 2-(5-aminosulfonyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole (1.0 g, 0.003 mol) is added. The mixture is stirred at 35° C. for 96 hours and filtered. The solid is recrystallized from 9/1 THF/methanol. Yield: 0.22 g (18%); Elem. anal. C16H17N4O3S2Cl; IR (KBr): 3034, 1678, 1143 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.81 (d, 1H); 8.20 (d, 1H); 7.91 (m, 2H); 7.45 (m, 6H); 4.11 (s, 3H); 2.40 (m, 3H).
    • 13a) 2-(5-aminosulfonyl-2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Chlorosulfonic acid (16 ml, 0.24 mol) and 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (13.5 g, 0.047 mol) are stirred together at 0° C. for 15 minutes, the mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and stirring is continued for one hour. The mixture is poured into ice-water and the product is filtered off and washed with water. The product is added portionwise to a mixture of 32% aqueous ammonia (80 ml) and water (150 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is stirred for 2 hours at 0° C., and is allowed to warm to room temperature, acidified with HCl and filtered. The product is added to a solution of tin dichloride (31.8 g, 0.151 mol) in conc. HCl (43 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is heated at 95° C. for 60 minutes. It is cooled and brought to pH=7.5 with NaOH. The resulting mixture is extracted with chloroform. The extracts are concentrated and the product obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether/methanol. Yield: 1.3 g; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.81 (d, 1H); 7.87 (dd, 1H); 7.64 (d, 1H); 7.35 (m, 4H); 6.65 (dd, 2H); 4.09 (s, 3H).
    • EXAMPLE 14 Compound 14 N-[2-(2-pyridyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared from 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 2.2 g (59%); Elem. anal. C14H12N4S; theory C:62.66 H:4.51 N:20.88; found C:61.92 H:4.55 N:20.65; IR (KBr): 3390, 3050, 1650, 1590 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.7 (d, 1H); 8.3-7.2 (m, 5H); 6.90 (m, 1H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.91 (m, 3H).
    • 14a) 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • PPA (500 g) is added to picolinic acid (24.6 g, 0.2 mol) and sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (47 g, 0.2 mol). The mixture is heated at 120-130° C. for 6 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled and NaOH is added dropwise (pH=10). The product is filtered off and washed with water. The 2-(2-pyridyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole is recrystallized from 9/1 isopropyl ether/methanol and is added to a solution of tin dichloride (61.6 g, 0.273 mol) in conc. HCl (50 ml) at 0° C. This mixture is heated at 95° C. for 120 minutes. It is cooled and NaOH is added dropwise (pH=10). The resulting mixture is extracted with chloroform and the combined organic phases are extracted with 0.5M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water and evaporated. The solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.6 g; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 3400, 3325, 3215, 1590, 1430, 1320, 780 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 15 Compound 15 N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 59%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C:64.62 H:5.08 N:14.13; found C:64.46 H:5.10 N:13.99; IR (KBr): 3435, 3330, 3200, 1640, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.0 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 4H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 15a) 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Iron powder (45.9 g, 0.822 mol), water (70 ml) and 37% hydrochloric acid (1.6 ml, 0.019 mol) are added to 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole (10.95 g, 0.038 mol) in ethanol (300 ml). The mixture is heated at 80° C. for one hour. The resulting mixture is filtered and evaporated, and the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate and basified with NaOH (pH=11). The organic phase is filtered and washed with water. The resulting solution is evaporated and the product obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: (61%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.60; Elem. anal. C14H12N2OS; theory C:65.60 H:4.72 N:10.93; found C:65.44 H:4.87 N:10.37; IR (KBr): 3440, 3320, 1600, 1465, 1245, 1170 cm−1.
    • 15b) 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 45%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.45; IR (KBr): 1600, 1515, 1485, 1255 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 16 Compound 16 N-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 40%; Elem. anal. C17H17N3O2S; theory C:62.36 H:5.23 N:12.83; found C:62.19 H:5.13 N:12.71; IR (KBr): 3420, 3310, 1645, 1440, 1280 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 7.8 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 4H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 4.0 (s, 3H); 3.9 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 16a) 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 44%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.67; Elem. anal. C15H15N2O2S; theory C:62.70 H:5.26 N:9.75; found C:62.87 H:4.79 N:9.16; IR (KBr): 3440, 3285, 3190, 1605, 1500, 1285, 1025 cm−1.
    • 16b) 2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 9b. Yield: 54%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.77; IR (KBr): 3435, 2935, 1605, 1510, 1285, 816 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 17 Compound 17 N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 19%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3OS; theory C:64.62 H:5.08 N:14.13; found C:64.49 H:5.62 N:12.80; IR (KBr): 3310, 3065, 1594, 1435, 1270 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.9 (m, 1H); 7.3 (m, 6H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 17a) 2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 70%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.70; IR (KBr): 3430, 3315, 3205, 1600, 1270, 820 cm−1.
    • 17b) 2-(3-methoxy-phenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 9b. Yield: 22%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.57; IR (KBr): 1673, 1515, 1340, 740 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 18 Compound 18 N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 33%; Elem. anal. C16H15N3S; theory C:68.30 H:5.37 N:14.93; found C:68.10 H:5.32 N:1.74; IR (KBr): 3310, 3065, 1594, 1435, 1270 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.9 (m, 2H); 7.5 (m, 4H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 2.6 (s, 3H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 18a) 2-(2-methylphenyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole hydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 15a. Yield: 65%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.72; IR (KBr): 2860, 2610, 1530, 1450, 755 cm−1.
    • 18b) 2-(2-methylphenyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 48%; Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.67; IR (KBr): 1678, 1515, 1340 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 19 Compound 19 N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine dihydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 36%; Elem. anal. C15H15C12FN4; theory C:52.80 H:4.43 N:16.42; found C:52.43 H:4.71 N:16.01; IR (KBr): 3042, 1677, 1616, 1441, 1233 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.40 (s, 1H); 9.45 (s, 1H); 8.36 (m, 3H); 7.29 (m, 6H); 2.25 (m, 3H).
    • 19a) 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole dihydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.33; IR (KBr): 2810, 1612, 1505, cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 10.42 (m, 5H); 8.38 (m, 2H); 7.62 (m, 7H).
    • 19b) 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 4-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 76%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 3312, 1601, 1498, 1333 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 20 Compound 20 N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 54%; C15H13ClN4; IR (KBr) 3425, 3300, 3145, 1637, 1475 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 3H); 7.3-7.7 (m, 4H); 6.9-6.5 (m, 2H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 20a) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole hydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 94%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.22; IR (KBr): 3330, 1635, 1470, 1090, 825 cm−1.
    • 20b) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-chlorobenzoic acid (17.83 g, 0.114 mol) and 2-amino-5-nitroaniline (18 g, 0.114 mol), in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 87%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.61; m.p.: 302.5-305° C.
    • EXAMPLE 21 Compound 21 N-(2-phenyl-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl)acetamidine hydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 39%; Elem. anal. C15H15ClN4; theory C:62.83 H:5.27 N:19.54; found C:61.59 H:6.09 N:19.02; IR (KBr): 3347, 3190, 1638, 1590, 1460 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1-8.4 (m, 2H); 7.3-7.8 (m, 4H); 6.9 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 6.6 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 21a) 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 4.2 g (74%); Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.20; Elem. anal. C13H11N3; theory C:74.62 H:5.29 N:20.08; found C:73.95 H:5.26 N:19.92.
    • 21b) 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and benzoic acid in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 70%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 3290, 1500, 1330, 1290 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 22 Compound 22 N-(2-pentyl-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl)acetamidine dihydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 61%; Elem. anal. C14H22Cl2N4; theory C:53.01 H:6.99 N:17.66 found C:53.20 H:7.00 N:17.63; IR (KBr): 3300, 2866, 1671, 1609 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.7 (bs, 1H); 9.8 (bs, 1H); 8.6 (bs, 1H); 7.8 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 7.7 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 7.4 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H); 3.14 (t, 2H); 2.41 (s, 3H); 1.90 (m, 2H); 1.57-1.05 (m, 4H); 0.87 (t, 3H).
    • 22a) 2-pentyl-5-amino-3H-benzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 98%.
    • 22b) 2-pentyl-5-nitro-3H-benzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine in a manner similar to that of Example 4c. Yield: 78%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.70; 1H-NMR (CDCl3) 10.2 (bs, 1H); 8.4 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H); 8.1 (dd, J=8.6 Hz, 1.53 Hz, 1H); 7.5 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H); 3.0 (t, 2H); 1.90 (m, 2H); 1.6-1.1 (m, 4H); 0.87 (t, 3H).
    • EXAMPLE 23 Compound 23 N-[2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine dihydrochloride
  • 1N NaOH (pH=10) is added to N-[2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine hydrobromide (Example 24) (2.2 g, 0.007 mol) in water (30 ml). The precipitate is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. The solid is taken up in methanol and the dihydrochloride is precipitated from isopropyl ether/HCl. Yield: 1.7 g (79%); Elem. anal. C13H15Cl2N5; theory C:50.01 H:4.84 N:22.43; found C:50.05 H:4.79 N:22.17; IR (KBr): 3044, 1674, 1620 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 24 Compound 24 N-[2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine hydrobromide
  • 2-Naphthylmethyl thioacetamidate hydrobromide (3.3 g, 0.011 mol) is added, at room temperature and with stirring, to 2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-5-amino-1H-benzimidazole (2.2 g, 0.011 mol) in ethanol (30 ml). The mixture is stirred for 18 hours at room temperature and filtered, and the solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.0 g (85%); C13H13N5.HBr; m.p.: 197-199° C.; IR (KBr): 3053, 1675, 1629, 1601, 1508 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.6 (s, 1H); 11.1 (s, 1H); 9.3 (s, 1H); 8.4 (s, 1H); 7.5 (d, 1H); 7.4 (d, 1H); 7.0 (m, 2H); 6.2 (m, 2H); 2.4 (s, 3H).
    • 24a) 2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-5-amino-1H-benzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 38%; Rf (85/25/2/1 chloroform/methanol/water/aqueous ammonia): 0.67; IR (KBr): 3367, 1630 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.5 (m, 1H); 7.2 (d, 1H); 6.6-6.9 (m, 3H); 6.5 (dd, 2H); 6.1 (m, 1H).
    • 24b) 2-(pyrrol-2-yl)-5-nitro-1H-benzimidazole
  • Pyrrolyl-2-carboxaldehyde (10.6 g, 0.104 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitroaniline (14 g, 0.090 mol) in DMF (400 ml), and the mixture is heated at 110° C. for 60 hours, cooled and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from water and then from isopropyl ether. Yield: 15.5 g (71%); IR (KBr): 3100, 1596, 1506, 1327 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 8.0 (m, 1H); 7.5-7.7 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 3H); 6.2 (m, 2H).
    • EXAMPLE 25 Compound 25 Methyl 4-(5-acetimidoylamino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoate hydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 27%; IR (KBr): 3447, 3050, 1717, 1610, 1277 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.61 (s, 1H); 9.54 (s, 1H); 8.53 (d, 2H); 8.12 (d, 2H); 7.78 (m, 3H); 7.25 (dd, 2H); 6.64 (m, 3H); 3.81 (s, 3H); 2.34 (s, 3H).
    • 25a) Methyl 4-(5-amino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoate
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 57%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.33; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O2; theory C:67.40 H:4.90 N:15.72; found C:66.24 H:4.89 N:14.54; IR (KBr): 3311, 1689, 1611, 1282, 1111 cm−1.
    • 25b) Methyl 4-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzo-ate
  • Sodium bisulfite (7.0 g, 0.036 mol) in water (70 ml) is added to 4-carboxybenzaldehyde (11.0 g, 0.071 mol) in ethanol (70 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes, the solid is filtered off, the filtrate is coevaporated with toluene and a solution of 2-amino-5-nitroaniline (11.1 g, 0.071 mol) in DMF (250 ml) is added. This mixture is refluxed for 3 hours and concentrated, and the product is recrystallized from dilute HCl, filtered off and washed with water. The solid is suspended in methanol (300 ml) and HCl gas is bubbled through at 5-15° C. for 3 hours. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is then refluxed for 3 hours. The solution is concentrated to ⅓ of its volume and cooled to +5° C., and the precipitate is filtered off and recrystallized from NaHCO3 and finally from 3/1 isopropyl ether/hexane. Yield: 15 g (71%); IR (KBr): 3570, 3472, 3112, 1707, 1301 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7-8.5 (m, 7H); 5.9 (m, 1H); 3.88 (s, 3H).
    • EXAMPLE 26 Compound 26 4-(5-acetimidoylamino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 67%; Elem. anal. C16H14N4O2; theory C:65.30 H:4.79 N:19.04; found C:63.31 H:5.37 N:17.19; IR (KBr): 3220, 1590, 1544, 1378 cm−1.
    • 26a) 4-(5-amino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 83%; Rf (4/4/2 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.70; IR (KBr): 3117, 1604, 1540, 1397 cm−1.
    • 26b) 4-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoic acid
  • 2M NaOH (75 ml) is added, at 0° C., to methyl 4-(5-nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoate (15 g, 0.050 mol) (Example 26) in methanol (250 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 hours and evaporated, and the residue is taken up in water and acidified with HCl (pH=6). The resulting mixture is stirred for 16 hours at 0° C., and the product is filtered off, washed with water and recrystallized from 9/1 methanol/isopropyl ether. Yield: 10 g (70%); IR (KBr): 3357, 1675, 1602, 1537, 1377, 1320 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.5-8.6 (m, 7H).
    • EXAMPLE 27 Compound 27 N-(2-phenylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine dihydrochloride
  • Isopropyl ether/HCl is added to 2-phenyl-6-(N-acetamidino)quinazoline (0.9 mg, 0.0034 mol) in methanol (5 ml) at 0° C. The product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether/isopropyl alcohol. Yield: 0.8 g (20%); Elem. anal. C16H16Cl2N4; theory C:57.32 H:4.81 N:16.71; found C:56.38 H:6.05 N:15.29; IR (KBr): 3453, 3095, 1658, 1600, 1553, 1343 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.81 (s, 1H); 9.74 (s, 2H); 8.83 (m, 1H); 8.48 (m, 2H); 8.12 (m, 2H); 7.83 (d, 1H); 7.34 (m, 4H); 2.34 (s, 3H).
    • 27b) N-(2-phenylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 20%; m.p.: 162-164° C. Elem. anal. C15H13N3S; theory C:73.26 H:5.38 N:21.36; found C:72.65 H:5.46 N:21.09; IR (KBr): 3453, 3095, 1658, 1600, 1553, 1343 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.41 (s, 1H); 8.48 (m, 2H); 7.83 (d, 1H); 7.34 (m, 6H); 6.30 (m, 1H); 1.85 (s, 3H).
    • 27c) 2-phenyl-6-aminoquinazoline
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Elem. anal. C14H11N3; theory C:76.00 H:5.01 N:18.99; found C:75.85 H:5.12 N:18.58; IR (KBr): 3455, 3315, 1622, 1494, 1385, 1242 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.21 (s, 1H); 8.45 (m, 1H); 7.50 (m, 5H); 6.85 (d, 1H); 5.88 (s, 2H).
    • 27d) 2-phenyl-6-nitroquinazoline
  • 2-Phenyl-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinazoline (27 g, 0.106 mol) and chloranil (32.4 g, 0.13 mol) in toluene (450 ml) are refluxed for 60 minutes. The mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the precipitate is filtered off and washed with toluene (350 ml). The filtrate is suspended in 0.5N NaOH (400 ml) and the aqueous phase is extracted with dichloromethane (100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with water and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from hexane. Yield: 8.8 g (34%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.71; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 9.91 (s, 1H); 9.18 (d, 1H); 8.61 (m, 3H); 8.24 (d, 1H); 7.55 (m, 3H).
    • 27e) 2-phenyl-6-nitro-3,4-dihydroquinazoline
  • N-Benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrobenzylamine (33 g, 0.12 mol) and phosphoryl chloride (150 ml) are refluxed for 3 hours. The mixture is concentrated and water is added, followed by addition of aqueous ammonia (pH>10). The product is filtered off and recrystallized from water, and then from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane. Yield: 27.6 g (89%); IR (KBr): 3387, 3198, 1599, 1512, 1341 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.95 (m, 4H); 7.30 (m, 4H); 7.01 (m, 1H); 4.71 (s, 2H).
    • 27f) N-benzoyl-2-amino-5-nitrobenzylamine
  • Triethylamine (116 ml, 0.835 mol) and DMAP (2.0 g, 0.016 mol) are added to 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile (68 g, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (1 litre). The mixture is cooled to +5° C., and benzoyl chloride (38.8 ml, 0.33 mol) in dichloromethane (50 ml) is added. The resulting mixture is stirred for 2 hours and then concentrated. The residue is taken up in 10/1 water/ethanol (550 ml) and the product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 88.5 g (97%); IR (KBr): 3375, 3213, 1638, 1547, 1319 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.15 (m, 1H); 7.85 (m, 4H); 7.51 (m, 4H); 6.68 (m, 3H); 4.30 (m, 2H).
    • 27g) 2-amino-5-nitrobenzylamine hydrochloride
  • Borane in THF (400 ml, 0.40 mol) is added dropwise to 2-amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile (60 g, 0.35 mol) in THF (600 ml) at 0° C. The mixture is allowed to warm to room temperature and is stirred for 16 hours. The resulting mixture is cooled to 0° C. and 200 ml of absolute ethanol/HCl are added. The THF is removed and the product is filtered off and recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 68.8 g (96%); Rf (1:1 methanol/chloroform): 0.15; IR (KBr): 3416, 2980, 1669, 1601, 1474, 1285 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 28 Compound 28 N-(2-phenylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine
  • 2-naphthylmethyl thioacetamidate hydrobromide (13.03 g, 0.044 mol) is added to 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzofuran (9.31 g, 0.044 mol) in ethanol (200 ml). The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 18 hours and is then evaporated, NaOH (pH=10) is added and the resulting mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic phase is extracted with 0.5M HCl. The acidic aqueous phases are combined, basified with NaOH (pH=10) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water. The resulting solution is evaporated and the solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 7.45 g (68%); Elem. anal. C16H14N2O; theory C:76.78 H:5.64 N:11.19; found C:76.18 H:5.56 N:11.02; IR (KBr): 3445, 3045, 1640, 1605, 1450, 755 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6—DMSO) 7.6-8.0 (m, 2H); 7.1-7.6 (m, 6H); 6.9-6.6 (m, 1H); 5.9 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 28a) 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzofuran
  • Triethylamine (63.4 ml, 0.455 mol) is added to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzylphsophonium bromide (50 g, 0.101 mol) in refluxing toluene (600 ml), followed by addition of benzoyl chloride (16.2 ml, 0.140 mol) in toluene (50 ml). The mixture is refluxed for 3 hours, cooled and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The resulting mixture is concentrated and the product is recrystallized from 2/1 isopropyl ether/hexane, and the 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzofuran is filtered off. This product is hydrogenated in THF (300 ml) and methanol (150 ml), with Pd/C (10%; 3.2 g). The catalyst is filtered off and the filtrate is concentrated. The residue is taken up in isopropanol/MeOH/HCl, and the hydrochloride is precipitated. It is suspended in 1M NaOH and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extracts are washed with water and concentrated. The solid is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 9.8 g (32%); Elem. anal. C14H11NO; theory C:80.36 H:5.30 N:6.70; found C:79.78 H:5.16 N:6.87; IR (KBr): 3400, 3325, 1595, 1465 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 29 Compound 29 N-(2-phenylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 29%; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O; theory C:71.70 H:5.21 N:16.72; found C:71.48 H:4.64 N:16.71; IR (KBr): 3360, 3140, 1655, 1180, 700 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.8 (m, 5H); 6.9 (dd, 1H); 5.9-6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (m, 3H).
    • 29a) 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4b. Yield: 83%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.52; m.p.: 155.3-156.7° C. Elem. anal. C13H10N2O; theory C:74.27 H:4.79 N:13.32; found C:73.48 H:4.85 N:13.12; IR (KBr): 3435, 3320, 1545, 1480, 1180, 695 cm−1.
    • 29b) 2-phenyl-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • Prepared from 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and benzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 85%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.92; Elem. anal. C13H8N2O3; theory C:65.00 H:3.35 N:11.66; found C:64.54 H:3.35 N:11.85; IR (KBr): 1615, 1530, 1345 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 30 Compound 30 N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 29%; Rf (5/2/2 butanol/acetic acid/water): 0.58; Elem. anal. C15H12ClN3O; theory C:62.77 H:4.25 N:14.77; found C:63.05 H:4.23 N:14.70; m.p.: 183.6-185.1° C. IR (KBr): 3455, 3295, 3145, 1645, 1400, 835 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.1 (m, 2H); 7.6 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 1.9 (broad s, 3H).
    • 30a) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 44%; IR (KBr): 3430, 3340, 1625, 1595, 1475, 830 cm−1.
    • 30b) 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/chloroform): 0.58; IR (KBr): 3095, 1605, 1525, 1335, 820 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 31 Compound 31 N-[2-(3-trifluromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 56%; Elem. anal. C16H12F3N3O; theory C:60.19 H:3.79 N:13.16; found C:60.44 H:4.22 N:13.05; m.p.: 157.9-159.2° C. IR (KBr): 3330, 3105, 1660, 1615, 1280, 1175 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.4 (m, 2H); 7.8 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 31a) 2-(3-trifluromethylphenyl)-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 80%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.59; IR (KBr): 3435, 3335, 1620, 1340, 1120 cm−1.
    • 31b) 2-(3-trifluromethylphenyl)-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • 3-Trifluoromethylbenzoyl chloride (9.03 g, 0.043 mol) and 2-hydroxy-5-nitroaniline (6.58 g, 0.041 mol) in toluene (200 ml) are refluxed for 48 hours. POCl3 (20 ml) is added, the mixture is refluxed for a further 2 hours and concentrated, and the solid is recrystallized from NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off and recrystallized from water and finally from isopropyl ether. Yield: 10.3 g (78%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.58; IR (KBr): 3085, 1620, 1531, 1425, 1340 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 32 Compound 32 N-[2-(4-trifluromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 56%; C16H12F3N3O; IR (KBr): 3455, 3100, 1645, 1610, 1465, 1325, 1115 cm−1.
    • 32a) 2-(4-trifluromethylphenyl)-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 71%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.50; IR (KBr): 3440, 3355, 1620, 1330, 1105 cm−1.
    • 32b) 2-(4-trifluromethylphenyl)-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 57%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.66; IR (KBr): 3105, 1610, 1530, 1345, 1115 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 33 Compound 33 N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 65%; C15H12FN3O; IR (KBr): 3340, 3110, 1655, 1605, 1460, 1395 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.4 (m, 2H); 7.8 (m, 3H); 7.1 (m, 2H); 6.1 (m, 2H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 33a) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 76%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.61; IR (KBr): 3430, 3325, 1585, 1480, 1445 cm−1.
    • 33b) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 33%; Rf (8/2 hexane/ethyl acetate): 0.48; IR (KBr): 3095, 1615, 1525, 1485, 1340 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 34 Compound 34 N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 75%; Elem. anal. C15H11Cl2N3O; theory C:56.27 H:3.46; N:13.12; found C:56.01 H:3.58 N:13.22; IR (KBr): 3449, 3084, 1644, 1460 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.3 (d, 2H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.5-7.9 (m, 4H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 1.9 (m, 3H).
    • 34a) 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 55%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.37; Elem. anal. C13H8Cl2N2O; theory C:55.94 H:2.89 N:10.04; found C:55.55 H:3.08 N:9.82; IR (KBr): 3400, 3324, 3211, 1626, 1457 cm−1.
    • 34b) 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzoxazole
  • 3,4-Dichlorobenzoyl chloride (4.6 g, 0.022 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitrophenol (3.4 g, 0.022 mol) in toluene (250 ml) and the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours. para-Toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 g) is added, the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours and cooled, and the product is filtered off. It is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 6.8 g; IR (KBr): 3100, 1531, 1350 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 35 Compound 35 N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 37%; Elem. anal. C15H12Cl2N4; theory C:56.44 H:3.79 N:17.55; found C:55.84 H:4.58 N:16.59; IR (KBr): 3375, 3300, 3170, 1630, 1450, 1395 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.3 (d, 1H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.7 (m, 1H); 7.4 (m, 1H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.7 (dd, 1H); 1.9 (broad s, 3H).
    • 35a) 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1a. Yield: 44%; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.16; IR (KBr): 1630, 1425, 1130 cm−1.
    • 35b) 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitro-2-aminophenol and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 28%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.53; IR (KBr): 3290, 1495, 1440, 1335 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 36 Compound 36 N-[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzimidazole-5-yl]acetamidine hydrobromide
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 51%; Elem. anal. C16H14BrF3N4; theory C:48.14 H:3.53; N:14.03; found C:48.04 H:3.85 N:13.82; IR (KBr): 3040, 1680, 1620, 1410, 1320 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.5 (m, 2H); 7.7 (m, 4H); 7.1 (m, 1H); 2.4 (broad s, 3H).
    • 36a) 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 80%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.25.
    • 36b) 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 41%; Rf (8/2 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.47; IR (KBr): 3105, 1515, 1325, 1170, 1120 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 37 Compound 37 2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 18%; Elem. anal. C16H16N4O; theory C:68.55 H:5.75 N:19.99; found C:67.79 H:5.65 N:19.60; IR (KBr): 3440, 3135, 1640, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.2 (m, 1H); 7.2 (m, 5H); 6.6 (m, 1H); 3.9 (m, 3H); 1.8 (s, 3H).
    • 37a) 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole dihydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 93%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.45; IR (KBr): 2835, 2610, 1635, 1495, 1455 cm−1.
    • 37b) 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 2-methoxybenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 9b. Yield: 76%; Rf (6/4 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.43; IR (KBr): 3005, 1515, 1335, 750 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 38 Compound 38 N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine hydrobromide
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 24. Yield: 82%; Elem. Anal. C15H14FN4.HBr; theory C:51.59 H:4.04 N:16.04; found C:50.79 H:4.30 N:15.45; IR (KBr): 3237, 2885, 1684, 1611 cm−1.
    • 38a) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 100%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.25.
    • 38b) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Prepared from 4-nitrophenylenediamine and 2-fluorobenzoic acid, in a manner similar to that of Example 31b. Yield: 15%; Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.55; IR (KBr): 2996, 1625, 1520, 1479, 1340 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.5-8.0 (m, 3H); 7.2-7.9 (m, 4H).
    • EXAMPLE 39 Compound 39 N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 38%; Elem. anal. C16H16N4; theory C:72.70 H:6.10; N:21.20; found C:71.00 H:6.45 N:20.35; IR (KBr): 3454, 3055, 1643, 1393 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.7 (m, 1H); 7.5 (m, 7H); 6.9 (m, 1H); 6.7 (dd, 1H); 2.6 (s, 3H); 1.9 (s, 3H).
    • 39a) 2-(2-methylphenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 100%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.31; IR (KBr): 2966, 1630, 1447 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8.6 (m, 1H); 7.2 (m, 6H); 6.4-6.7 (m, 3H).
    • 39b) 2-(2-methylphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole
  • 2-Methylbenzoyl chloride (4.1 g, 0.027 mol) is added to 2-amino-4-nitroaniline (4 g, 0.025 mol) in toluene (100 ml), and the mixture is refluxed for 24 hours. para-Toluenesulfonic acid (1.0 g) is added, the mixture is refluxed for 36 hours and concentrated, and the residue is taken up in ethyl acetate. The solution is washed with NaHCO3 and then with water. The resulting solution is dried and concentrated, and the solid obtained is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: 3.1 g (48%); Rf (7/3 toluene/ethyl acetate): 0.58; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO): 8.5 (d, 1H); 8.1 (dd, 1H); 7.7 (m, 2H); 7.4 (m, 3H); 2.6 (s, 3H).
    • EXAMPLE 40 Compound 40 N-[2-(pyrrol-2-yl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 1. Yield: 28%; Elem. anal. C13H12N4S; theory C:60.91 H:4.72 N:21.85; found C:61.20 H:5.41 N:20.07; IR (KBr): 3455, 3165, 1655, 1570, 1485 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 11.5 (broad s, 1H); 7.8 (m, 1H); 7.2-6.6 (m, 4H); 6.3-5.8 (m, 3H), 1.8 (m, 3H).
    • 40a) 2-(2-pyrrolyl)-5-aminobenzothiazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 30%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.44; IR (KBr): 3455, 3360, 3125, 1570, 1460 cm−1.
    • 40b) 2-(2-pyrrolyl)-5-nitrobenzothiazole
  • Prepared from sodium 2-amino-4-nitrothiophenoxide (15 g, 0.078 mol) and pyrrol-2-ylcarboxaldehyde (5.23 g, 0.055 mol) in a manner similar to that of Example 24b. Yield: 3.9 g (29%); Rf (8/2 petroleum ether/ethyl acetate): 0.54; IR (KBr): 1595, 1510, 1480, 1335 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 41 Compound 41 N-[2-phenylbenzothiazol-5-yl]cyclopropylcarboxamidine
  • Prepared from 2-phenyl-5-aminobenzothiazole (example 9a) and methyl cyclopropylcarboximidate (Patai, The Chemistry of Functional Groups; The Chemistry of Cyano group; pp. 264-266, Zvi Rappoport, Wiley & Sons, 1970) in a manner similar to that described in Example 9. Yield: 57%; Elem. anal. C17H15N3O; theory C:73.63 H:5.45 N:15.15; found C:72.06 H:5.29 N:14.69; IR (KBr): 3401, 1646, 1604, 1469 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 42 Compound 42 N-(2-phenylbenzoxazol-6-yl)acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 9. Yield: 41%; Elem. anal. C15H13N3O; theory C:71.70 H:5.21 N:16.72; found C:71.06 H:4.91 N:16.62; IR (KBr): 3360, 3105, 1655, 1606 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 8-8.2 (m, 2H); 7.4-7.8 (m, 5H); 6.9 (dd, 1H); 5.9-6.3 (broad s, 2H); 1.8 (broad s, 3H).
    • 42a) 2-phenyl-6-aminobenzoxazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. Yield: 74%; Rf (9/1 chloroform/methanol): 0.64; m.p.: 212-214° C. IR (KBr): 3400, 3305, 3205, 1630 cm−1
    • 42b) 2-phenyl-6-nitrobenzoxazole
  • PPA (160 g) is added to benzoic acid (14.26 g, 0.117 mol) and 2-amino-5-nitrophenol (20 g, 0.117 mol). The mixture is heated at 115-120° C. for 30 minutes and cooled, and water (200 ml) is added dropwise, followed by addition of 32% NaOH (pH=10). The product is filtered off, washed with water and filtered off. It is recrystallized from isopropyl ether. Yield: g (90%); Elem. anal. C13H8N2O3; theory C:65.00 H:3.35 N:11.66; found C:64.56 H:3.22 N:11.43; IR (KBr): 1551, 1515, 1340 cm−1.
    • EXAMPLE 43 Compound 43 N-[1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine dihydrochloride
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28. Yield: 78%; Elem. anal. C17H20Cl2N4O; theory C:55.59 H:5.49 N:15.25; found C:54.36 H:6.05 N:14.86; IR (KBr): 3450, 3020, 1605, 1490, 1260 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 12.04 (broad s, 1H); 9.78 (broad s, 1H); 8.65 (broad s, 1H); 8.12 (d, 1H); 7.85 (s, 1H); 7.77 (dt, 1H); 7.71 (dd, 1H); 7.52 (dd, 1H); 7.39 (d, 1H); 7.27 (t, 1H); 3.90 (s, 3H); 3.86 (s, 3H); 2.43 (s, 3H).
    • 43a) 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole and 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 4a. The amines of the two isomers are separated by flash chromatography on a column of silica gel (ethyl acetate).
    • 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole
  • Yield: 2.21 g; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.33; Elem. anal. C15H15N3O; theory C:71.12 H:5.97 N:16.59; found C:69.71 H:6.10 N:15.29; IR (KBr): 3230, 3200, 2935, 1625, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.3 (m, 5H); 6.6 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H), 3.4 (s, 3H).
    • 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-aminobenzimidazole
  • Yield: 4.0 g; Rf (95/5/0.5 chloroform/methanol/aqueous ammonia): 0.25; Elem. anal. C15H15N3O; theory C:71.12 H:5.97 N:16.59; found C:69.69 H:6.53 N:15.03; IR (KBr): 3230, 3200, 2935, 1625, 1460, 1245 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.5 (m, 2H); 7.1 (m, 3H); 6.7 (m, 2H); 3.8 (s, 3H); 3.4 (s, 3H).
    • 43b) 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole and 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-nitrobenzimidazole
  • Sodium hydride (22 g, 0.055 mol) and methyl iodide (3.15 ml, 0.050 mol) are added to 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-nitrobenzimidazole (Example 37b, 12.38 g, 0.046 mol) in DMF (120 ml) at 0-5° C. The mixture is stirred at room temperature for 5 days. Water (300 ml) is added and the solid is filtered off and recrystallized from water, and then from 9/1 isopropyl ether/acetonitrile, to give a mixture of the two isomers in a ratio of about 65:35 respectively. Yield: 9.3 g (72%); Rf (9/1 toluene-methanol): 0.41 (isomer-6) and 0.36 (isomer 5); Elem. anal. C15H13N3O3; theory C:63.59 H:4.62 N:14.83; found C:63.34 H:4.50 N:14.70.
    • EXAMPLE 44 Compound 44 N-[1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzimidazol-6-yl]acetamidine
  • Prepared in a manner similar to that of Example 28 from 1-methyl-2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole, Example 43a.
  • Yield: 87%; Elem. anal. C17H18N4O; theory C:69.37 H:6.16 N:19.03; found C:67.95 H:6.02 N:18.38; IR (KBr): 3450, 3350, 1650, 1605, 1470, 1255 cm−1; 1H-NMR (d6-DMSO) 7.54 (dt, 1H); 7.49 (d, 1H); 7.45 (dd, 1H); 7.22 (d, 1H); 7.11 (t, 1H); 6.92 (broad s, 1H); 6.65 (d, 1H); 3.82 (s, 3H); 3.51 (s, 3H); 1.90 (s, 3H).
  • A number of physicochemical characteristics of compounds 1-44 are collated and given in Table 2.
  • TABLE 2
    Physicochemical characteristics of representative compounds
    of formula (1)
    Melting
    Empirical Molecular point Rf
    Compound formula weight (C.°) (TLC)
    1 C15H13N3S 267.35 161.0-162.1 0.54(a)
    2 C15H13N3S•C4H4O4 383.41 202.5-203.2 0.54(a)
    3 C15H12ClN3S 301.79 212.2-213.5 0.49(a)
    4 C14H19N3S 261.39 112.6-114.7 0.53(a)
    5 C16H15N3 249.31 217.7-220.0 0.30(a)
    6 C17H17N3 263.34 184.6-185.8 0.40(a)
    7 C16H15N3 249.31 218.0-220.0 0.30(a)
    8 C17H15N3 261.33 143.0-144.4 0.52(a)
    9 C15H13N3S 267.35 177.0-178.0 0.48(a)
    10 C16H15N3OS 297.37 163.0-165.0 0.45(a)
    11 C16H15N3S 281.38 117.9-120.0 0.47(a)
    12 C17H15N3S 293.38 90.8-91.8 0.55(a)
    13 C16H16N4O3S2•HCl 412.91 244.0-248.0 0.40(a)
    14 C14H12N4S 268.34 187.2-188.9 0.29(a)
    15 C16H15N3OS 297.37 203.0-204.7 0.47(a)
    16 C17H17N3O2S 327.40 156.4-158.3 0.50(a)
    17 C16H15N3OS 297.37 141.6-145.6 0.54(a)
    18 C16H15N3S 281.38 188.4-189.8 0.50(a)
    19 C15H13FN4•2 HCl 341.22 283.7-286.3 0.55(b)
    20 C15H13ClN4 284.75 153.6-156.0 0.61(a)
    21 C15H14N4•HCl 286.76 164.0-166.0 0.50(a)
    22 C14H20ClN4•2HCl 317.22 276.9-278.3 0.50(a)
    23 C13H13N5•2HCl 312.20 318.0-322.0 0.54(b)
    24 C13H13N5•HBr 320.19 197.0-199.0 0.54(b)
    25 C17H16N4O2•2HCl 381.26 284.0-288.0 0.20(a)
    26 C16H14N4 O2 294.31 271.5-274.3 0.59(d)
    27 C16H14N4•2HCl 335.24 162.0-168.0 0.35(a)
    28 C16H14N2O 250.30 204.8-205.9 0.24(a)
    29 C15H13N3 O 251.28  171.2-173.4° 0.35(a)
    30 C15H12ClN3O 285.73 183.6-185.1 0.58(b)
    31 C16H12F3N3O 319.29 157.9-159.2 0.64(a)
    32 C16H12F3N3O 319.29 179.2-181.0 0.59(b)
    33 C15H12FN3O 269.27 157.9-159.2 0.64(c)
    34 C15H12Cl2N3O 320.17 182.0-184.0 0.73(c)
    35 C15H12Cl2N4 319.19 207.4-209.0 0.38(c)
    36 C16H14F3N4•HBr 399.20 284.3-285.4 0.62(b)
    37 C16H16N4 O 280.33 190.5-192.8 0.13(a)
    38 C15H14FN4•HBr 349.21 266.8-269.0 0.58(b)
    39 C16H16N4 264.33 154.0-158.0 0.40(c)
    40 C13H12N4S 256.33 166.7-169.1 0.31(a)
    41 C17H15N3O 277.32 137.4-138.9 0.63(b)
    42 C15H13N3 O 251.28 176.3-177.8 0.44(a)
    43 C17H18N4O•2HCl 367.27 253.1-254.7 0.27(a)
    44 C17H18N4O 294.35 205.6-207.1 0.48(b)
    (a)Eluent: 85/25/1/2 CHCl3/MeOH/NH3/H2O;
    (b)Eluent: 5/2/2 n-butanol/AcOH/H2O;
    (c)Eluent: 73/25/2 CHCl3/MeOH/NH3;
    (d)Eluent: 4/4/2 CHCl3/MeOH/NH3.
  • Other representative examples of compounds of Formula (I) are listed below:
  • N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(1-Methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzothiazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-Furan-2-ylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-Furan-3-ylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-Pentylbenzothiazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-difluorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylbenzoxazol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methylphenyl)benzoxazol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • 4-(5-acetimidoylamino-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzamide;
  • N-[2-(pyrrol-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(furan-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(furan-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(thien-2-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(thien-3-yl)-3H-benzimidazol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-benzylquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-phenylethylquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylquinol-7-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinol-7-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(3-phenylisoquinol-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)isoquinol-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinazolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylquinazolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylquinazolin-7-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-trifluoromethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(1-methyl-3-phenyl-1H-indol-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(1-methyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methylphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-trifluoromethyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzofuran-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylbenzofuran-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)benzothiophen-5-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylbenzothiophen-5-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)quinoxalin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylquinoxalin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)cinnolin-6-yl]acetamidine;
  • N-(2-benzylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-styrylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
  • N-(2-phenylethylcinnolin-6-yl)acetamidine;
    • PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
  • a) The inhibitory activity on the formation of NO measured as NO2 − (nitrite) and PGE2 was studied in vitro on culture media of rabbit articular chondrocytes stimulated with the cytokine IL-1β (1 ng/ml) for 48 hours. For the preparation of the chondrocytes, the method described by Berenbaum et al. [FEBS Letters 340, 51-55 (1994)] was followed. Briefly, fragments of cartilage removed aseptically from the articular heads of rabbit shoulder, hip and knee were finely ground and digested at 37° C. in hyaluronidase, trypsin and collagenase solutions, giving, after filtration through sterile gauze and centrifugation at 600×g and suitable dilution with 10% DMEM-FCS 10%, a concentration per well of about 1×105 cells. The cells were maintained under these conditions until confluent (about 15 days), the medium being replaced every 3 days. At this point, the test products dissolved in the medium were added to each sample and, after 20 minutes, 350 μl of IL-1β were added, to give a final concentration of 1 ng/ml. The stimulation lasted 48 hours at 37° C. (incubation in air/7% CO2). A nitrite assay was subsequently performed on the cell supernatant, as described by Green et al. [Anal. Biochem. 126, 131-138 (1982)], and of PGE2 by RIA assay. The results obtained are shown in Table 3, in which is given, for a number of the compounds that are the subject of the invention and that are already illustrated in Table 1, the IC50, i.e. the concentration (micromolar) of antagonist capable of inhibiting the formation of nitrites and PGE2 by 50% relative to the control group, i.e. relative to the cells stimulated with IL-1β but without addition of antagonists.
  • TABLE 3
    in vitro Activity on rabbit articular chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1β
    Inhibition %
    IC50 (× 10−6 M)
    Compound Structure NO PGE2
     1
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00060
         		 6.5 2.4
     3
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00061
         		IN (tox 30) 1.9
     4
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00062
         		 6.9 6.6
     5
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00063
         		 3.4 1.2
     6
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00064
         		IN (tox 30) IN (tox 30)
     8
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00065
         		47.9 2.3
     9
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00066
         		18.0 4.2
    10
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00067
         		IN (tox 100) 5.9
    11
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00068
         		15.0 7.4
    12
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00069
         		88.9 1.3
    13
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00070
         		IN 16.2 
    14
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00071
         		IN 42.5 
    15
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00072
         		IN (tox 30) 7.4
    16
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00073
         		IN (tox 30) IN
    17
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00074
         		IN (tox 30) 1.3
    18
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00075
         		 6.2 1.2
    19
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00076
         		78   0.7
    20
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00077
         		22.8 0.4
    21
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00078
         		84.5 0.8
    22
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00079
         		123   31.5 
    23
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00080
         		250   2.0
    25
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00081
         		174   IN
    26
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00082
         		IN IN
    27
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00083
         		67.5 9.0
    28
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00084
         		 7.8 0.5
    29
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00085
         		28.6 3.2
    30
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00086
         		IN (tox 30) 0.3
    31
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00087
         		11.2 2.9
    32
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00088
         		 8.1 0.6
    33
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00089
         		47.0 13.8 
    34
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00090
         		 4.3 0.4
    35
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00091
         		IN 0.4
    36
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00092
         		IN IN
    37
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00093
         		32.1 2.8
    38
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00094
         		IN IN
    39
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00095
         		199   9.9
    40
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00096
         		IN 8.4
    41
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00097
         		IN 4.0
    42
    Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00098
         		42.9 5.1
    L-NAME — 71.0 IN
    CELECOXIB — IN  0.02
    Note:
    IN = <25% inhibitory activity at 30 × 10−6 M
    Tox = cellular toxicity
  • From the data given in Table 3, it may be deduced that some of the test compounds that are subjects of the invention show a powerful inhibitory effect, at the micromolar level, on the production of NO.
  • The most active compounds are the benzothiazole derivatives, compounds 1, 4 and 18, the indole derivative 5, the benzofuran derivative 28 and the benzoxazole derivative 34, all having an activity of between 3 and 8 micromolar.
  • Generally, a substitution with halogen on the phenyl group increases the activity: see for example compound 34 (3,4-dichloro derivative relative to the unsubstituted analogous compound, compound 29), thus there is often a corresponding increase in the cytotoxicity that precludes the objective evaluation of the activity of these compounds. It should also be noted that the NO-synthase inhibitor reference compound, L-NAME, shows activity that is about 10-fold less powerful than that of the best compounds that are the subject of the invention on this experimental model (IC50 71 micromolar).
  • Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention also inhibit the IL-1β-induced production of prostaglandins (PGE2) at sub-micromolar concentrations. Thus, the benzimidazole compounds 19, 20, 21 and 35, the benzoxazole compounds 30 and 34 and the benzofuran compound 28 inhibit the formation of PGE2 at concentrations (IC50) of between 0.3 and 0.8 micromolar.
  • The inhibitory activity on the production of PGE2 by many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention is probably at least partly due to their capacity to inhibit the production of NO.
  • In point of fact, it has been described that NO potentiates the cytokine-induced production of PGE2 in a variety of cell systems [see for example Watkins et al.; Br. J. Pharmacol. 121 (1997), 1482-1488].
  • This effect appears to be due to the amplification of the expression of COX-2 (Tetsuka et al.; J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996), 2051-2056). For the compounds that are the subject of the invention that show little activity as NO-production inhibitors while inhibiting the production of PGE2 at the submicromolar level, for instance the benzimidazole derivatives 19, 20, 21 and 35 or the benzothiazole derivatives 12, the inhibitory activity on PGE2 production is probably associated with a direct action on the inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme.
  • The selective antagonist of the inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), Celecoxib, chosen as comparative compound, was found to be about ten times more powerful in inhibiting the production of PGE2 than the most active compounds that are the subject of the invention, whereas it was entirely inactive as regards inhibiting the production of NO.
  • Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention also demonstrated inhibition of the expression (mRNA) of IL-6 in isolated human chondrosarcoma cells (SW 1353) stimulated with IL-1β. In practice, the RNA extracted from the cells was back-transcribed to c-DNA by means of a thermocycler (BioRad—“iCycler”) and subsequently amplified via the Real Time PCR technique using a probe and a primer specific for IL-6, from the company Applied Biosystem, and the thermocycler 7000 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystem).
  • Using this technique, for example, compounds 5, 8, 9, 18, 27, 28 and 29 were found to inhibit the expression of IL-6 in SW 1353 cells stimulated for 6 hours with IL-1β with an IC50 of between 1.5 and 6 micromolar. The capacity of IL-6 to inhibit the expression of messenger RNA may be considered as large, since the increase in the expression of this cytokine is associated with the physiopathology of various human diseases, for instance Crohn's disease, as described previously.
  • Some of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, which showed the strongest activity in the in vitro tests described hereinabove, were evaluated “in vivo” in rats on experimental models of inflammation and hyperalgesia induced by Zymosan. This is a phlogogenic agent, consisting of a protein-glycoside complex, extracted from the cell walls of raw yeast, which is capable of inducing rapid degranulation of neutrophils, an increase in the production of TNF-α, interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and stimulation of NO generation by monocytes and macrophages (ZymosaN:Merck Index XIII ed. No. 10250, p. 1818).
  • The experiments consisted of sub-plantar intradermal injection into the animal of 4 mg of Zymosan suspended in 100 μl of sterile physiological solution, while the test compounds were administered orally 30 minutes before injection of the phlogogenic agent.
  • Measurement of the inflammation of the injected paw and of the consequent hyperalgesic effects was performed 2, 4 and 6 hours after the administration of Zymosan. The oedema was evaluated as the increase in volume of the injected paw within the period 0-6 hours, relative to the initial value of the volume of the paw, i.e. before the injection of Zymosan (basal value).
  • The measurements of the variation of the volume of the paw were recorded using a hydroplethysmometer (Mod. 7150, Basile, Italy), which consists of two plastic cuvettes containing a surfactant liquid, the larger one being used for immersion of the paw, connected to the smaller one which contains a transducer capable of recording small displacements of volume of the liquid used for the measurement. The paw is immersed in the cuvettes up to the tibiotarsal joint. The volume of liquid displaced by the paw indicates the magnitude of the inflammation.
  • For each test compound, at least three doses were used (generally 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) with at least five animals per group x dose, so as to be able to calculate an ED30, i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of reducing by 30% the Zymosan-induced volume increase, relative to the group of control animals, i.e. animals injected only with the phlogogenic agent and treated orally with distilled water.
  • The hyperalgesia induced by the intradermal administration of Zymosan was evaluated on these animals and at the same times described previously for the evaluation of the oedema, using the Randall-Selitto method [Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 111, 409 (1957)].
  • In practice, an analgesimeter was used (Basile, Italy), which consists in applying to the inflamed paw a weight in the form of a rounded-tipped cone, on which the applied force is gradually increased. When the animal makes a noise following the pain stimulus, the operator blocks the punch and records the force, expressed in grams, which was applied to the paw (the cut-off value is 500 grams). The difference in the mechanical pain threshold between the basal value (generally about 230-250 grams) and that recorded at the indicated times after injection of the phlogogenic agent, generally 130-140 g for the control animals 6 hours after injection of the phlogogenic agent, is defined as mechanical hyperalgesia. In this case also, an ED30 was calculated, i.e. the dose in mg/kg capable of increasing the pain threshold by 30% (mechanical hyperalgesia) in the animals treated with the test compounds relative to the group of control animals.
  • The results thus obtained are given in Table 4, which presents the ED30 values for the anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic activity for a number of compounds that are the subject of the invention, compared with those obtained with Celecoxib and L-NAME.
  • TABLE 4
    Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity (measured in the range
    0-6 hours) in rat paw injected with Zymosan. (ED30 mg/kg os)
    Analgesic
    Anti- activity
    inflammatory (mechanical Mean
    activity anti- (Oedema +
    Compounds (oedema) hyperalgesia) Analgesia)
    1 12.6 6.7 9.7
    5 39.4 19.3 29.4
    8 19.8 11.8 15.8
    9 33.9 31.3 32.6
    27  24.6 13.0 18.8
    28  20.8 24.4 22.6
    Celecoxib 79.4 69.2 74.3
    L-NAME IN IN IN
    Note:
    the compound L-NAME was entirely inactive up to the maximum dose administered (50 mg/kg).
  • As may be deduced from the data given above in Table 4, many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, for instance the benzothiazole derivatives, compounds 1 and 9, the indole derivative, compound 5, the quinoline derivative, compound 8, the quinazoline derivative, compound 27, and the benzofuran derivative, compound 28, show powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic action even when administered orally, indicating that they therefore have good bioavailability. On average, using the compounds illustrated, and considering overall both the anti-oedema-generating activity and the analgesic activity, an activity about 2 to 7 times higher than that of the selective COX-2 antagonist Celecoxib is obtained.
  • The NO-synthase antagonist L-NAME was inactive up to the maximum dose tested (50 mg/kg) since, besides having an intrinsic activity that is generally lower than that of the compounds that are the subject of the invention, it may probably also be poorly absorbed via the oral route.
  • In conclusion, by means of the combined action of inhibition of the production of NO and, indirectly, that of the prostaglandin PGE2, along with the action of inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, many of the compounds that are the subject of the invention show in vivo an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect that is greater than both that of Celecoxib, i.e. a powerful and selective antagonist of inducible cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and than that of L-NAME, an NO-synthase antagonist.

Claims (22)

1. A compound represented by the general formula (I) indicated below and in which:
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00099
G1 and G2 are independently selected from hydrogen and the amidine substituent of formula Q, provided that, for each compound of formula (I), only one of the two substituents G1 or G2 is the amidine substituent of formula Q; the amidine substituent of formula Q is represented by the structure given below, in which R is methyl:
Amidine substituent of formula Q:
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00100
W is independently: a bond, an unsubstituted carbon atom, or a carbon atom substituted with a methyl, an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
Y is an unsubstituted carbon atom, a carbon atom substituted with a methyl, or an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—);
X is a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom (═CR1— or ═CH—), a unsubstituted nitrogen atom substituted with a hydrogen or a methyl, a sulfur atom (—S—) or an oxygen atom (—O—), provided that the substituents W, Y and X give rise, suitably in combination, to 9- or 10-membered bicyclic heteroaromatic derivatives containing up to 2 hetero atoms in the same ring;
R3 and R4 are both hydrogen;
Z is an aryl or heteroaryl group, a linear or branched C3-C6 alkyl or alkenyl chain, a C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group or alkenylaryl group, or a C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group in which the aryl group is a phenyl which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carboxamido, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, sulfonamido, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl, and the heteroaryl group is a 5- or 6-atom heterocyclic aromatic ring containing one or more hetero atoms, which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, trifluoromethyl, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, carboxyl, carbonyl, thio, methylthio, methanesulfonyl, methanesulfinyl, trifluoromethoxy, C1-C6 alkoxy and C1-C6 alkyl;
the C1-C4 alkyl-aryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with an aryl group. When the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond; substituents for the aryl group are independently selected from the groups defined above as substituents for the aryl group;
the C1-C4 alkyl-heteroaryl group is a linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C4 hydrocarbon chain substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl group; when the C1-C4 chain is unsaturated, it is intended to contain only one substituted or unsubstituted double bond;
the term “heteroaryl” means any of the heterocyclic nuclei defined above;
the compounds of formula (I) being either in free base form or as pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
2-3. (canceled)
4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X is a nitrogen atom substituted with hydrogen or with methyl.
5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein X, is an oxygen atom.
6. The compound according to claim 1, wherein Y is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═CH—) or a carbon atom substituted with methyl instead of a nitrogen atom (—N═) X, is a nitrogen atom substituted with hydrogen or with methyl.
7. The compound according to claim 6 wherein X, is an oxygen atom.
8. The compound according to claim 6, wherein X, is a sulfur atom.
9. The compound according to claim 1, wherein W is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═CH—) or a carbon atom substituted with methyl, and X, is an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—).
10. The compound according to claim 9, wherein Y is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═C—) or a carbon atom substituted with a methyl.
11. The compound according to claim 9, wherein X is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═CH—) or a carbon atom substituted with methyl.
12. The compound according to claim 9, wherein W is an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—), and is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═CH—) or a carbon atom substituted with methyl.
13. The compound according to claim 9, wherein W, is an unsubstituted nitrogen atom (═N—), and is an unsubstituted carbon atom (═CH—).
14. The compound according to claim 1, in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts, chosen from hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydrogen sulfate, methanesulfonate, maleate, citrate, fumarate and succinate.
15. A method of treating pathological conditions associated with inflammatory or autoimmune phenomena, comprising administering the compound according to claim 1, or of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
16. A method of treating conditions comprising administering the compound according to claim 1, or of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to inhibit the production of nitric oxide (NO) and of interleukin-6 (IL-6).
17. A pharmaceutical preparation comprising, as active substance, at least compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
18. A method for the therapeutic treatment of pathological conditions associated with inflammatory and autoimmune phenomena comprising administering the pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 17.
19. A method for controlling and preventing degenerative articular diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis comprising administering the pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 17.
20. A method for the analgesic treatment of pain of articular or neuropathic origin comprising administering the pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 17.
21. A method for the therapeutic treatment of inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, for instance ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease comprising administering the pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 17.
22. Pharmaceutical The pharmaceutical preparation according to claim 17, comprising pharmaceutically acceptable inactive ingredients chosen from the group consisting of vehicles, binders, flavourings, sweeteners, disintegrants, preserving agents, humectants and mixtures thereof, or ingredients to facilitate rectal, transdermal or transmucosal absorption or that allow controlled release of the active substance over time, and also ingredients suitable for parenteral use, for instance intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal and intra-articular administration, in which cases the salified compounds as described in claims 1 and 14 are preferably used.
23. A process for preparing a compound of general formula (I) in which W, Y, X, G1, G2, R3 and R4 have the meaning given in claim 1, which comprises the operations of reacting a compound of formula (II)
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00101
in which W, Y, X, Z, R3 and R4 are defined as for the compounds of formula (I), while G′1 and G′2 are independently selected from: hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, C1-C4 alkoxy, C1-C4 alkyl, and the amine group (—NH2), provided that, for each compound of formula (II), only one of the two substituents G′1 or G′2 is an amine group (—NH2), with a compound of formula (III)
Figure US20100120802A1-20100513-C00102
in which R is as defined above in claim 1 for the amidino substituent of formula Q and L is a leaving group, such as an alkoxy group (ethoxy or methoxy), an alkylthio group (RS—; thiomethyl or thiomethylnaphthyl) or an arylthio group (Ar—S; thiophenyl), in a suitable solvent such as alcohol, acetonitrile, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) or tetrahydrofuran (THF), at temperatures of between 0° C. and 50° C.;
optionally, the conversion of a compound of formula (II) into a compound of formula (I) possibly being completed by the removal of any protecting groups present;
the compounds of formula (I) are finally recovered from the reaction mass, purified via conventional methods and isolated in unmodified form or in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
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