US20090151282A1

US20090151282A1 - Starlum system for construction of houses and buildings for one or several stories

Info

Publication number: US20090151282A1
Application number: US12/001,870
Authority: US
Inventors: Miguel E. Loayza
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2007-12-13
Filing date: 2007-12-13
Publication date: 2009-06-18

Abstract

It is a constructive system that improves, facilitates and reduces costs in the construction of houses and buildings of one or more stories, through a new type of electro-welded steel structures pile up; through a new type of smart concrete blocks, that assembles one to each other with mortars, (mortars are blind view), because it always place to the interior of the blocks, which are linked to pillars through steel clips, whose role is make perpendicular and align; through a new type galvanized steel profiles to build roofs, which are joined to each other through connectors that allow them to easily take any degree of slope, and, through a new type of structural aluminum molds, which are used to build pillars, beams and slabs of reinforced concrete.

Its main advantages are: 1. Reduces 43.22% the direct cost of construction (materials and workmanship direct) from each house basic (foundation, structure, concrete floor, metallic structure of the roof, and walls) 2. Increases 50% worker productivity 3. Reduces 50% use of mortar. 4. Improving the structural condition of homes to withstand earthquakes and hurricanes. 5. All materials used are not combustible. 6. The finishing of the walls is perfect, it does not require plaster. 7. The use of mortar inside the blocks to join them with each other, allows the pre-painted, manufactured blocks, achieving a perfect finish, and reducing the cost of painting of the houses.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In the United States and in countries affected by hurricanes, tens of thousands of homes were destroyed to the passage of these atmospheric phenomena. Its ceilings, walls and even entire houses have been carried by the wind. This was dramatically seen to step Andrews, Katrina and the most recent hurricanes. Those who have been most affected are the houses that are built with wooden structure, and also those that are built with concrete block walls without the use of pillars. The weak structural condition of the houses has been the cause of the destruction of tens of thousands of homes in the United States.
Moreover, at present, the high prices of housing and the serious crisis in the real estate sector, prompts us to seek a constructive solution of houses, which through productivity, efficiency and innovation, reduce costs, the same time that improve the structural condition, so that the houses withstand earthquakes and hurricanes, and do not destroy them.
This is the solution offered by STARLUM SYSTEM.

SUMMARY

The Starlum System provide an integral solution to build one-story houses, and for houses or buildings of various stories. It is a system that integrates efficient solutions for the construction of the foundation, the beams, pillars, walls and roofs. The combined work of these elements achieves enhancing resilience of the houses also for the developed efficiency and productivity in the constructive processes, reducing significantly the costs of the houses.
The system uses reinforced concrete with new steel structures to build the foundation, beams, pillars and upper beams. These structures are stackable inserting with each other, so that reduce the space they occupy and thus reduce the cost of transportation by about 48%. It reinforced with a novel system snap clips, which are placed with a single blow of a hammer. In many cases, especially in a single-story houses, it is not necessary to place clips snap, however, for larger houses, or multi-story, structural engineers, will determine the amount and location of the clips that reinforce snap electro welded metal structures that are part of the pillars of concrete. The walls are constructed with concrete blocks smart. The adjective intelligent they may be, because they are different from traditional blocks that are used throughout the world, and have the feature that their form and their functions efficiently solve common problems in the field, such as the union between the blocks, alignment and plumb the walls. They are blocks that fit with each other vertically and horizontally. It linked with mortar, which is placed inside the blocks and remains invisible, thereby achieves a perfect joint, in addition to the quantity of mortar used is 50% less than that used in the traditional system. The blocks have spikes, grooves and holes, which allow them to dovetail with each other, and when they are sealed with mortar, there is a powerful union that faces the seismic forces and hurricanes working compression, unlike the system traditional that work by adherence. The compressive strength is infinitely greater than the resistance by adherence. This feature gives itself a big advantage structural System Starlum versus the traditional system and other systems on the market. Another important feature of smart blocks, which is joined with the concrete pillars with steel clips from low-cost, which fulfill an important role joining them with force, align and plumb, to the effect, the blocks has standard slots, so that whenever we come together with each other these slots are in a perfect join position that allows join clips installation. The join clips are placed in all the blocks of the first row in the last row and in union with the pillars. In the middle row of blocks is not necessary to place clips, however the builder can use it to improve the resistance of the walls, as the cost of each clip, is not higher than a nail-3″. Another important feature of the Starlum System blocks is that, as the mortar join goes invisible inside the walls, it is possible to manufacture pre-painted blocks, the way they are produced and sold pavers in the market, and thus, the cost of painting and maintaining the paint houses will be reduce significantly, the period of construction of houses decreases and accordingly also reduces cost. The most novel of the blocks is the economic series, whose main advantage addition to their low weight and cost, is that it can stacking and reduce 40% of space room, as a result their transportation costs is less.
On the roofs construction of the houses, uses metal profiles of galvanized steel in the form of elongated channel and inverted. One of the innovation consist of the standardization of metal beams in a single type of profile, with the difference between them, just the length, size and thickness, depending on the effort that has to make, in addition to the main invention for the roofs are the innovative system of connectors, which are articulated and allow profiles to be joined and placed in a position from zero to 90 degrees, that is in any degree of inclination, that the architectural design of the houses what has been determined. The rotation allowing connectors, is not only vertically but also horizontally which is a tremendous advantage, since it allows the metal beams placed anywhere above the walls. The connectors designed for metal profiles are cut at right angles, namely avoiding the laborious work in factories to cut each element in its proper angle according to the position to focus on the roof. The connectors have solved this problem, so that work in the workshop only involves cutting the profiles to the extent required size, and drilling the profiles where the bolts are put to use in the assembly. In the traditional system of roof construction in the United States, are manufactured wooden beams long dimensions of great weight, which moved to the works assembled, and in each house to be built, requires the use of a crane one day to lift the wooden beams and put them in position. For the ensemble are used many brackets and angles of steel and thousands of nails. But where hurricanes go, they take all the roofs of this type. This system has shown that it is not efficient. The system Starlum use bolts ⅜″ for each union, the connectors are built with galvanized steel and aluminum structural painted electrostatic painting, in order to avoid galvanic corrosion. All metallic profiles are carried disarmed, and the assembly process is through steel bolts. The structural beams that support the main roof loads and earthquakes and hurricanes, will be assembled in the works. Not required the use of cranes or specialized workers. The system is so simple that workers can easily use it. The setting of structural steel beams in the concrete beams of the houses is done by expansion bolts. For the assembly of the roof in the works only require stairs electric drills and screwdrivers. This further reduces the cost of installation and runtime assembly profiles metal roof. In comparative analysis of costs that we have made between the traditional wooden structures for the roof which is used in the United States, compared with System Starlum considering in both cases only the cost of materials and labor including direct installation work, we demonstrate that the system Starlum reduces the cost by 51.25%.
In the case of buildings in which concrete pillars have to be more large of 8″×8″, we designed a new system of aluminum structural molds for pillars that makes it possible to build more than 16″×16″. The ensemble of these molds is through a new system of clip snap that fits with the simple hand pressure and withdrew the same. These molds are also used for the construction of the beams of the foundation, and for the construction of the concrete slabs in the homes of more than one floor.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For this study we have taken into consideration the system more constructive use in the State of Florida, which has eliminated plinths and pillars of concrete and used solely for the foundation beams of concrete 12″×16″ reinforced with two rods steel ⅝″ along the beams, above rest the walls that are built with concrete blocks of 8×8×16″, and at the top the entire length of the walls positioned a beam of concrete 8″×16″ reinforced with two steel rods of ⅝″. To reinforce the walls, steel rods of ⅝″ are placed in vertically placed inside the concrete blocks at a distance of 4′ along all the walls. The space inside the blocks where placed these steel rods, is filled with concrete, to serve as small pillars. Apparently, not using plinths, steel structures and concrete pillars, it would mean a saving in the cost of housing, however, we will demonstrate that this is not the case, the system Starlum using plinths, pillars and concrete structures electro welded steel, it is more economical, more efficient, and improving the condition earthquake resistant and anti hurricane of the houses well beyond the traditional system of the USA, and is more economical at 43.22%.

FIG. 1. It is the plane in plant of lateral walls of a house commonly built in Florida.
We see the plant level a house of 52′×52′ with an area of 2,102 square feet, which is one of the models built in the state of Florida, and we will take the prototype that will be analyzed in detail throughout the constructive process using the System Starlum. The plinths 6 are 30″×30″×8″, are built with reinforced concrete with steel rods whose layout and specifications will be seen below. For the walls can be used block 7, whose standard size is 8″×8″×16″ combined with the block 8, whose standard dimensions are: 8″×8″×8″. As economical alternative, you can use blocks 36 and 39 who have the same dimensions and function perfectly, significantly reducing costs. In the corners, for mould the pillars can be used the concrete block 2, whose size standard is 8″×8″×8″. In the middle of the walls, for mould the pillars can be used the block 9, whose standard size is 8″×8″×2″.
FIG. 2. It is the lateral view of the house.
We see the facade of the side wall of the house, which we see the plinths 6, the beams of concrete foundation 5, blocks corner 2, half blocks of beams 43, entire blocks of beams 41, blocks wall 7, the media block wall 8, blocks intermediate pillars 9, and profiles of metal galvanized steel 1, which is built all of the roof of the house.
FIG. 3. It is the superior view of the roof of the house.
We see the distribution of all profiles metal galvanized steel roof 1, placed on their horizontal and vertical position. All metal profiles are in the same form, the difference between them is the length, height and thickness, which are determined according to the distance between support and according to the respective structural calculation.
FIG. 4. It is the one model of the steel electro welded pillar.
We see in plant the steel electro welded structure 10, square shaped, 6″×6″, which is used to build concrete pillars of 8″9×8″, the thickness of steel vertical rods is ⅜″, the stirrups are placed each 6″, and its thickness is 5.5 mm. These measures are standardized for houses of one story of the dimensions described above. According to the dimension of the houses, measures of the steel rods vary as determined by the structural calculation. It can be seen that the stirrups not cover the entire perimeter of the four steel rods and left an empty space, the reason for this novel idea is to stack the electro-welded steel structures, joint with each other and reduce costs transport by about 48%. The empty space can be filled by putting clips snap 13, using a hammer blow. The use of such clips snap, is a big advantage for the calculator structural Engineers, and that in some cases it is not necessary to use them when the houses are one floor and the distance between pillars is not very large, but for houses of more than one floor, or with considerable distance between pillars, they can add as many clips snaps as are necessary and put them in the correct position where the pillars bear the greatest efforts. This development does not have any constructive system in the world. To the right of FIG. 4, we can see FIG. 4A, is a perspective of metallic structure electro welded 10, whose lower end is more elongated, in order to bend the ribs prior to their installation on plinths, as discussed below. It is very important to stress that the stirrups of all structures electro welded Starlum System have their extremes doubled 10B, which gives greater resistance welding has been implemented at this point because it will not work alone to resist efforts and will be helped by the stirrup.
FIG. 5. It is the other model of the steel electro welded pillar.
We can see a steel structure electro welded 11, smaller (2″×2″), which will be used to build pillars and concrete beams 4″×4″ of foundation in homes of one story, whose distance between pillars is not greater than 12 feet. The vertical steel rods are ⅜″, and the stirrups are 5.5 mm placed each 6″. The clip snap that correspond 14, works just like the one described before.
FIG. 6. It is the other model of the steel electro welded pillar.
We can see an electro-welded steel structure of triangular shape 12, with specifications similar to those of FIG. 5. It its dimensions are: 2″×2″. This structure is an economical alternative for smaller homes. It can be used to build pillars and concrete beams of 4″×4″ in concrete foundation. The clip snap, that correspond is 14, is the same as that used in the steel structure of FIG. 5.
FIG. 7. It is the one model of the steel electro welded rectangular beam.
We can see an electro welded steel structure, rectangles 18 with measures 4″×6″, which is used to build concrete beams 6″×8″ of the foundation, is made from 4 rods of steel ⅜″ and steel stirrups 5.5 mm. These sections are sufficient for the prototype housing construction. The corresponded Clip Snap is 16.
To the left of FIG. 7, we can see FIG. 7A, is a perspective of metallic structure electro welded 10 of beam.
FIG. 8. It is the other model of the steel electro welded rectangular beam.
We can see a steel structure electro welded 19, rectangles, smaller, 3″×5″, which is used to build the foundation beams or rafters overhead concrete 4″×7″, for the construction of economic houses. The corresponded clip snap is 17. In FIG. 7A we see in perspective this kind of steel beams electro welded 18A.
FIG. 9. Its the one model of the steel electro welded triangular beam.
We see a structure of electro-welded steel, triangular shape 21 with measures 3″×8″, built with 3 rods steel ⅜″ and stirrups of 5.5 mm. Each 6″. The corresponded Clip Snap is 17. It is used to build the foundation beams or rafters overhead concrete dimensions of 5″×10″. It is an economical alternative to electro-welded steel structure stackable.
FIG. 10. It is the other model of the steel electro welded triangular beam.
We see an electro welded steel structure of triangular shape 22, measures 3″×5″, built with 3 rods steel ⅜″ and stirrups of 5.5 mm. Each 6″. The corresponded clip snap is 17. It is used to build the foundation beams or rafters overhead specific 5″×7″.
FIG. 11. It is the other model of the steel electro welded triangular beam.
We see an electro welded steel structure of triangular shape 23, measures 2″×5″ built with steel rods of ⅜″ and stirrups of 5.5 mm. Each 6″. The corresponded Clip Snap is 20. It is used to construct rectangular concrete beams of 4″×7″.
It is clear that this type of electro-welded steel structures, of form square, rectangular or triangular, can be manufactured in sizes, thicknesses and specifications according to engineers calculators required for a particular type of work. This is a very important feature that gives versatility to Starlum System.
FIGS. 12 and 13. It is the view of stackable steel electro welded triangular and rectangular beams.
We can see as the electro-welded steel structures rectangular 10, and the triangular 12, stackable to each other, occupying less space in a ratio of approximately 48%. This is an advantage on transportation and storage greatly reduces its cost. That is why the new idea of structural steel pile up.
FIGS. 14, 15 and 16, are the steel clips.
We see clips 24, 25 and 26, to be built with rod steel of ⅛″, which are used to hold, joint, aligning and plumb the concrete blocks that we will see later, whose description we can see the efficient functioning of those clips.
FIG. 17. It is the concrete block for built pillars in the corners of the houses.
Block 2 It is used in the corner of to plank mould where are built the pillars of the houses. This block has features that are common to all blocks that are used to mold the concrete pillars, everyone has the same slot 27, the same holes 28, and the same conical spikes (FIG. 44 sector 44A). The conical spikes at the bottom of the block fit precisely into the holes that has the block that has been previously placed. These characteristics enable them to fit into each other vertically and horizontally, through clips, attach, align and plumb with block wall with speed, efficiency and low cost, as we will see later. This block has the measures Standard 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 18. It is the concrete block for built pillars in the middle of the walls.
We see the block 9, which is used to plank mould the intermediate pillars on the walls of houses. This block has the measures Standard 8″×8″×2″.
FIG. 19. It is the concrete block for built pillars in the end of the walls.
We see the block 31, which is used to finish the walls that do not join together with other walls, and where it has plans to build a pillar. This block has the measures Standard 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 20. It is the concrete block heavy for built walls.
We see the block 7, which is used to build the walls of the houses. Like blocks pillar described above, has slots 27, which have been located precisely, to coincide always with the other wall blocks and blocks pillar, so that they can easily set them clips steel the subject, aligned and plumb. These slots have standardized dimensions which will detail later. It is noted that the walls 34 and 35 of this block, they have a lower standard ¼″ unless the walls 33 of the same block, this is for the purpose of placing just there clips union, after which it is placed mortar you do not see that goes inside of the blocks and unites them accurately and strong, forming a very strong structural knot, as the mortar compression works as we shall see later. The walls 34 of the block has shifted inwards ¼″, in order to make a space that will be filled with mortar when the blocks join with each other. At the bottom of the walls 34 and 35 of the block, there are two spikes standardized that also has everyone blocks this same type (FIG. 43 sector 42), which are used to fit all the blocks with each other and form a union very strong through the mortar. Moreover, in the same part of the block there is a slot standardized 32, in a circular motion, 1″½, which serves to make a space throughout the house walls, which can be placed previously, pipes of electricity, telephones, computers, cable TV, Internet and water, simplifying the construction process, and reducing their costs. This block has standard measures of 8″×8″×16″.
FIG. 21. It is the half concrete block heavy for built walls.
We see the middle wall block 8, which is used to lock the blocks with each other, has all the characteristics that block 7, and their standard measures are 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 22. It is the economic concrete block heavy for built walls.
We see the economic bloc 36, which has all the features of block 7, and has one difference because it does not has one of the side walls 33. This feature is very important, because in addition to reducing its weight and cost, allows stacked with each other, so as to reduce the room space and thus also reduces the cost of transportation. Moreover, in this part of the block has designed a special slots standardized 37 and 38, that allow the system installed by Snap (single hand pressure), PVC support for switches and sockets system electrical and parts of the telephone systems, cable TV, Internet, etc. This is in the FIGS. 41 and 42. Another advantage is that the empty spaces left in the walls that are built using this type of block can be sprayed with thermo-insulating substances, a condition that provide thermal protection to increase the generating blades SHEETROCK attempt to curb electricity consumption in the homes. Standard measures of this block are: 8″×8″×16″.
FIG. 23. It is the economic half concrete block heavy for built walls.
We see the half economic bloc 39, which is used to lock the blocks with each other. It has all the characteristics of block 36, and their measures standardized are: 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 24. It is the concrete block heavy for built beams.
We see the block of beams 41, which is used to build the concrete beams going overhead the walls of the houses. It is also used to build the lintels above the gaps in doors and windows. We can look at that in the area where the slots 27, there's a level that this ¼ ″lower than the level of the side wall 33 of the block—this is so that the grooves of this block where the clips are inserted, at the same height standardized having all blocks wall, and mainly, to enable fit there, the ears 42, which have all blocks of the wall and beams, in the case of the construction of lintels, and the walls continued above and need to be able to fit into blocks of wall to continue climbing the wall of the house. Later we will see a flow chart illustrating this issue. The standardized measures of this block are 8″×8″×16″.
FIG. 25. It is the half concrete block heavy for built beams.
We see the middle block beam 43, which is used to lock the blocks. Its characteristics are similar to those of block 41 and its measures are 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 26. It is the concrete block heavy for built concrete slabs in the corners.
We see the block of corner 44, which is used to plank mould corners in the construction of concrete slabs. Its characteristics are similar to those described above pillar blocks and contain holes, conical spikes and similar grooves. Their measures are 8″×12″×8″. His height of 12″ is to cover the height of the blocks that have slab blocks 46 who are in FIG. 28.
FIG. 27. It is the concrete block heavy for built concrete slabs in the middle.
We see the middle block slab 45, which is used to plank mould the intermediate pillars where concrete slabs are built. Its characteristics are similar to those of block 44. Their measures are: 8″×12″×2″.
FIG. 28. It is the concrete block heavy for built concrete slabs.
We see the main block 46, which is used to build the concrete slab. What stands out is that the side wall of Block 48, is 4″ in height unless the side wall 47; this difference in height is necessary to block this work simultaneously: a: as block beam b: as mould of the concrete slab to be built. Its operation shall see later in the construction details of the concrete slab. It also contains the slots standardized 27, in which inserted steel clips join and standardized spikes on the bottom 42 similar to the block 41. Their measures are: 8″×12″×16″.
FIG. 29. It is the economic concrete block for built central pillars in small houses.
we see a block 49, which is used to build the central pillars of concrete of 4″×4″ for affordable housing smaller, with foundations for a single floor, in which the distance between pillars does not exceed 12′. This block contains holes in its top 28 and conical spikes on the bottom, similar to those that have blocks pillar that we first met. They also have two slots standardized 27 in which the join steel clip will be placed. Their measures are: 6″×8″×5″.
FIG. 30. It is the economic concrete block for built pillars in the corners of small houses.
We see a block 50, which is used to build pillars of 4″×4″ in the corners of the walls of houses smaller economic bases for a single floor. This block has three holes 28 in its upper face and three conical spikes on the bottom, similar to those described above. It also has two slots standardized 27, in which the join steel clip will be placed. Its measures are: 5″×8″×5″.
FIG. 31. It is the economic concrete block for built pillars in middle of walls of small houses.
We see a block 51, which is used to build pillars of 4″×4″ in the intermediate walls of houses with smaller foundations for a single floor. Have 2 holes standardized on his face higher 28 and two conical spikes standardized its lower side, similar to those that have all the pillar blocks. It also has two slots standardized 27, in which the join steel clip will be placed. The measures are: 4″×8″×1″¾.
FIG. 32. It is the economic concrete block for built walls in small houses.
We see the block of wall 52 to be used for the construction of the walls in the low-cost homes. It has all the characteristics of block 7, differs only in that its measures have been reduced in width. Slots 27 and spikes have been placed so as to function correctly with any type of block pillar or wall which have to assembled. In the details of that assembly that are presented below we will see its perfect operation. The measures are: 4″×8″×16″.
FIG. 33. It is the economic half concrete block for built walls in small houses.
We see the middle block 53, which is used to lock block wall, contains all characteristics of Block 52. Their measures are 4″×8″×8″.
FIG. 34. It is the economic concrete block for built walls in small houses that contain lateral slots.
We see a block 54, which is similar to block 52, with the difference that the block 54 has two additional slots cross 55, which were used to place steel clips of union with other blocks to build another wall in the direction perpendicular, no need to build a pillar between them. This is used to construct interior walls of houses where it is not necessary to place pillars. Their measures are: 4″×8″×16″.
FIG. 35. It is the economic half concrete block for built walls in small houses that contain lateral slots.
We see a block 56, which is used to lock the blocks 54, and pull the slots join in a position symmetrical, so that clips union can function properly. Its characteristics are similar to those of block 54. The measures are: 4″×8″×8″.
FIG. 36. It is the super economic concrete block for built walls in small houses.
We see the economic block 57, of this series of blocks. It has all the features and functions that block 36, the difference is only in its breadth. The measures block 57 are: 4″×8″×16″.
FIG. 37. It is the economic concrete block for built lintels and beams in small houses.
We see the block 58, which is used to build concrete beams or lintels going at the top of the walls, for join the pillars with each other, forming a solid structural framework. This type of beams used in smaller homes, whose distance between pillars is not greater a12′. This block contains slots 59 ¼″ deep to put mortar between them. At its bottom contains spikes 60, which will allow assembled between whether or block wall 52, 53, 54.56 and 57. The measures are: 4″×8″×16″.
FIG. 38. It is the economic half concrete block for built lintels and beams in small houses.
We see the block 61, which is used to lock blocks beams with blocks wall. Its characteristics are similar to those of block 58. The measures are: 4″×8″ x8″.
FIG. 39. It is the economic concrete block for built pillars in middle of walls that contain lateral slots.
We see the block 62, which is used to plank mould pillars intermediate, which walls in a perpendicular direction, forming a union type T. Contains 6 slots, to unite through clips steel all blocks of the walls. Its efficient operation as we will see later. It has all the characteristics of the blocks pillar (holes, slots and conical spikes). Their measures are: 8″×8″×2″.
FIG. 40. It is the economic concrete block for built pillars that contain lateral slots in its three faces.
We see a block closed 63, which is used to build pillars of 8″×8″, and join them with blocks of wall 52, 53, 54, 56 and 57. It is used for the completion of a single wall, and also to join the pillar with three walls in the form of T, for this purpose, includes 3 pairs of slots in the right direction 27. It also contains 4 holes in the top 28, and their corresponding conical spikes at the bottom. In the graphic details of the process we will see constructive later, the optimal functioning of this block. Their measures are: 8″×8″×8″.
FIG. 41. It is the snap support.
We see the snap support of PVC 64, which is inserted through the mere pressure of the hand, in the slots to the effect that contain the economic blocs 36, 39 and 57. This support includes 6 holes 66, properly distributed, so that they place by screws, switches, sockets, devices or telephone systems, the Internet or cable TV. Contains 4 spikes 65, which are used to make the adjustment type snap, whereby the support is embedded in the cracks of the blocks with simple hand pressure, and is firmly adhered.
FIG. 42. It is the concrete block setting the snap support.
We see how the bracket 64, and the way it fits into the slots 37 of block 36.
FIG. 43. It is the concrete block of walls in lateral view.
We see the side of the block 7, where we can see at the top standardized location of the slots 27, which are used to place the clips steel union between blocks wall and blocks pillar. At the bottom we can see the spikes 42, which serve to this block can fit precisely into another block like that has been previously placed underneath. We can also see the slot 32 serves for laying pipes of electrical or water systems, according to the respective prints. This figure will have all the wall blocks that have measures 8″ in its width.
FIG. 44. It is a complete plane in plant and elevation of the concrete block of pillar.
We see a plane manufacturing a pillar block 2, with design and precise measures for a successful operation. We can see the spikes conical 44 A, its location, its size, and can clearly understand that these spikes fit with the precision of holes 44 B, which have all blocks of this type. Completed analysis of the wall blocks, pillars, beams and slabs, we turn now to revise the components of metal structures and connectors which are used in the construction of the roofs of the houses.
FIG. 45. It is a section of metallic profile that is use how beams on roofs.
We see the profile of galvanized steel in channel form 1, which will be used for the construction of any model or design of roofs of houses or buildings. Traditional systems roof with metal structure used profiles in the form of C, or in the form of G. Our design is a profile in the form of C inverted, with two lateral 67 elongated fins, whose length is determined by structural calculate, and depending on the charges or efforts that have to endure. As to width 66 profile, has been standardized at 1″ ½. This profile is the one most used in the manufacture of roof. There is an additional profile 1A, whose width is slightly larger, to fit the profile 1 in the profile 1A. This will see later in the detailed of manufacturing of the structural beam roofs. All profiles are the same shape, the difference between them, is in the length of this profile, and the heights of fins 67A, depending on the loads they have to endure. One of the most important features is that the profiles 1 and 1A forming the metal beams, always cut at right angles, which saves a lot of time in the manufacturing process, as it is not necessary to cut each profile in the angle where will join with the other profiles. This is possible because the connectors solve this problem.
FIG. 46. It is a connector for sloping beams.
We see the connector 68 which links the central beam with sloping beams. It is constructed with structural aluminum extrusion system. Contains perforations 70, 10 mm in diameter, which are inserted bolts galvanized steel ⅜″, which is the union between profiles metal beams forming the central and profiles that form the sloping beams. To assemble the connector 68, with the beam Central 1, the beam is inserted into the connector, and they are inserting 2 bolts ⅜″ through holes 70. The connector 68 has two holes 70A, each will be placed bolt of ⅜″, which will serve as a pivot, working together with each of the slots 69, within which are inserted bolts that moving down the slot will allow the sloping beams affixed to the desired angle. Once we have placed the profile metallic 1, in the correct inclination, fit bolt that has been placed in the hole 70A and then bolt that has been placed in the slot 69. Thus there is a perfect fit and strong enough to withstand the efforts planned. The rotation angle start from 0° to 90°. Its operation will be seen better later.
FIG. 47. It is a connector for horizontal beams.
We see the connector 71, which is used to attach the horizontal beams with diagonal beam core.
FIG. 48. It is a connector for sloping beams in roofs for economic houses
We see the connector beams core, which is used for building roofs of two inclinations in affordable housing. It was built with galvanized steel. Have perforations 70, which are inserted bolts ⅜″ linking connector 72 with the beam 1. Channels almost closed 70A is used to place the pivot bolt which will operate as to achieve the desired angle. It is used to unite a horizontal beam with two tilted beams.
FIG. 49. It is a connector for joint horizontal and sloping beams in economic houses.
We see the connector 73, which is used to join a horizontal beam with a tilted beam. It has characteristics similar to the connector 72 in relation to hole 70 and slot nearly closed 70A.
FIG. 50. It is a metallic profile used how tensor.
We see a profile metal tubular 74, galvanized steel, which is used as a tensor for the manufacture of structural beams.
FIG. 51. It is a top metallic profile for roofs.
We see a profile of galvanized steel 75, which is used as a profile summit and is placed on top of the central beam to function as support of the metal plates from the roof.
FIG. 52. It is a steel hook.
We see a steel rod 76 of ⅜″ bent into a hook shape, which is used to set the metal beams in beams of concrete, in low-cost houses, which builds the roof with two slopes.
FIG. 53. It is a view in plant the process of connector 80 assembly.
We see in plant, separate the components of the connector 80. Support 77 has a hole 10 mm, Which will insert a bolt 78, ⅜″×1″ 1/2. The box 79 has a hole alike, which will be introduced the bolt. At the bottom of FIG. 53, we can see the pivot assembled with the box, united by bolt 78 of ⅜″.
FIG. 54. It is a lateral view the process of connector 80 assembly.
In side view, it can be seen that the same process of assembly. It highlights the hole 70 by which to introduce the bolt ⅜″ which will serve as a pivot, and the slot 69, which insert another bolt of ⅜″ that allow to tilt the metal beams to desired angle. Adjusting the two bolts its form a strong union and stable than adequately fulfill its purpose.
FIG. 55. It is an elevation view the connector 80 assembled.
We see the product assembled: the connector 80. In this figure are 2 holes 77A, which will insert galvanized steel screws, to fix the connectors 80 to the metal beams tilted.
FIG. 56. It is a view in plant the process of connector 83 assembly with central beam 1.
We see in plant the components, which the connector 83 will be assembled, will be installed on the Central beam 1, and connect itself diagonal beams 1A, 1B and 1C. Element 81 is a piece of aluminum structural profile of 2″ in length, is embedded in the lower end of the beam 1 and joined by a bolt 78 of galvanized steel ⅜″. Next we insert three boxes 82 of galvanized steel in the element 81 and affirms through 3 bolts of ⅜″ that are inserted in the holes 70 that has the element 81.
FIG. 57. It is a view in plant the connector 83 assembled with central beam 1.
We see the elements assembled together through 8 bolts galvanized steel ⅜″.
FIG. 58. It is a lateral view of process of connector 83 assembly.
In side view, we can see how the elements 82 are embedded in the item 81 and joined by bolts 78. It observes the holes 70 and slots 69 that has the element 81.
FIG. 59. It is a lateral view of connector 83 assembled.
We see the elements assembled 81 and 82, which has formed the connector 83.
FIG. 60. It is an elevation of connector 83 assembled.
We see in perspective the connector 83. In hole 70 will be placed bolt of ⅜″ to serve as a pivot to achieve the downward turn of the connector 83 from his ensemble with the beam 1. In The slot 69, will be placed on another slide bolt to be within the slot 69 up to the desired angle. After the beams are placed in their correct position, and will adjust the bolts strong.
FIG. 61. It is a view in plant the connector 83 assembled with central beam 1 and sloping beams moved.
We see in plant assembled beam 1 with the connector 83 and the diagonal beams 1A, 1B and 1C. We also see that the diagonal beams, can easily turn into horizontally from 0° to 90°.
FIG. 62. It is a plant and lateral view of connector 87.
In front view and side can see the connector 87. It is a piece of an aluminum structural profile of 4 mm, in thickness, 2″ long. It contains a slot 10 mm. This connector is used to install the sloping beams in the concrete beams of houses.
FIG. 63. It is an elevation of connector 87.
We see the connector 87 in perspective and we can see that it has two holes 70 to 10 mm, through which the expansion bolts were placed, for set the sloping metal beams in the concrete beams of houses.
FIG. 64. It is a lateral view of connector 87 assembled with horizontal and sloping beams, and fixed in concrete beam.
We see in cut, as the inclined beam 1, it fits into the connector 87 and is fixed with a bolt 78. We see that the connector 87 is set in concrete beam 88 through two expansion bolts 78A. Note that the slot 69 of the connector 87 allows the inclined beam 1 get easily the degree tilt desired.
FIG. 65. It is an elevation of structural aluminum mold to build concrete pillars or beams, with detail of mold corner.
We see the mold of structural aluminum 90, which is used for plank mold foundations beams, pillars and superior beams. It is constructed with structural aluminum profiles 4 mm, in thickness. Contains rectangular slots 91 placed each 2″, where are inserted the Clips Snap 94, which connects the molds to each other, by simple pressure of the hands of the worker.
FIG. 66. It is an elevation of structural aluminum mold to complete the formwork for build concrete pillars.
We see the mold 92 which is used as an adjunct to mold 90, to build a quick plank mold of concrete pillars of 8″×8″. Contains rectangular slots similar to the mold 90, positioned precisely, so that whenever the two molds are joint, the slots coincide and can join them with Clip Snap 94.
FIG. 67. It is an elevation of structural aluminum mold of formwork to build concrete slabs.
We see a mold 93, which is used to build veined slabs. Contains rectangular slots 91, placed in a vertical position so that they can unite these molds with each other through the Clips Snap 94. This clip is out of scale in FIG. 67, enlarged, in order to be able to observe their way. Its role we see later.
FIG. 68. It is an elevation of structural aluminum connector to assemble internal beam molds.
We see the connector 95, which is used to join the molds 90 one another, when working as plank molds beam foundation and when is an plank mould a central concrete pillar of the house. Contains rectangular slots placed in a manner that match the grooves of the mold 90, and the beams can join through Clip Snap 94. It is constructed with aluminum structural 4 mm, in thickness.
FIG. 69. It is an elevation of structural aluminum connector to assemble external beam molds.
We see the connector 96, which is used to join the molds 90 between them when working as part of the foundation beans. It is used in the external corners of the mold beam foundation. Contains rectangular slots 91, which are inserted the clips Snap union.
FIG. 70. It is an anchor to fix molds.
We see an anchor steel 97 with rectangular slots 98 and 99, which would be placed in bolts to stabilize the aluminum mold of the pillars of concrete.
FIG. 71. It is a clip snap, to join aluminum molds to each other.
We see the clip Snap 94, widened so that we can see their form and details principal. It is constructed with hardened steel, to have the flexibility to function properly. Channels 94A, which are the subject firmly molds to each other. The spikes 100 are closed when the worker pressed against the clip slot molds and allows Clip Snap rolls up to fit in the slot. Once the clip has entered, the spikes 100 regain its position, and firmly hold the molds to each other.
FIG. 72. It is a union of two molds through the clip snap.
We see in plant the operation of the Clip Snap 94, when it fits into the slots that have the molds 90 and 92, joining them with precision and strength.
FIG. 73. It is a joint of four aluminum molds to formwork a concrete pillar.
We see in plant as two molds 90 joined with two molds 92, through clips snap 94, and make the plank mould of a concrete pillar.
FIG. 74. It is a view in plant, of mounting the plank mould of central pillar on plank moulds of beams.
We see how it is possible to assemble quickly insurmountable and simultaneous the planks mould of the foundation beams with the plank mould of the central pillar. They are used 8 mold 90 for plank mould the rafters of the foundation, two molds 90 and two molds 92 for the plank mould of the central pillar. To join the eight molds 90 of the foundation beams uses four connectors 95 and 16 clips Snap 94. For the assembly of the two molds 90 of pillar with the other two molds 92, used 32 clips Snap 94. (One each foot). This process does not last more than 10 minutes, which saves an extraordinary amount of labor in the construction of two-story houses, which are those that require this kind of central pillar. The structural aluminum mold can be reused thousands of times, which cost amortization is reduced to minimum quantity.
FIG. 75. It is an elevation of mounting the plank mould of central pillar on plank moulds of beams.
We see in perspective the process that was described in FIG. 74. Additionally we can see how function the anchors 97 to stabilize molds pillars in the mold of beams prior to the casting of concrete.
FIG. 76. It is an elevation of mounting the plank mould of corner pillar on plank moulds of beams.
We see in perspective the ensemble in the corners of the houses the molds of foundation beam 90, in conjunction with the two pillar molds 90 and other two molds 92.
FIG. 77. It is a view in plant of two traditional blocks joint with mortar.
We see in plant the traditional blocks of concrete 101, which are used in the construction of homes in the state of Florida and other states in the southern United States. These blocks are joined by mortar 89 works by adherence. If the force of Hurricane applied as shown in the arrow, the mortar will resist as strong as it adhered in the blocks.
FIG. 77 A. It is a view in plant of two Starlum blocks joint with mortar.
If we compare in how working blocks of System Starlum, we realize that the mortar 89, is placed inside the blocks, and that does not work by adhesion, but by compression, as when applying the force of the hurricane, so that the blocks separating it will be necessary to break the mortar that unite them and fins of the blocks which cover. This shows that the Starlum system has a very strong structural advantage relative to traditional system.
FIG. 78. It is a lateral view of two traditional blocks joint with mortar.
In side view, we can see the same problem.
FIG. 78A. It is a lateral view of two Starlum blocks joint with mortar.
We can see how the mortar 89 placed between the blocks 7 of the Starlum System works better than the traditional system.
FIG. 79. It is a view in plant the arrangement of aluminum molds to build concrete beams.
We see in plant the distribution of aluminum molds 90, which have been placed to work as plank mould of foundation beam. We can see the distribution of connectors 95, 95A, 95B, 95C and 95D. The difference between the five connectors Series 95, is due to the required dimensions slightly different in width, in order to achieve something that is difficult as between concrete beams, which have a width of 6″ will emerge a pillar of 8″×8″, keeping its dimensions. This has been achieved with five connectors, with unsurpassed speed, efficiency and lower costs. Further connectors in the series 95 function to facilitate disarmed from the molds, after casting of concrete beams and pillars, without necessarily beating, but with the simple hand pressure by removing the Clips Snap 94. We see in the corners connectors 96 functioned properly and simplifying the assembly process. Assembling all the molds beam foundation of a house like this delay is not more than 30 minutes. It is a constructive record speed and lower cost.
FIG. 80. It is an elevation view the arrangement of aluminum molds to build concrete beams.
FIG. 81. It is a vertical section of structural design of foundation, beams, floor and pillars for a one story house.
We see in court the structural design to build a house of one story, using the Starlum System. The plinth of concrete armed 6 is the size of 30″×30″×8″, is built at a depth of 12″, is reinforced with a steel grille built with 8 rods ⅜″ in both directions (a total of 16 rods steel). On this grid of steel supports the structure of steel electro welded 10 of concrete pillar 103. The beams of the foundation 102, are built with structures of steel electro-welded 18. The concrete floor 105 has a thickness of 4″ and is reinforced with a mesh 104 steel electro welded of 3 mm thickness. At the top of the concrete pillars will be built on top of wall a concrete beam around the perimeter of the house. This concrete beam is built with the steel beam electro welded 22 and for plank mold used blocks 41. This structural design is based in monolithic work between the reinforced concrete plinths, reinforced concrete foundation beams, reinforced concrete floor, reinforced concrete pillars and reinforced concrete superior beams. The House Armed thus has adequate capacity to withstand seismic shocks and hurricanes. In this structural alternative envisaged that the pillars are built using molds aluminum 90 and 92 as plank mold.
FIG. 82. It is a lateral view of setting blocks of walls.
We see in court side, as plinths, floor, the pillars and reinforced concrete beams have formed a monolithic whole. It is seen that to compensate for the difference in level between part of plinth 6 and the level of land 106 have been placed sections of wood 90A type T, above which placed the mold aluminum 90 that plank mold whole the perimeter of the house. In this way can melt rapidly in a single act beams of concrete foundation, with the reinforced concrete floor. We see the placement of wall blocks 7 and how they fit with each other accurately, leaving in its interior space to place the mortar of joint 89, and to place the pipes 108 electrical, potable water, etc. At the top we see the use of block beam 41, which has placed inside the metal structure electro welded 22 and has been cast concrete 88. On top of the concrete beam are the metal beams 65 of the roof of the house.
FIG. 83. It is an elevation of a constructive process a section of plinths, foundation beams, concrete floor, pillars, walls and superior beams.
We see in perspective a stretch wall of a house with its foundations. In this figure we used for the construction of the pillars block 31 and block 2, we used for walls the blocks 7 and 8 and for the upper beam block 41. For foundation beams 102, we used the steel structure electro welded 18. For upper beams electro welded structure 22. For the reinforced concrete floor, we used the mesh electro welded 109 of 3 mm. It is important to note that all the structural elements of reinforced concrete with steel electro soldier, as plinths 110, the pillars, beams of the foundation, the beams air and the floor 105, form a monolithic whole, which resist joined forces seismic and hurricanes. Obviously, this is not a mandatory structural design, and engineers calculators may at his discretion to modify the technical specifications of steel structures electro welded, which is easy to deal for resist the seismic and atmospheric conditions in their regions. The Starlum System is versatile and big adaptability.
FIG. 84. It is an economic block of walls.
We see as an alternative that can be used block 36, which means a significant cost reduction.
FIG. 85. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with blocks of walls, in corners of walls.
We see a detail of the union between the pillar block 2 with block 7, through the steel Clips, forming the corner of a house. Steel Clips 24 and 25 are inserted easily into slots that have standardized block 2 and block 7. When placed mortar in the area 34 of Block 7 and the grooves of Block 2 are filled, there is a very strong and resilient union at the corner of the house, which improves when concrete has been casted in pillar of corner. We see that the structure steel electro welded 10 has been placed as a prelude to the casting of concrete.
FIG. 86. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with blocks of walls, in meddle of three walls.
We see a detail of the union between Block 9 of intermediate pillar, with the blocks 7 forming walls in three directions, through clips of steel 24 and 25. We can see that block 9 is very light, in consequence will be very economical and joins perfectly with blocks 7, as their slots coincide and is easy to set them clips 24. Blocks 7 unite among themselves through clips 25. Concrete 88 casted has consolidated the union between blocks of the 3 walls.
FIG. 87. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with blocks of walls, using an economic blocks for interior walls.
We see an alternative to construct interior walls of the houses, which will be very economical using the block 52. To this end, we have to use the pillar block 62, which contains slots that allow bind with the block 52 and block 7. If interior walls are constructed with the blocks 52, these walls powerfully reinforce the anti-seismic behavior and anti-hurricane homes, without increasing the cost of construction. We see that to unite all the blocks are required to use only 6 clips 24. Recall that the mortar is placed in filling the slots and the inner side of the blocks of wall, consolidates strongly the join of blocks to each other.
FIG. 88. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with blocks of walls, in meddle of two walls.
We see how to build a concrete pillar intermediate, using 2 blocks 9 and 4 clips 24. Quick, easy and inexpensive.
FIG. 89. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with blocks of walls, in corners of walls, using economic blocks and setting sheetrock.
We see how to build the pillar of the corner of a house, using for the walls the economic bloc 36. Used block 2, and unites them with 2 clips 24 and a clip 25. We can see how is easy to place the sheets of SHEETROCK directly to the wall without the need for metal structure. To improve the condition of thermal insulation in the walls, we can spray inside of the blocks 36, foam insulation or any of the chemicals or paint that fulfill this role. So the savings in metallic components of SHEETROCK be used to cover the cost of this additional protection for the walls, whose positive result will be that will reduce energy consumption in houses.
FIG. 90. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of pillars with economic blocks of walls, before setting sheetrock.
We see how to build a central pillar of a house, joining the block 31, with the economic block 36 through two clips 24.
FIG. 91. It is a view in plant the joint between blocks of meddle pillars with economic blocks of walls, before setting sheetrock.
We see how to build intermediate pillar of a house, joining two blocks 9 with two economic blocs 36. We have used 4 clips 24.
FIG. 92. It is a view in plant setting the support for electric and telephone system.
We see that is ease to place in the slots of the economic block 36, by the mere pressure of the hand, the support 64 of the electrical system, telephone, etc.
FIG. 93. It is a vertical section that show assemble of wall blocks itself and with beam blocks.
We see a detail of vertical assemble of blocks 36 and how the block 41 of the beam is embedded in the block 36 and bind with mortar 89. It also sees that the block 36 can fit easily into the block of beam 41, to continue to raise the wall above the concrete beam.
FIG. 94. It is a view in plant the arrangement of pillar blocks with beams blocks.
We see in plant the placement of blocks of beam 41, how are assembled with each other through the clips 24 and 25, and how its joined at the corners with pillar blocks 2, in the middle with blocks 9 of pillar, and the end of the walls with pillar blocks 31. It is important to note that all the blocks together form a continuous channel, which placed the electro welded metal structures, in order to melt the concrete beam.
FIG. 95. It is a vertical section of a two story house that show constructive details.
We see the cut of a segment of a two-story house, with its details 1-2 and 3, to see how the Starlum System function building slabs of reinforced concrete.
FIG. 96. Shows detail 1
Shows the detail 1, in which we see the upper wall of the second floor constructed of blocks 7, which has embedded block beam 41, in front position and lateral position. At the Interior of Block 41 has been placed the electro welded beam 22, and has been casted the concrete 88. This is the concrete upper beams above will be installed the roof.
FIG. 97. It is a view in plant the joint pillar blocks with slab blocks.
We see in plant the placement of slab blocks 46, and his union through clips 24 and 25, with pillar blocks 44 specially designed to work in the corners of the slabs of concrete.
FIG. 98. Shows detail two and three.
We see in detail 2, the wall of the first floor has been built with the blocks 7, that has been placed above blocks 41 working as beam blocks or lintel, in this case are working as a lintel blocks. On top of this block has been placed another row of blocks 7. By continue has been placed the block 46 of slab. Then they are placed steel beams electro welded 21, the electro-welded mesh 113 to reinforce the concrete slab, the steel rods to reinforce the nerves of the slab 114, and has been casted the concrete slab 112. Next continue raising the wall of the second floor using blocks 7. We see that has been placed a wooden board 115 between the block 46 and the metallic mold 93, the board has a strip of wood, which is used as a support of the metal mold of slab. The board was fixed to the wall by cement nails. These elements of wood are needed to be able to easily remove molds after casting slab of concrete. In detail 3, we see that as block slab has been used block 41, which works perfectly. We see two panels of wood 115, and the walls are built with block 7.
FIG. 99. Shows the function of metal molds of slabs.
We see in another court, the way as are placed metal molds of slab 93, as are assembled one with other through the Clips Snap 94A and that are supported by the boards of wood 115. We see the reinforcement of steel 114 that has every nerve of the concrete slab. Other elements have been previously described.
FIG. 100. Shows the union between two blocks to build pillars of 8″×10″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a pillar of 10″×8″ uniting the block 9 with the block 31, through the clip 116.
FIG. 101. It is a steel clip for joint blocks.
FIG. 102, Shows the union between two blocks to build pillars of 8″×16″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a pillar of 16″×8″, uniting two blocks 31 through two clips 24.
FIG. 103. Shows the union between three blocks to build pillars of 16″×16″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a pillar type L 16″×16″, joining two blocks 31 with a block 2, through two clips 24 and a clip 25.
FIG. 104. Shows the union between four blocks to build pillars of 16″×24″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a pillar type T 24″×16″, uniting three blocks 31 with a block 9 through two clips 24 and two clips 25.
FIG. 105. Shows the union between four blocks to build pillars of 24″×24″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a pillar type + of 24″×24″ joining 4 blocks 31 through 4 clips 25.
FIG. 106. Shows the union between four blocks to build square pillars of 16″×16″.
We see that we can build the plank mold of a square pillar of 16″×16″, using 4 blocks 2, united by 4 clips 24. For the plank mold can withstand the weight of concrete is needed to be strengthened by placing sections of wire No. 18 in the slots of the blocks and connected in iron rods of steel pillar.
Then we will make a comparative analysis between the constructive system more used in the southern of the United States and the Starlum System.
FIG. 107. It is a plane in plant of a house of 2.102 Sq. Ft. with a lateral view of the beams and walls, using traditional constructive system in the Florida State.
We see the level of a plant in a house of 52′×52′ in the form of L with 2,102 sq. Ft. In the southern of the United States, are built each year hundreds of thousands of these houses, similar to the photo, with different facades. Its structural design is not used concrete plinths neither pillars. Instead of using foundation beams 122, measures 12″×16″, reinforced with two steel rods ⅝″ thickness. On these beams are placed concrete blocks 121, 8″×8″×16″. Within blocks, each 4′, placed an iron rod of ⅝″ thickness vertically, and is filled with concrete the empty space of the block, resulting in the house instead of concrete pillars resistant, having numerous small pillars low structural strength. At the top of the wall is built a beam of concrete 120, 8″×16″ reinforced with two rods ⅝″ thickness. Apparently, having eliminated plinths and concrete pillars, it would mean a reduction in the cost of housing. Let us prove that this is not the case, the Starlum system reduces costs and increases strongly structural quality of housing.
FIG. 108, It is a plane in plant of a house of 2.102 Sq. Ft. with a lateral view of the foundation, beams, pillars, walls and metallic structure of roof, using Starlum System.
We see the same model of house in the same area. It is built using the Starlum System, with 15 concrete plinths 6 of 30″×30″×8″ reinforced with steel rods of ⅜″, with concrete foundation beams 5 of 8″×8″ around the perimeter, with concrete pillars 88 of 7″×7″, reinforced with electro welding steel structure, with concrete upper beams reinforced with electro welding steel structure.
FIG. 109. It is a constructive detail of the corner of the house using traditional system of Florida State.
We can observe in detail the union at the corner of the structural elements of the housing built with the traditional system of USA. We see each foundation beam 122, has been placed only 2 steel rods 124 of ⅝″ thickness, and in pillar 125 only there is placed only one steel rod of ⅝″. Too much concrete and little steel.
FIG. 110, It is a constructive detail of the corner of the house using Starlum System.
We see in contrast that plinths 6 are reinforced with steel rods 107 of ⅜″ thickness, in both directions. We see in each beam 5 of the foundation, placed a steel structure electro welded 18 formed by 4 rods ⅜″ thickness and stirrups steel rods 5.5 mm thickness every 6″. We see that each pillar 88 is built with a steel structure electro-welded 6″×6″ formed with 4 rods steel ⅜″ with stirrups of 5.5 mm thickness every 6″. This union is reinforced with 4 steel squads 125. At first sight is that the steel used in the Starlum system is superior and performs better than the traditional system in the USA.
FIG. 111. It is a comparative table demonstrate that Starlum System save 48.61% in concrete vs. traditional system used in the Florida State.
There is a table comparing the consumption of concrete between the two systems constructive and we see that the traditional system of USA 126, consumed 522.47 ft3 of concrete, as opposed to the Starlum system 127, which consumes 254 ft3 concrete, in consequence Starlum System save 282.55 ft3 concrete equivalent to 48.61%.
FIG. 112, we see a picture of a house in Florida USA, in building process of its roof 128. It is noted that has many prefabricated wooden beams.
FIG. 113, we see the wooden beams of the roof of that house, for its bottom where we can see the complexity of the assembly and its numerous metallic join pieces.
FIG. 114, we see that to join a beam of wood 130, requires 3 metallic elements joint with many nails.
FIG. 115, we see the union of one of main girder beam with other beam, which are used several steel anchors with big size 131.
FIG. 116. It is an elevation that show the assembly of two connectors with central beam.
We see in perspective the Starlum System in assembly process of the Central beam 1 of the roof, with the connector 68 and the connector 83 through bolts galvanized 78, and the placement of the tensor 74.
FIG. 117. It is a plant of the same assembly process.
We see in plant the same assembly process with the elements disarmed at the top of the figure, and the items assembled at the bottom 132 of the FIG. 117. It can be seen that beams 1A, 1B and 1C, may revolve horizontally from 0° to 90°.
FIG. 118. It is a lateral view of the same assembly process.
We can see in lateral view the same assembly process. It can be seen that beams assembled 134 can be rotated downward, from 0° to 90°. This shift is accomplished through the connector 83 and bolt 78 which serves as pivot. This whole process has already been explained above, however, as we will discuss in depth the assembly of the roof, we have made this brief summary chart.
FIG. 119. It is a frontal view that shows the assembly process of structural beam.
We are seeing the beginning of the process of assembling the structural beam houses. We see that the connector 68 is embedded in the beam metal 1 and that it fits into the tensor 74, we see that the union is done via bolts 78. Here we see the tensor 74 already have united through bolts 78 the beam 1 and the connector 68. Then the beams side 1B, it will fit into the connector 68 and will be fixed by bolts of galvanized steel 78.
FIG. 120. It is a frontal view that shows the turn down of the sloping beams.
We see the elements are assembled, and the mechanism by which the connector 68 allows the beams 1B turn downwards from 0° to 90°, using as a pivot the bolt below 78. Arriving at the desired degree of inclination, fit bolts 78, and the beams are strongly stabilized.
FIG. 121. It is an elevation that shows the elements components of structural beam.
We see in perspective the same assembly process. Introducing the beam 1A, which is placed at the bottom to fit it beams 1B and Tensor 74. The beam 1A, has already holes for which will be placed the bolts 78 to ⅜″ with which conducted the ensemble.
FIG. 122. It is an elevation that shows the structural beam assembled.
We see assembled the structural beam 135, which has been mounted on the central beam of the roof 1. In this figure has been placed only 2 tensors 74, however, depending on the length of the beam, and according to the calculation structural be placed so many tensors as necessary to strengthen the beam. The home in study, required 5 structural beams like this.
Then analyze the easy process of assembling the metal structure of the roof of the house that we are considering using the Starlum system.
FIG. 123, we see a picture of the roof of a house similar to what we are going to discuss.
FIG. 124. It is a plane of the lateral walls of a house about we will build the roof using Starlum System.
We see in plant the plane of the house with their main dimensions and walls with the concrete beams 136 on which will be mount the structure of the roof.
FIG. 125. Shows six structural beams assembled and installed above the concrete beams.
We see that are assembled 6 structural beams 135, on 2 central beams 1, following the process of assembling previously explained. To fix the metal structural beams 135 in the concrete beams, are used connectors whose assembly was explained in FIG. 64. Its graphic detail appears in FIG. 125.
FIG. 126. Shows part of horizontal beams installed on structural beams stabilizing the structure of roof.
We see that they are placed some of the beams horizontal 1C using the connectors 71 and screws galvanized steel 137 ¼″.
FIG. 127. Shows the inclined beams installed.
We see that have been placed the diagonal beams ID and the inclined beam 1F, using the connectors 83, 80 and 71.
FIG. 128. Shows all the metallic structure of the roof installed.
We see that have been completed to place the remaining beams horizontal 1C, using connectors already cited, bringing the roof has been installed easily, without the need for skilled labor, or cranes to lift the beams as is the case with the system wooden roofs of great use and high cost in the United States.
FIG. 129. Shows the assembly process of inclined beams with horizontal beams.
We see detailed ensemble diagonal beams ID with horizontal beams 1C. We see that the diagonal beams ID are assembled in the connector 83 through bolts of galvanized steel ⅜″. We see that the beams ID have installed connectors 80 and 71 through galvanized steel screws ¼″. The beams 1C are placed on the connectors 80 and 71, and are fixed by bolts of galvanized steel 78.
FIG. 130. Shows the beams assembled.
We see fast and easy assembled the metal beams, forming a very strong structural framework.
FIG. 131. Shows the assembly process of horizontal beam with diagonal and connectors.
We see the union of the diagonal beam ID with the Central beam 1. We see that the diagonal beam ID has placed the connectors 80, one of them fits into the beam 1 and bind the two beams with bolts galvanized 78 to 3/8″.
FIG. 132. Shows the beams assembled.
We see the assembly of the inclined beam 1F with the diagonal beam ID through the connector 80 with bolts galvanized 78 to ⅜″.
To continue we see the structural design of a economic house of 39.59 m2, which will be the most economic constructive solution and high structural quality, which we submitted as a contribution of Starlum System to solve housing shortages in the poor countries of the world. It used economic blocks of Starlum System.
FIG. 133. It is a plane in plant of a small house that will build using Starlum System with economic line, including seven constructive details.
We see in plant the plane of a one story house of 39.59 m2. It has 2 bedrooms, a bathroom, living room, dining room and kitchen. Contains 7 construction details.
FIG. 134. Shows detail 1 of constructive process.
We see in detail 1, the formation of plank mold of concrete pillar 88 in the corners of the house. We see that the pillar block 50 joins with the wall blocks 52, by two clips 26 and one clip 25. The steel pillar electro welded 12, has been placed previously. The union of the blocks before the casting of concrete is reinforced with mortar placed in the area 89 of the blocks.
FIG. 135. Shows detail 2 of constructive process.
We see in detail 2, the union of block 52 with block 56 through the clip 24 to form a wall sort L. To strengthen this union is put a rod steel ⅜″ and is filled with concrete 88 the space inside of the blocks 56.
FIG. 136. It is a cut AA of the architectural plane of the house. We see in cut the interior walls of the house, on which at the top has been built the concrete beam 136A that tie all pillars, and runs over all the walls.
FIG. 137. Shows detail 3 of constructive process.
We see in detail 3 the formation of the corner of the house, where structurally it is not necessary to build pillars. It joins the block 52 with the block 54 through the clip 24. This union is strengthened by placing mortar in the groove of the block 54 and in sector 89 of Block 52.
FIG. 138. Shows detail 4 of constructive process.
We see in detail 4, the construction of a pillar that unites three walls in the form of T. The pillar block 51 joins with the blocks 52 through 2 clips 26. The 3 blocks 52 are joined to one another by means of 2 clips 25. The union of these blocks before casting concrete 88, is strengthened by placing mortar in the slots of the blocks and Sector 89 of all blocks. We see that before has been placing the electro welding steel structure 12.
FIG. 139. It is a plane in plant of foundation and roof of the house.
We see in plant the design and distribution of 11 plinths 6 of the foundation, and next to the design of the roof of the house.
FIG. 140. Shows detail 5 of constructive process.
We see in detail 5, the construction of a wall type T, without pillar. The two blocks 52 joined the block 54, through 3 clips 24. The union is strengthened by placing mortar in the slots of the blocks and Sector 89 each block.
FIG. 141. Shows detail 6 of constructive process.
We see in detail 6, the construction of the central pillar of the house. The pillar block 49 joins the wall block 52 through 2 clips 26. Prior to the casting of concrete, the union of the blocks is strengthened by placing mortar in the slots of the blocks which were inserted clips and Sector 89 of block 52. We see that previously has been placed the metal structure electro welded 12, and then has been casted concrete 88.
FIG. 142. Shows detail 7 of constructive process.
We see in detail 7, the construction of a pillar between two walls. The two pillar blocks 51, joined with the two wall blocks 52 through 4 clips 26. This union is strengthened by placing mortar in the slots of the blocks which were inserted clips, and Sector 89 of the wall blocks 52. We see previously had placed the structure electro welded 12 and then has been casted concrete 88.
FIG. 143. It is a vertical section of the plinths, foundation beams, reinforced concrete floor and pillars.
We see in cut the structural design of the house. The plinths 6 has measures of 24″×24″×8″, and go up to the level of the earth 106. Each plinth is reinforced with 6 rods of steel ⅜″ in both directions (12 in total) forming a grid on which to place the structure electro welded 12. As foundation beams make work the concrete floor placing structures electro welded 12 running around the perimeter of the house and under every wall. The concrete floor 105 is reinforced with mesh electro welded 104 of 3 mm. thickness, with bars every 6″. On top of the wall is built a concrete beam reinforced with steel electro-welded structure 23 which connects all the pillars and forms a structural framework that makes work monolithic whole house.
FIG. 144. It is a vertical section that shows the assembly of blocks between itself, and blocks of superior beams.
We see the placement of wall blocks 52, and as we see fit easily with each other leaving a slot circular 108, 1″½, which can to place the pipes for electricity, the Internet, cable TV and water, avoided in this way that bite the walls after they had been lifted, to install pipes as is the custom in the South American countries. We see that the floor of the house 105 is 4″ above the level to land 106. The union of the blocks is done with mortar 89, which goes inside the blocks, sealing and strengthening the union of the blocks with each other. We see that at the top will fit perfectly beam block 58 with a wall block 52. In the beam block 58, introduces the electro-beam welded steel 23 and melts the concrete 88. Is important to see that only in the first row the pillar blocks and wall blocks has to be plumb and align, the remaining rows are auto plumb and align when placed clips joining pillar blocks with wall blocks. As can be seen, the process is easy, fast and economical.
FIG. 145. It is a table that contain the concrete volume need to build the house.
We calculate volumes of concrete that requires the house, and the total is 5.37 m3.
FIG. 146, It is a perspective of the economic house.
We see from perspective the economic house that we are analyzing, and next to the elements with which the roof is constructed: 1, 72, 73, 138, 139, 140, 75 y 76, with two inclinations that has this model of home.
FIG. 147. It is a perspective of the roof for the economic house, with 5 constructive details.
We see in perspective the roof assembly, with its construction details. We see that the all structure is constructed with the steel metal galvanized profile 1, that roof is with metal plates galvanized 142.
FIG. 148. Shows detail 1.
We see in detail 1 assembly of the plate covered 142 with the metal beam 1, through the hook 143.
FIG. 149. Shows detail 2.
We see in detail 2, the join of the metal plate that serves as the summit 141, with the metallic central beam 1 through 2 hooks 143.
FIG. 150. Shows detail 3.
We see in detail 3, the union of the inclined beam 1A with 2 horizontal beams 1B, using the connector 72, and three galvanized bolts 138, of ⅜″ thickness.
FIG. 151, Shows detail 4.
We see in detail 4, the process of assembly and anchoring in the concrete pillar of the Central beam 1 with 2 tilted beams 1A. We see that the connector 72 has been assembled in the Central beam 1 through a galvanized bolt 138, of ⅜″ thickness. We see that two tilted beams 1A, has been assembled in connector 72 and are fit with 2 steel galvanized bolts 138. We see that over the central beam 1, has been placed the profile summit 75, which has been fixed with screws steel 140 of ¼″ thickness. Finally we see that the sloping beams have been set in concrete pillar through 2 hooks of steel 76, which have been placed before the casting of concrete. The metal tilted beams 1A, are support on pillar blocks 51, prior to the casting of concrete.
FIG. 152. Shows detail 5.
We see in detail 5, the horizontal metallic beam 1 has placed connector 73 by galvanized steel bolt 139. The connector 73 and bolt 139 we see outside the area of assembly. In this zone is not sees the connector 73 because it's covered by the inclined beam 1A only we see the head of the bolt 139. The sloping beam 1A, will be fit on the connector 73, by a bolt of galvanized steel 138. This manner are joint the two metal beams 1 and 1A. They support on the pillar block 50 and set the concrete pillar through two hooks 76, when has been casted concrete inside the block 50.
Next we see as economic blocs can be used to build two-story houses. For this purpose, requires pillars with more section than 4″×4″, therefore we designed blocks that allow build larger pillars.
FIG. 153. Shows the process of assembly between concrete pillar blocks with concrete wall blocks in the corners of the house.
We see the corner of a house with foundations for two floors. The plank mold of the pillar is built with pillar block 2, the pillar block 144, and two wall blocks 52, which joint through 4 steel clips 24. Inside the pillar has been installed the steel structure electro welded 10, which for more resistance, can be constructed with steel rods of greater thickness, according to the respective structural calculation. As we have seen, these blocks are reinforced with mortar placed in the grooves of the blocks and Sector 89 of the wall blocks 52. The casting of concrete 88, makes this pillar in a structural element with sufficient capacity to resist the earthquakes and hurricanes.
FIG. 154. Shows in perspective block 144, with all its details.
FIG. 155. Shows the process of assembly between concrete pillar blocks with concrete wall blocks in middle of the walls.
We see as build a pillar between three walls, using the pillar block 63, and three wall blocks 52, which joint through 6 clips 24. We see that the slots that have the block 63 perfectly located coincide with the grooves of the blocks 52, which facilitates the placement of clips 24 efficiently and quickly.
FIG. 156, Shows the process of assembly between concrete pillar blocks with concrete wall blocks in the end of walls.
We see the construction of the central pillar where a wall finishes, using the Block 63 and a Block 52, which are joined by two clips steel 24.
To conclude, in FIG. 157, we do a comparative analysis of cost of construction of housing for 2,102 sq. Ft, using the traditional system of the USA, compared with Starlum System. It was in this analysis excludes the cost of land and infrastructure. It has been estimated the cost of basic housing whose entries are: foundations, beams of the foundation, foundation, beams wall, upper beams and the structure of the roof, including direct labor required to run these items. The end result is as follows:
Total cost system USA: $23.186.40
Total cost Starlum system: $12.164.74

NET SAVINGS $10.021.63

This means that for every house that is built using the system Starlum, instead of the traditional system of the USA, there is a savings of 43.22% in the cost of basic construction of the house, with the added advantage that the structural condition is higher.

Claims

1. The construction system of claim 1 comprising to Starlum system as comprehensive method of build houses of one or more stories, which has been designed to reduce the cost of the houses, through productivity and efficiency, while improving the structural quality, with the goal that neither earthquakes or hurricanes destroy. All components of the system work related to each other, to make easy the constructive process, reduce execution times, lower costs and provide better structural quality and long-term the durability of the houses. The reinforce concrete of the plinths, the reinforced concrete beams with steel electro welded, the pillars of concrete reinforced with steel structures electro welded, the walls with concrete blocks tied to the pillars through clips steel, reinforced upper concrete beams with electro welded steel structures, and metallic profiles of the roof fixed to the upper concrete beams, through expansion bolts, steel beams which can be graduate any degree of tilt through the connectors. All of these elements working together, offer a monolithic house that face successfully earthquakes and hurricanes. Versatility that have Starlum system is very important in relation to the electro-welded steel structures, as they may be amended in terms of thickness and distribution of steel, to make them more resilient, according to the criterion of technical engineers calculators, who according to the technical requirements of a specific real estate project, can apply to manufacturers who need modifications. On the whole this is the first and fundamental claim.

2. The construction system of claim 2 comprising steel electro welded structures shown in FIGS. 4, 4A, 5, 6, 7, 7A, 8, 9, 10, 11, are functioning how pillars or beams. Further comprising the function of stackable products shown in figs: 12 and 13. This products are built with 4 rods of steel that are welded the stirrups by the three sides, leaving open the fourth side to ensure that they can stacked together, so that reduces the space taken in transportation. Further comprising: the feature of folding the tips of the stirrups, which strengthen the welding and improves behavior of the metal structure inside the concrete pillar. Further comprising: clips snap 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, that are placed on the electro welded steel structures, square, rectangular or triangular, which are used in the construction of pillars, beams and slabs of concrete. These clips are assembled through a single hammer blow to strengthening them and placing them in the position, distribution and amounts determined by engineers calculators. Further comprising: the use of electro-welded steel structures square, rectangular or triangular, planted in the concrete floors to make floors reinforced work monolithic, thereby improving the quality earthquake resistant and anti hurricane of the houses.

3. The construction system of claim 3 comprising: the 4 steel clips shown in FIGS.: 14, 15, 16, 101, that are used for insert into slots that has all concrete blocks, which enables them to join in strongly horizontal and perpendicular directions. Further the clips align and plumb the rest of the blocks after he had lifted the first row of them.

4. The construction system of claim 4 comprising: 27 concrete blocks shown in FIGS.: 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, submitted, some are used for plank mold the pillars, beams, slabs of concrete and others to build the walls, which can be built with ease, speed, productivity and efficiency all kinds of homes and buildings to reduce construction costs and improve the structural quality of buildings. Further comprising: the holes and spikes of every block pillar to allow them to fit with each other, achieving a quick and efficient assembly. Further comprising: all the grooves, which had all the blocks, located accurately to enable easily fit into them the steel clips that unite them heavily, aligned and plumb. Further comprising: the action of placing mortar of union all the blocks inside them, in vertical and horizontal directions, leaving the mortar inside the blocks without being able seen from the outside the wall. This is accomplished by the construction of walls and finishes will be clean and perfect appearance. Further comprising: spikes that have all the blocks in its underside, which are embedded with each other vertically, with easily and fast. Further comprising: slots semicircular that has all the blocks in its underside, which is intended to leave a horizontal channel along every wall, which can be placed pipes electrical systems telephone, Computer, water, etc, avoided in this way the process to crush the walls after they have been placed blocks. Further comprising: the feature having the economic blocks of not having one of its sides, keeping perfectly all other functions shown in FIGS. 22 and 36. Further comprising: the stackable feature of the economic blocs that have, since it lacked one of its sides can fit into each other, thereby reducing the space they occupy in transportation, This also reduces the cost of transportation. Further comprising: slots vertical have the economic blocs, in all its height, which are designed to through the snap system will fit into them support PVC, which is used to place the sockets and switches the electrical system, telephone, cable TV, etc.

5. The construction system of claim 5 comprising: the use to build roofs, of the steel metallic profiles as a channel placed with their fins heading downwards shown in FIG. 45. With this profile are built all kinds of roofs with different inclinations for the entire model homes that can design architects. In this profile are placed by their foreign the connectors with two inclinations, and in its interior fittings of the diagonal beams and tensors to manufacture structural beams. Further comprising: feature that to withstand the loads of the roof, at a greater distance between supports, the metal profile will only be enlarges lateral fins prior structural calculation and solve the problem.

6. The construction system of claim 6 comprising: the connector of inclined beams 68 described in FIG. 46, which is inserted for the exterior of the metal beam and it is assembled on it using galvanized bolts of ⅜″. This connector joint through galvanized bolts ⅜″, the central beam of the roof with two laterals inclined beams, forming a knot very resilient and flexible, which can successfully resist the seismic forces and hurricanes. Further comprising, the role of vertical turn that the connector granted to the inclined beams, so they can turn down from an initial position from 0° to 90°. Further comprising the lateral grooves semicircular that has the connector beams tilted, which is sliding bolt that holds the inclined beam, to achieve the desired angle. Further comprising, the tubular holes that has inclined beam connector which inserts a bolt 3/0.8″ which serves as pivot to allow the inclined beam can be tilted downward to achieve the desired angle. Further comprising construction, the function that has the connector by which is insert from the outside of the central beam and is inserted in the interior of the sloping beams. In addition simultaneously embraces the central beam and tensor, which is used in the construction of the structural beams, using two bolts of ⅜″, which form a knot structural very strong.

7. The construction system of claim 7 comprising the horizontal beams connector 71, which appears in FIG. 47, whose function is to unite the horizontal beams with the central diagonal beams. Further comprising the 3 holes of connection 70, and slots semicircular which has on lateral sides 69.

8. The construction system of claim 8 comprising the inclined beams connector 72 that appears in FIG. 48, which is used to build roofs on economic houses with low sizes, in which the central beam rests on a central pillar, so that the distance between supports of the central beam does not exceed 4 m. The role of this connector is to unite through galvanized bolts the central metal beam with two inclined beams laterals, achieving a slope of two inclinations and forming a very strong structural knot between the central beam and the two sloping beams. Further comprising, the holes simple and almost tubular holes through which to insert a bolt that serves as a pivot for the sloping beams can rotate.

9. The construction system of claim 9 comprising the connector 73 shown in FIG. 49 which is used as an anchor that connects the horizontal metal beam with the sloping metal beam. Further comprising the hole simple and semi-tubular hole through which inserts a bolt that serves as a pivot for the sloping metal beam can rotate.

10. The construction system of claim 10 comprising the connector 80 of the metal beams of the roof that appears in FIG. 55. Further comprising, the elements that comprise the connector metal beams, which are shown in the FIGS. 53 and 54, who are: the anchor tubular steel 77 and the box steel 79. Further comprising, the elements of the connector shown in FIGS. 53, 54 and 55, which are the holes fixing 77A, the holes 70 through which is placed the galvanized bolt ⅜″ which assembles parts of the connector 80, the holes 70A for which is inserted Galvanized steel bolt that serves as pivot, and the semi-circular holes 69 by which slide the bolt of ⅜″, which places the metal beams in the desired angle.

11. The construction system of claim 11 comprising: the connector diagonal beams 83 contained in FIG. 60, which is used to join the central metal beam with three diagonal beams providing them with a system for work with inclination vertical and horizontal movement from an original position from 0° to 90°, which allows easily be located in the site and the desired degree of inclination on the concrete beams that are on the walls of houses. Further comprising, the elements that integrate them which are disarmed in FIGS. 56 and 58, and are: the profile 81 with 3 holes tubular 70 by which they inserted three bolts of galvanized steel ⅜″, which function as three pivots to provide the turn horizontal to diagonal beams. In addition the holes 70A where it is positioned the bolt to function as the pivot to provide the turning vertically to connector 81, and the semi-circular slot 69 by which is positioned the bolt that slide down until achieving the desired angle. The box 82, which are used to hold the diagonal beams and give them the turn horizontal from 0° to 90°. The holes 82A that has the box 82, where the steel bolts ⅜″ are insert to act as pivots and holes 70 which are used to set firmly diagonal beams. Further comprising the function that provides the connector 83 by which the diagonal beams 1A, 1B and 1C, can be moved in horizontal direction from 0° to 90°, as shown in FIG. 61. Further comprising: the function that provides the connector 83, by which the diagonal beams can be moved vertically from 0° to 90°, starting from the top to down, as shown in FIG. 118

12. The construction system of claim 12 comprising: the connector 87, which shown in FIG. 63, which is used to fix the metal structures of the roof on the concrete beams that are above the walls of the houses, as shown in FIG. 64. Further comprising: the holes 70 which is used to insert expansion bolts of ⅜″, which fix the metal structures of the roof on the concrete beams. It also includes the grooves 69, which fits the bolt that set the connector 87 with the metal beam.

13. The construction system of claim 13 comprising the metal molds 90, 92, 93 which shown in FIGS. 65, 66 and 67, which are used to plank molding foundation beams, upper beams, pillars or concrete slabs. Further comprising: the system of rectangular holes 91 who have all the molds in which they insert clips snap that unite them with precision. These holes are placed every 2″, so that whenever two or more molds come together, always coincide the rectangular holes ones with others and were able to unite with clips snap 94.

14. The construction system of claim 14 comprising the connector 95 and 96, which shown in FIGS. 68 and 69, which is used to join with each other molds 90 in its interior and exterior parts when operating as plank mold of concrete beam of foundation.

15. The construction system of claim 15 comprising, the clip snap 94 shown in FIG. 71. Is used as an element of joins among all kinds of metallic molds of the Starlum System. Further comprising, the recesses 94A, of the clip snap 94, which are used to be inserted in the rectangular holes that has metal molds, which operates the system snap, and produce a strong and resistant union that holding adequately molds with each other. Further comprising: the fins 100 that has the clip snap 94, whose inclination make operate the system snap and allows also to the worker pressing them with fingers can get out clips snap in the ungroup process.

16. The construction system of claim 16 comprising the use of mortar to the interior of the blocks, which operate provides to Starlum System greater resistance to the union between blocks, as opposed to traditional system used in the United States and the rest of the world. Besides the Starlum system is the only one that shows a finished, perfect, and clean without waste mortar on the walls, with the great advantage that they do not need plaster the house walls after has been finished the lift of the walls.

17. The construction system of claim 17 comprising: the role of the blocks 2, 31, 9, 41, 46, 50, 51, 49, 144, 163, as plank mold of concrete pillar, beams, and slabs, as shown in FIGS. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 134, 135, 137, 138, 10, 141, 142, 153, 155, 156.

18. The construction system of claim 18 comprising: the role that achieve together blocks pillar 2, 9 and 31, which when assembled with beam blocks 41, generate a continuous channel, which allows very easily be placed within the electro welded metal structures and that can to cast the concrete of the beam, as shown in FIG. 94.

19. The construction system of claim 19 comprising: the role of the blocks 2, 9, 31, as plank mold of concrete pillars, in shape square, rectangular, type L, type T and type cross, as shown in FIGS. 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106.