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US20080311151A1 - Vaccine For Periodontal Disease - Google Patents

Vaccine For Periodontal Disease Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080311151A1
US20080311151A1 US12/119,136 US11913608A US2008311151A1 US 20080311151 A1 US20080311151 A1 US 20080311151A1 US 11913608 A US11913608 A US 11913608A US 2008311151 A1 US2008311151 A1 US 2008311151A1
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sequence
vaccine
bacteria
present
polypeptide
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US12/119,136
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John Morgan Hardham
Kendall Wayne King
Rajendra Krishnan
Kimberly Jean Dreier
David Ross McGavin
John David Haworth
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Pfizer Products Inc
Pfizer Inc
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Pfizer Products Inc
Pfizer Inc
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Priority claimed from US10/323,069 external-priority patent/US7468185B2/en
Application filed by Pfizer Products Inc, Pfizer Inc filed Critical Pfizer Products Inc
Priority to US12/119,136 priority Critical patent/US20080311151A1/en
Publication of US20080311151A1 publication Critical patent/US20080311151A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/0216—Bacteriodetes, e.g. Bacteroides, Ornithobacter, Porphyromonas
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K39/0208—Specific bacteria not otherwise provided for
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
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    • A61K39/155—Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/02—Stomatological preparations, e.g. drugs for caries, aphtae, periodontitis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/195—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from bacteria
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    • A61K2039/51—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/52—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells
    • A61K2039/521—Bacterial cells; Fungal cells; Protozoal cells inactivated (killed)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K2039/55—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the host/recipient, e.g. newborn with maternal antibodies
    • A61K2039/552—Veterinary vaccine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55572—Lipopolysaccharides; Lipid A; Monophosphoryl lipid A
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
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    • A61K2039/55577—Saponins; Quil A; QS21; ISCOMS
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • C12N2710/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA dsDNA viruses
    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/10011—Adenoviridae
    • C12N2710/10034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
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    • C12N2750/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssDNA viruses
    • C12N2750/00011—Details
    • C12N2750/14011—Parvoviridae
    • C12N2750/14034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
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    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/18411—Morbillivirus, e.g. Measles virus, canine distemper
    • C12N2760/18434—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
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    • C12N2760/00011—Details
    • C12N2760/18011—Paramyxoviridae
    • C12N2760/18611—Respirovirus, e.g. Bovine, human parainfluenza 1,3
    • C12N2760/18634—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12N2770/00—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
    • C12N2770/00011—Details
    • C12N2770/16011—Caliciviridae
    • C12N2770/16034—Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to novel bacterial isolates identified by their 16S rRNA DNA, that cause periodontal disease in companion animals, polynucleotide sequences contained therein, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotide sequences and vaccines comprising such bacterial isolates that have been inactivated or attenuated, polynucleotides or polypeptides. Also provided are methods for treating and preventing periodontal disease and kits for detecting, treating, and preventing periodontal disease. In addition, methods for assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against periodontal diseases in an animal are provided.
  • Periodontal disease comprises a group of infections involving supporting tissues of the teeth. These range in severity from mild and reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gum) to chronic destruction of periodontal tissues (gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) with eventual exfoliation of teeth.
  • the bacterial etiology is complex, with a variety of organisms responsible for the initiation and progression of disease in humans. Many, if not all, of these organisms may also be present in periodontally healthy individuals and can exist in commensal harmony with the host. Thus, disease episodes may ensue from a shift in the ecological balance between bacterial and host factors, as a result of, for example, alteration in the absolute or relative numbers of certain organisms, changes in pathogenic potential, or modulation of particular host factors.
  • the local environment imposes a variety of unique constraints upon the constituent microbiota of the supragingival tooth surface and the subgingival crevice (the channel between the tooth root and the gingiva that deepens into a periodontal pocket as disease progresses).
  • Colonization of the oral cavity requires that the bacteria first enter the mouth and then localize at and attach to the available surfaces.
  • Host factors which function to prevent bacterial colonization include the mechanical shearing forces of tongue movement along with saliva and gingival crevicular fluid flow.
  • Successful oral colonizers therefore possess a variety of attributes to overcome host protective mechanisms.
  • the sessite plaque biofilm that subsequently accumulates on the hard and soft tissues of the mouth is a dynamic system composed of diverse microbial species.
  • P. gingivalis is usually among the late or secondary colonizers of the oral cavity, requiring antecedent organisms to create the necessary environmental conditions.
  • the human oral cavity provides a variety of surfaces to which P. gingivalis can adhere. There are the mineralized hard tissues of the teeth, along with mucosal surfaces including those of the gingiva, cheek, and tongue.
  • Genco et al. (Trends in Microbiology 6: 444-449, 1998) describe a rat model for investigating Porphyromonas gingivicanis -mediated periodontal disease.
  • Grecca et al. J. Endodontics 27: 610, 2001 describe radiographic evaluation of periradicular repair after endodontic treatment of dog's teeth with induced periradicular periodontitis.
  • the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria having a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis designated as dog 20B.
  • the bacteria is selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis designated as dog 20B.
  • the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to prepare a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an immunologically effective amount of at least one bacteria which has been inactivated or attenuated, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to prepare a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a polynucleotide molecule isolated from the bacteria provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to produce a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an isolated polynucleotide molecule which encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the polynucleotide molecule is isolated from the bacteria, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • the companion animal is preferably a dog or a cat.
  • the present invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence isolated from a bacteria selected from the group consisting of a bacterium having the identifying characteristics of Porphyromonas gulae B43 , P. cansulci B 46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontatis B114 provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule is isolated from a bacterium, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivals B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114.
  • the isolated polynucleotide encodes for a polypeptide.
  • the isolated polynucleotide encodes ribosomal RNA or transfer RNA.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising any of the nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94 and homologues having at least 95% homology thereto, provided that the nucleotide sequence is not the 16S rRNA DNA from bacteria P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising any of the nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, (fimA or oprF, respectively), which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, homologues having at least 95% homology thereto, which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119 or fragments or variants thereof, which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, or complements thereto.
  • the isolated polynucleotide sequence wherein said sequence comprises the sequence of fimA, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102, a fragment or variant thereof, which fragment or variant has at least about 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • isolated polynucleotide molecule wherein said sequence comprises the sequence of oprf, selected from, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 111 to 119, a fragment or variant thereof, which fragment or variant has at least about 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the fragment or variant of the polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention is at least about 98% homologous thereto.
  • the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to fimA, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 95 to 102, or the complement thereof.
  • the present invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to oprF, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 111 to 119, or the complement thereof.
  • the present invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of about 30 nucleotides, which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least about 10 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 109 to 119, or its complement.
  • the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises at least about 90 nucleotides, which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to a DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least about 30 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, or its complement.
  • the present invention provides the isolated polynucleotide according to the present invention operably linked to a heterologous promoter.
  • the isolated polynucleotide can further comprise an origin of replication active in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
  • the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, fragments or variants thereof, operably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • the present invention provides a plasmid comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, fragments or variants thereof, operably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • the present invention provides a host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide sequence, vector or plasmid according to the present invention.
  • the host cell is E. coli BL21 and said polynucleotide further comprises the expression vector pBAD/HisA or a ⁇ expression plasmid.
  • the present invention provides, a method for the production of recombinant FimA or, OprF, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 or 120 to 128, or fragments or variants thereof, said method comprising (1) growing the cells of claim 36 under conditions in which a polypeptide comprising FimA, OprF, or fragments or variants thereof is expressed, and (2) recovering said polypeptide.
  • the polypeptide can be recovered in soluble or insoluble form.
  • the isolated polypeptide of the present invention is immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals and comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128.
  • the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128 and homologues having at least 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, or fragments or variants thereof.
  • the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals having an amino acid sequence encoded by a DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119.
  • the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals which polypeptide comprises at least about 10 contiguous amino acids comprises a fragment of any of the polypeptide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, which polypeptide is immunologically effective, either alone or linked to a carrier, as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • the isolated polypeptide comprises at least about 25 amino acids.
  • the isolated polypeptide for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, encoded by a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which comprises the sequence of fimA (SEQ ID NOS. 95 to 102).
  • the isolated polypeptide for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, encoded for by a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which comprises the sequence of oprF (SEQ ID NOS: 111 to 119).
  • the isolated polypeptide is a recombinantly expressed polypeptide, which polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of FimA (SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110) and OprF (SEQ ID NOS: 120 to 128).
  • the recombinantly expressed polypeptide is fused to a carrier polypeptide.
  • the fusion polypeptide is preferably essentially a poly-histidine or poly-threonine sequence.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated pigmented anaerobic bacteria according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated pigmented anaerobic bacteria, at least one other bacteria or a virus, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
  • the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention provides vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polypeptide according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an immunologically effective amount of FimA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of OprF and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the bacteria for use in the vaccines of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally an adjuvant.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally, an adjuvant.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polypeptide according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally, an adjuvant.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising administering to a companion animal in need thereof, a vaccine composition according to the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a method for diagnosing periodontal disease in companion animals by analyzing a sample for bacteria, polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present invention, wherein the presence of the bacteria, polypeptides, or polynucleotides are indicative of disease.
  • the analyzing step includes analyzing the sample using a method selected from the group consisting of PCR, hybridization, and antibody detection.
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising, in at least one container, a composition for treating and preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an effective amount of at least one inactivated isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria, polypeptide, or polynucleotides of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein the kit further comprises a set of printed instructions indicating that the kit is useful for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • the kit may further comprises a means for dispensing said composition.
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising in a second container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybrid
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acids, which polypeptide is encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 and a statement indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp.
  • the kit may further comprise a second polypeptide, wherein the second polypeptide is an antibody which is conjugated to an enzyme that catalyzes a calorimetric or The enzyme is preferably selected from the group consisting of alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase.
  • the kit may further comprise reagents for a colorimetric or chemiluminescent assay.
  • the present invention provides a hybridization kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, or its complement, wherein the hybridization is specific to Porphyromonas spp. and wherein the kit further comprises a set of instructions indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp.
  • the hybridization is performed under highly stringent conditions.
  • bacteria, polynucleotides, polypeptides, vaccine, vaccine compositions or kits of the present invention comprise any of the bacteria, polynucleotides or peptides described in Fournier, D. et al., “ Porphorymonas gulae sp. nov., an Anaerobic, Gram-negative, Coccibacillus from the Gingival Sulcus of Various Animal Hosts”, International Journal of a Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 1179-1189, including a strain, P. gulae spp. nov., designated ATCC 57100, Hirasawa and Takada, “ Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov.
  • the present invention provides methods of assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria in an animal, particularly in a dog.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of a growth study identifying an “animal product-free” medium that supports the growth of Porphyromonas gulae B43.
  • the following medium were tested: ME-complete, ME-hemin, ME-vitamin K, ME-both hemin and vitamin K, PYG-complete, PYG-hemin, PYG-vitamin K, PYG-both hemin and vitamin K, and BHI.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing mean bone loss in mice resulting from super infection with the indicated Porphyromonas sp.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing percent bone loss in mice resulting from super infection with the indicated Porphyromonas sp.
  • FIGS. 4A and B are photographs showing in FIG. 4A , an SDS PAGE, and in FIG. 4B a Western blot analysis, using the anti-XpressTM epitope serum (Invitrogen), of recombinant P. gulae B43 FimA expressed in E. coli BL21 from pBAD-HisA.
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant P. gulae B43 OprF expressed in E. coli BL21 cells from a lambda expression plasmid.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of a homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon net bone loss
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a P. gingivalis 53977 homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a P. gulae B43 homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of a heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon net bone loss.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results for P. gulae B43 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the results for P. gulae B69 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the results for P. salivosa B104 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss;
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing the results for P. denticanis B106 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the serological results of mice vaccinated with recombinant P. gulae B43 FimA or saline utilizing a FimA specific ELISA.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing the serological results of mice vaccinated with recombinant P. gulae B43 OprF or saline utilizing an OprF specific ELISA.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing bone loss at 0, 6, and 12 weeks post challenge.
  • the T01 group is represented by dogs 3559424, 3592669, 3672859, 3673375, and 3691926;
  • the T02 group is represented by dogs 3389600, 3628884, 3653552, 3657396, 3690164.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing bone reactivity scores for the T01, T02, and T03 groups at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks post-challenge. Statistical significance of treatment effects are also indicated.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing bone reactivity scores for the T01, T02, and T03 groups at 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-challenge. The statistical significance between the T01 and T02 groups is indicated.
  • FIGS. 19A-19D are radiographic images from a single dog in the T01 (vaccinates) group at ( 19 A) 0, ( 19 B) 3, ( 19 C) 6, and ( 19 D) 9 weeks post-challenge.
  • FIGS. 19E-19H are radiographic images from a single dog in the T02 (non-vaccinates) group at ( 19 E) 0, ( 19 F) 3, ( 19 G) 6, and ( 19 H) 9 weeks post-challenge.
  • FIGS. 20A-20C are graphs showing average systemic reactions for the T01 and T02 groups; scores are based upon a graded assessment of the level of physical activity of all dogs in each respective group.
  • FIGS. 20D-20F are graphs showing average local reactions for the T01 and T02 groups; scores are based upon a graded assessment of the level of swelling present at the injection site on all dogs in each respective group.
  • the present invention provides isolated anaerobic bacteria, identified by their 16S rRNA DNA sequences, which cause periodontal disease and various other diseases and clinical manifestations in companion animals. More specifically, the bacteria are selected from the genus Porphyromonas.
  • the isolated bacteria of the present invention include P. gulae B 43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114, although other species or strains are encompassed by the invention.
  • the isolated bacteria of the present invention can be identified by their 16S rRNA DNA sequences shown in SEQ ID Nos. 86 to 94.
  • the diseases caused by infection with the bacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to, companion animal periodontal disease, companion animal oral malodor (halitosis), bovine foot rot, canine coronary heart disease and canine systemic infections.
  • Bacteria within the genus Porphyromonas have also been connected with various human diseases, including coronary heart disease, parotitis, oral malodor, gingivitis, periodontis, stroke, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, bacterial vaginosis, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and increased incidence of pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants.
  • the present invention provides isolated polynucleotide and isolated polypeptide molecules of Porphyromonas spp. More particularly, the invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecules having the nucleotide sequence of Porphyromonas spp. fimA and oprF genes or degenerate variants thereof and isolated polypeptide molecules having the amino acid sequences of the FimA and OprF proteins encoded by such genes, respectively.
  • the present invention also provides polynucleotide sequences having at least about 90% homology, preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least 99%, sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 as determined using any known standard identity algorithm.
  • the present invention provides polynucleotide sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions to the complement of any of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119.
  • a nucleic acid which is hybridizable to any of the polynucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID No. 86 to 102 and 111 to 119, or their complements, under conditions of high stringency is provided.
  • procedures using such conditions of high stringency for regions of hybridization of over 90 nucleotides are as follows. Prehybridization of filters containing DNA is carried out for 8 h to overnight at 65° C. in buffer composed of 6 ⁇ SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% BSA, and 500 ⁇ g/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA.
  • Filters are hybridized for 48 h at 65° C. in prehybridization mixture containing 100 ⁇ g/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA and 5-20 ⁇ 10 6 cpm of 32 P-labeled probe. Washing of filters is done at 37° C. for 1 h in a solution containing 2 ⁇ SSC, 0.01% PVP, 0.01% Ficoll, and 0.01% BSA. This is followed by a wash in 0.1 ⁇ SSC at 50° C. for 45 min before autoradiography.
  • wash conditions are as follows. Each membrane is washed two times each for 30 minutes each at 45° C. in 40 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 5% SOS, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% bovine serum albumin, followed by four washes each for 30 minutes in sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA.
  • the membranes are additionally subjected to four washes each for 30 minutes in 40 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA at 55° C., followed by four washes each for 30 minutes in sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA at 65° C.
  • the present invention further provides vaccines and vaccine formulations which, when administered to a companion animal in a therapeutically effective amount, are useful in treating or preventing (i.e., conferring resistance) to periodontal disease in a companion animal.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine that comprises at least one attenuated (modified live) or inactivated whole cell Porphyromonas spp. preparation (bacterin).
  • the present invention provides a vaccine that contains an inactivated whole cell preparation of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, the combination of P. gulae B43 , P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106.
  • the bacterial cells can be inactivated using a variety of agents, such as formalin, binary ethyleneimine (BEI) or beta-propriolactone.
  • formalin is used as the inactivating agent.
  • the vaccine comprises a subunit fraction of a Porphyromonas spp. capable of inducing an immune response.
  • the vaccine of the present invention comprises one or more subunit polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof or one or more isolated polynucleotide sequences or fragments or variants thereof.
  • the attenuated (modified live) or inactivated vaccines (bacterins), or isolated subunit polypeptides, or isolated polynucleotides can be present in combination with other known vaccine formulation components such as with compatible adjuvants, diluents, or carriers.
  • ORF indicates “open reading frame”, i.e. the coding region of a gene.
  • Percentage of sequence identity for nucleotide sequences and polypeptide sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein optimal alignment provides the highest order match and can introduce nucleotide or amino acid additions or to the test or reference sequence.
  • the percentage identity is determined by calculating the percentage of nucleotides-that are identical between the test and reference sequence at each position over the entire sequence.
  • Optimal sequence alignment and percentage identity can be determined manually, or more preferably by a computer algorithm including but not limited to TBLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA, GAP, BESTFIT, and CLUSTALW (Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol.
  • NCBI Blast Server http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov set at the default parameters is used to search multiple databases for homologous sequences.
  • heterologous when used herein means derived from a different bacterial species or strain.
  • homology when used herein means the degree of identity shared between polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences.
  • homologous when used in reference to a bacterial species means the same bacterial species or strain.
  • host cell when used herein means a bacteria or eukaryotic cell that harbors a plasmid, virus, or other vector.
  • isolated when used herein means removed from its naturally occurring environment, either alone or in a heterologous host cell, or chromosome or vector (e.g., plasmid, phage, etc.).
  • isolated anaerobic bacteria refers to a composition in which the bacteria are substantial free of other microorganisms, e.g., in a culture, such as when separated from it naturally occurring environment.
  • isolated polynucleotide indicates a composition in which the isolated nucleotide comprises at least 50% of the composition by weight. More preferably, the isolated polynucleotide comprises about 95%, and most preferably 99% by weight of the composition.
  • isolated polypeptide indicates a composition in which the isolated polypeptide comprises at least 50% of the composition by weight. More preferably, the isolated polypeptide comprises about 95%, and most preferably 99% by weight of the composition.
  • the term “functionally equivalent” as utilized herein, refers to a recombinant polypeptide capable of being recognized by an antibody specific to native polypeptide produced by the bacteria which causes periodontal disease in companion animals, or a recombinant polypeptide capable of eliciting or causing a substantially similar immunological response as that of the native protein from the endogenous bacteria.
  • an antibody raised against a functionally equivalent polypeptide also recognizes the native polypeptide produced by the bacteria which causes periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • immunogenicity refers to the capability of a protein or polypeptide to elicit an immune response directed specifically against the bacteria that causes periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • antigenicity refers to the capability of a protein or polypeptide to be immunospecifically bound by an antibody raised against the protein or polypeptide.
  • antibody refers to an immunoglobulin molecule able to bind to an antigen.
  • Antibodies can be a polyclonal mixture or monoclonal.
  • Antibodies can be intact immunoglobulins derived from natural sources or from recombinant sources, or can be immunoreactive portions of intact immunoglobulins.
  • Antibodies can exist in a variety of forms including, for example, as, Fv, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , as well as in single chains.
  • ⁇ animal refers to any non-human animal in captivity considered to be a pet. These may include, but are not restricted to, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, rabbits, monkeys, and rodents, including mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and ferrets.
  • protection means that the vaccine prevents or reduces the symptoms of the disease caused by the organism from which the antigen(s) used in the vaccine is derived.
  • protection and “protecting” and the like, also mean that the vaccine can be used to “treat” the disease or one of more symptoms of the disease that already exists in a subject.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of the bacteria, or a subunit, (e.g., polypeptides, polynucleotide sequences) and combinations thereof sufficient to elicit an immune response in the subject to which it is administered.
  • the immune response can comprise, without limitation, induction of cellular and/or humoral immunity.
  • preventing infection means to prevent or inhibit the replication of the bacteria which cause periodontal disease in companion animals, to inhibit transmission of the bacteria, or to prevent the bacteria from establishing itself in its host, or to alleviate the symptoms of the disease caused by infection.
  • the treatment is considered therapeutic if there is a reduction in bacterial load.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier refers to a carrier medium that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and is not toxic to the subject to whom it is administered.
  • therapeutic agent refers to any molecule, compound or treatment, preferably an antibacterial molecule or compound, that assists in the treatment of a bacterial infection or a disease or condition caused thereby.
  • fragment or variant thereof refers to partial nucleotide or amino acid sequences according to the present invention, Preferably the fragments or variants of the polypeptides that are provided in the present invention are capable of eliciting a humoral and/or cellular immune response in a companion animal, Analogs are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”. Mutant polynucleotides which may possess one or more mutations which are deletions, insertions or substitutions of nucleotide residues are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”. Allelic variants are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”.
  • Bacteria provided by the present invention can be obtained using known sampling, culture and isolation techniques.
  • microbial samples can be obtained from a population of companion animals, such as from dogs and cats, exhibiting periodontal disease.
  • Evidence of periodontal disease can be observed using known measures, such as dogs with periodontal pockets >3 mm and cats with periodontal pockets >2 mm.
  • Known parameters for characterizing periodontal disease such as dental indices (gingival index and periodontal index) and periodontal pocket depths can determined for the sample population of companion animals.
  • Individual samples can be obtained from the periodontal pocket of a particular animal, maintained under anaerobic conditions and cultured using various known culture media.
  • Clinical isolates can be characterized using known techniques such as a number of biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA DNA sequence analysis to determine their genus and species. Individual isolates can be transferred to plates and antibiotic disks (Anaerobe Systems) can be placed on the agar surface to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of each isolate. Purified colonies can also be subjected to known indole and catalase tests (Anaerobe Systems). Lipase and lecithinase production patterns can be determined for individual isolates.
  • the isolates can be typed based on their 16S rRNA DNA sequence. Individual, well-isolated colonies can be utilized as a template for polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region using, for example, primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID NO. 1 and Seq. ID NO. 2; Table 1).
  • PCR polymerase chain reactions
  • the resulting PCR products can be purified using available PCR preps kits (Promega Corp.; Madison, Wis.) and pooled by isolate. The purified PCR products can then be desalted and subjected to DNA sequence analysis. The resulting DNA sequences can be used to search available DNA databases.
  • the bacterial isolates can then be typed based on the closest match identified by database searches.
  • NA CAGTAAACGATGATTACTCGGAGTATGC cangingivalis GATATATGGTATGCTCCCAAGGGAAACC B98 16S GATAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAGTACGCC rRNA poly- GGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGAC nucleotide GGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAACATGT sequence GGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAGGAACC TTACCCGGGATTGAAATGTACATGACGG TTGGGCGAGAGCCTGACTTCCCTTCGGG GCATGTATGTAGGTGCTGCATGGTTGTC GTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCGGCTT AAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCACATC GTCAGTTACTAACAGGTAGAGCTGAGGA CTCTGACGAGACTGCCGTCGTAAGGCGC GAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAATCAG CACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGACACAC GTGTTACAATGGTAGGGACAAAGGGCAG CTACCTGGCGACAGGATGC
  • NA ggcctcgagAACAAAGACAACGAAGCAG cangingivalis AACCCGTTGTAGAAGGTAACGCTACCAT B98 fimA TAGCGTAGTATTGAAGACCAGCAATCCG poly- AATCGTGCTTTCGGGGTTGCAGATGACG nucleotide AAGCAAAAGTGGCTAAACTGACTGTAAT sequence GGTCTACAAGGGTGAGCAGCAGGAAGCC ATCAAATCAGCCGAAAATGCAATTAAGG TTGAGAACATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCTC ACGTACGCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACG GGTGGAATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTC TTGCAGAGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGA ACTAACTGCAGAAAACCAAGAGGCTACA GGTTTGATCATGACAGCAGAGCCTGTTG ACGTAACACTTGTCGCCGGCAATAACTA TTATGGTTATGATGGAACTCAGGGAGGC AATCAGGTACTCCTCTTG AAATCAA
  • NA GGTGGAGTTAGTGCTCAATTTTTAGAAG cangingivalis AAAATGAAAGTCAAGAAATCTTGAATCG B98 oprF TCTTCATGTTATGCCTACAATCTCTTTA poly- GGCAAGTGGCACAATCCTTATTTTGCAA nucleotide CTCGTTTGCAAGTGTTCGGAGGTCCTAC sequence TCCTACTTTTTATAAGAATGCTGCTGGT AAGGTGATGAAGGAAAATGCGGCTATGG CTGGGGCTCACTTTGACTTTATGTTTGA TGTTGTGAACTACTTTGGTAAGTATAAT CCAAAGAGAGTCTTTCATCTTGTGCCTT GGTTCGGTGTTGGATATGGCTTTAAATA CCATAATGATTTCGCCGAAATGAGTGAT ATCATTAAGTTTAATGAGCCTTATCGCC ATTCAGCAACAGCGAATGCAGGGTTGAT GATGAGTTTCCGCTTAGCAAAACGTCTT GATTTAGTGCTTGAAGGACAGGCTATAT ATTCTAATTTGAATATTGTTA
  • NA GGVSAQFLEENESQEILNRLHVMPTISLG cangingivalis KWHNPYFATRLQVFGGPTPTFYKNAAGKV B98 OprF MKENAAMAGAHFDFMFDVVNYFGKYNPKR polypeptide VFHLVPWFGVGYGFKYHNDFAEMSDIIKF sequence NEPYRHSATANAGLMMSFRLAKRLDLVLE GQAIYSNLNIVKQEIDYKAPSTPYSPNYN GLLGVVTAGLNFNLGRVAWETVTPMDMDL INDLNGQINRLRSENTELRKRPVSCPECP EVSKETTVVTENVLGDKAIVFKFNSATIS KDQHIVLQDIADFVKNGNKGVAVIGFADV TGDANYNMQLSERRAKAVAEALVNQF 126 P.
  • an isolated polynucleotide molecule of the present invention has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 102 and 111 to 119.
  • the preferred polypeptides of the present invention have amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128.
  • the sequences can be isolated as restriction fragments and cloned into cloning and/or expression vectors, the sequences can be PCR amplified and cloned into cloning and/or expression vectors, or the sequences can be cloned by a combination of these two methods.
  • PCR Polymerase chain reaction
  • the present invention encompasses the use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, including vectors and host cells, which may be used to express both truncated and full-length (native protein) forms of the recombinant polypeptides expressed by the nucleotide sequences of the present invention.
  • an isolated polynucleotide molecule of the present invention has a nucleotide sequence selected from one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 or degenerate variants thereof; and encoding a corresponding polypeptide selected from the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, respectively.
  • host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the polypeptides of the present invention.
  • host-expression systems also represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be cloned and subsequently purified.
  • the present invention further provides for host cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate vector or nucleotide sequence, express the encoded polypeptide gene product of the invention.
  • host cells include but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B.
  • subtilis transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia ) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the gene product coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mamm
  • the expression system is a bacterial system.
  • a number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the product being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a polypeptide is to be produced, for the generation of vaccine compositions or for raising antibodies, for example, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable.
  • the vectors contain promoters that direct inducible gene expression. Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, the E. coli pET expression vectors (Studier and Moffatt, 1986, J. Mol. Biol.
  • coding sequence can be fused in-frame to a sequence encoding multiple (e.g., 6) histidine residues; pBAD vectors (Guzman et al., 1995, J. Bact. 177:4121-4130), from which a heterologous protein can be expressed under the control of an arabinose inducible protein; and pGEX vectors (Pharmacia Biotech, USA), used to express heterologous polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST).
  • GST glutathione S-transferase
  • the fimA or oprF sequences of the present invention can be cloned into a ⁇ expression vector and expressed in ⁇ ⁇ bacterial strains.
  • the bacterial strain is E. coli BL21 (Gibco-BRL, USA).
  • the vectors that can be used include, but are not limited to, pLEX expression vectors (LaVallie et al., 1992, Bio/Technology 11:187-193; Mieschendahl et al., 1986, Bio/Technology 4:802-808; Invitrogen) and pRIT2T expression vectors (Nilsson et al., 1985, EMBO 4:1075; Zabeau and Stanley, 1982, EMBO 1:1217; Pharmacia Biotech). Other vectors and bacterial strains can be used and are known to those skilled in the art.
  • Antibodies may either be monoclonal, polyclonal, or recombinant. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against the immunogen or portion thereof, for example, a synthetic peptide based on the sequence, or prepared recombinantly by cloning techniques or the natural gene product and/or portions thereof may be isolated and used as the immunogen. Immunogens can be used to produce antibodies by standard antibody production technology well known to those skilled in the art as described generally in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering—A Practical Guide , W.H. Freeman and Co., 1992. Antibody fragments may also be prepared from the antibodies and include Fab, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • the antibody can be bound to a solid support substrate or conjugated with a detectable moiety or be both bound and conjugated as is well known in the art (for a general discussion of conjugation of fluorescent or enzymatic moieties see Johnstone & Thorpe, Immunochemistry in Practice , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1982.)
  • the binding of antibodies to a solid support substrate is also well known in the art (see for a general discussion, Harlow & Lane Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Publications, New York, 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering—A Practical Guide , W.H. Freeman and Co., 1992).
  • the detectable moieties contemplated for use in the present invention can include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, metallic, enzymatic and radioactive markers such as biotin, gold, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, b-galactosidase, peroxidase, urease, fluorescein, rhodamine, tritium, 14 C and iodination.
  • fluorescent, metallic, enzymatic and radioactive markers such as biotin, gold, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, b-galactosidase, peroxidase, urease, fluorescein, rhodamine, tritium, 14 C and iodination.
  • the present invention further provides kits for the detection of Porphyromonas spp.
  • the kit includes reagents for analyzing a sample for the presence of Porphyromonas organisms, polypeptides, or Porphyromonas nucleotide sequences of the present invention, wherein the presence of the nucleotide sequence is indicative of the presence of the organism.
  • This method is valuable because disease can be diagnosed prior to the existence of symptoms and can therefore prevent the onset of the disease prior to the occurrence of damage to the patient.
  • Bacteria, polypeptides, or nucleotide sequences can be determined using antibodies, PCR, hybridization, and other detection methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • the kit provides reagents for the detection of antibodies against Porphyromonas .
  • the kit can include a set of printed instructions or a label indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp.
  • the kit comprises in at least one container a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128.
  • the kit further comprises a secondary antibody.
  • the secondary antibody is conjugated to a detectable moiety, such as, e.g., an enzyme that catalyzes a colorimetric or chemiluminescent reaction, such as alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase.
  • a detectable moiety such as, e.g., an enzyme that catalyzes a colorimetric or chemiluminescent reaction, such as alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase.
  • the kit comprises reagents for carrying out a calorimetric or chemiluminescent assay.
  • the kit provides reagents for the detection of Porphyromonas nucleic acids.
  • the kit provides reagents for the PCR detection of Porphyromonas nucleic acids and comprises in at least one container a first isolated DNA molecule comprising a fragment of at least about 15, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides, which fragment hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 contiguous amino acids, or the complete amino acid sequence, of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 103-110 or 120-128, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising a fragment of at least 15, 20, 25, or 30 nucleotides, which fragment hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA molecule complementary to a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least 5 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 contiguous amino acids, or the complete amino acid sequence, of any of the polypeptides of SEQ
  • the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising in a second container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybrid
  • the vaccine of the present invention can be is administered to a companion animal in an effective amount such that the vaccine therapeutically treats or confers resistance to or prevents periodontal disease in the companion animal.
  • the vaccine of the present invention is useful in the control of bacteria that cause periodontal disease.
  • the vaccines of the present invention can, in particular, be used in the field of veterinary medicine to treat companion animals and for the maintenance of public health against those bacteria described herein which are known to cause periodontal disease.
  • the vaccines of the present invention are of value in the control of bacteria that are injurious to, or spread or act as vectors of disease in man and companion animals, for example those described herein.
  • the vaccines of the present invention are particularly useful in controlling bacteria that are present in companion animals for which purpose they can be administered using any known methods of administration, including, but not limited to, oral, parenteral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or topical.
  • a composition comprising a vaccine of the present invention, in admixture with a compatible adjuvant, diluent or carrier.
  • the vaccine formulation of the present invention is composed of an aqueous suspension or solution containing at least one bacteria of the present invention and/or at least one subunit protein, preferably buffered at physiological pH, in a form ready for injection.
  • the vaccine formulation of the present invention is composed of inactivated whole cell preparations of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, P. gulae B43, P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106.
  • the present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, which comprises treatment with an effective amount of a vaccine or vaccine formulation of the present invention. It is to be appreciated that reference to treatment includes prophylaxis as well as the alleviation of established symptoms of a bacterial infection.
  • the vaccines and vaccine formulations of the present invention can used to induce a response that prevents the pathological changes characteristic of periodontal disease caused by periodontal disease-causing bacteria.
  • an immunogenic amount of the bacteria, purified protein, nucleic acid, or combinations thereof is desirably mixed with a suitable conventional vaccine adjuvants and physiologic vehicles, for use in mammals.
  • a vaccine formulation for preventing periodontal disease in companion animals can be produced using at least one of the isolated and purified inactivated or attenuated bacteria, purified polypeptides (such as native proteins, subunit proteins, or polypeptides, and admixing one or more or these with a compatible adjuvant, diluent, or carrier.
  • the polypeptide sequences are subunit proteins selected from the group including FimA (SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and OprF (SEQ ID NOS: 120 to 128).
  • fragments of FimA and OprF that can be used for diagnostic polypeptides or for vaccine preparations include, but are not limited to ACNKDNEAEPVV, YPVLVNFESNNYTYTGDAVEK, TGPGTNNPENPITESA, NDNNNKDFVDRLGA, DLNGQINRLRREVEELSKRPVSCPECPDV, and ADPTGDTQYNERLSERRAKAV (SEQ ID NOS: 129-134).
  • the subunit protein can be recombinantly expressed, either alone or fused to another polypeptide sequence or protein.
  • the other polypeptide sequence or protein can include, but is not limited to, a poly-His tag, MBP, thioredoxin, or GST, for example.
  • polynucleotide sequences or genes that encode any of the above mentioned subunit proteins.
  • the polynucleotide sequence of the bacteria can be selected from fimA and oprF or a fragment or variant thereof which fragment or variant exhibits at least about 90%, 95%, or 99% homology thereto, or a complementary polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under high stringency conditions, or a combination of both.
  • the polynucleotide sequences of the present invention can be used to amplify a fimA or oprF DNA molecule of the present invention, or encodes an amino acid fragment than can be used to raise antibodies against FimA or OprF.
  • a vehicle capable of delivering or transferring heterologous nucleic acid into a host cell may be used.
  • the expression vehicle may include elements to control targeting, expression and transcription of the nucleic acid in a cell selective manner as is known in the art.
  • the expression vehicle can include a promoter for controlling transcription of the heterologous material and can be either a constitutive or inducible promoter to allow selective transcription. Enhancers that may be required to obtain necessary transcription levels can optionally be included.
  • Vectors can be introduced into cells or tissues by any one of a variety of known methods within the art. Such methods can be found generally described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual , Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992); Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology , John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy , CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995); Vega et al., Gene Targeting , CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995); R. L. Rodriguez Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses , Butterworths, Boston Mass. (1988) and include, for example, stable or transient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and infection with recombinant viral vectors.
  • the present invention further provides for combinations vaccines having at least one of the inactivated or attenuated bacteria, nucleotide sequences, or polypeptide sequences of the present invention, in combination with one or more additional immunogenic components.
  • a combination vaccine may produce in the vaccinated animal a surprisingly greater effect than that expected by simply adding the effects of each component administered separately.
  • a combination vaccine may stimulate a synergistic production of antibody in animals.
  • the combination vaccine of the present invention is composed of inactivated whole cell preparations of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, P. gulae B43 , P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106, in combination with one or more additional bacterial or viral immunogenic components.
  • Additional immunogenic components suitable for use in combination vaccines of the present invention include, but are not limited to Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPI), and Canine Coronavirus (CCV),
  • Vaccines of the present invention can be prepared by combination of at least one of the inactivated or attenuated bacteria, nucleotide sequences, or polypeptide sequences of the present invention, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an preferably, an adjuvant.
  • Suitable preparations of the vaccines of the present invention include injectables, either liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, a liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to injection may also be prepared. The vaccine preparation may be emulsified.
  • the active immunogenic component is preferably mixed with an adjuvant which is pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active immunogenic component. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to: mineral gels, e.g., aluminum hydroxide; surface active substances such as lysolecithin; glycosides, e.g., saponin derivatives such as Quil A or GPI-0100 (U.S. Pat. No.
  • cationic surfactants such as DDA, pluronic polyols
  • polyanions e.g., Pluronic F-127 (B.A.S.F., USA); peptides; mineral oils, e.g. Montanide ISA-50 (Seppic, Paris, France), carbopol, Amphigen (Hydronics, Omaha, Nebr. USA), Alhydrogel (Superfos Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) oil emulsions, e.g.
  • an emulsion of mineral oil such as BayolF/Arlacel A and water, or an emulsion of vegetable oil, water and an emulsifier such as lecithin; alum, cholesterol, rmLT, cytokines and combinations thereof.
  • the immunogenic component may also be incorporated into liposomes, or conjugated to polysaccharides and/or other polymers for use in a vaccine formulation. Additional substances that can be included in a product for use in the present methods include, but are not limited to one or more preservatives such as disodlum or tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), merthiolate, and the like.
  • the subject to which the vaccine is administered is preferably a companion animal, most preferably, a dog or cat.
  • an immunogenic amount when administered comprises about 1 ⁇ 10 4 -1 ⁇ 10 13 inactivated bacterial cells, 0.1 ⁇ g-1 mg of purified protein, or 0.1 ⁇ g-10 mg of nucleic acid.
  • an immunogenic amount when administered comprises about 1 ⁇ 10 4 -1 ⁇ 10 13 inactivated bacterial cells, 0.1 ⁇ g-1 mg of purified protein, or 0.1 ⁇ g-10 mg of nucleic acid.
  • the same or lesser immunogenic amounts can usefully be employed.
  • a vaccine preparation provides a dosage of a sterile preparation of an immunogenic amount of the active ingredient(s), where the active ingredient is at least one bacteria, protein, nucleic acid, or any combination thereof. In the presence of additional active agents, these unit dosages can be readily adjusted by those of skill in the art.
  • a desirable dosage regimen involves administration of at least one dose of desired vaccine composition, where the antigenic content of each fraction is as stated above.
  • Effective doses (immunizing amounts) of the vaccines of the invention may also be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from model test systems.
  • the mode of administration of the vaccines of the invention can be any suitable route that delivers the vaccine to the host. These include but are not limited to oral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intranasal routes, and via scarification (scratching through the top layers of skin, e.g., using a bifurcated needle). However, the vaccine is preferably administered subcutaneously or by intramuscular injection. Other modes of administration can also be employed, where desired, such as intradermally, intravenously, intranasally, or intratonsillarly.
  • the vaccine of the present invention is administered and dosed in accordance with good medical practice, taking into account the clinical condition of the individual subject, the site and method of administration, scheduling of administration, subject age, sex, body weight and other factors known to medical practitioners.
  • kits for the prevention periodontal disease in companion animals provide kits for the prevention periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • the kit provides a container comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a composition which prevents periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may be used in the composition.
  • the kit can additionally include an adjuvant that can be used to aid in creating the response to the composition of the present invention.
  • the kit can include a dispenser for dispensing the composition, preferably in unit dosage form.
  • the dispenser can, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack.
  • the kit can be accompanied by a label or printed instructions describing administration of the composition to prevent periodontal disease in a companion animal.
  • Compositions comprising a vaccine composition of the present invention formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of the indicated periodontal condition.
  • the specific mechanism of protection induced by the vaccines and vaccine compositions of the present invention is the induction of the antibody and/or cellular immune response in vaccinated animals, as indicated by the in vivo animal tests described below.
  • the bacteria, polynucleotides, polypeptides, vaccines, and vaccine compositions of the present invention may be useful in treating or preventing companion animal periodontal disease, bovine foot rot, coronary heart disease (dogs), or systemic infections (dogs).
  • the compositions of the present invention may also be useful in treating or preventing certain illnesses in companion animals corresponding to similar illnesses in humans such as coronary heart (or vascular or artery) disease, parotitis, oral maloder, gingivitis, periodontitis, stroke, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, increased incidence of pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants, bacterial vaginosis and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
  • IUGR intrauterine growth retardation
  • a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria in an animal is provided.
  • the present invention has shown that a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria can be assessed in animal species such as mouse or dog, particularly dog.
  • vaccines against a variety of periopathogenic bacteria can be assessed using the methods described hereinabove, including but not limited to, Porphyromonas, Bacteriodes, Prevotella, Tannerella ( Tannerella forsythensis , formerly Bacteroides forsythus ), and Treponema , which are designed for treating or preventing a periodontal disease in human or companion animals caused by these bacteria.
  • the vaccines can contain inactivated or attenuated bacteria, polypeptides, or polynucleotides of any of these bacterial species.
  • the efficacy of a vaccine can be assessed by introducing a challenge culture separately into a vaccinated animal and an unvaccinated animal, and comparing the clinical signs in the two animals.
  • the challenge culture can be composed of the same periopathogenic bacteria as the vaccine. However, the challenge culture can contain bacteria different from those in the vaccine to evaluate any cross protection the vaccine may have against other bacterial species.
  • the challenge culture typically contains about 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 12 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose; preferably, 1 ⁇ 10 2 to about 1 ⁇ 10 11 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose; even more preferably, about 5 ⁇ 10 7 to about 5 ⁇ 10 10 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose.
  • CFU colony forming units
  • Clinical signs of disease which can be evaluated include increased levels of one or more periopathogenic bacteria in the gingival crevicular fluid, plaque, infected bone, or gingival sulci, or changes in the amount of aveolar bone, particularly in the periapical region of the aveolar bone.
  • the bone changes can be quantitated by, e.g., radiographic measurements.
  • Microbial samples were taken from dogs and cats examined at veterinary clinics for periodontal treatment, or dogs examined at either Pfizer Terre Haute or Pfizer Sandwich facilities for normal check-ups. Dogs with periodontal pockets >3 mm and cats with periodontal pockets >2 mm were included in this study. Dental indices (gingival index and periodontal index) and the periodontal pocket depths were recorded. Individual coarse absorbent paper points (Henry Schein; Melville, N.Y.) were aseptically inserted into the periodontal pocket. Upon removal, the paper points were immediately inserted into vials containing Pre-Reduced Anaerobically Sterile (PRAS) Anaerobic Dental Transport (ADT) Medium (Anaerobe Systems; Morgan Hills, Calif.).
  • PRAS Pre-Reduced Anaerobically Sterile
  • ADT Anaerobic Dental Transport
  • Vials were transferred into a Bactron IV anaerobic chamber (Sheldon Manufacturing, Cornelius, Oreg.) and processed under 90% N 2 , 5% H 2 , 5% CO 2 .
  • the paper points were aseptically placed into 50 ⁇ l of PRAS Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium (Anaerobe Systems) and vortexed for 30 seconds. Dilutions of 1:100 and 1:1000 were prepared in BHI medium. Aliquots of 100 ⁇ l of the 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions were spread on PRAS Burcella Blood Agar (BRU) plates (Anaerobe Systems). The plates were incubated at 37° C. in the anaerobic chamber for five to seven days. The total number of bacterial colonies and the number of Black Pigmented Anaerobic Bacteria (BPAB) colonies were counted. Individual BPAP colonies were transferred to new BRU plates and re-incubated as above.
  • BHI PRAS Brain Heart Infusion
  • BRU PRAS Burcella Blood
  • Each clinical isolate was subjected to a number of biochemical analyses and 16S rRNA DNA sequence analysis, using primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID No. 1 and Seq. ID No. 2; Table 1), to determine genus and species. Individual isolates were streaked on BRU plates. Kanamycin, Vancomycin, and Colistin disks (Anaerobe Systems) were placed on the agar surface to determine the KVC resistance patterns of each isolate. Purified colonies were also subjected to the indole and catalase tests (Anaerobe Systems). Individual isolates were transferred to Egg Yolk Agar (EYA) plates (Anaerobe Systems) in order to determine lipase and lecithinase production patterns. This data is shown in Table 2.
  • EYA Egg Yolk Agar
  • the isolates were typed based on their 16S rRNA DNA sequence. Individual, well-isolated colonies were utilized as template for polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region using primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID No. 1 and Seq. ID No. 2; Table 1) in triplicate.
  • PCR polymerase chain reactions
  • the PCR was carried out in 50 ⁇ l reaction volumes containing 1 ⁇ PCR buffer (Life Technologies; Rockville, Md.), 1.0 mM MgCl 2 , 1.25 ⁇ M each primer, 300 ⁇ M each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies).
  • PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for one minute; a final extension step at 72° C. for two minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C.
  • a GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif. was utilized for all PCR amplifications.
  • the resulting PCR products were purified using the PCR preps kits (Promega Corp.; Madison, Wis.) and pooled by isolate. The purified PCR products were then desalted by drop analysis against 25 ml sterile water using a 0.025 ⁇ m nitrocellulose filter (Millipore Corp.; Bedford, Mass.). The purified, desalted PCR products were subjected to DNA sequence analysis using the DyeDeoxy termination reaction on an ABI automated DNA sequencer (University of Texas Genetics Core Facility, Houston, Tex. and Lark Technologies Inc., Houston, Tex.).
  • Synthetic oligonucleotide primers D0056, D0057, PFZ175-AP1, PFZ175-AP2, and PFZ175-AP3 (Seq. ID No. 1-5, respectively; Table 1) were used to obtain double stranded DNA sequence.
  • the resulting DNA sequences were used to search publicly available DNA databases using A BLAST-N program publicly available from The National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA.
  • the bacterial isolates were typed based on the closest match identified by database searches.
  • the B106 isolates did not have a precise match.
  • the nearest match was with an uncultured bacterial type that was identified by random PCR of human periodontal pocket material.
  • This isolate was referred to as Porphyromonas denticanis strain B106.
  • a complete listing of all the isolates and their respective characteristics is located in Table 2. The top nine most frequently isolated strains are exemplified by the following isolates: P. gulae B43 (dog sample Sandwich 4), P. cansulci B46 (dog sample VHUP 1B), P. circumdentaria B52 (cat sample VHUP 2A), P. gulae B69 (cat sample VHUP 3A), P.
  • isolates listed above represent those species that were most frequently identified and present in the highest percentages of dogs or cats.
  • gulae B43 PTA-3618 growth medium due to its ability to yield high density cultures during fermentation.
  • This medium contains the following ingredients: 3% phytone (Becton Dickinson; Cockeysville, Md.), 0.3% yeast extract (Becton Dickinson), 0.3% glucose (Sigma Corp.; St. Louis, Mo.), 0.05% sodium thioglycollate (Becton Dickinson), 0.5% sodium chloride (Sigma Corp.), 5 ⁇ g/ml hemin (Sigma Corp.) (added after autoclaving), 0.5 ⁇ g/ml menadione (Sigma Corp.) (added after autoclaving), and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate (Sigma Corp.), pH 7.0.
  • P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) was routinely cultivated on Brucella blood agar plates (Anaerobe Systems) or in complete PYG medium or BHI at 37° C. in a Bactron IV anaerobic chamber (Shel Labs; Cornelius, Oreg.) under 90% N 2 , 5% CO 2 for three to five days (plates) or 24 to 48 hours (liquid cultures).
  • P. gulae B43 PTA-3618 was cultivated in a BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor using 5 liters of PYG complete medium. The culture medium in the vessel was rendered anaerobic by sparging with 95-99.5% N 2 and 0.5-5% CO 2 immediately after autoclaving.
  • the reduced culture medium was seeded with 0.02% of P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) stock and cultivated at 37° C. with an agitation rate of 100 rpm and the pH maintained at 7.0 by the automatic addition of NaOH. During cultivation, the vessel was periodically sparged with both N 2 and CO 2 . The bacterial cells were collected after 36 to 48 hours at an OD 600 of 2.0 to 3.5 while cells were still undergoing logarithmic growth.
  • the nine isolates ( P. gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114) were tested for their pathogenicity in the mouse periodontal bone loss model.
  • Three-week-old, age-matched male Balb/c CyJ mice (Jackson Laboratories; Bar Harbor, Me.) with estimated weights of 14-15 grams were utilized for this study. The animals were housed in positive pressure, barrier cage units.
  • Day 1 of the experiment was defined as the Tuesday following the first infection. All animals were sacrificed on Day 2. Post-infection serum was collected, as were microbial samples. The jaws of each mouse were defleshed, stained, and scored for horizontal bone loss microscopically. The scoring was repeated three times to reduce operator error. The average bone loss is expressed as the average bone loss/site/jaw in mm. Statistical analysis of the resulting data was done with Systat (version 9), SigmaStat (version 2), and SigmaPlot (version 2000) available from SPSS Science Inc. (Chicago, Ill.). Table 4 shows the numerical results for the top nine isolates.
  • FIG. 2 graphically shows the net bone loss.
  • the mean alveolar bone levels cementoenamel junction—alveolar bone crest) were obtained at 14 maxillary sites in mm, and the mean value for each jaw was determined.
  • the mean values for each jaw were summed and the group mean derived by dividing by the total number of animals in that group.
  • FIG. 3 graphically shows the comparison of net bone loss.
  • the mean alveolar bone levels cementoenamel junctions—alveolar bone crest) were obtained at 14 maxillary sites in mm, and the mean value for each jaw was determined.
  • the mean values for each jaw were summed and the group mean derived by dividing by the total number of animals in that group.
  • the net bone loss was determined by subtracting the sham infected mean values from each experimental groups.
  • the data is presented as a percentage of the positive control group ( P. gingivalis 53977) which is set at 100%.
  • P. gingivalis W50 is a poorly fimbrinated strain that has reduced virulence in this animal model.
  • Porphyromonas spp. were anaerobically cultivated in BHI or complete PYG at 37° C. for 48 hours. Cells from a 1-3 ml culture were pelleted by centrifugation, washed once in an equal volume of anaerobic PBS, re-centrifuged, and re-suspended in 1/10 volume anaerobic PBS.
  • Genomic DNA was purified from 5 ml cultures of Porphyromonas spp. that were anaerobically cultivated in BHI or complete PYG at 37° C. for 48 hours.
  • the Wizard Genomic DNA Extraction kit (Promega Corp.) was utilized for all genomic DNA preparations.
  • the fimA gene was PCR amplified from genomic DNA isolated from the top ten clinical isolates using combinations of the following PCR primers D0067 (forward; Seq. ID No. 6), D0078 (forward; Seq. ID No. 8), D0097 (forward; Seq. ID No. 9), D0068 (reverse; Seq. ID No. 7) and D0098 (reverse; Seq. ID No. 10).
  • the PCR was carried out in 50 ul reaction volumes containing 1 ⁇ PCR buffer (Life Technologies), 1.0 mM MgCl 2 , 1.25 ⁇ M each primer, 300 M each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies).
  • PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; a final extension step at 72° C. for five minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C.
  • a GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif. was utilized for all PCR amplifications. The amplified products were visualized on a 1.2% E-gel (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • PCR products were A-tailed using 10 units of KlenTaq polymerase (Ab Peptides, Inc.; St. Louis, Mo.) for five minutes at 72° C.
  • the resultant products were immediately T-tail cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) using the manufacturer's protocol and transformed into E. coli Top10F′ (Novagen; Madison, Wis.).
  • Transformants harboring recombinant plasmids with the correct insert DNA were identified by a combination of colony PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, and DNA sequence analysis using DyeDeoxy termination reactions on an ABI automated DNA sequence (Lark Technologies, Inc.). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers (Seq. ID No. 6, 7, 8, 11-42) were used to obtain double stranded DNA sequence.
  • the P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) fimA gene was cloned into the pBAD/HisA expression vector (Invitrogen). Genomic DNA was purified from a 5 ml culture of P. gulae B43 in BHI incubated at 3700 for two days anaerobically using the genomic DNA extraction kit (Promega Corp.). The fimA gene was PCR amplified using primers D0097 and D0098 (Seq. ID No. 9 and Seq. ID No. 10) in triplicate. The PCR was carried out in 50 ul reaction volumes containing 1 ⁇ PCR buffer (Life Technologies), 50 ng P. gulae B43 genomic DNA, 1.0 mM MgCL 2 , 1.25 ⁇ M each primer, 300 ⁇ M each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies, USA).
  • PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; five cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 58° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 65° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; a final extension step at 72° C. for five minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C.
  • a GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems was utilized for all PCR amplifications. The PCR products were purified using PCR prep kits (Promega Corp.).
  • the purified PCR products and pBAD/HisA were double digested with HindIII and XhoI for three hours at 37° C. Half way through the digestion, five units of shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.: Piscataway, N.J.) were added to the vector digestion. The digested DNA's were purified using the DNA Clean-Up kit (Promega Corp.). The purified HindIII/XhoI digested PCR products were ligated into HindIII/XhoI digested, SAP treated pBAD/HisA with the T4 DNA Ligase enzyme (Life Technologies) in the presence of 1 ⁇ T4 DNA ligase buffer at 16° C.
  • a frozen working stock of the E. coli BL21/pBAD:B43fimA4 was thawed, seeded at a 1:5000 dilution into Luria broth containing 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl), and grown in a 5 liter working volume BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific; Edison, N.J.) at 37° C. with a 100 rpm agitation rate until A 625 was 2.5-3.5. L-arabinose was then added to the culture at a final concentration of 0.1% to induce FimA expression. The culture was incubated for an additional three hours.
  • the recombinant FimA protein had a predicted molecular mass of 45 kDa.
  • oligonucleotide primers D0086 SEQ ID No. 43
  • D0087 SEQ ID NO. 44
  • KWK-Pg-03 SEQ ID NO. 45
  • thermostable polymerases in 1 ⁇ PC2 buffer (Ab Peptides), 200 ⁇ M each dNTP, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 (Ab Peptides) and 0.15 U cloned Pfu (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) thermostable polymerases in a 50111 final sample volume. Reactions were performed in triplicate using either a washed cell suspension or purified genomic DNA as template from P. gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106, and P.
  • endodontalis B114 was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., 9 minutes); 30-40 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (55-60° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes); followed by a final extension at 72° C. for seven minutes.
  • primer KWK-Ps-04b (SEQ ID No. 81) was used in conjunction with KWK-Ps-06b (SEQ ID No. 83).
  • primer KWK-Ps-04b (SEQ ID No. 81) was used with KWK-Ps-05b (SEQ ID No. 82).
  • primer KWK-Ps-02 (SEQ ID No. 79) was used with KWK-Ps-03 (SEQ ID No. 80).
  • Reactions were performed in triplicate using purified chromosomal DNA as template from strains P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104, and P. denticanis B106.
  • Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., 9 minutes); 30-35 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (61-72° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes); this was followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes.
  • the PCR amplified gene products were visualized by separation on a 1.0% agarose gel (Sigma).
  • the PCR products were purified using a QIAquickTM PCR Purification kit (Qiagen; Valancia, Calif.), and each set of triplicate samples pooled. These fragments were then sequenced directly in an attempt to avoid the introduction of sequence artifacts due to mutations that arise during PCR amplification and subsequent cloning steps.
  • the pooled mixtures were then subjected to direct sequence analysis using DyeDeoxy termination reaction on an ABI automated DNA sequencer (Lark Technologies). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers (SEQ ID NO. 46-75) were used to sequence both DNA strands of the amplified products.
  • the nucleotide sequences encoding the OprF homolog from P. gulae B43 , P. cansulci B46 , P. circumdentaria B52 , P. gulae B69 , P. circumdentaria B97 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106 , P. cangingivalis B98 , P. salivosa B104 , P. denticanis B106, and P. endontalis B114 are depicted in SEQ ID NO. 111 to 119.
  • OprF was cloned with the sequence encoding its signal peptide.
  • OprF was amplified from P. gulae B43 using oligonucleotide primers KWK-Pg-06 (SEQ ID NO. 76) and KWK-Pg-03 (SEQ ID NO. 45).
  • duplicate 50 ⁇ l reactions were set up containing chromosomal DNA as template, 1 ⁇ PC2 buffer, 200 ⁇ M each dNTP, 50 pMol each primer, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 and 0.15 cloned Pfu thermostable polymerase.
  • Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., nine minutes); 30 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 sec), annealing (60° C., 30 sec), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 min), followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes.
  • the samples were purified (QIAquickTM PCR Purification kit) and pooled, The purified PCR product was cloned directly into the TA cloning site of both pBAD-TOPO and pBAD/Thio-TOPO (Invitrogen). The ligand products were transformed into Max Efficiency E. Coli DH5a cells.
  • the predicted amino terminal sequence of the encoded protein expressed from pBAD-TOPO:OprF consists of the vector-encoded sequence MGSGSGDDDDKLALM (SEQ ID NO: 136) followed immediately by the sequence beginning at glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID No. 120).
  • a clone containing the appropriate plasmid was identified, and purified plasmid was isolated from a small-scale broth culture using a QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit (Qiagen). This plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 cells (Novagen), and a clone was identified that contained the appropriate plasmid.
  • the predicted amino terminal sequence of the encoded fusion protein expressed from pBAD/Thio-TOPO: oprF should consist of the thioredoxin protein and a 14 amino acid residue linker followed immediately by the sequence beginning at glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO. 120).
  • a clone containing the appropriate plasmid was identified, and purified plasmid was isolated from a small-scale broth culture using a QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit. This plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 cells, and a clone was identified that contained the appropriate plasmid.
  • the oprF gene lacking the sequence encoding the signal peptide was also cloned into two different ⁇ expression plasmids. Both of these plasmids encode the temperature-sensitive ⁇ repressor c/857, which inhibits expression from ⁇ promoters at 30° C. At 42° C., the repressor is inactivated and expression from the ⁇ promoter is enabled, yielding high-level transcription and translation.
  • oprF was amplified from P. gulae B43 using oligonucleotide primers KWK-Pgu-14 (SEQ ID NO. 77) and KWK-Pgu-15 (SEQ ID NO. 78).
  • duplicate 50 ⁇ l reactions were set up containing washed P. gulae B43 cells as template, 1 ⁇ PC2 buffer, 200 ⁇ M each dNTP, 50 pMol each primer, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 and 0.15 U cloned Pfu thermostable polymerases.
  • Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., nine minutes); 45 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (55° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes), followed by a final extension at 72° C. for seven minutes.
  • the samples were pooled and digested with restriction enzymes, generating overhangs compatible with the plasmids which had also been linearized using the same enzymes.
  • the PCR fragment and plasmids were purified (QIAquickTM PCR Purification kit; Qiagen Corp.), ligated, and transformed into E. coli DH5 ⁇ cells (Novagen).
  • the predicted amino terminal consisted of the vector-encoded sequence MGTTTTTTSLHM (SEQ ID NO: 137) followed immediately by the sequence beginning at Glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO. 120).
  • the protein expressed from the second plasmid would consist only a vector-encoded Met followed by Glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO: 120). Clones containing the appropriate plasmids were identified, and plasmids were isolated from small-scale broth cultures using QIAprep Spin Miniprep kits (Qiagen Corp.). These plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21 cells, and separate clones were identified that contained the appropriate plasmids.
  • E. coli BL21 cells that express recombinant OprF (fused at its N-terminus to SEQ ID NO: 137) were utilized for expression studies.
  • a frozen stock was thawed, seeded at a 1:5000 dilution into 2 ⁇ YT medium containing 50 ⁇ g/ml kanamycin sulfate (1.6% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 0.5 NaCL), and grown in a 5 liter working volume BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific; Edison, N.J.) at 29° C. with a 100 rpm agitation rate until A 625 was 2.5-3.5. The cultures were then shifted to 42° C. to induce OprF expression. The culture was incubated for an additional 3 hours. Aliquots were removed at various time points, centrifuged, and re-suspended in reducing sample buffer. All samples were analyzed on a 10% NuPAGE gel (Invitrogen, USA) ( FIG. 5 ).
  • a 5 liter batch of P. gulae B43 was grown in a fermentor as described above and split into 1 liter portions.
  • the cells in each 1 liter fraction (4.4 ⁇ 10 12 total P. gulae B43 cells) were inactivated by the following treatments: exposure to 0.4% formalin for 24 hours at 23° C., exposure to 10 mM binary ethylene-imine (BEI) at pH 8.5 for 48 hours at 37° C., heating to 60° C. for 30 minutes on two consecutive days, and exposure to air for 48 hours.
  • the BEI was inactivated by treatment with 50 mM sodium thiosulfate.
  • the cells were collected by centrifugation.
  • the resultant cells pellets were re-suspended in 220 ml PBS yielding a final concentration of 2 ⁇ 10 10 cells per ml. Seven ml of each of the inactivated cells was mixed with 7 ml of MPL+TDM adjuvant (Sigma Corp.) yielding a final concentration of 1.0 ⁇ 10 10 cells per ml.
  • mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of the above mentioned inactivated P. gulae B43 cells in MPL+TDM adjuvant three weeks apart. The mice were infected as previously described with P. gulae B43 two weeks following the booster immunization. Forty-two days following the infection, the mice were sacrificed and processed as previously described. Table 5 shows the numerical results of bone loss measurements.
  • gingivalis 53977 with Freunds adjuvant E Formalin Pg 53977 0.0932 0.0109 0.00271 0.0246 56.7 NA inactivated P. gingivalis 53977 with RIBI MPL + TDM adjuvant F
  • Formalin Pg B43 0.082 0.0128 0.00319 0.0134 NA 54.9 inactivated P. gulae B43 with RIBI MPL + TDM adjuvant G BEI inactivated Pg B43 0.107 0.0151 0.0039 0.0384 NA 157.4 P. gulae B43 with RIBI MPL + TDM adjuvant H Heat Pg B43 0.0845 0.0113 0.00281 0.0159 NA 65.2 inactivated P.
  • FIGS. 6 , 7 , and 8 graphically display these results.
  • FIG. 7 shows the percent bone loss for the control experiment.
  • Vaccines containing formalin-inactivated P. gingivalis 53977 and either Freund's complete/incomplete or MPL+TDM adjuvants reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gingivalis 53977 by approximately 32% and 43%, respectively.
  • FIG. 8 shows the percent bone loss for the test experiment.
  • Vaccines containing either formalin-, heat-, or air-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gulae B43 by approximately 45%, 35%, and 75%, respectively.
  • mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of either formalin-inactivated P. gulae 643 or formalin-inactivated P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106 cells in MPL+TDM adjuvant three weeks apart.
  • the mice were infected as previously described with either P. gulae B43 , P. gulae B69 , P. salivosa B104, or P. denticanis B106 two weeks following the booster immunization. Forty-two days following the infection, the mice were sacrificed and processed as previously described. Table 6 shows the numerical results of bone loss measurements.
  • a Percentage bone loss is calculated for the P. gulae B43 infected mice.
  • b Percentage bone loss is calculated for the P. gulae B69 infected mice.
  • c Percentage bone loss is calculated for the P. salivosa B104 infected mice.
  • d Percentage bone loss is calculated for the P. denticanis B106 infected mice. e NA, not applicable.
  • FIGS. 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , and 13 graphically display these results.
  • FIG. 9 shows the net bone loss for these experiments.
  • FIG. 10 shows the percent bone loss for the P. gulae B43 infected groups.
  • Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gulae B43 by approximately 84%.
  • FIG. 11 shows the percent bone loss for the P. gulae B69 infected groups.
  • the formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and formalin-inactivated P. salivosa B104 /P. denticanis B106 vaccines containing MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P.
  • FIG. 12 shows the percent bone loss for the P. salivosa B104 infected groups.
  • Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by P. salivosa B104 by approximately 65%.
  • FIG. 13 shows the percent bone loss for the P. denticanis B106 infected groups.
  • Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 with MPL+TDM adjuvant failed to cross protect against challenge with P. denticanis B106. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the formalin-inactivated P.
  • gulae B43 vaccine adjuvanted with MPL+TDM was capable of providing protection not only from homologous challenge, but also from heterologous challenge with P. gulae B69. Moreover, protection was observed between two Porphyromonas species as the P. gulae B43 vaccine protected against P. salivosa B104 challenge. Extrapolating this data into the clinical setting, a multi-valent vaccine would likely be efficacious in the prophylactic prevention of periodontal disease and may well prove efficacious in the therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease.
  • mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of either recombinantly expressed, purified P. gulae B43 FimA or recombinantly expressed, purified P. gulae B43 OprF in QuilA/Cholesterol adjuvant three weeks apart. The mice were bled prior to the first vaccination and two weeks following the booster immunization. Table 7 shows the numerical results while FIGS. 14 and 15 show the results graphically.
  • the root canal was flushed from the inside out, using an endodontic needle (27ga., Dentsply Pharmaceutical; York, Pa.) and copious amounts of sterile saline.
  • the access area and canal were dried with sterile paper points.
  • the challenge material was prepared by growing Porphyromonas gulae strain B69 on Brucella blood agar (Anaerobe Systems; Morgan Hill, Calif.), and incubating at 37° C. in an anaerobic environment (5% H 2 , 5% CO 2 , 90% N 2 ). Cells were harvested and resuspended in sterile SSYG media. A challenge dose of approximately 7.5 ⁇ 10 8 colony forming units (CFU) was then introduced into the exposed root canal cavity of the selected teeth with an endodontic needle. Five animals received the challenge material (T01), while the other five received a sham challenge consisting of sterile SSYG media (T02). The access port was then sealed with a combination of glass ionomer and light-cured dental composite restorative (Revolution 3; 3M).
  • Periopathogenicity of the challenge organisms was determined based on changes in the density of periodontal bone surrounding the teeth. This assessment was made by measuring pixel intensities of digital radiographs taken using Schick Computed Dental Radiography (CDR®) sensors and software at study weeks 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Radiographs of six to eight teeth were taken in each animal. In order to obtain baseline values, radiographs were taken immediately prior to the procedure. Following challenge, radiographs were taken every three weeks for twelve weeks post-challenge. Radiographs were analyzed via two different methods. The first consisted of a subjective assessment of the radiographs by a veterinarian trained in the analysis of dental radiographs.
  • the trivalent bacterin contained formalin-inactivated Porphyromonas gulae (B43), Porphyromonas salivosa (B104), and Wernerella denticanis (B106), adjuvanted with Quil A and cholesterol at 50 ⁇ g of each per dose.
  • Each bacterin strain was assembled at an approximate concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 10 CFU/vaccine dose.
  • Three groups of eight animals with adult dentition were used in this study. Dogs in the first group (T01) were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with 1 ml of the trivalent vaccine.
  • the second (T02) and third (T03) groups were sham vaccinated with 1 ml of sterile saline. All dogs received three intramuscularly (IM) administrations, with a three week interval between administrations. Three weeks following the final administration, animals were anaesthetized as described above, and the challenge material was introduced into the root canal of the mandibular premolars and first molars following extirpation of the root material. Dogs in the T01 and T02 groups were challenged with 1 ⁇ 10 10 CFU of a heterologous P. gulae strain (B69), prepared as described in Example 1. Dogs in the T03 group were challenged with sterile media, in an effort to measure effects of the procedure.
  • IM intramuscularly
  • Radiographs were taken using a Heliodont dental radiograph machine, Schick® CDR (computerized digital radiography) capture system, and standard techniques at three, six, nine, and twelve weeks following challenge.
  • digital radiographs were obtained, sequential images from each dog were first registered against each other through ImageJ (v1.28, NIH; Bethesda, Md.), using the plug-in TurboReg® with a scaled rotation technique. Registered image sets were then calibrated using an external gray scale with a 3 rd -degree polynomial function. The area of bone surrounding treated teeth, excluding teeth and air, was then outlined and the mean density of that area was recorded for each image. Thus, a number representing the “whiteness” of the bone surrounding the tooth roots was derived objectively and made available for analysis. This number was termed the “bone reactivity score” and is a representation of the mean bone density.
  • the results from this study are shown in FIG. 17 .
  • the mean bone scores for animals in group T02 decreased, or became whiter, following challenge until week 12 post-challenge, when they returned to pre-challenge levels.
  • Mean bone reactivity scores in group T01 and T03 also decreased initially, then appeared to recover to near normal values until week 12 post-challenge, when they diverged.
  • the procedural controls in group T03 became whiter, while the vaccinated animals in group T01 maintained a mean value similar to pre-challenge levels.
  • dogs that received the vaccine were able to recover bone density more quickly than unvaccinated dogs in the face of an endodontic challenge.
  • analysis of serum collected at each of the observation points indicated that animals which received vaccine generated high antibody titers against the vaccine strains and had increased antibody cross-reactivity against the challenge strain (data not shown).
  • the mixed lytic-sclerotic lesions are typical of those seen with several bone infections, but are influenced by 1) the virulence of the pathogen, 2) the age of the animal, 3) the genetics of the animal, and 4) the amount of trauma associated with the instigation of inflammation.
  • Example 3 This vaccine efficacy study was similar in design to that described in Example 3.
  • Each treatment group contained ten animals. Dogs in the T01 group were vaccinated and challenged; the T02 group received a sham vaccination prior to challenge, and the T03 group was sham vaccinated and sham challenged.
  • Each vaccine contained formalin-inactivated P. gulae strain B43 , P. salivosa strain B104, and W. denticanis strain B106, at a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 7 CFU of each strain per dose.
  • the vaccination schedule was identical to that set forth in Example 3.
  • the challenge inoculum was P. gulae strain B69, administered 3 weeks following the third vaccination. Radiographs were again taken at 3 week intervals, but only until nine weeks post-challenge, and were analyzed in a similar manner as described in Example 2.
  • FIG. 18 indicates the results of the bone reactivity analysis.
  • Group T01 was vaccinated with a combination of the trivalent bacterin (prepared as described in Examples 3 and 4) at a concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 8 CFU of total antigen and adjuvanted with Quil A and cholesterol at 50 ⁇ g of each per dose, and the following modified live and killed viral components: Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPI), and Canine Coronavirus (CCV).
  • Group T02 received the trivalent bacterin at a concentration of 3 ⁇ 10 6 CFU and the same combination of viral components.
  • the results in FIG. 20 illustrate that the trivalent vaccine, when added to a combination of viral components typically administered to puppies, did not cause adverse systemic or local reactions in the test groups.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to novel bacterial isolates identified by their 16S rRNA DNA, that cause periodontal disease in companion animals, polynucleotide sequences contained therein, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotide sequences and vaccines comprising such bacteria, polynucleotides, or polypeptides. Also provided are methods for treating and preventing periodontal disease and kits for detecting and treating periodontal disease kits for detecting and preventing periodontal disease. In addition, methods for assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against periodontal diseases in an animal are provided.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
  • This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/851,965, filed May 21, 2004, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 10/323,069, filed Dec. 18, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/342,999 filed Dec. 21, 2001, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to novel bacterial isolates identified by their 16S rRNA DNA, that cause periodontal disease in companion animals, polynucleotide sequences contained therein, polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotide sequences and vaccines comprising such bacterial isolates that have been inactivated or attenuated, polynucleotides or polypeptides. Also provided are methods for treating and preventing periodontal disease and kits for detecting, treating, and preventing periodontal disease. In addition, methods for assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against periodontal diseases in an animal are provided.
    • BACKGROUND ART
  • The vast majority of experimental data concerning periodontal diseases is based on studies of humans or bacteria isolated from humans. Relatively little is known with respect to periodontal disease in non-human animals, such as companion animals, and in particular, dogs and cats.
  • Periodontal disease comprises a group of infections involving supporting tissues of the teeth. These range in severity from mild and reversible inflammation of the gingiva (gum) to chronic destruction of periodontal tissues (gingiva, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) with eventual exfoliation of teeth.
  • From a microbiological standpoint, several features of this disease are of interest. The bacterial etiology is complex, with a variety of organisms responsible for the initiation and progression of disease in humans. Many, if not all, of these organisms may also be present in periodontally healthy individuals and can exist in commensal harmony with the host. Thus, disease episodes may ensue from a shift in the ecological balance between bacterial and host factors, as a result of, for example, alteration in the absolute or relative numbers of certain organisms, changes in pathogenic potential, or modulation of particular host factors. The local environment imposes a variety of unique constraints upon the constituent microbiota of the supragingival tooth surface and the subgingival crevice (the channel between the tooth root and the gingiva that deepens into a periodontal pocket as disease progresses).
  • Both the calcified hard tissues of the tooth and the epithelial cells of the gingival are available for colonization. These tissues are exposed to host salivary secretions and gingival crevicular fluid (a serum exudate), both of which contain molecules that interact directly with bacteria and alter prevailing environmental conditions. In addition, it is known that in humans, successful colonizers of the teeth and subgingival area must coexist with many (over 600) other species of bacteria that inhabit these regions. Study of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in humans is thus complicated by the ecological intricacy of the microenvironment.
  • The classification of the various manifestations of periodontal disease in humans is continually changing, and it will suffice to mention that diseases range in severity, rate of progression, and number of teeth affected and that different age groups can be susceptible following the eruption of primary teeth. The nature of the pathogenic agents varies among these disease entities, as well as among human patients and even between different disease sites within a patient. In general, however, severe forms of the disease are associated with a number of gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. Of this group, in humans, most evidence points to a pathogenic role for Porphyromonas (formerly Bacteroides) gingivalis. The presence of this organism, acting either alone or as a mixed infection with other bacteria, and possibly in concert with the absence of beneficial species and certain immunological responses in the host, appears to be essential for disease activity.
  • Colonization of the oral cavity requires that the bacteria first enter the mouth and then localize at and attach to the available surfaces. Host factors which function to prevent bacterial colonization include the mechanical shearing forces of tongue movement along with saliva and gingival crevicular fluid flow. Successful oral colonizers therefore possess a variety of attributes to overcome host protective mechanisms. The sessite plaque biofilm that subsequently accumulates on the hard and soft tissues of the mouth is a dynamic system composed of diverse microbial species. In humans, P. gingivalis is usually among the late or secondary colonizers of the oral cavity, requiring antecedent organisms to create the necessary environmental conditions.
  • Initial entry of P. gingivalis into the human oral cavity is thought to occur by transmission from infected individuals. Other vectors would therefore also appear to be operational. These studies indicate that individuals are colonized by a single (or at least a predominant) genotype, regardless of site of colonization or clinical status. Strains of many different clonal origins, in contrast, are present in different individuals. This supports the concept that P. gingivalis is essentially an opportunistic pathogen, with virulence not being restricted to a particular clonal type.
  • The human oral cavity provides a variety of surfaces to which P. gingivalis can adhere. There are the mineralized hard tissues of the teeth, along with mucosal surfaces including those of the gingiva, cheek, and tongue.
  • While a great deal is known about periodontal disease in humans, as described above, very little is known about the same disease in companion animals. Fournier, D. et al., “Porphorymonas gulae sp. nov., an Anaerobic, Gram-negative, Coccibacillus from the Gingival Sulcus of Various Animal Hosts”, International Journal of a Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 1179-1189 describe several strains isolated from various animal hosts, including a strain, P. gulae spp. nov., designated ATCC 57100. The authors hypothesize that strains for the animal biotype of P. gingivalis represent a Porphyromonas species that is distinct from P. gingivalis. There is no mention of a vaccine useful in treating periodontal disease in companion animals. Hirasawa and Takada, in “Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles”, International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology, pp. 637-640, (1994), describe two bacterial species isolated from gingival crevicular fluids of beagles. These species are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,039 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,063. Nowhere do the authors suggest the use of these species in a vaccine to treat periodontal disease. International Application PCT/AU98/01023, having publication number WO 99/29870, described various P. gingivalis polypeptides and nucleotides. However, no evidence of vaccines effective in preventing periodontal disease in companion animals is provided. Even though there is a great amount of information known about the human disease, little has been accomplished by way of preventing or treating the disease, even in humans.
  • There remains a need for a safe and effective vaccine for treating and preventing periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • Genco et al. (Trends in Microbiology 6: 444-449, 1998) describe a rat model for investigating Porphyromonas gingivicanis-mediated periodontal disease. Grecca et al. (J. Endodontics 27: 610, 2001) describe radiographic evaluation of periradicular repair after endodontic treatment of dog's teeth with induced periradicular periodontitis.
  • Prior to the present invention, there has been no animal model available for assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria in a defined and quantitative manner.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria having a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis designated as dog 20B.
  • In one embodiment, the bacteria is selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of Porphyromonas gingivalis designated as dog 20B.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to prepare a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an immunologically effective amount of at least one bacteria which has been inactivated or attenuated, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700. Preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to prepare a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the polypeptide is encoded by a polynucleotide molecule isolated from the bacteria provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700. Preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • In a further embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria which causes, either directly or in combination with other pathogenic agents, periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the bacteria can be used to produce a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the vaccine comprises an isolated polynucleotide molecule which encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, wherein the polynucleotide molecule is isolated from the bacteria, provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700. Preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence at least about 95% homologous to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94. More preferably, the bacteria has a 16S rRNA DNA sequence comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94.
  • The companion animal is preferably a dog or a cat.
  • In another aspect, the present invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence isolated from a bacteria selected from the group consisting of a bacterium having the identifying characteristics of Porphyromonas gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontatis B114 provided that the bacteria is not a strain of P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • In one embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule is isolated from a bacterium, wherein the bacterium is selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivals B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114.
  • In another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide encodes for a polypeptide.
  • In yet another embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide encodes ribosomal RNA or transfer RNA.
  • In yet a further embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising any of the nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94 and homologues having at least 95% homology thereto, provided that the nucleotide sequence is not the 16S rRNA DNA from bacteria P. gulae sp. nov. designated ATCC 51700.
  • Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising any of the nucleotide sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, (fimA or oprF, respectively), which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • Also preferred is the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, homologues having at least 95% homology thereto, which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • In a further embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119 or fragments or variants thereof, which sequence encodes a polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, or complements thereto.
  • In yet a further embodiment, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111-119, or complements thereto. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide sequence, wherein said sequence comprises the sequence of fimA, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102, a fragment or variant thereof, which fragment or variant has at least about 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity thereto. Also preferred is the isolated polynucleotide molecule, wherein said sequence comprises the sequence of oprf, selected from, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 111 to 119, a fragment or variant thereof, which fragment or variant has at least about 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • Preferably, the fragment or variant of the polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention is at least about 98% homologous thereto.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to fimA, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 95 to 102, or the complement thereof.
  • In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to oprF, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS, 111 to 119, or the complement thereof.
  • The present invention also provides an isolated polynucleotide molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of about 30 nucleotides, which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to a DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least about 10 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 109 to 119, or its complement. Preferably, the isolated polynucleotide molecule comprises at least about 90 nucleotides, which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to a DNA molecule having a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least about 30 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, or its complement.
  • In another aspect, the present invention provides the isolated polynucleotide according to the present invention operably linked to a heterologous promoter. The isolated polynucleotide can further comprise an origin of replication active in a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell.
  • In another aspect, the present invention provides a recombinant expression vector comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, fragments or variants thereof, operably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a plasmid comprising a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of any of the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119, fragments or variants thereof, operably linked to a promoter sequence.
  • In a further aspect, the present invention provides a host cell comprising the isolated polynucleotide sequence, vector or plasmid according to the present invention.
  • Preferably, the host cell is E. coli BL21 and said polynucleotide further comprises the expression vector pBAD/HisA or a λ expression plasmid.
  • In a further aspect, the present invention provides, a method for the production of recombinant FimA or, OprF, selected from any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 or 120 to 128, or fragments or variants thereof, said method comprising (1) growing the cells of claim 36 under conditions in which a polypeptide comprising FimA, OprF, or fragments or variants thereof is expressed, and (2) recovering said polypeptide. The polypeptide can be recovered in soluble or insoluble form.
  • In another aspect, the isolated polypeptide of the present invention is immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals and comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128.
  • In one embodiment, the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128 and homologues having at least 95%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity thereto.
  • In another embodiment the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an amino acid sequence depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, or fragments or variants thereof.
  • In yet another embodiment, the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals having an amino acid sequence encoded by a DNA molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence which hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to any of the sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119.
  • In yet a further embodiment, the isolated polypeptide immunologically effective as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, which polypeptide comprises at least about 10 contiguous amino acids comprises a fragment of any of the polypeptide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, which polypeptide is immunologically effective, either alone or linked to a carrier, as a vaccine for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals. Preferably, the isolated polypeptide comprises at least about 25 amino acids.
  • Preferably, the isolated polypeptide, for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, encoded by a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which comprises the sequence of fimA (SEQ ID NOS. 95 to 102).
  • Also preferred, the isolated polypeptide, for preventing or treating periodontal disease in companion animals, encoded for by a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence which comprises the sequence of oprF (SEQ ID NOS: 111 to 119).
  • In a preferred embodiment the isolated polypeptide is a recombinantly expressed polypeptide, which polypeptide is selected from the group consisting of FimA (SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110) and OprF (SEQ ID NOS: 120 to 128).
  • In another embodiment, the recombinantly expressed polypeptide is fused to a carrier polypeptide. The fusion polypeptide is preferably essentially a poly-histidine or poly-threonine sequence.
  • In a further aspect, the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated pigmented anaerobic bacteria according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • In another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated pigmented anaerobic bacteria, at least one other bacteria or a virus, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier
  • In another aspect, the present invention provides a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • In yet another aspect, the present invention provides vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polypeptide according to the present invention, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Preferably, the vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprises an immunologically effective amount of FimA and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Also preferred is a vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of OprF and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • The bacteria for use in the vaccines of the present invention may be selected from the group consisting of Porphyromonas gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106 and P. endodontalis B114.
  • In still another embodiment the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one inactivated isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally an adjuvant.
  • In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally, an adjuvant.
  • In still a further embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine composition for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an immunologically effective amount of at least one polypeptide according to the present invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and optionally, an adjuvant.
  • In another aspect the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising administering to a companion animal in need thereof, a vaccine composition according to the present invention.
  • In another aspect the present invention provides a method for diagnosing periodontal disease in companion animals by analyzing a sample for bacteria, polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present invention, wherein the presence of the bacteria, polypeptides, or polynucleotides are indicative of disease. Preferably, the analyzing step includes analyzing the sample using a method selected from the group consisting of PCR, hybridization, and antibody detection.
  • In yet another aspect the present invention provides a kit comprising, in at least one container, a composition for treating and preventing periodontal disease in companion animals comprising an effective amount of at least one inactivated isolated pigmented anaerobic bacteria, polypeptide, or polynucleotides of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; wherein the kit further comprises a set of printed instructions indicating that the kit is useful for treating or preventing periodontal disease in companion animals. The kit may further comprises a means for dispensing said composition.
  • In still another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising in a second container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, wherein the kit further comprises a set of instructions indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp. Such a method may be used generally in all mammals, including humans.
  • In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acids, which polypeptide is encoded by any of the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 and a statement indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp. The kit may further comprise a second polypeptide, wherein the second polypeptide is an antibody which is conjugated to an enzyme that catalyzes a calorimetric or The enzyme is preferably selected from the group consisting of alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase. The kit may further comprise reagents for a colorimetric or chemiluminescent assay.
  • In a further aspect, the present invention provides a hybridization kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, or its complement, wherein the hybridization is specific to Porphyromonas spp. and wherein the kit further comprises a set of instructions indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp. Preferably, the hybridization is performed under highly stringent conditions.
  • None of the bacteria, polynucleotides, polypeptides, vaccine, vaccine compositions or kits of the present invention comprise any of the bacteria, polynucleotides or peptides described in Fournier, D. et al., “Porphorymonas gulae sp. nov., an Anaerobic, Gram-negative, Coccibacillus from the Gingival Sulcus of Various Animal Hosts”, International Journal of a Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2001), 51, 1179-1189, including a strain, P. gulae spp. nov., designated ATCC 57100, Hirasawa and Takada, “Porphyromonas gingivicanis sp. nov. and Porphyromonas crevioricanis sp. nov., Isolated from Beagles”, International Journal of Systemic Bacteriology, pp. 637-640, (1994), U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,039 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,063, or International Application PCT/AU98/01023, having publication number WO 99/29870.
  • In still a further aspect, the present invention provides methods of assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria in an animal, particularly in a dog.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the results of a growth study identifying an “animal product-free” medium that supports the growth of Porphyromonas gulae B43. The following medium were tested: ME-complete, ME-hemin, ME-vitamin K, ME-both hemin and vitamin K, PYG-complete, PYG-hemin, PYG-vitamin K, PYG-both hemin and vitamin K, and BHI.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing mean bone loss in mice resulting from super infection with the indicated Porphyromonas sp.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing percent bone loss in mice resulting from super infection with the indicated Porphyromonas sp.
  • FIGS. 4A and B are photographs showing in FIG. 4A, an SDS PAGE, and in FIG. 4B a Western blot analysis, using the anti-Xpress™ epitope serum (Invitrogen), of recombinant P. gulae B43 FimA expressed in E. coli BL21 from pBAD-HisA.
  • FIG. 5 is a photograph showing SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant P. gulae B43 OprF expressed in E. coli BL21 cells from a lambda expression plasmid.
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results of a homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon net bone loss;
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing a P. gingivalis 53977 homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing a P. gulae B43 homologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph showing the results of a heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon net bone loss.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the results for P. gulae B43 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 11 is a graph showing the results for P. gulae B69 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 12 is a graph showing the results for P. salivosa B104 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss;
  • FIG. 13 is a graph showing the results for P. denticanis B106 challenge groups of the heterologous vaccine efficacy study based upon percent bone loss.
  • FIG. 14 is a graph showing the serological results of mice vaccinated with recombinant P. gulae B43 FimA or saline utilizing a FimA specific ELISA.
  • FIG. 15 is a graph showing the serological results of mice vaccinated with recombinant P. gulae B43 OprF or saline utilizing an OprF specific ELISA.
  • FIG. 16 is a graph showing bone loss at 0, 6, and 12 weeks post challenge. The T01 group is represented by dogs 3559424, 3592669, 3672859, 3673375, and 3691926; the T02 group is represented by dogs 3389600, 3628884, 3653552, 3657396, 3690164.
  • FIG. 17 is a graph showing bone reactivity scores for the T01, T02, and T03 groups at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks post-challenge. Statistical significance of treatment effects are also indicated.
  • FIG. 18 is a graph showing bone reactivity scores for the T01, T02, and T03 groups at 0, 3, 6, and 9 weeks post-challenge. The statistical significance between the T01 and T02 groups is indicated.
  • FIGS. 19A-19D are radiographic images from a single dog in the T01 (vaccinates) group at (19A) 0, (19B) 3, (19C) 6, and (19D) 9 weeks post-challenge.
  • FIGS. 19E-19H are radiographic images from a single dog in the T02 (non-vaccinates) group at (19E) 0, (19F) 3, (19G) 6, and (19H) 9 weeks post-challenge.
  • FIGS. 20A-20C are graphs showing average systemic reactions for the T01 and T02 groups; scores are based upon a graded assessment of the level of physical activity of all dogs in each respective group.
  • FIGS. 20D-20F are graphs showing average local reactions for the T01 and T02 groups; scores are based upon a graded assessment of the level of swelling present at the injection site on all dogs in each respective group.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Bacterial Isolates
  • The present invention provides isolated anaerobic bacteria, identified by their 16S rRNA DNA sequences, which cause periodontal disease and various other diseases and clinical manifestations in companion animals. More specifically, the bacteria are selected from the genus Porphyromonas.
  • Preferably, the isolated bacteria of the present invention include P. gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114, although other species or strains are encompassed by the invention. In a preferred embodiment, the isolated bacteria of the present invention can be identified by their 16S rRNA DNA sequences shown in SEQ ID Nos. 86 to 94.
  • The diseases caused by infection with the bacteria of the present invention include, but are not limited to, companion animal periodontal disease, companion animal oral malodor (halitosis), bovine foot rot, canine coronary heart disease and canine systemic infections. Bacteria within the genus Porphyromonas have also been connected with various human diseases, including coronary heart disease, parotitis, oral malodor, gingivitis, periodontis, stroke, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, bacterial vaginosis, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), and increased incidence of pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants.
  • The present invention provides isolated polynucleotide and isolated polypeptide molecules of Porphyromonas spp. More particularly, the invention provides isolated polynucleotide molecules having the nucleotide sequence of Porphyromonas spp. fimA and oprF genes or degenerate variants thereof and isolated polypeptide molecules having the amino acid sequences of the FimA and OprF proteins encoded by such genes, respectively.
  • The present invention also provides polynucleotide sequences having at least about 90% homology, preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least 99%, sequence identity to any of SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 as determined using any known standard identity algorithm. In addition, the present invention provides polynucleotide sequences that hybridize under stringent conditions to the complement of any of the polynucleotide sequences shown in SEQ ID NOS: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119.
  • In another specific embodiment, a nucleic acid which is hybridizable to any of the polynucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID No. 86 to 102 and 111 to 119, or their complements, under conditions of high stringency is provided. By way of example and not limitation, procedures using such conditions of high stringency for regions of hybridization of over 90 nucleotides are as follows. Prehybridization of filters containing DNA is carried out for 8 h to overnight at 65° C. in buffer composed of 6×SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% BSA, and 500 μg/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA. Filters are hybridized for 48 h at 65° C. in prehybridization mixture containing 100 μg/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA and 5-20×106 cpm of 32P-labeled probe. Washing of filters is done at 37° C. for 1 h in a solution containing 2×SSC, 0.01% PVP, 0.01% Ficoll, and 0.01% BSA. This is followed by a wash in 0.1×SSC at 50° C. for 45 min before autoradiography.
  • Other conditions of high stringency which may be used depend on the nature of the nucleic acid (e.g. length, GC content etc.) and the purpose of the hybridization (detection, amplification, etc.) and are well known in the art. For example, stringent hybridization of an oligonucleotide of approximately 15-40 bases to a complementary sequence in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is done under the following conditions: a salt concentration of 50 mM KCl, a buffer concentration of 10 mM Tris-HCl, a Mg2+ concentration of 1.5 mM, a pH of 7-7.5 and an annealing temperature of 55-60° C.
  • In a preferred specific embodiment, after hybridization, wash conditions are as follows. Each membrane is washed two times each for 30 minutes each at 45° C. in 40 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 5% SOS, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5% bovine serum albumin, followed by four washes each for 30 minutes in sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA. For high stringency hybridization, the membranes are additionally subjected to four washes each for 30 minutes in 40 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA at 55° C., followed by four washes each for 30 minutes in sodium phosphate, pH 7.2, 1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA at 65° C.
  • The present invention further provides vaccines and vaccine formulations which, when administered to a companion animal in a therapeutically effective amount, are useful in treating or preventing (i.e., conferring resistance) to periodontal disease in a companion animal.
  • In one embodiment, the present invention provides a vaccine that comprises at least one attenuated (modified live) or inactivated whole cell Porphyromonas spp. preparation (bacterin). In a preferred embodiment the present invention provides a vaccine that contains an inactivated whole cell preparation of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, the combination of P. gulae B43, P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106. The bacterial cells can be inactivated using a variety of agents, such as formalin, binary ethyleneimine (BEI) or beta-propriolactone. Preferably, formalin is used as the inactivating agent.
  • In another embodiment, the vaccine comprises a subunit fraction of a Porphyromonas spp. capable of inducing an immune response.
  • In a preferred embodiment the vaccine of the present invention comprises one or more subunit polypeptides or fragments or variants thereof or one or more isolated polynucleotide sequences or fragments or variants thereof.
  • The attenuated (modified live) or inactivated vaccines (bacterins), or isolated subunit polypeptides, or isolated polynucleotides can be present in combination with other known vaccine formulation components such as with compatible adjuvants, diluents, or carriers.
    • DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
  • The term “ORF” indicates “open reading frame”, i.e. the coding region of a gene.
  • The term “Percentage of sequence identity” for nucleotide sequences and polypeptide sequences is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein optimal alignment provides the highest order match and can introduce nucleotide or amino acid additions or to the test or reference sequence. The percentage identity is determined by calculating the percentage of nucleotides-that are identical between the test and reference sequence at each position over the entire sequence. Optimal sequence alignment and percentage identity can be determined manually, or more preferably by a computer algorithm including but not limited to TBLASTN, BLASTP, FASTA, TFASTA, GAP, BESTFIT, and CLUSTALW (Altschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215(3):403-10; Pearson and Lipman, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85(8):2444-8; Thompson, et al., 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22(22):4673-80; Devereux et al., 1984, Nuc. Acids. Res. 12:387-395); Higgins, et al., 1996, Methods Enzymol. 266:383-402). Preferably, the NCBI Blast Server (http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov) set at the default parameters is used to search multiple databases for homologous sequences.
  • The term “heterologous”, when used herein means derived from a different bacterial species or strain.
  • The term “homology”, “homologous”, and the like, when used herein means the degree of identity shared between polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences.
  • The term “homologous”, when used in reference to a bacterial species means the same bacterial species or strain.
  • The term “host cell”, when used herein means a bacteria or eukaryotic cell that harbors a plasmid, virus, or other vector.
  • The term “isolated” when used herein means removed from its naturally occurring environment, either alone or in a heterologous host cell, or chromosome or vector (e.g., plasmid, phage, etc.).
  • The terms “isolated anaerobic bacteria”, “isolated bacterial” “isolated bacterial strain” and the like refer to a composition in which the bacteria are substantial free of other microorganisms, e.g., in a culture, such as when separated from it naturally occurring environment.
  • The term “isolated polynucleotide” indicates a composition in which the isolated nucleotide comprises at least 50% of the composition by weight. More preferably, the isolated polynucleotide comprises about 95%, and most preferably 99% by weight of the composition.
  • The term “isolated polypeptide” indicates a composition in which the isolated polypeptide comprises at least 50% of the composition by weight. More preferably, the isolated polypeptide comprises about 95%, and most preferably 99% by weight of the composition.
  • The term “functionally equivalent” as utilized herein, refers to a recombinant polypeptide capable of being recognized by an antibody specific to native polypeptide produced by the bacteria which causes periodontal disease in companion animals, or a recombinant polypeptide capable of eliciting or causing a substantially similar immunological response as that of the native protein from the endogenous bacteria. Thus, an antibody raised against a functionally equivalent polypeptide also recognizes the native polypeptide produced by the bacteria which causes periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • The term “immunogenicity” refers to the capability of a protein or polypeptide to elicit an immune response directed specifically against the bacteria that causes periodontal disease in companion animals.
  • The term “antigenicity” refers to the capability of a protein or polypeptide to be immunospecifically bound by an antibody raised against the protein or polypeptide.
  • The term “antibody”, as used herein, refers to an immunoglobulin molecule able to bind to an antigen. Antibodies can be a polyclonal mixture or monoclonal. Antibodies can be intact immunoglobulins derived from natural sources or from recombinant sources, or can be immunoreactive portions of intact immunoglobulins. Antibodies can exist in a variety of forms including, for example, as, Fv, Fab′, F(ab′)2, as well as in single chains.
  • The term “companion animal”, as used herein, refers to any non-human animal in captivity considered to be a pet. These may include, but are not restricted to, dogs, cats, horses, sheep, rabbits, monkeys, and rodents, including mice, rats, hamsters, gerbils, and ferrets.
  • The term “protection”, “protecting”, and the like, as used herein with respect to a vaccine, means that the vaccine prevents or reduces the symptoms of the disease caused by the organism from which the antigen(s) used in the vaccine is derived. The terms “protection” and “protecting” and the like, also mean that the vaccine can be used to “treat” the disease or one of more symptoms of the disease that already exists in a subject.
  • The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of the bacteria, or a subunit, (e.g., polypeptides, polynucleotide sequences) and combinations thereof sufficient to elicit an immune response in the subject to which it is administered. The immune response can comprise, without limitation, induction of cellular and/or humoral immunity.
  • The term “preventing infection” means to prevent or inhibit the replication of the bacteria which cause periodontal disease in companion animals, to inhibit transmission of the bacteria, or to prevent the bacteria from establishing itself in its host, or to alleviate the symptoms of the disease caused by infection. The treatment is considered therapeutic if there is a reduction in bacterial load.
  • The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a carrier medium that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient and is not toxic to the subject to whom it is administered.
  • The term “therapeutic agent” refers to any molecule, compound or treatment, preferably an antibacterial molecule or compound, that assists in the treatment of a bacterial infection or a disease or condition caused thereby.
  • The term “fragment or variant thereof” refers to partial nucleotide or amino acid sequences according to the present invention, Preferably the fragments or variants of the polypeptides that are provided in the present invention are capable of eliciting a humoral and/or cellular immune response in a companion animal, Analogs are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”. Mutant polynucleotides which may possess one or more mutations which are deletions, insertions or substitutions of nucleotide residues are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”. Allelic variants are encompassed by the term “fragment or variant thereof”.
    • Isolation and Characterization of Porphyromonas spp
  • Bacteria provided by the present invention can be obtained using known sampling, culture and isolation techniques. For example, microbial samples can be obtained from a population of companion animals, such as from dogs and cats, exhibiting periodontal disease. Evidence of periodontal disease can be observed using known measures, such as dogs with periodontal pockets >3 mm and cats with periodontal pockets >2 mm. Known parameters for characterizing periodontal disease such as dental indices (gingival index and periodontal index) and periodontal pocket depths can determined for the sample population of companion animals. Individual samples can be obtained from the periodontal pocket of a particular animal, maintained under anaerobic conditions and cultured using various known culture media.
  • Clinical isolates can be characterized using known techniques such as a number of biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA DNA sequence analysis to determine their genus and species. Individual isolates can be transferred to plates and antibiotic disks (Anaerobe Systems) can be placed on the agar surface to determine the antibiotic resistance patterns of each isolate. Purified colonies can also be subjected to known indole and catalase tests (Anaerobe Systems). Lipase and lecithinase production patterns can be determined for individual isolates.
  • The isolates can be typed based on their 16S rRNA DNA sequence. Individual, well-isolated colonies can be utilized as a template for polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region using, for example, primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID NO. 1 and Seq. ID NO. 2; Table 1). The resulting PCR products can be purified using available PCR preps kits (Promega Corp.; Madison, Wis.) and pooled by isolate. The purified PCR products can then be desalted and subjected to DNA sequence analysis. The resulting DNA sequences can be used to search available DNA databases. The bacterial isolates can then be typed based on the closest match identified by database searches.
  • TABLE 1
    DNA sequence identification listing. All oligo-
    nucleotide primers were synthesized by either
    Gibco-BRL (USA) or Lark Technologies Inc. (USA).
    SEQ
    ID
    NO. Name Target DNA Sequence
      1 D0056 16S rRNA GGATTAGATACCGTGGTAGTC
      2 D0057 16S rRNA CCCGGGAACGTATTCACCG
      3 PFZ175-AP1 16S rRNA GGCTTAAGTGCCATAACGAG
      4 PFZ175-AP2 16S rRNA CTGGCGTCTTACGACGGCTG
      5 PFZ175-AP3 16S rRNA TGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTG
      6 D0067 fimA GCGCAGCAAGGCCAGCCCGG
      7 D0068 fimA GAGCGAACCCCGCTCCCTGT
      8 D0078 fimA GCGACGCTATATGCAAGACAATC
      9 D0097 fimA ggcctcgagAACAAAGACAACGAAGCAGAACCC
     10 D0098 fimA ggcaagcttACCAAATAACATTTTGTACAACACC
     11 PFZ185-AP1 fimA TCATCCGACAATCCTGTGTG
     12 PFZ185-AP2 fimA AGCAGCTGCTAAATCGGCTC
     13 PFZ185-AP3 fimA TTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAGAG
     14 PFZ185-AP4 fimA CTGCAGTCAGTTCAGTTGTC
     15 PFZ186-AP1 fimA TACGTCAACAGGCTCTGCTG
     16 PFZ186-AP2 fimA GACAACTGAACTAACTGCAG
     17 PFZ186-AP3 fimA AACATAGAAACCTTGTGGAG
     18 PFZ186-AP4 fimA TGTCGTCTGGTTGGGAAGAG
     19 PFZ186-AP5 fimA AATCTGATTGCCTCCCTGAG
     20 PFZ187-AP1 fimA GGGAACCGATTTAGCAGCAG
     21 PFZ187-AP2 fimA CCAATACAGGGTAATAGGTC
     22 PFZ187-AP3 fimA GTTGTCAATGCTTTTACCTC
     23 PFZ187-AP4 fimA GATTGAGAATATCAAATGTG
     24 PFZ187-AP5 fimA TTAGGCGTATAACCATTGTC
     25 PFZ187-AP6 fimA ATTTAACGGTGCTTACACAC
     26 PFZ187-AP7 fimA CCAATTGGCGGCCTGAGCTG
     27 PEZ187-AP8 fimA TGGCATAGTTGGTAGGTGTG
     28 PFZ187-AP9 fimA TGTAAGCACCGTTAAATGTG
     29 PFZ187-AP11 fimA CTGACAGGTTCTTTGACCAC
     30 PFZ187-AP12 fimA TGTTCCTTGGTTGAGCCGTG
     31 PFZ187-AP13 fimA GTGGTCAAAGAACCTGTCAG
     32 PFZ187-AP14 fimA CATAAACACACAGGATTGTC
     33 PFZ187-AP15 fimA TTGCTTCTTTGCAATGAGAC
     34 PFZ187-AP16 fimA AGCCATGCGAGCATGTACAC
     35 PFZ187-AP17 fimA CTGTCATGATCAAACCTGTG
     36 PFZ187-AP18 fimA ACCGTCTGCATTCACGAGTG
     37 PFZ188-AP1 fimA GCCTTCCAATGATGCTCCAC
     38 PFZ188-AP2 fimA GGACGTAGACCTGCATTCTG
     39 PFZ188-AP3 fimA CGCAATACGGGCATGAACAC
     40 PFZ188-AP4 fimA TTATGGTTATGATGGACCTC
     41 PPZ188-AP5 fimA TGGTACTCCTTTGAGTTCTG
     42 PPZ188-AP6 fimA CACACTTGCGCGGTAACCAC
     43 D0086 oprF1 ATGAAGGTAAAGTACTTAATGC
     44 D0087 oprF1 AGATGAATTACTTGGAGCGAACGAT
     45 KWK-Pg-03 oprF1 TTACTTGGAGCGAACGATTACAACACG
     46 PFZ209-AP1 oprF1 TTGGTGCAGCTCACTTCGAC
     47 PFZ209-AP2 oprF1 ACCACATCAAACATAAAGTC
     48 PFZ209-AP3 oprF1 ACATTCGGGGCATGATACAG
     49 PFZ209-AP4 oprF1 ATGCCATTGAGCCAATGGAC
     50 PFZ210-AP1 oprF1 TTGACTTCATGTTCGATGTG
     51 PFZ210-AP2 oprF1 TGCCAATGAATTTTATGCTG
     52 PFZ210-AP3 oprF1 CGCTTGGAGAGTTCTTCGAC
     53 PFZ210-AP4 oprF1 TATCAACGATCTGAATGGTC
     54 PFZ211-AP1 oprF1 AACTACTTCAAGCCCTACAG
     55 PFZ211-AP2 oprF1 CGTAACCCAAACCTACCCAC
     56 PFZ211-AP3 oprF1 ACGGGACGCTTGCTCAACTC
     57 PFZ211-AP4 oprF1 ATTGGGGCTTGGTAAATGAC
     58 PFZ211-AP5 oprF1 ATACGCTCTACACGAGGCTC
     59 PFZ212-AP1 oprF1 CCGCCATGGCTGGAGCTCAC
     60 PFZ212-AP2 oprF1 TTTGAAACCATATCCCACAC
     61 PFZ212-AP3 oprF1 AGTAACTTCAGGACATTCTG
     62 PFZ212-AP4 oprF1 ACGTCCAGTTTCTTGCCCAG
     63 PFZ213-AP1 oprF1 TTGACTTCATGTTCGATGTG
     64 PFZ213-AP2 oprF1 TTTGTGTTGGTAACCAACAC
     65 PFZ213-AP3 oprF1 ACAGGACGCTTAGAGAGCTC
     66 PFZ213-AP4 oprF1 ACGCGCTTATCAACGATCTG
     67 PFZ213-AP5 oprF1 CTTCCCAAGGAACGTGTGTG
     68 PFZ214-AP1 oprF1 ACTTTATGTTTGATGTTGTG
     69 PFZ214-AP2 oprF1 CCAACACCGAACCAAGGCAC
     70 PFZ214-AP3 oprF1 TCTCAACTCAGTATTCTCAG
     71 PFZ214-AP4 oprF1 TAACCTTAATTTTGGTCGTG
     72 PFZ215-AP1 oprF1 CACACCTACAACACTGCCAC
     73 PFZ215-AP2 oprF1 TCAAACATGAAATCATAGTG
     74 PFZ215-AP3 oprF1 CTCGGGGCAGAAAGCAGGAC
     75 PFZ215-AP4 oprF1 GACTTGAACTCTCAGATCAG
     76 KWK-Pg-06 oprF1 atgCAGGAAAATACTGTACCGGCAACG
     77 KWK-Pgu-14 oprF1 gtgtgtcatatgCAGGAAAATACTGTACC
     78 KWK-Pgu-15 oprF1 gtgtgttctagattaTTACTTGGAGCGAACG
     79 KWK-Ps-02 oprF1 ACACCTGAGACTCAGACATTGC
     80 KWK-Ps-03 oprF1 CATGCGCGAGCCTCAAAAAGC
     81 KWK-Ps-04b oprF1 CCTGCCACTCAACAGAAATCATATCAGAA
    GGAACTCC
     82 KWK-Ps-05b oprF1 CTGCTCATAAGACGGCTTTTGACCGTTCT
    GCAGG
     83 KWK-Ps-06b oprF1 CTTTTGACCGTTCTGCAGGACATTGGTTC
    TTGACTCTCC
     84 D122 fimA TGGCTAARYTGACYGTAATGGTYTA
     85 D123 fimA AGTTYACYAATACAGGRTAATAGGT
     86 P. gulae NA CACGCAGTAAACGATGATTACTAGGAGT
    B43 16S TTGCGATATACCGTCAAGCTTCCACAGC
    rRNA GAAAGCGTTAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAG
    poly- TACGCCGGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGA
    nucleotide ATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGA
    sequence ACATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGA
    GGAACCTTACCCGGGATTGAAATGTAGA
    CGACGGATGGTGAAAGCCGTCTTCCCTT
    CGGGGCGTCTATGTAGGTGCTGCATGGT
    TGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCG
    GCTTAAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCA
    CATCGGTAGTTGCTAACAGGTTTAGCTG
    AGGACTCTACCGAGACTGCCGTCGTAAG
    GCGCGAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAA
    TCAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGAC
    ACACGTGTTACAATGGGAGGGACAAAGG
    GCAGCTACCGGGCGACCGGGTGCGAATC
    TCGAAACCCTTCCCCAGTTCGGATCGGA
    GTCTGCAACTCGACTCCGTGAAGCTGGA
    TTCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGG
    CGCGGTGAATAC
     87 P. cansulci NA CACGCCGTAAACGATGATTACTCGGAGT
    B46 16S ATGCGATATGAGTGTATGCTTCTTAGCG
    rRNA AAAGCGTTAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAGT
    poly- ACGTCGGCAACGATGAAACTCAAAGGAA
    nucleotide TTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAA
    sequence CATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAG
    GAACCTTACCCGGGATTGAAATATAGAT
    GACAGGCAGCGAGAGTTGTTATCCCTTC
    GGGGCATCTATGTAGGTGCTGCATGGTT
    GTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCGG
    CTTAAGTGCCCTAACGAGCGCAACCCAC
    ATTATTAGTTACTAACAGGTTAAGCTGA
    GGACTCTAATAAGACTGCCGGCGTAAGC
    CGTGAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAAT
    CAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGACA
    CACGTGTTACAATGGTAGGGACAAAGGG
    CAGCTACCGGGCGACCGGATGCGAATCT
    CCAAACCCTATCCCAGTTCGGATCGGAG
    TCTGCAACTCGACTCTGTGAAGCTGGAT
    TCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGGC
    GCGGTGAATAC
     88 P. NA CACGCTGTAAACGATGAATACTAGATTT
    circumdentaria TTGCGATATACAGTAAGAGTCTAAGCGA
    B52 16S AAGCGATAAGTATTCCACCTGGGGAGTA
    rRNA poly- CGCCGGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGAAT
    nucleotide TGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAAC
    sequence ATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAGG
    AACCTTACCTGGGATTGAAATTTAGGAG
    AACGATTTATGAAAGTAGATTTTCCCTT
    CGGGGCTCCTAAGTAGGTGCTGCATGGT
    TGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCG
    GCTTAAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCG
    CGTTGATAGTTACTAACAGATAAAGCTG
    AGGACTCTATCGAGACAGCCGTCGTAAG
    ACGCGAGGAAGGGGCGGATGACGTCAAA
    TCAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCAGGGCGAC
    ACACGTGTTACAATGGCAAGGACAAAGG
    GAAGCCACATAGCGATATGGAGCAGATC
    CTCAAACCTTGTCCCAGTTCGGATCGGA
    GTCTGCAACTCGACTCCGTGAAGCTGGA
    TTCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGG
    CGCGGTGAATACC
     89 P. gulae NA CACGCAGTAAACGATGATTACTAGGAGT
    B69 16S TTGCGATATACCGATAAGCTTCCACAGC
    rRNA poly- GAAAGCGTTAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAG
    nucleotide TACGCCGGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGA
    sequence ATTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGA
    ACATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGA
    GGAACCTTACCCGGGATTGAAATGTAGA
    TGACAGATGGTGAAAGCCGTCTTCCCTT
    CGGGGCGTCTATGTAGGTGCTGCATGGT
    TGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCG
    GCTTAAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCA
    TATCGGTAGTTGCTAACAGGTCAAGCTG
    AGGACTCTACCGAGACTGCCGTCGTAAG
    GCGAGAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAA
    TCAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGAC
    ACACGTGTTACAATGGGAGGGACAAAGG
    GCAGCTACCGGGCGACCGGATGCGAATC
    TCGAAACCCTTCCCCAGTTCGGATCGGA
    GTCTGCAACTCGACTCCGTGAAGCTGGA
    TTCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGG
    CGCGGTGAATACC
     90 P. NA CACGCTGTAAACGATGAATACTAGATTT
    circumdentaria TTGCGATATACAGTAAGAGTCTAAGCGA
    B97 16S AAGCGATAAGTATTCCACCTGGGGAGTA
    rRNA poly- CGCCGGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGAAT
    nucleotide TGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAAC
    sequence ATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAGG
    AACCTTACCTGGGATTGAAATTTAGGAG
    AACGATTTATGAAAGTAGATTTTCCCTT
    CGGGGCTCCTAAGTAGGTGCTGCATGGT
    TGTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCG
    GCTTAAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCG
    CGTCGATAGTTACTAACAGGTAATGCTG
    AGGACTCTATCGAGACAGCCGTCGTAAG
    ACGAGAGGAAGGGGCGGATGACGTCAAA
    TCAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCAGGGCGAC
    ACACGTGTTACAATGGCAAGGACAAAGG
    GAAGCCACATAGCGATATGGAGCAGATC
    CTCAAACCTTGTCCCAGTTCGGATCGGA
    GTCTGCAACTCGACTCCGTGAAGCTGGA
    TTCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGG
    CGCGGTGAATAC
     91 P. NA CAGTAAACGATGATTACTCGGAGTATGC
    cangingivalis GATATATGGTATGCTCCCAAGGGAAACC
    B98 16S GATAAGTAATCCACCTGGGGAGTACGCC
    rRNA poly- GGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGAC
    nucleotide GGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAACATGT
    sequence GGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAGGAACC
    TTACCCGGGATTGAAATGTACATGACGG
    TTGGGCGAGAGCCTGACTTCCCTTCGGG
    GCATGTATGTAGGTGCTGCATGGTTGTC
    GTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCGGCTT
    AAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCACATC
    GTCAGTTACTAACAGGTAGAGCTGAGGA
    CTCTGACGAGACTGCCGTCGTAAGGCGC
    GAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAATCAG
    CACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGACACAC
    GTGTTACAATGGTAGGGACAAAGGGCAG
    CTACCTGGCGACAGGATGCGAATCTCCA
    AACCCTATCTCAGTTCGGATCGGAGTCT
    GCAACTCGACTCCGTGAAGCTGGATTCG
    CTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGGCGCG
    GTGAATACGTT
     92 P. salivosa NA CAGTAAACGATGATAACTGGGCGTATGC
    B104 16S GATATACAGTATGCTCCTGAGCGAAAGC
    rRNA poly- GTTAAGTTATCCACCTGGGGAGTACGCC
    nucleotide GGCAACGGTGAAACTCAAAGGAATTGAC
    sequence GGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAACATGT
    GGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAGGAACC
    TTACCCGGGATTGAAATTTAGCGGACTA
    TGTATGAAAGTACATATCCTGTCACAAG
    GCCGCTAAGTAGGTGCTGCATGGTTGTC
    GTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCGGCTT
    AAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCACGTT
    GTCAGTTACTATCGGGTAAAGCCGAGGA
    CTCTGACAAGACTGCCGTCGTAAGGCGC
    GAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGT
     93 P. denticanis NA CACGCCGTAAACGATGCTCACCGGCTCT
    B106 16S ATGCGATAAGACAGTATGGGGCTAATAG
    rRNA poly- AAATAATTAAGTGAGCCACCTGGGGAGT
    nucleotide ACGTCGGCAACGATGAAACTCAAAGGAA
    sequence TTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAA
    CATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAG
    GAACCTTACCCGGGTTTAAATGTATGTT
    GCATTATGTAGAAATACGTATTTTCTTC
    GGAACTGCATACAAGGTGCTGCATGGTT
    GTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTCGG
    GTTAAGTCCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCTT
    ATGATTAGTTGCTAACGGTTCAAGCCGA
    GCACTCTATTCACACTGCCACCGTAAGG
    TGCGAGGAAGGAGGGGATGATGTCAAAT
    CAGCACGGCCCTTATATCCGGGGCTACA
    CACGTGTTACAATGGTCGGTACAGCGGG
    TTGCATTTACGTGAGTAACAGCTAATCC
    CAAAAATCGGTCTCAGTTCGGATTGGAG
    TCTGCAACTCGACTCCATGAAGTTGGAT
    TCGCTAGTAATCGCACATCAGCCATGGT
    GCGGTGAATAC
     94 P. NA CACCGCAGTAAACGATGAATACTAGATC
    endodontalis TTTGCGATATACGGTAAGGGTCTAAGCG
    B114 16S AAAGCGATAAGTATTCCACCTGGGGAGT
    rRNA poly- ACGTCGGCAACGATGAAACTCAAAGGAA
    nucleotide TTGACGGGGGCCCGCACAAGCGGAGGAA
    sequence CATGTGGTTTAATTCGATGATACGCGAG
    GAACCTTACCCGGGATTGAAATTTAGCG
    GGCGGGCTATGAGAGTAGCCTTTCCTAC
    GGGACTGCTAAGTAGGTGCTGCATGGTT
    GTCGTCAGCTCGTGCCGTGAGGTGTTGG
    CTTAAGTGCCATAACGAGCGCAACCCAC
    GTTGATAGTTACTAACAGTTAAAGCTGA
    GGACTCTATCGAGACAGCCGGCGTAAGC
    CGTGAGGAAGGTGTGGATGACGTCAAAT
    CAGCACGGCCCTTACATCCGGGGCGACA
    CACGTGTTACAATGGTGAGGACAGCGGG
    AAGCGGCCTGGTGACAGGTAGCAGATCC
    CCAAACCTCATCCCAGTTCGGATTGGAG
    TCTGCAACTCGACTCTATGAAGCTGGAT
    TCGCTAGTAATCGCGCATCAGCCATGGC
    GCGGTGAATAC
     95 P. gulae NA TCTAAATCGAAAAAGATCCTAATAAAAC
    B43 fimA AATATTCACTTTTAAAACAAAAACGAGA
    poly- TGAAAAAGACTAAGTTTTTCTTGTTGGG
    nucleotide ACTTGCTGCCCTTGCTATGACAGCTTGT
    sequence AACAAAGACAACGAAGCAGAACCCGTTG
    TAGAAGGTAACGCTACCATTAGCGTAGT
    ATTGAAGACCAGCAATCCGAATCGTGCT
    TTCGGGGTTGCAGATGACGAAGCAAAAG
    TGGCTAAACTGACTGTAATGGTCTACAA
    GGGTGAGCAGCAGGAAGCCATCAAATCA
    GCCGAAAATGCAATTAAGGTTGAGAACA
    TCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCTCACGTACGCT
    GGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGGAATG
    GAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAGAGG
    TAAAAGCATTGACAACTGAACTAACTGC
    AGAAAACCAAGAGGCTACAGGTTTGATC
    ATGACAGCAGAGCCTGTTGACGTAACAC
    TTGTCGCCGGCAATAACTATTATGGTTA
    TGATGGAACTCAGGGAGGCAATCAGATT
    TCGCAAGGTACTCCTCTTGAAATCAAAC
    GTGTTCATGCCCGTATTGCGTTCACCAA
    GATTGAAGTGAAGATGAGCGAGTCTTAT
    GTGAACAAATACAACTTTACCCCCGAAA
    ACATCTATGCACTTGTGGCTAAGAAGAA
    GTCTAATCTATTCGGTACTTCATTGGCA
    AATAGTGATGATGCTTATTTGACCGGTT
    CTTTGACGACTTTCAACGGTGCTTATAC
    CCCTGCAAACTATACTCATGTCGTCTGG
    TTGGGAAGAGGCTACACAGCGCCTTCCA
    ATGATGCTCCACAAGGTTTCTATGTTTT
    GGAGAGTGCATACGCTCAGAATGCAGGT
    CTACGTCCTACCATTCTATGTGTAAAGG
    GTAAGCTGACAAAGCATGATGGTACTCC
    TTTGAGTTCTGAGGAAATGACAGCTGCA
    TTCAATGCCGGCTGGATTGTTGCAAACA
    ATGATCCTACGACCTATTATCCTGTATT
    AGTGAACTTTGAGAGC
     96 P. NA TAATGGAGAACAGCAGGAAGCCATCGAA
    circumdentaria TCAGCCGAAAATGCGACTAAGATTGAGA
    B52 fimA ATATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCCAACGTAC
    poly- GCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGGA
    nucleotide ATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAG
    sequence AGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGTACTGAC
    TGAAGAAAACCAAGAGGCCACAGGTTTG
    ATCATGACAGCAGAGCCAAAAGCAATCG
    TTTTGAAGGCAGGCAAGAACTATATTGG
    ATACGATGGAGCCGGAGAGGGCAACCAC
    ATTGAGAATGCTCCTCTTGAAATCAAAC
    GTGTACATGCTCGCATGGCTTTCACCGA
    AATTAAAGTACAGATGAGCGCAGCCTAC
    GATAACATTTACACATTTACCCCTGAAA
    AGATTTATGGTCTCATTGCAAAGAAGCA
    ATCTAATTTGTTCGGGGCAACACTCGTG
    AATGCAGACGCTAATTATCTGACAGGTT
    CTTTGACCACATTTAACGGTGCTTACAC
    ACCTACCAACTATGCCAATGTTCCTTGG
    TTGAGCCGTGATTACGTTGCACCTACCG
    CTGGTGCTCCTCAGGGCTTCTACGTATT
    AGAAAATGACTACTCAGCTAACAGTGGA
    ACTATTCATCCGACAATCCTGTGTGTTT
    ATGGCAAACTTCAGAAAAACGGAGCCGA
    CCTGACGGGAACCGATTTAGCAGCAGCT
    CAGGCCGCCAATTGGGTGGATGCAGAAG
    GCAAG
     97 P. gulae NA GGCGCAGCATAACCTCGACGAACTGCGA
    B69 fimA CACTATATGCAGGACAATCTCTAAATCG
    poly- AATAAAGATTCTAATAAAACAATATTCA
    nucleotide CTTTTAAAACAAAAACAAGATGAAAAAG
    sequence ACTAAGTTTTTCTTGTTGGGACTTGCTG
    CCCTTGCTATGACAGCTTGTAACAAAGA
    CAACGAAGCAGAACCCGTTGTAGAAGGT
    AACGCTACCATTAGCGTAGTATTGAAGA
    CCAGCAATCCGAATCGTGTTTTCGGGGT
    TGCAGATGACGAAGCAAAAGTGGCTAAG
    TTGACCGTAATGGTTTATAATGGAGAAC
    AGCAGGAAGCCATCGAATCAGCCGAAAA
    TGCGACTAAGATTGAGAATATGAAATGT
    GGTGCAGGCCAACGTACGCTGGTCGTAA
    TGGCCAATACGGGTGGAATGGAATTGGC
    TGGCAAGACTCTTGCAGAGGTAAAAGCA
    TTGACAACTGTACTGACTGAAGAAAACC
    AAGGGGCCACAGGTTTGATCATGACAGC
    AGAGCCAAAAGCAATCGTTTTGAAGGCA
    GGCAAGAACTATATTGGATACGATGGAG
    CCGGAGAGGGCAACCACATTGAGAATGC
    TCCTCTTGAAATCAAACGTGTACATGCT
    CGCATGGCTTTCACCGAAATTAAAGTAC
    AGATGAGCGCAGCCTACGATAACATTTA
    CACATTTACCCCTGAAAAGATTTATGGT
    CTCATTGCAAAGAAGCAATCTAATTTGT
    TCGGGGCAACACTCGTGAATGCAGACGC
    TAATTATCTGACAGGTTCTTTGACCACA
    TTTAACGGTGCTTACACACCTACCAACT
    ATGCCAATGTTCCTTGGTTGAGCCGTGA
    TTACGTTGCACCTACCGCTGGTGCTCCT
    CAGGGCTTCTACGTATTAGAAAATGACT
    ACTCAGCTAACAGTGGAACTATTCATCC
    GACAATCCTGTGTGTTTATGGCAAACTT
    CAGAAAAACGGAGCCGACCTGACGGGAA
    CCGATTTAGCAGCAGCTCAGGCCGCCAA
    TTGGGTGGATGCAGAA
     98 P. NA TAATGGAGAACAGCAGGAAGCCATCGAA
    circumdentaria TCAGCCGAAAATGCGACTAAGATTGAGA
    B97 fimA ATATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCCAACGTAC
    poly- GCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGGA
    nucleotide ATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAG
    sequence AGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGTACTGAC
    TGAAGAAAACCAAGAGGCCACAGGTTTG
    ATCATGACAGCAGAGCCAAAAGCAATCG
    TTTTGAAGGCAGGCAAGAACTATATTGG
    ATACGATGGAGCCGGAGAGGGCAACCAC
    ATTGAGAATGCTCCTCTTGAAATCAAAC
    GTGTACATGCTCGCATGGCTTTCACCGA
    AATTAAAGTACAGATGAGCGCAGCCTAC
    GATAACATTTACACATTTACCCCTGAAA
    AGATTTATGGTCTCATTGCAAAGAAGCA
    ATCTAATTTGTTCGGGGCAACACTCGTG
    AATGCAGACGCTAATTATCTGACAGGTT
    CTTTGACCACATTTAACGGTGCTTACAC
    ACCTACCAACTATGCCAATGTTCCTTGG
    TTGAGCCGTGATTACGTTGCACCTACCG
    CTGGTGCTCCTCAGGGCTTCTACGTATT
    AGAAAATGACTACTCAGCTAACAGTGGA
    ACTATTCATCCGACAATCCTGTGTGTTT
    ATGGCAAACTTCAGAAAAACGGAGCCGA
    CCTGACGGGAACCGATTTAGCAGCAGCT
    CAGGCCGCCAATTGGGTGGATGCAGAAG
    GCAAG
     99 P. NA ggcctcgagAACAAAGACAACGAAGCAG
    cangingivalis AACCCGTTGTAGAAGGTAACGCTACCAT
    B98 fimA TAGCGTAGTATTGAAGACCAGCAATCCG
    poly- AATCGTGCTTTCGGGGTTGCAGATGACG
    nucleotide AAGCAAAAGTGGCTAAACTGACTGTAAT
    sequence GGTCTACAAGGGTGAGCAGCAGGAAGCC
    ATCAAATCAGCCGAAAATGCAATTAAGG
    TTGAGAACATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCTC
    ACGTACGCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACG
    GGTGGAATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTC
    TTGCAGAGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGA
    ACTAACTGCAGAAAACCAAGAGGCTACA
    GGTTTGATCATGACAGCAGAGCCTGTTG
    ACGTAACACTTGTCGCCGGCAATAACTA
    TTATGGTTATGATGGAACTCAGGGAGGC
    AATCAGATTTCGCAAGGTACTCCTCTTG
    AAATCAAACGTGTTCATGCCCGTATTGC
    GTTCACCAAGATTGAAGTGAAGATGAGC
    GAGTCTTATGTGAACAAATACAACTTTA
    CCCCCGAAAACATCTATGCACTTGTGGC
    TAAGAAGAAGTCTAATCTATTCGGTACT
    TCATTGGCAAATAGTGATGATGCTTATT
    TGACCGGTTCTTTGACGACTTTCAACGG
    TGCTTATACCCCTGCAAACTATACTCAT
    GTCGTCTGGTTGGGAAGAGGCTACACAG
    CGCCTTCCAATGATGCTCCACAAGGTTT
    CTATGTTTTGGAGAGTGCATACGCTCAG
    AATGCAGGTCTACGTCCTACCATTCTAT
    GTGTAAAGGGTAAGCTGACAAAGCATGA
    TGGTACTCCTTTGAGTTCTGAGGAAATG
    ACAGCTGCATTCAATGCCGGCTGGATTG
    TTGCAAACAATGATCCTACGACCTATTA
    TCCTGTATTAGTGAACTTTGAGAGCAAT
    AATTACACCTACACAGGTGATGCTGTTG
    AGAAAGGGAAAATCGTTCGTAACCACAA
    GTTTGACATCAATGTGACGATCACCGGT
    CCTGGTACGAATAATC
    100 P. salivosa NA TGGCTAARTTGACTGTAATGGTTTATAA
    B104 fimA TGGAGAACAGCAGGAAGCCATCRAATCA
    poly- GCCGAAAATGCGACTAAGRTTGARRAYA
    nucleotide TCAAATGTRGTGCAGGCCAACGTACGCT
    sequence GGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGSAATG
    GAAYTGGYTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAGAGG
    TAAAAGCATTGACAACTGWACTGACTGM
    AGAAAACCAAGAGGCYRCAGGKTTGATC
    ATGACAGCAGAGCCAAAARCAATCGTTT
    TGAAGGCAGGCAAGAACTAYATTGGATA
    CRRTGGARCCGGAGAGGGYAAYCACATT
    GAGAATGMTCCTCTTRARATCAARCGTG
    TWCATGCTCGCATGGCTTTCACCGAAAT
    TAAAGTRCARATGAGCGCAGCCTACGAT
    AACATTTACACATTYRYCCCTGAAAAGA
    TTTATGGTCTCATTGCAAAGAAGCAATC
    TAATTTGTTCGGGGCAACACTCGTRAAT
    GCAGACGCTAATTATCTGACAGGTTCTT
    TGACCACATTTAACGGTGCTTACACACC
    TRCCAACTATGCCAATGTKCCTTGGYTG
    AGCCGTRATTACGTTGCACCTRCCGCYG
    RTGCTCCTCAGGGYTTCTACGTATTAGA
    AAATGACTACTCAGCTAACRGTGGAACT
    ATTCATCCGACAATCCTGTGTGTTTATG
    GCAAACTTCAGAAAAACGGAGGCGACYT
    GRCGGGARCCGATTTAGCARCWGCTCAG
    GCCGCCAATTGGGTGGATGCAGAAGGCA
    AGACCTATTACCCTGTATTRGTRAACT
    101 P. denticanis NA TAATGGAGAACAGCAGGAAGCCATCGAA
    B106 fimA TCAGCCGAAAATGCGACTAAGATTGAGA
    poly- ATATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCCAACGTAC
    nucleotide GCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGGA
    sequence ATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAG
    AGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGTACTGAC
    TGAAGAAAACCAAGAGGCCACAGGTTTG
    ATCATGACAGCAGAGCCAAAAGCAATCG
    TTTTGAAGGCAGGCAAGAACTATATTGG
    ATACGATGGAGCCGGAGAGGGCAACCAC
    ATTGAGAATGCTCCTCTTGAAATCAAAC
    GTGTACATGCTCGCATGGCTTTCACCGA
    AATTAAAGTACAGATGAGCGCAGCCTAC
    GATAACATTTACACATTTACCCCTGAAA
    AGATTTATGGTCTCATTGCAAAGAAGCA
    ATCTAATTTGTTCGGGGCAACACTCGTG
    AATGCAGACGCTAATTATCTGACAGGTT
    CTTTGACCACATTTAACGGTGCTTACAC
    ACCTACCAACTATGCCAATGTTCCTTGG
    TTGAGCCGTGATTACGTTGCACCTACCG
    CTGGTGCTCCTCAGGGCTTCTACGTATT
    AGAAAATGACTACTCAGCTAACAGTGGA
    ACTATTCATCCGACAATCCTGTGTGTTT
    ATGGCAAACTTCAGAAAAACGGAGCCGA
    CCTGACGGGAACCGATTTAGCAGCAGCT
    CAGGCCGCCAATTGGGTGGATGCAGAAG
    GCAAG
    102 P. NA CAAGGGTGAGCAGCAGGAAGCCATCAAA
    endodontalis TCAGCCGAAAATGCAATTAAGGTTGAGA
    B114 fimA ACATCAAATGTGGTGCAGGCTCACGTAC
    poly- GCTGGTCGTAATGGCCAATACGGGTGGA
    nucleotide ATGGAATTGGCTGGCAAGACTCTTGCAG
    sequence AGGTAAAAGCATTGACAACTGAACTAAC
    TGCAGAAAACCAAGAGGCTACAGGTTTG
    ATCATGACAGCAGAGCCTGTTGACGTAA
    CATTGTCGCCGGCAATAACTATTATGGT
    TATGATGGAACTCAGGGAGGCAATCAGA
    TTTCGCAAGGTACTCCTCTTGAAATCAA
    ACGTGTTCATGCCCGTATTGCGTTCACC
    AAGATTGAAGTGAAGATGAGCGAGTCTT
    ATGTGAACAAATACAACTTTACCCCCGA
    AAACATCTATGCACTTGTGGCTAAGAAG
    AAGTCTAATCTATTCGGTACTTCATTGG
    CAAATAGTGATGATGCTTATTTGACCGG
    TTCTTTGACGACTTTCAACGGTGCTTAT
    ACCCCTGCAAACTATACTCATGTCGTCT
    GGTTGGGAAGAGGCTACACAGCGCCTTC
    CAATGATGCTCCACAAGGTTTCTATGTT
    TTGGAGAGTGCATACGCTCAGAATGCAG
    GTCTACGTCCTACCATTCTATGTGTAAA
    GGGTAAGCTGACAAAGCATGATGGTACT
    CCTTTGAGTTCTGAGGAAATGACAGCTG
    CATTCAATGCCGGCTGGATTGTTGCAAA
    CAATGATCCTACG
    103 P. gulae NA MKKTKFFLLGLAALAMTACNKDNEAEPV
    B43 FimA VEGNATISVVLKTSNPNRAFGVADDEAK
    polypeptide VAKLTVMVYKGEQQEAIKSAENAIKVEN
    sequence IKCGAGSRTLVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAE
    VKALTTELTAENQEATGLIMTAEPVDVT
    LVAGNNYYGYDGTQGGNQISQGTPLEIK
    RVHARIAFTKIEVKMSESYVNKYNFTPE
    NIYALVAKKKSNLFGTSLANSDDAYLTG
    SLTTFNGAYTPANYTHVVWLGRGYTAPS
    NDAPQGFYVLESAYAQNAGLRPTILCVK
    GKLTKHDGTPLSSEEMTAAFNAGWIVAN
    NDPTTYYPVLVNFESNNYTYTGDAVEKG
    KIVRNHKFDINLTITGPGTNNPENPITE
    SANLNVNCVVAAWKGVVQNVIW
    104 P. NA NGEQQEAIESAENATKIENIKCGAGQRT
    circumdentaria LVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAEVKALTTVLT
    B52 FimA EENQEATGLIMTAEPKAIVLKAGKNYIG
    polypeptide YDGAGEGNHIENAPLEIKRVHARMAFTE
    sequence IKVQMSAAYDNIYTFTPEKIYGLIAKKQ
    SNLFGATLVNADANYLTGSLTTFNGAYT
    PTNYANVPWLSRDYVAPTAGAPQGFYVL
    ENDYSANSGTIHPTILCVYGKLQKNGAD
    LTGTDLAAAQAANWVDAEG
    105 P. gulae NA MKKTKFFLLGLAALAMTACNKDNEAEPV
    B69 FimA AA VEGNATISVVLKTSNPNRVFGVADDEAK
    VAKLTVMVYNGEQQEAIESAENATKIEN
    IKCGAGQRTLVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAE
    VKALTTVLTEENQGATGLIMTAEPKAIV
    LKAGKNYIGYDGAGEGNHIENAPLEIKR
    VHARMAFTEIKVQMSAAYDNIYTFTPEK
    IYGLIAKKQSNLFGATLVNADANYLTGS
    LTTFNGAYTPTNYANVPWLSRDYVAPTA
    GAPQGFYVLENDYSANSGTIHPTILCVY
    GKLQKNGADLTGTDLAAAQAANWVDAEG
    KTYYPVLVNFNSNNYTYDNGYTPKNKIE
    RNHKYDIKLTITGPGTNNPENPITESAH
    LNVQCTVAEWVLVGQNATW
    106 P. NA NGEQQEAIESAENATKIENIKCGAGQRT
    circumdentaria LVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAEVKALTTVLT
    B97 FimA EENQEATGLIMTAEPKAIVLKAGKNYIG
    polypeptide YDGAGEGNHIENAPLEIKRVHARMAFTE
    sequence IKVQMSAAYDNIYTFTPEKIYGLIAKKQ
    SNLFGATLVNADANYLTGSLTTFNGAYT
    PTNYANVPWLSRDYVAPTAGAPQGFYVL
    ENDYSANSGTIHPTILCVYGKLQKNGAD
    LTGTDLAAAQAANWVDAEG
    107 P. NA VVEGNATISVVLKTSNPNRAFGVADDEA
    cangingivalis KVAKLTVMVYKGEQQEAIKSAENAIKVE
    B98 FimA AA NIKCGAGSRTLVVMANTGGMELAGKTLA
    EVKALTTELTAENQEATGLIMTAEPVDV
    TLVAGNNYYGYDGTQGGNQISQGTPLEI
    KRVHARIAFTKIEVKMSESYVNKYNFTP
    ENIYALVAKKKSNLFGTSLANSDDAYLT
    GSLTTFNGAYTPANYTHVVWLGRGYTAP
    SNDAPQGFYVLESAYAQNAGLRPTILCV
    KGKLTKHDGTPLSSEEMTAAFNAGWIVA
    NNDPTTYYPVLVNFESNNYTYTGDAVEK
    GKIVRNHKFDINLTITGPGTNNPENPIT
    ESANLNVNCVVAAWK
    108 P. salivosa NA AXLTVMVYNGEQQEAIXSAENATKXXXI
    B104 FimA KCXAGQRTLVVMANTGXMEXXGKTLAEV
    polypeptide KALTTXLTXENQEAXGLIMTAEPKXIVL
    sequence KAGKNXIGYXGXGEGXHIENXPLXIXRV
    HARMAFTEIKVXMSAAYDNIYTXXPEKI
    YGLIAKKQSNLFGATLVNADANYLTGSL
    TTFNGAYTPXNYANVPWXSRXYVAPXAX
    APQGFYVLENDYSANXGTIHPTILCVYG
    KLQKNGADXXGXDLAXAQAANWVDAEGK
    TYYPVXVN
    109 P. denticanis NA NGEQQEAIESAENATKIENIKCGAGQRT
    B106 FimA LVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAEVKALTTVLT
    polypeptide EENQEATGLIMTAEPKAIVLKAGKNYIG
    sequence YDGAGEGNHIENAPLEIKRVHARMAFTE
    IKVQMSAAYDNIYTFTPEKIYGLIAKKQ
    SNLFGATLVNADANYLTGSLTTFNGAYT
    PTNYANVPWLSRDYVAPTAGAPQGFYVL
    ENDYSANSGTIHPTILCVYGKLQKNGAD
    LTGTDLAAAQAANWVDAEG
    110 P. NA KGEQQEAIKSAENAIKVENIKCGAGSRT
    endodontalis LVVMANTGGMELAGKTLAEVKALTTELT
    B114 FimA AENQEATGLIMTAEPVDVTLVAGNNYYG
    polypeptide YDGTQGGNQISQGTPLEIKRVHARIAFT
    sequence KIEVKMSESYVNKYNFTPENIYALVAKK
    KSNLFGTSLANSDDAYLTGSLTTFNGAY
    TPANYTHVVWLGRGYTAPSNDAPQGFYV
    LESAYAQNAGLRPTILCVKGKLTKHDGT
    PLSSEEMTAAFNAGWIVANNDPT
    111 P. gulae NA ACATTCGTTGGAGCTATTGCACTGAATG
    B43 oprF CAAGTGCACAGGAAAATACTGTACCGGC
    poly- AACGGGTCAGTTACCCGCCAAAAATGTT
    nucleotide GCTTTCGCTCGCAACAAAGCAGGCAGCA
    sequence ATTGGTTCGTAACACTGCAGGGCGGTGT
    TGCAGCGCAGTTCCTCAATGACAACAAC
    AACAAAGATTTTGTAGACCGCTTGGGTG
    CTGCCGGCTCTATTTCAGTTGGAAAATA
    TCACAATCCATTCTTTGCAACCCGTTTG
    CAAATTAACGGAGCTCAGGCACACACGT
    TCCTTGGAAAAAATGCGGAACAAGAAAT
    TAAGACCAATTTTGGCGCAGCTCACTTT
    GACTTCATGTTCGATGTGGTTAATTACT
    TTGCGCCATATCGCGAAAATCGTTTCTT
    CCATTTAATTCCATGGGTAGGTGTTGGT
    TACCAGCATAAATTCATTGGCAGCAAAT
    GGAGTAAAGACAATGTCGAGTCTCTGAC
    TGCCAATCTGGGTGTTATGATGGCTTTC
    AGATTAGGAAAACGTGTAGACTTTGTGA
    TCGAAGCACAAGCAGCACACTCCAATCT
    CAACTTAAGCCGTGCTTTCAATGCCAAG
    CCGACTCCTATTTTCCAGGATCAGGAAG
    GACGTTATTACAATGGATTCCAAGGAAT
    GGCGACAGCAGGTCTTAACTTCCGCTTG
    GGTGCTGTAGGCTTCAATGCCATCGAGC
    CCATGGACTACGCGCTTATCAACGATCT
    GAATGGTCAGATTAATCGCCTGCGCAGA
    GAAGTCGAAGAACTCTCCAAGCGTCCTG
    TATCATGTCCCGAATGCCCCGACGTTAC
    ACCCGTTACCAAGACAGAAAACAAGCTA
    ACCGAGAAGGCTGTACTCTTCCGTTTCG
    ACAGCTATGTTGTAGACAAAGACCAGCT
    TATCAATCTGTATGACGTAGCTCAGTTT
    GTAAAAGAAACCAACGAGCCGATTACTG
    TTGTAGGCTATGCTGATCCTACGGGTGA
    CACTCAGTACAACGAAAGATTGTCTGAG
    CGTCGCGCAAAAGCCG
    112 P. cansulci NA ACATTGGCCGGGGTTTACGCCCTTTCAG
    B46 oprF CCTCTGCTCAGCAGGAGAATATGCCACG
    poly- AATGGGGCAGACTCCCGCCAAGAATACC
    nucleotide GCTTACGCTCGCTCTGAAGCCGGTGACA
    sequence ATTGGTTTGTGACTTTGCAAGGAGGTGC
    TGCTATGCAGTTTGGGAAAGGTAACGAG
    GATGCCGACTTCTTCGACCGCCAAACTG
    TTGCTCCCACTTTTGCCGTAGGTAAATG
    GCACAATCCTTTCTTCGGGACCAGATTG
    CAAATGGGCTTGGGGGTATCTCACGACT
    TCTCGAACAACGAAGCGAAATCCAAGTT
    GGAGATGAACCACGCTCGCTATGCTAAC
    GCACACTTTGACTTTATGTTTGATGTGA
    TTAACTACTTCAAGCCCTACAGTGAGGA
    CCGCGTATTCCACCTTATTCCGTGGGTA
    GGTTTGGGTTACGATCACAAGTTTGAGA
    AAAACAGCAACTTCAAGGTGGATGCTCT
    TACAGCCAACGCCGGTTTGATGTTTGCT
    TTCCGTGTGATGGAGCGTATGGACATTG
    TGTTGGAAAGCCAGGTAATGTATTCTGA
    CTTCAACCTCAACACAGCTCTGCGCGAG
    CCTCGCTACACAGCTTGCTCCGGCATGC
    TCACTGCCGGTTTGAACTTCCGTATAGG
    AAATATCGGATGGAGCGAGATCCTACCA
    ATGGATTGGGGCTTGGTAAATGACCTGA
    ACGGACAAATCAACGCCATGCGTGCTAA
    GAACGCAGAGTTGAGCAAGCGTCCCGTT
    TCTTGCCCCGAATGCCCGGAAGTTGAGC
    CTCGTGTAGAGCGTATCAATATGCTTTC
    GGACAAGTCTGTTCTTTTCCGTGCCGGC
    AAGACAACTGTAGACAGCGATCAAATGG
    TAACGATCTTCGACGTAGCTCAGTTTGC
    AAAGAAGAATGGCACACAGATCACCGTT
    ACAGGCTATGCAGACAAGAAGGGCAAAG
    AAAGCGATCGCACCTCTGAACTTCGTGC
    AAAAGCCGTAGCCAAGATTCTCACCGAC
    AAGTACGGTGTACCTT
    113 P. NA TCTATAATGGGAGCTACAGCACTCTCCG
    circumdentaria CGAGTGCTCAACAATCTACGACACCTGA
    B52 oprF GACTCAAACTTTGCCAGCTCGCAAGACG
    poly- GCTTTTGACCGTTCCGCGGGTCACTGGT
    nucleotide TCTTGACTCTACAGGGTGGTGTAAATGC
    sequence ACAGTTTTTGGAAGAAAACGAGTCTCAA
    GACATCGTAAATCGTCTCCGTGTGATGC
    CAACTCTTTCTTTAGGAAAGTGGCACAA
    TCCCTATTTTGCAACCCGTTTGCAAGTT
    TTTGGGGGGCCAACCCCTACTTACTACA
    AGGAGGTTTCTGGGGAGGTTAAGACCCT
    AAATACCGCCATGGCTGGAGCTCACTTT
    GATTTTATGTTTGATGTAGTAAACTTCT
    ATGCAAAGTATAATCCTAAACGAGTATT
    CCATTTGATTCCTTGGTTCGGTGTGGGA
    TATGGTTTCAAATACTATAACGATTTTG
    CTGATTTAGCTGATATGATTCAGTTTAA
    TGAACCCTTCCGTCACTCAGCAACTGCG
    AATGCTGGTTTGATGATGAGTTTTCGCT
    TGGCAAAACGTTTGGATTTGGTTCTGGA
    AGGGCAGGCTATATATTCTAACTTGAAT
    ATTGTAAAGCAAGAGATAGATTATAAAG
    CCCCCATTATGCCCTATTCAAATATCTA
    CAACGGATTGACAGGTGTCGTTACTGCA
    GGTCTCAACTTTAATCTCGGTCGTGTTG
    CTTGGGAGTCCGTAACTCCTATGGATAT
    GGATCTTATTAATGACCTAAACGGACAA
    ATTAACCGTTTGCGTTCTGAGAATACAG
    AGTTGAGAAAACGTCCAGTTTCTTGCCC
    AGAATGTCCTGAAGTTACTGCAgAGACG
    GAAGTAGTTACTGAAAACGTTTTAGGTG
    ATAAGGCGATTGTTTTCAAGTTTAATAG
    CGCAACTATTGACAAAGATCAACACATT
    GTTTTGCAGGATATCGCTGACTTTGTTA
    AAGATGGCAACAAAGCTATTGTTGTAAT
    AGGCTTCGCAGATACAACAGGTGATATT
    AATTACAATATGCATT
    114 P. gulae NA ACAGGCGTTGGAGCTATTGCACTGAATG
    B69 oprF CAAGTGCACAGGAAAATACTGTACCGGC
    poly- AACGGGTCAGTTACCCGCCAAAAATGTT
    nucleotide GGTTTTGCCCGCAATAAAGCAGGCGGCA
    sequence ATTGGTTTGTAACACTGCAAGGTGGTGT
    TGCAGCACAGTTCCTTAATGACAACAAC
    AACAAAGATCTAGTAGACCGCTTAGGAG
    CTACCGGATCTATCTCCGTTGGAAAATA
    TCACAATCCATTCTTTGCGACTCGTTTG
    CAAATTAACGGAGGTCAAGCACACACGT
    TCCTTGGGAAGAATGCGGAACAAGAAAT
    TAACACCAATTTTGGAGCAGCTCACTTT
    GACTTCATGTTCGATGTGGTTAACTACT
    TTGCGCCATATCGCGAAAACCGTTTCTT
    CCATTTAATTCCATGGGTAGGTGTTGGT
    TACCAACACAAATTCATGGGTAGCGAAT
    GGAGTAAAGACAACGTCGAGTCGCTGAC
    CGCAAACATGGGTGTTATGATGGCTTTC
    AGATTAGGGAAGCGCGTGGACTTTGTGA
    TCGAAGCACAAGCTGCTCACTCCAATCT
    TAATTTAAGTCGCGCATTCAATGCCAAG
    AAAACTCCTATTTTCCACGATCAAGAAG
    GTCGCTATTACAATGGATTCCAAGGAAT
    GGCTACAGCGGGTCTTAACTTCCGCTTA
    GGTGCTGTTGGCTTCAATGCCATCGAGC
    CAATGGACTACGCGCTTATCAACGATCT
    GAATGGTCAGATTAACCGTTTGCGCAGA
    GAAGTTGAAGAGCTCTCTAAGCGTCCTG
    TATCATGCCCCGAATGTCCCGATGTAAC
    ACCCGTTACTAAGACAGAAAACAAGCTA
    ACCGAGAAGGCTGTACTCTTCCGCTTCG
    ACAGCTATGTTGTAGACAAAGACCAGCT
    GATCAATCTGTATGACGTTGCTCAGTTC
    GTAAAAGAAACTAACGAACCGATTACCG
    TTGTAGGTTATGCCGATCCTACGGGCAG
    CACTCAGTACAACGAAAGATTGTCTGAG
    CGTCGCGCAAAAGCCG
    115 P. NA TCTGTTATGGGAGCTACAGCACTCACAG
    circumdentaria TTAGTGCTCAGCAACCTACTACACCTGA
    B97 oprF GACTCAGACATTGCCTGCTCATAAGACG
    poly- GCTTTTGACCGTTCTGCAGGACATTGGT
    nucleotide TCTTGACTCTCCAAGGTGGAGTTAGTGC
    sequence TCAATTTTTAGAAGAAAATGAAAGTCAA
    GAAATCTTGAATCGTCTTCATGTTATGC
    CTACAATCTCTTTAGGCAAGTGGCACAA
    TCCTTATTTTGCAACTCGTTTGCAAGTG
    TTCGGAGGTCCTACTCCTACTTTTTATA
    AGAATGCTGCTGGTAAGGTGATGAAGGA
    AAATGCGGCTATGGCTGGGGCTCACTTT
    GACTTTATGTTTGATGTTGTGAACTACT
    TTGGTAAGTATAATCCAAAGAGAGTCTT
    TCATCTTGTGCCTTGGTTCGGTGTTGGA
    TATGGCTTTAAATACCATAATGATTTCG
    CCGAAATGAGTGATATCATTAAGTTTAA
    TGAGCCTTATCGCCATTCAGCAACAGCG
    AATGCAGGGTTGATGATGAGTTTCCGCT
    TAGCAAAACGTCTTGATTTAGTGCTTGA
    AGGACAGGCTATATATTCTAATTTGAAT
    ATTGTTAAGCAAGAAATTGATTATAAAG
    CTCCTTCTACTCCTTATTCTCCAAATTA
    TAATGGGCTTTTGGGAGTTGTTACAGCA
    GGTCTTAACTTTAATCTTGGTCGTGTTG
    CTTGGGAGACTGTTACTCCCATGGATAT
    GGATTTGATTAATGATCTTAATGGTCAA
    ATCAATCGTTTGCGTTCTGAGAATACTG
    AGTTGAGAAAACGTCCTGTTTCTTGTCC
    TGAATGCCCAGAAGTTTCTAAAGAAACA
    ACTGTAGTTACAGAAAATGTATTGGGAG
    ACAAAGCTATTGTTTTCAAATTTAATAG
    TGCAACTATCAGCAAAGATCAACATATT
    GTTTTGCAAGACATTGCGGACTTTGTTA
    AGAATGGAAATAAGGGGGTTGCCGTGAT
    AGGTTTCGCAGATGTAACAGGAGATGCC
    AATTACAATATGCAAC
    116 P. NA GGTGGAGTTAGTGCTCAATTTTTAGAAG
    cangingivalis AAAATGAAAGTCAAGAAATCTTGAATCG
    B98 oprF TCTTCATGTTATGCCTACAATCTCTTTA
    poly- GGCAAGTGGCACAATCCTTATTTTGCAA
    nucleotide CTCGTTTGCAAGTGTTCGGAGGTCCTAC
    sequence TCCTACTTTTTATAAGAATGCTGCTGGT
    AAGGTGATGAAGGAAAATGCGGCTATGG
    CTGGGGCTCACTTTGACTTTATGTTTGA
    TGTTGTGAACTACTTTGGTAAGTATAAT
    CCAAAGAGAGTCTTTCATCTTGTGCCTT
    GGTTCGGTGTTGGATATGGCTTTAAATA
    CCATAATGATTTCGCCGAAATGAGTGAT
    ATCATTAAGTTTAATGAGCCTTATCGCC
    ATTCAGCAACAGCGAATGCAGGGTTGAT
    GATGAGTTTCCGCTTAGCAAAACGTCTT
    GATTTAGTGCTTGAAGGACAGGCTATAT
    ATTCTAATTTGAATATTGTTAAGCAAGA
    AATTGATTATAAAGCTCCTTCTACTCCT
    TATTCTCCAAATTATAATGGGCTTTTGG
    GAGTTGTTACAGCAGGTCTTAACTTTAA
    TCTTGGTCGTGTTGCTTGGGAGACTGTT
    ACTCCCATGGATATGGATTTGATTAATG
    ATCTTAATGGTCAAATCAATCGTTTGCG
    TTCTGAGAATACTGAGTTGAGAAAACGT
    CCTGTTTCTTGTCCTGAATGCCCAGAAG
    TTTCTAAAGAAACAACTGTAGTTACAGA
    AAATGTATTGGGAGACAAAGCTATTGTT
    TTCAAATTTAATAGTGCAACTATCAGCA
    AAGATCAACATATTGTTTTGCAAGACAT
    TGCGGACTTTGTTAAGAATGGAAATAAG
    GGGGTTGCCGTGATAGGTTTCGCAGATG
    TAACAGGAGATGCCAATTACAATATGCA
    ACTTTCTGAACGTCGTGCTAAGGCTGTT
    GCGGAAGCTCTTGTGAATCAATTC
    117 P. salivosa NA CATTGGTTCTTGACTCTCCAAGGTGGAG
    B104 oprF TTAGTGCTCAATTTTTAGAAGAAAATGA
    poly- AAGTCAAGAAATCTTGAATCGTCTTCAT
    nucleotide GTTATGCCTACAATCTCTTTAGGCAAGT
    sequence GGCACAATCCTTATTTTGCAACTCGTTT
    GCAAGTGTTCGGAGGTCCTACTCCTACT
    TTTTATAAGAATGCTGCTGGTAAGGTGA
    TGAAGGAAAATGCGGCTATGGCTGGGGC
    TCACTTTGACTTTATGTTTGATGTTGTG
    AACTACTTTGGTAAGTATAATCCAAAGA
    GAGTCTTTCATCTTGTGCCTTGGTTCGG
    TGTTGGATATGGCTTTAAATACCATAAT
    GATTTCGCCGAAATGAGTGATATCATTA
    AGTTTAATGAGCCTTATCGCCATTCAGC
    AACAGCGAATGCAGGGTTGATGATGAGT
    TTCCGCTTAGCAAAACGTCTTGATTTAG
    TGCTTGAAGGACAGGCTATATATTCTAA
    TTTGAATATTGTTAAGCAAGAAATTGAT
    TATAAAGCTCCTTCTACTCCTTATTCTC
    CAAATTATAATGGGCTTTTGGGAGTTGT
    TACAGCAGGTCTTAACTTTAATCTTGGT
    CGTGTTGCCTGGGAGACTATTACTCCCA
    TGGATATGGATTTGATTAATGATCTTAA
    TGGTCAAATCAATCGTTTGCGTTCTGAG
    AATACTGAGTTGAGAAAACGTCCTGTTT
    CTTGTCCTGAATGCCCAGAAGTTTCTAA
    AGAAACAACTGTAGTTACAGAAAATGTA
    TTGGGAGACAAAGCTATTGTTTTCAAAT
    TTAATAGTGCAACTATCAGCAAAGATCA
    ACATATTGTTTTGCAAGACATTGCGGAC
    TTTGTTAAGAATGGAAATAAGGGGGTTG
    CCGTGATAGGTTTCGCAGATGTAACAGG
    AGATGCCAATTACAATATGCAACTTTCT
    GAACGTCGTGCTAAGGCTGTTGCGGAAG
    CTCTTGTGAATCAATTC
    118 P. denticanis NA GCTCATAAGACGGCTTTTGACCGTTCTG
    B106 oprF CAGGACATTGGTTCTTGACTCTCCAAGG
    poly- TGGAGTTAGTGCTCAATTTTTAGAAGAA
    nucleotide AATGAAAGTCAAGAAATCTTGAATCGTC
    sequence TTCATGTTATGCCTACAATCTCTTTAGG
    CAAGTGGCACAATCCTTATTTTGCAACT
    CGTTTGCAAGTGTTCGGAGGTCCTACTC
    CTACTTTTTATAAGAATGCTGCTGGTAA
    GGTGATGAAGGAAAATGCGGCTATGGCT
    GGGGCTCACTTTGACTTTATGTTTGATG
    TTGTGAACTACTTTGGTAAGTATAATCC
    AAAGAGAGTCTTTCATCTTGTGCCTTGG
    TTCGGTGTTGGATATGGCTTTAAATACC
    ATAATGATTTCGCCGAAATGAGTGATAT
    CATTAAGTTTAATGAGCCTTATCGCCAT
    TCAGCAACAGCGAATGCAGGGTTGATGA
    TGAGTTTCCGCTTAGCAAAACGTCTTGA
    TTTAGTGCTTGAAGGACAGGCTATATAT
    TCTAATTTGAATATTGTTAAGCAAGAAA
    TTGATTATAAAGCTCCTTCTACTCCTTA
    TTCTCCAAATTATAATGGGCTTTTGGGA
    GTTGTTACAGCAGGTCTTAACTTTAATC
    TTGGTCGTGTTGCTTGGGAGACTGTTAC
    TCCCATGGATATGGATTTGATTAATGAT
    CTTAATGGTCAAATCAATCGTTTGCGTT
    CTGAGAATACTGAGTTGAGAAAACGTCC
    TGTTTCTTGTCCTGAATGCCCAGAAGTT
    TCTAAAGAAACAACTGTAGTTACAGAAA
    ATGTATTGGGAGACAAAGCTATTGTTTT
    CAAATTTAATAGTGCAACTATCAGCAAA
    GATCAACATATTGTTTTGCAAGACATTG
    CGGACTTTGTTAAGAATGGAAATAAGGG
    GGTTGCCGTGATAGGTTTCGCAGATGTA
    ACAGGAGATGCCAATTACAATATGCAAC
    TTTCTGAACGTCGTGCTAAGGCTGTTGC
    GGAAGCTCTTGTGAATCAATTCGGAGTT
    CCTTCTGATATGATTT
    119 P. NA TCAGCACTGGGGGCTTTGGCACTTACAG
    endodontalis CTAGTGCTCAACAAACTACGAAACCAGC
    B114 oprF GAATAGTATGCCCGCATTCAAGACTGCA
    poly- TTTGAACGCAGCGGCGGTCATTGGTTTC
    nucleotide TGACAATTCAGGGTGGCCTGAGTGCTCA
    sequence ACTTTTGGGTGAAAATGAAAAGATGGAC
    TTTGGCAAGCGTCTGCTACATGCTGCCA
    AGGCCAGTGACAACACCCAAACAGAGGC
    TAGCTACCTACGCATCATGCCCACGCTC
    TCTGTAGGTAAATGGCATAATCCCTACT
    TTGCTACTCGTGTACAGCTCTTCGGTGG
    TCTCACTCCTCTCTACAATACTGAGGGT
    GGCGTTAATGTACACACCTACAACACTG
    CCACGATCGGTGCCCACTATGATTTCAT
    GTTTGATGTAGTAAACTATTTCGCCAAG
    TACAACCCCAAACGTTTCTTCCACGTAA
    TTCCTTGGGTGGGTCTTGGTTACAACTT
    CAAGTATCATGATGTATTTGGATTCAAG
    GAGCCCTATCGTCACTCTGTCACAGGTA
    ACGCAGGCATGGAGTTTGCTTTCCGCCT
    CGGTAAGCGTGTAGACCTTGTACTCGAA
    GCTCAGGTAGTGTACAACAACCTGAACC
    TGATCAAGCAGGAAGTCGACTACGATGT
    AGTCACTACTCCCTATGTACCTGCTGAT
    ACATACGCTGGTCTTATGACCATGTTTA
    CTGCTGGTCTTAACTTCAATCTGGGCAA
    GGTTGAGTGGGAAACTGTTGAGCCGATG
    GACTACCAGCTCATAAACGACTTGAACT
    CTCAGATCAGCCGTCTACGTAGCGAAAA
    CGCAGAGCTTTCCAAGCGTCCTGCTTTC
    TGCCCCGAGTGTCCCGAAGTAGAGGAAG
    TAGAAGATGTTGTTGTTGACCAGTATGT
    CCTCACCGACAAGGCTATCCTCTTCGAC
    TTTGACAAGAGCAACATCCGCAAGGACC
    AACAAGCTCAGCTTGGTATGATTGCTGA
    ATTCGTGAAGAAGTACAATACGCCTATC
    GTGGTAGTAGGCTATG
    120 P. gulae NA TFVGAIALNASAQENTVPATGQLPAKNV
    B43 OprF AFARNKAGSNWFVTLQGGVAAQFLNDNN
    polypeptide NKDFVDRLGAAGSISVGKYHNPFFATRL
    sequence QINGAQAHTFLGKNAEQEIKTNFGAAHF
    DFMFDVVNYFAPYRENRFFHLIPWVGVG
    YQHKFIGSKWSKDNVESLTANLGVMMAF
    RLGKRVDFVIEAQAAHSNLNLSRAFNAK
    PTPIFQDQEGRYYNGFQGMATAGLNFRL
    GAVGFNAIEPMDYALINDLNGQINRLRR
    EVEELSKRPVSCPECPDVTPVTKTENKL
    TEKAVLFRFDSYVVDKDQLINLYDVAQF
    VKETNEPITVVGYADPTGDTQYNERLSE
    RRAKAVVDVLTGKYGVPSELISVEWKGD
    TTQPFNKKAWN
    121 P. cansulci NA TLAGVYALSASAQQENMPRMGQTPAKNT
    B46 OprF AYARSEAGDNWFVTLQGGAAMQFGKGNE
    polypeptide DADFFDRQTVAPTFAVGKWHNPFFGTRL
    sequence QMGLGVSHDFSNNEAKSKLEMNHARYAN
    AHFDFMFDVINYFKPYSEDRVFHLIPWV
    GLGYDHKFEKNSNFKVDALTANAGLMFA
    FRVMERMDIVLESQVMYSDFNLNTALPE
    PRYTACSGMLTAGLNFRIGNIGWSEILP
    MDWGLVNDLNGQINAMRAKNAELSKRPV
    SCPECPEVEPRVERINMLSDKSVLFRAG
    KTTVDSDQMVTIFDVAQFAKKNGTQITV
    TGYADKKGKESDRTSELRAKAVAKILTD
    KYGVPSDRISIEWKGVSEQVYDNRDWNR
    VV
    122 P. NA SIMGATALSASAQQSTTPETQTLPARKTA
    circumdentaria FDRSAGHWFLTLQGGVNAQFLEENESQDI
    B52 OprF VNRLRVMPTLSLGKWHNPYFATRLQVFGG
    polypeptide PTPTYYKEVSGEVKTLNTAMAGAHFDFMF
    sequence DVVNFYAKYNPKRVFHLIPWFGVGYGFKY
    YNDFADLADMIQFNEPFRHSATANAGLMM
    SFRLAKRLDLVLEGQAIYSNLNIVKQEID
    YKAPIMPYSNIYNGLTGVVTAGLNFNLGR
    VAWESVTPMDMDLINDLNGQINRLRSENT
    ELRKRPVSCPECPEVTAETEVVTENVLGD
    KAIVFKFNSATIDKDQHIVLQDIADFVKD
    GNKAIVVIGFADTTGDINYNMHLSERRAK
    AVAEALVNKFGVSSDMISVEWQGETEQFN
    PRAWN
    123 P. gulae NA TFVGAIALNASAQENTVPATGQLPAKNVA
    B69 OprF FARNKAGGNWFVTLQGGVAAQFLNDNNNK
    polypeptide DLVDRLGATGSISVGKYHNPFFATRLQIN
    sequence GGQAHTFLGKNAEQEINTNFGAAHFDFMF
    DVVNYFAPYRENRFFHLIPWVGVGYQHKF
    IGSEWSKDNVESLTANMGVMMAFRLGKRV
    DFVIEAQAAHSNLNLSRAFNAKKTPIPHD
    QEGRYYNGFQGMATAGLNFRLGAVGFNAI
    EPMDYALINDLNGQINRLRREVEELSKRP
    VSCPECPDVTPVTKTENKLTEKAVLFRFD
    SYVVDKDQLINLYDVAQFVKETNEPITVV
    GYADPTGSTQYNERLSERRAKAVVDVLTG
    KYGVPSELISVEWKGDSTQPFNKKAWN
    124 P. NA SVMGATALTVSAQQPTTPETQTLPAHKTA
    circumdentaria FDRSAGHWFLTLQGGVSAQFLEENESQEI
    B97 OprF LNRLHVMPTISLGKWHNPYFATRLQVFGG
    polypeptide PTPTFYKNAAGKVMKENAAMAGAHFDFMF
    sequence DVVNYFGKYNPKRVFHLVPWFGVGYGFKY
    HNDFAEMSDIIKFNEPYRHSATANAGLMM
    SFRLAKRLDLVLEGQAIYSNLNIVKQEID
    YKAPSTPYSPNYNGLLGVVTAGLNFNLGR
    VAWETVTPMDMDLINDLNGQINRLRSENT
    ELRKRPVSCPECPEVSKETTVVTENVLGD
    KAIVFKFNSATISKDQHIVLQDIADFVKN
    GNKGVAVIGFADVTGDANYNMQLSERRAK
    AVAEALVNQFGVPSDMISVEWQGETELFE
    ARAWN
    125 P. NA GGVSAQFLEENESQEILNRLHVMPTISLG
    cangingivalis KWHNPYFATRLQVFGGPTPTFYKNAAGKV
    B98 OprF MKENAAMAGAHFDFMFDVVNYFGKYNPKR
    polypeptide VFHLVPWFGVGYGFKYHNDFAEMSDIIKF
    sequence NEPYRHSATANAGLMMSFRLAKRLDLVLE
    GQAIYSNLNIVKQEIDYKAPSTPYSPNYN
    GLLGVVTAGLNFNLGRVAWETVTPMDMDL
    INDLNGQINRLRSENTELRKRPVSCPECP
    EVSKETTVVTENVLGDKAIVFKFNSATIS
    KDQHIVLQDIADFVKNGNKGVAVIGFADV
    TGDANYNMQLSERRAKAVAEALVNQF
    126 P. salivosa NA HWFLTLQGGVSAQFLEENESQEILNRLHV
    B104 OprF MPTISLGKWHNPYFATRLQVFGGPTPTFY
    polypeptide KNAAGKVMKENAAMAGAHFDFMFDVVNYF
    sequence GKYNPKRVFHLVPWFGVGYGFKYHNDFAE
    MSDIIKFNEPYRHSATANAGLMMSFRLAK
    RLDLVLEGQAIYSNLNIVKQEIDYKAPST
    PYSPNYNGLLGVVTAGLNFNLGRVAWETI
    TPMDMDLINDLNGQINRLRSENTELRKRP
    VSCPECPEVSKETTVVTENVLGDKAIVFK
    FNSATISKDQHIVLQDIADFVKNGNKGVA
    VIGFADVTGDANYNMQLSERRAKAVAEAL
    VNQF
    127 P. denticanis NA AHKTAFDRSAGHWFLTLQGGVSAQFLEEN
    B106 OprF ESQEILNRLHVMPTISLGKWHNPYFATRL
    polypeptide QVFGGPTPTFYKNAAGKVMKENAAMAGAH
    sequence FDFMFDVVNYFGKYNPKRVFHLVPWFGVG
    YGFKYHNDFAEMSDIIKFNEPYRHSATAN
    AGLMMSFRLAKRLDLVLEGQAIYSNLNIV
    KQEIDYKAPSTPYSPNYNGLLGVVTAGLN
    FNLGRVAWETVTPMDMDLINDLNGQINRL
    RSENTELRKRPVSCPECPEVSKETTVVTE
    NVLGDKAIVFKFNSATISKDQHIVLQDIA
    DFVKNGNKGVAVIGFADVTGDANYNMQLS
    ERRAKAVAEALVNQFGVPSDMISVEWQGE
    T
    128 P. NA SALGALALTASAQQTTKPANSMPAFKTAF
    endodontalis ERSGGHWFLTIQGGLSAQLLGENEKMDFG
    B114 OprF KRLLHAAKASDNTQTEASYLRIMPTLSVG
    polypeptide KWHNPYFATRVQLFGGLTPLYNTEGGVNV
    sequence HTYNTATIGAHYDFMFDVVNYFAKYNPKR
    FFHVIPWVGLGYNFKYHDVFGFKEPYRHS
    VTGNAGMEFAFRLGKRVDLVLEAQVVYNN
    LNLIKQEVDYDVVTTPYVPADTYAGLMTM
    FTAGLNFNLGKVEWETVEPMDYQLINDLN
    SQISRLRSENAELSKRPAFCPECPEVEEV
    EDVVVDQYVLTDKAILFDFDKSNIRKDQQ
    AQLGMIAEFVKKYNTPIVVVGYADPTGKS
    KYNMELSKRRAQAVVNELTNRHGVPADLI
    TMEWEGATNKFTPPTAWN
    129 P. gulae NA ACNKDNEAEPVV
    B43 FimA
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #1
    130 P. gulae NA YPVLVNFESNNYTYTGDAVEK
    B43 FimA
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #2
    131 P. gulae NA TGPGTNNPENPITESA
    B43 FimA
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #3
    132 P. gulae NA NDNNNKDFVDRLGA
    B43 OprF
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #1
    133 P. gulae NA DLNGQINRLRREVEELSKRPVSCPECPDV
    B43 OprF
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #2
    134 P. gulae NA ADPTGDTQYNERLSERRAKAV
    B43 OprF
    polypeptide
    fragment
    sequence #3
    135 pBAD-HisA NA MGGSHHHHHHGMASMTGGQMGRDLYDDDD
    Amino- KDRWGSELEICSQYHMGI
    terminal
    polypeptide
    sequence
    136 pBAD-TOPO NA MGSGSGDDDDKLALM
    Amino-
    terminal
    polypeptide
    sequence
    137 I vector NA MGTTTTTTSLHM
    Amino-
    terminal
    polypeptide
    sequence
    Note:
    Lower case nucleotides are not present in the target DNA sequence. They are added to the 5′ region of the primer to aid in cloning. NA, Not applicable
  • The following companion animal periodontal isolates were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va., 20110, USA, on Aug. 9, 2001: P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618), P. cansulci B46 (PTA-3619), P. circumdentaria B52 (PTA-3620), P. gulae B69 (PTA-3621), P. circumdentaria B97 (PTA-3622), P. cangingivalis B98 (PTA-3623), P. salivosa B104 (PTA-3624), P. denticanis B106 (PTA-3625), and P. endodontalis B114 (PTA-3626). In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an isolated polynucleotide molecule of the present invention has a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 102 and 111 to 119. The preferred polypeptides of the present invention have amino acid sequences selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128.
    • Cloning of Porphyromonas Nucleotide Sequences
  • There are several known methods or techniques that can be used to clone the Porphyromonas nucleotide sequences of the present invention. For example, the sequences can be isolated as restriction fragments and cloned into cloning and/or expression vectors, the sequences can be PCR amplified and cloned into cloning and/or expression vectors, or the sequences can be cloned by a combination of these two methods.
  • Standard molecular biology techniques known in the art and not specifically described can be generally followed as described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1989); Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, A Practical Guide to Molecular Cloning, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1988); Watson et al., Recombinant DNA, Scientific American Books, New York; Birren et al (eds) Genome Analysis: A Laboratory Manual Series, Vols. 1-4 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York (1998); and methodology set forth in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,666,828; 4,683,202; 4,801,531; 5,192,659 and 5,272,057. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is carried out generally as described in PCR Protocols: A Guide To Methods And Applications, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif. (1990).
  • Examples of methods useful in cloning and sequencing the polynucleotides. of the present invention are provided in the Example.
    • fimA and oprF-Encoded Polypeptides and Proteins
  • The present invention encompasses the use of prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems, including vectors and host cells, which may be used to express both truncated and full-length (native protein) forms of the recombinant polypeptides expressed by the nucleotide sequences of the present invention.
  • In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an isolated polynucleotide molecule of the present invention has a nucleotide sequence selected from one of the sequences of SEQ ID NO: 95 to 102 and 111 to 119 or degenerate variants thereof; and encoding a corresponding polypeptide selected from the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128, respectively.
  • A variety of host-expression vector systems may be utilized to express the polypeptides of the present invention. Such host-expression systems also represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of interest may be cloned and subsequently purified. The present invention further provides for host cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate vector or nucleotide sequence, express the encoded polypeptide gene product of the invention. Such host cells, include but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli, B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing the gene product coding sequences; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baculovirus) containing the coding sequences; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus, CaMV; tobacco mosaic virus, TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing coding sequences; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 3T3) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter).
  • In a preferred embodiment, the expression system is a bacterial system. A number of expression vectors may be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the product being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a polypeptide is to be produced, for the generation of vaccine compositions or for raising antibodies, for example, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of fusion protein products that are readily purified may be desirable. Preferably, the vectors contain promoters that direct inducible gene expression. Suitable vectors include, but are not limited to, the E. coli pET expression vectors (Studier and Moffatt, 1986, J. Mol. Biol. 189:113; Rosenberg et al., 1987, Gene 56:125-135; Novagen, Madison, Wis.), in which the coding sequence can be fused in-frame to a sequence encoding multiple (e.g., 6) histidine residues; pBAD vectors (Guzman et al., 1995, J. Bact. 177:4121-4130), from which a heterologous protein can be expressed under the control of an arabinose inducible protein; and pGEX vectors (Pharmacia Biotech, USA), used to express heterologous polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST). The fimA or oprF sequences of the present invention can be cloned into a λ expression vector and expressed in λ− bacterial strains. In a preferred mode, the bacterial strain is E. coli BL21 (Gibco-BRL, USA). Preferably, the vectors that can be used include, but are not limited to, pLEX expression vectors (LaVallie et al., 1992, Bio/Technology 11:187-193; Mieschendahl et al., 1986, Bio/Technology 4:802-808; Invitrogen) and pRIT2T expression vectors (Nilsson et al., 1985, EMBO 4:1075; Zabeau and Stanley, 1982, EMBO 1:1217; Pharmacia Biotech). Other vectors and bacterial strains can be used and are known to those skilled in the art.
    • Antibody Production
  • Antibodies may either be monoclonal, polyclonal, or recombinant. Conveniently, the antibodies may be prepared against the immunogen or portion thereof, for example, a synthetic peptide based on the sequence, or prepared recombinantly by cloning techniques or the natural gene product and/or portions thereof may be isolated and used as the immunogen. Immunogens can be used to produce antibodies by standard antibody production technology well known to those skilled in the art as described generally in Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering—A Practical Guide, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1992. Antibody fragments may also be prepared from the antibodies and include Fab, F(ab′)2, and Fv by methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • In the production of antibodies, screening for the desired antibody can be accomplished by standard methods in immunology known in the art. Techniques not specifically described are generally followed as in Stites et al. (eds), Basic and Clinical Immunology (8th Edition), Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, Conn. (1994) and Mishell and Shiigi (eds), Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York (1980). In general, ELISAs and Western blotting are the preferred types of immunoassays. Both assays are well known to those skilled in the art. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies can be used in the assays. The antibody can be bound to a solid support substrate or conjugated with a detectable moiety or be both bound and conjugated as is well known in the art (for a general discussion of conjugation of fluorescent or enzymatic moieties see Johnstone & Thorpe, Immunochemistry in Practice, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1982.) The binding of antibodies to a solid support substrate is also well known in the art (see for a general discussion, Harlow & Lane Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Publications, New York, 1988 and Borrebaeck, Antibody Engineering—A Practical Guide, W.H. Freeman and Co., 1992). The detectable moieties contemplated for use in the present invention can include, but are not limited to, fluorescent, metallic, enzymatic and radioactive markers such as biotin, gold, ferritin, alkaline phosphatase, b-galactosidase, peroxidase, urease, fluorescein, rhodamine, tritium, 14C and iodination.
  • Where appropriate, other immunoassays such as radioimmunoassays (RIA) can be used as known in the art. Available immunoassays are extensively described in the patent and scientific literature. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,791,932; 3,839,153; 3,850,752; 3,850,578; 3,853,987; 3,867,517; 3,879,262; 3,901,654; 3,935,074; 3,984,533; 3,996,345; 4,034,074; 4,098,876; 4,879,219; 5,011,771; and 5,281,521, as well as Sambrook et al, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor, N.Y., 1989.
    • Detection, Diagnostic, and Prevention Kits
  • The present invention further provides kits for the detection of Porphyromonas spp. The kit includes reagents for analyzing a sample for the presence of Porphyromonas organisms, polypeptides, or Porphyromonas nucleotide sequences of the present invention, wherein the presence of the nucleotide sequence is indicative of the presence of the organism. This method is valuable because disease can be diagnosed prior to the existence of symptoms and can therefore prevent the onset of the disease prior to the occurrence of damage to the patient. The presence of the Porphyromonas spp. Bacteria, polypeptides, or nucleotide sequences can be determined using antibodies, PCR, hybridization, and other detection methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • In one embodiment, the kit provides reagents for the detection of antibodies against Porphyromonas. In certain embodiments, the kit can include a set of printed instructions or a label indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp. Minimally, the kit comprises in at least one container a protein having an amino acid sequence comprising at least 30 contiguous amino acids of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 103 to 110 and 120 to 128. In one embodiment, the kit further comprises a secondary antibody. In a preferred embodiment, the secondary antibody is conjugated to a detectable moiety, such as, e.g., an enzyme that catalyzes a colorimetric or chemiluminescent reaction, such as alkaline phosphatase or horseradish peroxidase. In a further embodiment, the kit comprises reagents for carrying out a calorimetric or chemiluminescent assay.
  • In another embodiment, the kit provides reagents for the detection of Porphyromonas nucleic acids. In one embodiment, the kit provides reagents for the PCR detection of Porphyromonas nucleic acids and comprises in at least one container a first isolated DNA molecule comprising a fragment of at least about 15, 20, 25 or 30 nucleotides, which fragment hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide comprising a sequence of at least 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 contiguous amino acids, or the complete amino acid sequence, of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 103-110 or 120-128, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising a fragment of at least 15, 20, 25, or 30 nucleotides, which fragment hybridizes under stringent conditions to a DNA molecule complementary to a DNA molecule encoding a polypeptide having a sequence of at least 5 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 contiguous amino acids, or the complete amino acid sequence, of any of the polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 103-110 or 120-128, which first and second DNA molecules can be used to specifically amplify a Porphyromonas spp. nucleic acid encoding a 16S rRNA which 16S rRNA is encoded by a DNA molecule selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 1-9.
  • In an further embodiment, the present invention provides a kit comprising in at least one container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from any of SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, and a second isolated DNA molecule comprising in a second container an isolated DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence of at least about 15 contiguous nucleotides selected from the complement of any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119 which hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to any of the nucleotide sequences depicted in SEQ ID NOS: 86 to 94, 95 to 102, and 111 to 119, wherein the kit further comprises a set of instructions indicating that the kit is useful for the detection of Porphyromonas spp.
    • Vaccine Formulation and Method of Administration
  • The vaccine of the present invention can be is administered to a companion animal in an effective amount such that the vaccine therapeutically treats or confers resistance to or prevents periodontal disease in the companion animal. The vaccine of the present invention is useful in the control of bacteria that cause periodontal disease. The vaccines of the present invention can, in particular, be used in the field of veterinary medicine to treat companion animals and for the maintenance of public health against those bacteria described herein which are known to cause periodontal disease.
  • The vaccines of the present invention are of value in the control of bacteria that are injurious to, or spread or act as vectors of disease in man and companion animals, for example those described herein. The vaccines of the present invention are particularly useful in controlling bacteria that are present in companion animals for which purpose they can be administered using any known methods of administration, including, but not limited to, oral, parenteral, intranasal, subcutaneous, or topical.
  • According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising a vaccine of the present invention, in admixture with a compatible adjuvant, diluent or carrier. In a preferred embodiment, the vaccine formulation of the present invention is composed of an aqueous suspension or solution containing at least one bacteria of the present invention and/or at least one subunit protein, preferably buffered at physiological pH, in a form ready for injection. In another preferred embodiment, the vaccine formulation of the present invention is composed of inactivated whole cell preparations of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, P. gulae B43, P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106.
  • The present invention further provides a method of treating or preventing a bacterial infection, which comprises treatment with an effective amount of a vaccine or vaccine formulation of the present invention. It is to be appreciated that reference to treatment includes prophylaxis as well as the alleviation of established symptoms of a bacterial infection.
  • The vaccines and vaccine formulations of the present invention can used to induce a response that prevents the pathological changes characteristic of periodontal disease caused by periodontal disease-causing bacteria. In a vaccine formulation, an immunogenic amount of the bacteria, purified protein, nucleic acid, or combinations thereof is desirably mixed with a suitable conventional vaccine adjuvants and physiologic vehicles, for use in mammals.
  • A vaccine formulation for preventing periodontal disease in companion animals can be produced using at least one of the isolated and purified inactivated or attenuated bacteria, purified polypeptides (such as native proteins, subunit proteins, or polypeptides, and admixing one or more or these with a compatible adjuvant, diluent, or carrier. Preferably, the polypeptide sequences are subunit proteins selected from the group including FimA (SEQ ID NOS: 103 to 110 and OprF (SEQ ID NOS: 120 to 128).
  • Examples of fragments of FimA and OprF that can be used for diagnostic polypeptides or for vaccine preparations include, but are not limited to ACNKDNEAEPVV, YPVLVNFESNNYTYTGDAVEK, TGPGTNNPENPITESA, NDNNNKDFVDRLGA, DLNGQINRLRREVEELSKRPVSCPECPDV, and ADPTGDTQYNERLSERRAKAV (SEQ ID NOS: 129-134). The subunit protein can be recombinantly expressed, either alone or fused to another polypeptide sequence or protein. The other polypeptide sequence or protein can include, but is not limited to, a poly-His tag, MBP, thioredoxin, or GST, for example. Also provided by the present invention are the polynucleotide sequences or genes that encode any of the above mentioned subunit proteins. The polynucleotide sequence of the bacteria can be selected from fimA and oprF or a fragment or variant thereof which fragment or variant exhibits at least about 90%, 95%, or 99% homology thereto, or a complementary polynucleotide sequence which hybridizes under high stringency conditions, or a combination of both. Preferably, the polynucleotide sequences of the present invention can be used to amplify a fimA or oprF DNA molecule of the present invention, or encodes an amino acid fragment than can be used to raise antibodies against FimA or OprF.
  • For DNA-based therapy, a vehicle capable of delivering or transferring heterologous nucleic acid into a host cell may be used. The expression vehicle may include elements to control targeting, expression and transcription of the nucleic acid in a cell selective manner as is known in the art. The expression vehicle can include a promoter for controlling transcription of the heterologous material and can be either a constitutive or inducible promoter to allow selective transcription. Enhancers that may be required to obtain necessary transcription levels can optionally be included.
  • Vectors can be introduced into cells or tissues by any one of a variety of known methods within the art. Such methods can be found generally described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992); Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995); Vega et al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995); R. L. Rodriguez Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Butterworths, Boston Mass. (1988) and include, for example, stable or transient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and infection with recombinant viral vectors.
  • The present invention further provides for combinations vaccines having at least one of the inactivated or attenuated bacteria, nucleotide sequences, or polypeptide sequences of the present invention, in combination with one or more additional immunogenic components. Such a combination vaccine may produce in the vaccinated animal a surprisingly greater effect than that expected by simply adding the effects of each component administered separately. Thus, a combination vaccine may stimulate a synergistic production of antibody in animals.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the combination vaccine of the present invention is composed of inactivated whole cell preparations of at least three Porphyromonas spp., for example, P. gulae B43, P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106, in combination with one or more additional bacterial or viral immunogenic components. Additional immunogenic components suitable for use in combination vaccines of the present invention include, but are not limited to Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPI), and Canine Coronavirus (CCV),
  • Vaccines of the present invention can be prepared by combination of at least one of the inactivated or attenuated bacteria, nucleotide sequences, or polypeptide sequences of the present invention, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an preferably, an adjuvant.
  • Suitable preparations of the vaccines of the present invention include injectables, either liquid solutions or suspensions. Solid forms suitable for solution in, or suspension in, a liquid pharmaceutically acceptable carrier prior to injection may also be prepared. The vaccine preparation may be emulsified. The active immunogenic component, is preferably mixed with an adjuvant which is pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the active immunogenic component. Suitable adjuvants include, but are not limited to: mineral gels, e.g., aluminum hydroxide; surface active substances such as lysolecithin; glycosides, e.g., saponin derivatives such as Quil A or GPI-0100 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,977,081); cationic surfactants such as DDA, pluronic polyols; polyanions; non-ionic block polymers, e.g., Pluronic F-127 (B.A.S.F., USA); peptides; mineral oils, e.g. Montanide ISA-50 (Seppic, Paris, France), carbopol, Amphigen (Hydronics, Omaha, Nebr. USA), Alhydrogel (Superfos Biosector, Frederikssund, Denmark) oil emulsions, e.g. an emulsion of mineral oil such as BayolF/Arlacel A and water, or an emulsion of vegetable oil, water and an emulsifier such as lecithin; alum, cholesterol, rmLT, cytokines and combinations thereof. The immunogenic component may also be incorporated into liposomes, or conjugated to polysaccharides and/or other polymers for use in a vaccine formulation. Additional substances that can be included in a product for use in the present methods include, but are not limited to one or more preservatives such as disodlum or tetrasodium salt of ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), merthiolate, and the like.
  • The subject to which the vaccine is administered is preferably a companion animal, most preferably, a dog or cat.
  • It is preferred that the vaccine of the invention, when in a vaccine formulation, be present in unit dosage form. For purposes of this invention, an immunogenic amount, when administered comprises about 1×104-1×1013 inactivated bacterial cells, 0.1 μg-1 mg of purified protein, or 0.1 μg-10 mg of nucleic acid. In a vaccine formulation containing multiple components, the same or lesser immunogenic amounts can usefully be employed.
  • Appropriate therapeutically effective doses can be determined readily by those of skill in the art based on the above immunogenic amounts, the condition being treated and the physiological characteristics of the animal. Accordingly, a vaccine preparation provides a dosage of a sterile preparation of an immunogenic amount of the active ingredient(s), where the active ingredient is at least one bacteria, protein, nucleic acid, or any combination thereof. In the presence of additional active agents, these unit dosages can be readily adjusted by those of skill in the art.
  • A desirable dosage regimen involves administration of at least one dose of desired vaccine composition, where the antigenic content of each fraction is as stated above. Effective doses (immunizing amounts) of the vaccines of the invention may also be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from model test systems. The mode of administration of the vaccines of the invention can be any suitable route that delivers the vaccine to the host. These include but are not limited to oral, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intranasal routes, and via scarification (scratching through the top layers of skin, e.g., using a bifurcated needle). However, the vaccine is preferably administered subcutaneously or by intramuscular injection. Other modes of administration can also be employed, where desired, such as intradermally, intravenously, intranasally, or intratonsillarly.
  • Studies have shown that, for each of the above described vaccine compositions, a primary immunization of young animals (after 8 weeks of age) is desirably initiated, with booster doses administered at 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age. Annual re-vaccination is recommended.
  • The vaccine of the present invention is administered and dosed in accordance with good medical practice, taking into account the clinical condition of the individual subject, the site and method of administration, scheduling of administration, subject age, sex, body weight and other factors known to medical practitioners.
  • The invention further provides kits for the prevention periodontal disease in companion animals. In one embodiment, the kit provides a container comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a composition which prevents periodontal disease in companion animals. Also provided in the same or different container is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that may be used in the composition. The kit can additionally include an adjuvant that can be used to aid in creating the response to the composition of the present invention. Also, the kit can include a dispenser for dispensing the composition, preferably in unit dosage form. The dispenser can, for example, comprise metal or plastic foil, such as a blister pack. The kit can be accompanied by a label or printed instructions describing administration of the composition to prevent periodontal disease in a companion animal. Compositions comprising a vaccine composition of the present invention formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can also be prepared, placed in an appropriate container, and labeled for treatment of the indicated periodontal condition.
    • Determination of Vaccine Efficacy
  • The specific mechanism of protection induced by the vaccines and vaccine compositions of the present invention is the induction of the antibody and/or cellular immune response in vaccinated animals, as indicated by the in vivo animal tests described below.
  • The bacteria, polynucleotides, polypeptides, vaccines, and vaccine compositions of the present invention may be useful in treating or preventing companion animal periodontal disease, bovine foot rot, coronary heart disease (dogs), or systemic infections (dogs). In addition, the compositions of the present invention may also be useful in treating or preventing certain illnesses in companion animals corresponding to similar illnesses in humans such as coronary heart (or vascular or artery) disease, parotitis, oral maloder, gingivitis, periodontitis, stroke, atherosclerosis, hyperlipidemia, increased incidence of pre-term delivery of low birth weight infants, bacterial vaginosis and intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR).
  • In a further aspect of the present invention, methods of assessing the efficacy of a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria in an animal are provided. The present invention has shown that a vaccine against one or more periopathogenic bacteria can be assessed in animal species such as mouse or dog, particularly dog.
  • According to the present invention, vaccines against a variety of periopathogenic bacteria can be assessed using the methods described hereinabove, including but not limited to, Porphyromonas, Bacteriodes, Prevotella, Tannerella (Tannerella forsythensis, formerly Bacteroides forsythus), and Treponema, which are designed for treating or preventing a periodontal disease in human or companion animals caused by these bacteria. The vaccines can contain inactivated or attenuated bacteria, polypeptides, or polynucleotides of any of these bacterial species.
  • The efficacy of a vaccine can be assessed by introducing a challenge culture separately into a vaccinated animal and an unvaccinated animal, and comparing the clinical signs in the two animals. The challenge culture can be composed of the same periopathogenic bacteria as the vaccine. However, the challenge culture can contain bacteria different from those in the vaccine to evaluate any cross protection the vaccine may have against other bacterial species.
  • According to the present invention, it is desirable to introduce the challenge culture into the root canal of teeth of the animals from which the root material has been extirpated, followed by placement of a restoration. The challenge culture typically contains about 1×102 to about 1×1012 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose; preferably, 1×102 to about 1×1011 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose; even more preferably, about 5×107 to about 5×1010 colony forming units (CFU) per challenge dose.
  • Clinical signs of disease which can be evaluated include increased levels of one or more periopathogenic bacteria in the gingival crevicular fluid, plaque, infected bone, or gingival sulci, or changes in the amount of aveolar bone, particularly in the periapical region of the aveolar bone. The bone changes can be quantitated by, e.g., radiographic measurements.
  • The present invention is further illustrated by the following non-limiting example and accompanying figures.
    • EXAMPLE 1 Companion Animal Crevicular Fluid Sample
  • Microbial samples were taken from dogs and cats examined at veterinary clinics for periodontal treatment, or dogs examined at either Pfizer Terre Haute or Pfizer Sandwich facilities for normal check-ups. Dogs with periodontal pockets >3 mm and cats with periodontal pockets >2 mm were included in this study. Dental indices (gingival index and periodontal index) and the periodontal pocket depths were recorded. Individual coarse absorbent paper points (Henry Schein; Melville, N.Y.) were aseptically inserted into the periodontal pocket. Upon removal, the paper points were immediately inserted into vials containing Pre-Reduced Anaerobically Sterile (PRAS) Anaerobic Dental Transport (ADT) Medium (Anaerobe Systems; Morgan Hills, Calif.).
  • Vials were transferred into a Bactron IV anaerobic chamber (Sheldon Manufacturing, Cornelius, Oreg.) and processed under 90% N2, 5% H2, 5% CO2. The paper points were aseptically placed into 50 μl of PRAS Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) medium (Anaerobe Systems) and vortexed for 30 seconds. Dilutions of 1:100 and 1:1000 were prepared in BHI medium. Aliquots of 100 μl of the 1:100 and 1:1000 dilutions were spread on PRAS Burcella Blood Agar (BRU) plates (Anaerobe Systems). The plates were incubated at 37° C. in the anaerobic chamber for five to seven days. The total number of bacterial colonies and the number of Black Pigmented Anaerobic Bacteria (BPAB) colonies were counted. Individual BPAP colonies were transferred to new BRU plates and re-incubated as above.
    • Clinical Isolate Characterization
  • Each clinical isolate was subjected to a number of biochemical analyses and 16S rRNA DNA sequence analysis, using primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID No. 1 and Seq. ID No. 2; Table 1), to determine genus and species. Individual isolates were streaked on BRU plates. Kanamycin, Vancomycin, and Colistin disks (Anaerobe Systems) were placed on the agar surface to determine the KVC resistance patterns of each isolate. Purified colonies were also subjected to the indole and catalase tests (Anaerobe Systems). Individual isolates were transferred to Egg Yolk Agar (EYA) plates (Anaerobe Systems) in order to determine lipase and lecithinase production patterns. This data is shown in Table 2.
  • TABLE 2
    Canine and feline BPAB isolate characterization
    Genus/species
    Bact. Tooth Pocket Periodontal Gingivitis by 16S rRNA
    Log # Source Dog/Cat Breed Age sex sampled depth index index Pigment Hemolysis Kan Vanc Col Indole Lipase Lecith. Catalase sequence
    B0029 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Y Y R S R Y N Y ND Porphyromonas gingivalis
    B0030 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Y Y R S R Y N Y ND Porphyromonas gingivalis
    B0031 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Y Y R S R Y N Y ND Porphyromonas gingivalis
    B0032 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Light N ND ND ND ND N N ND Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0033 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Tan N ND ND ND ND N N ND Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0034 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Y Y R R S Y Y Y/N ND Prevotella intermedia
    B0035 ATCC NA NA NA NA NA ND ND ND Y ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Prevotella oralis
    B0040 NCTC D ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y Y S S R ND N Y Ne Porphyromonas gingivalis
    B0041 Pfizer D ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y Y R R R ND N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0042 Pfizer D ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y ND R R R ND N ND P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0043 Pfizer D ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y ND S S R ND N ND Ne Porphyromonas gulae
    B0044 Pfizer C ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y ND S S R ND N ND P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0045 Pfizer C ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Y ND S S R ND N ND P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0046 VHUP1B D YPKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y N S S R ND ND ND Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0047 VHUP1D D YRKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y ND R R R ND ND ND Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0048 VHUP1E D YRKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y N R R R ND Y ND P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0049 VHUP1G D YRKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y ND R R R ND ND N P Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0050 VHUP1H D YRKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y ND S R R ND ND N Ne Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0051 VHUP1I D YRKT 4.5 F URP4 4 2 2 Y ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0052 VHUP2A C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0053 VHUP2B C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0054 VHUP2C C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0055 VHUP2D C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0056 VHUP2E C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0057 VHUP2F C DSHA 2.5 M URP4 5 3 3 Y ND S S R ND ND ND P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0069 VHUP3A C DSHA 12.5 M ULC 2 1 2 Y ND R R R ND N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0070 VHUP3B C DSHA 12.5 M ULC 2 1 2 Y ND R R R ND N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0071 VHUP3C C DSHA 12.5 M ULC 2 1 2 Y ND R R R ND N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0072 VHUP3D C DSHA 12.5 M ULC 2 1 2 Y ND R R R ND N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0073 VHUP3E C DSHA 12.5 M ULC 2 1 2 Y ND R R R ND N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0078 VHUP4A D ND 5 F ULP4 5 3 2 yellow Y S R R N N Y Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0080 VHUP4C D ND 5 F ULP4 5 3 2 yellow Y S S R N N Y Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0083 VHUP4F D ND 5 F ULP4 5 3 2 yellow N R S R N N Y Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0084 DAH1A D TPOO 15 F URCAN 6 3 3 blk N R S R Y Y N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0086 DAH1C D TPOO 15 F URCAN 6 3 3 brown N R R S P Y N Ne Bacteroides fragilis
    B0087 DAH1D D TPOO 15 F URCAN 6 3 3 opaque N R R R N N N Ne Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0089 DAH1F D TPOO 15 F URCAN 6 3 3 dk brn Y S S R N Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0090 DAH2A D SSHZ 9 M LRCAN 3 ND 2 lt brn N R S R N Y N P Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0092 DAH2C D SSHZ 9 M LRCAN 3 ND 2 dk brn Y S S R N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0093 DAH2D D SSHZ 9 M LRCAN 3 ND 2 dk brn Y R S R N N N P Pasteurella canis
    B0095 DAH2F D SSHZ 9 M LRCAN 3 ND 2 blk Y R S R N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0096 TH1aA D ND ND M RPM4 3 ND ND lt blk Y R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0097 TH1aB D ND ND M RPM4 3 ND ND blk N R R R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0098 TH1aC D ND ND M RPM4 3 ND ND brn N S S R N N N P Porphyromonas cangingivalis
    B0103 TH1bB D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk/wt Y S S R N N Y Ne Streptococcus bovis JB1
    fans
    B0104 TH1bC D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0105 TH1bD D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0106 TH1bE D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y S R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0107 TH1bF D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0109 TH2aB D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND dk brn N S S R P Y Y P Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0110 TH2aC D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND brn N R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0111 TH2aD D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND brn N S R S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0112 TH2aE D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND brn Y R S S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0113 TH2aF D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    TH2aG D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND yellow N N N Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0114 TH2bA D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND dk brn Y R R R N N Y Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0117 TH2bD D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND opaque Y R R R N Y N P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0118 TH2bE D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND yellow N R S R N N Y Ne Eubacterium brachy
    B0119 TH2bF D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk N R R R N N Y Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0121 TH2cB D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk N S S R N N N Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0122 TH2cC D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND lt brn Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0123 TH2cD D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk N R S R N N Y Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0124 TH2cE D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND dk brn Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0125 TH2cF D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk N R S R N N Y Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0126 TH3aA D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0128 TH3aC D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0129 TH3aD D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0131 TH3aF D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0132 TH3bA D ND ND M RPM3 4 ND ND blk Y R S R N N N Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0133 TH3bB D ND ND M RPM3 4 ND ND brn N R R S P Y N P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0134 TH3bC D ND ND M RPM3 4 ND ND brn N R R S P Y N P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0135 TH3bD D ND ND M RPM3 4 ND ND blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0136 TH3bE D ND ND M RPM3 4 ND ND brn N R R S P Y N P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0140 TH3cC D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk N R R R N Y Y Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0142 TH3cE D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND opaque Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0143 TH3cF D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND wht Y ND ND ND P N N Ne Eubacterium brachy
    B0145 TH4aB D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk Y S S R P Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0146 TH4aC D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND lt brn N S S S N Y N Ne Enterococcus gallinarum
    B0148 TH4aE D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND lt brn N R R S Y N Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0150 TH4bA D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0151 TH4bB D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0152 TH4bC D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0153 TH4bD D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn N R R S N Y N P Bacteroides forsythus
    B0154 TH4bE D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R S P Y N P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0155 TH4bF D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0163 TH5bB D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N Y N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0164 TH5bC D ND ND M LPM4 4 ND ND brn N S S S P Y Y P Eubacterium brachy
    B0171 TH6aD D ND ND M RPM4 7 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N P Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0172 TH6aE D ND ND M RPM4 7 ND ND blk Y R R S N N Y Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0174 TH6bA D ND ND M LM1 6.5 ND ND blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0183 TH7aD D ND ND M RPM4 2.5 ND ND opaque Y R R S N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0186 TH7bA D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND blk/brn N R R R N N Y Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0187 TH7bB D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N N N Y Porphyromonas canoris
    B0188 TH7bC D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND opaque N R S R N N N Ne Fusobacterium alocis
    B0190 TH7bE D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0191 TH7bF D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND wt Y R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0195 TH8aD D ND ND M RM1 3 ND ND blk Y R S R P Y Y Ne Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0198 TH9aA D ND ND M LPM3 4 ND ND lt brn N R R S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0199 TH9aB D ND ND M LPM3 4 ND ND brn Y R S R P Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0201 TH9aD D ND ND M LPM3 4 ND ND blk Y R R S N N N Ne Campylobacter sputorum
    B0203 TH9aF D ND ND M LPM3 4 ND ND dk brn Y R S R N Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0204 TH9bA D ND ND M RPM3 3 ND ND tan N S S N N N P Porphyromonas cangingivalis
    B0205 TH9bB D ND ND M RPM3 3 ND ND blk N R R R N Y N Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0206 TH9bC D ND ND M RPM3 3 ND ND brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0207 TH9bD D ND ND M RPM3 3 ND ND blk N R R R N Y N Ne Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0208 TH9bE D ND ND M RPM3 3 ND ND tan N R S R N N N P Porphyromonas cangingivalis
    B0210 TH10aA D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND opaque N R R S N N N Ne Campylobacter sputorum
    B0211 TH10aB D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk N R R R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0212 TH10aC D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND lt brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0213 TH10aD D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk/brn N R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0218 TH10bC D ND ND M LM1 4 ND ND yellow N R S S N Y Y Ne Peptostreptococcus sp. D1
    B0222 TH11aA D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND blk Y R R R N Y N Ne Bacteroides levii
    B0225 TH11aD D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND blk N R R R N Y N Ne Bacteroides levii
    B0232 TH11bE D ND ND F LPM3 2 ND ND lt brn N R S S P N N P Porphyromonas canoris
    B0233 TH11bF D ND ND F LPM3 2 ND ND brn Y R S R P Y N P Klebsiella oxytoca
    B0234 TH12aA D ND ND F RPM4 4 ND ND mixed Y R S R P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0235 TH12aB D ND ND F RPM4 4 ND ND yellow N R R R N N Y Ne Bacteroides forsythus
    B0236 TH12aC D ND ND F RPM4 4 ND ND lt brn N R R R N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0238 TH12aE D ND ND F RPM4 4 ND ND blk Y R S S N Y Y Ne Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0241 TH12bB D ND ND F ULPM4 4 ND ND wht N S S R P N N Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0242 TH12bC D ND ND F ULPM4 4 ND ND brn N R R S P Y N Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0243 TH12bD D ND ND F ULPM4 4 ND ND yellow N S S R P N N Ne Peptostreptococcus sp. D1
    B0248 TH13aC D ND ND M RPM4 2 ND ND blk Y R S R N N N Ne Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0251 TH13aF D ND ND M RPM4 2 ND ND lt brn N S R S N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0258 TH14aA D ND ND M URPM2 5 ND ND lt brn Y R R S N Y Y P Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0259 TH14aB D ND ND M URPM2 5 ND ND blk N R S S N N N P Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0260 TH14aC D ND ND M URPM2 5 ND ND dk brn N R S S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0264 TH14bA D ND ND M ULCAN 2 ND ND blk Y S S R N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0265 TH14bB D ND ND M ULCAN 2 ND ND blk Y R ND ND N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0266 TH14bC D ND ND M ULCAN 2 ND ND yellow Y S S R P N N Ne Peptostreptococcus sp. D1
    B0267 TH14bD D ND ND M ULCAN 2 ND ND blk N R ND ND N N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0269 TH14bF D ND ND M ULCAN 2 ND ND blk N R R N ND ND P Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0270 TH15aA D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0271 TH15aB D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND brn Y R R R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0272 TH15aC D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND gry brn Y R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0273 TH15aD D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND blk Y R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0274 TH15aE D ND ND M RM1 4 ND ND dkbrn Y R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0279 TH15bD D ND ND M LM1 2 ND ND blk Y R S R N Y N P Porphyromonas endodontalis
    B0283 TH16aB D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND brn ND R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas cansulci
    B0284 TH16aC D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND blk ND S S S N N N P Unidentified eubacterium
    B0285 TH16aD D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND blk ND S S S N N N Ne Unidentified eubacterium
    B0286 TH16aE D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND brn ND S S S N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0287 TH16aF D ND ND F RM1 4 ND ND brn ND R S R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0290 TH16bC D ND ND F LPM4 2 ND ND blk ND R S R P N N Ne Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0291 TH16bD D ND ND F LPM4 2 ND ND dk brn ND R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0323 VHUP5F C DSHA 10 F URCAN 4 2 2 blk Y R S R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0336 DAH6A D COLI 10 F URCAN 6 3 3 brn Y R S R N N Y P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0337 DAH6B D COLI 10 F URCAN 6 3 3 blk N S S S N N N P Unidentified eubacterium
    B0341 DAH6F D COLI 10 F URCAN 6 3 3 blk Y S S S N N N P Unidentified rumen bacterium
    B0342 VHUP6A D SCOT 7.5 M LM1 5 3 2 yellow N S R S P N N Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0343 VHUP6B D SCOT 7.5 M LM1 5 3 2 lt brn N R S R P Y N Ne Bacteroides forsythus
    B0344 VHUP6C D SCOT 7.5 M LM1 5 3 2 blk N ND ND ND N Y N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0346 VHUP6E D SCOT 7.5 M LM1 5 3 2 brn N R S S N Y Y P Bacteroides forsythus
    B0348 VHUP7A D CKSP 11 M ULP2 6 1 2 yellow N S S R P N N Ne Peptostreptococcus
    B0353 DAH8B D YRKT 11 M ULCAN 9 2 2 blk Y ND ND ND N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0358 DAH19A D YRKT 9 M URPM4 6 3 3 brn N S S S P Y Y Ne Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0363 DAH19F D YRKT 9 M URPM4 6 3 3 blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0365 DAH20B D DACH 10 F ULM1 3 3 3 blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0366 DAH20C D DACH 10 F ULM1 3 3 3 blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0367 DAH20D D DACH 10 F ULM1 3 3 3 blk Y R R S N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0368 DAH24D D MIXB 11 M LRM1 3 3 2 blk Y R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0253 DAH37E C DSHA 11 M URCAN 6 2 3 yel N R S S N N N Ne Bacteroides forsythus
    B0255 CSU1B C DSHA 17 M ND N ND ND lt brn N R S R N Y Y P Tessaracoccus bendigoniensis
    B0256 DAH39C D ND ND M LRM1 6 2 2 Blk N R R R N N N Ne Bacteroides levii
    B0375 UCD2A D DACH 11 M URPM3 5 1 3 brn N ND ND ND P N N Ne Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0381 UF1A C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 1 1 2 wt N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0385 UF1E C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 1 1 2 lt brn N R R S P N N Ne Campylobacter sputorum
    B0389 UF2C C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 0.5 1 1 brn N S ? R P N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0390 UF2D C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 0.5 1 1 dk brn Y ND ND ND P N N P Staphylococcus warneri partia
    B0391 UF2E C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 0.5 1 1 dk brn Y ND ND ND P N N P Salmonella bongori
    B0392 UF2F C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 0.5 1 1 brn N ND ND R P N N Ne Clostridium sp.
    B0394 UF3B C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 1 1 1 lt brn N R S S N Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0398 UF3F C DSHA 2 F ULPM3 1 1 1 dk brn Y R S R N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0401 UF4C C DSHA 2 F URPM3 1 1 1 yel N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0402 UF4D C DSHA 2 F URPM3 1 1 1 dk brn Y ND ND ND P N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0403 UF4E C DSHA 2 F URPM3 1 1 1 dk brn N S S R N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0411 UF7A C DSHA 5 F ULPM3 1 1 2 dk brn N S S R P N N Ne Globicatella sp.
    B0412 UF7B C DSHA 5 F ULPM3 1 1 2 grybrn N S S S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0414 UF7D C DSHA 5 F ULPM3 1 1 2 grybrn N S S S P Y Y P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0416 UF7F C DSHA 5 F ULPM3 1 1 2 brnfan N ND S R P N N Ne Marine snow assoc. bacterium
    B0417 UF9A C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 yel N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0418 UF9B C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 grybrn N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0421 UF9E C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 grybrn N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0422 UF9F C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 blk N R R R P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0423 UF10A C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 blk Y S S R N Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0427 UF10E C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 blk N ND ND ND N N N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0428 UF10F C DSHA ND F ULPM3 2 2 2 blk N R R R P Y N P Porphyromonas gulae
    B0437 UCD4C D MSHZ 4 F LLM1 ND 2 2 brnfan Y S S S P N N Ne Veillonella sp. oral clone X042
    B0438 UCD4D D MSHZ 4 F LLM1 ND 2 2 yel N ND ND ND N N N Ne Prevotella oulora
    B0439 UCD4E D MSHZ 4 F LLM1 ND 2 2 lt brn ND ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Lactobacillus rimae
    B0440 UCD4F D MSHZ 4 F LLM1 ND 2 2 lt brn Y S S S N N N Ne Streptococcus suis
    B0442 UCD5B D BOXE 12 F URI1 3 2 2 ND ND ND ND ND P ND ND Ne Capnocytophaga sp.
    B0446 UCD6A C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 ltbrn N R S R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0447 UCD6B C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 blk N R S S P N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0448 UCD6C C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 blk N R S R P N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0449 UCD6D C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 brn N R S ? P N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0450 UCD6E C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 brn N R S R N N N Ne Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0452 UCD6G C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 blk N R S R P N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0453 UCD6H C DSHA 2 M LRM1 ND 2 2 blk N R S R N N N P Porphyromonas
    circumdentaria
    B0456 UCD7B D POOD 8 F URCAN ND ND ND blk N R R S N N N P Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0457 UCD7C D POOD 8 F URCAN ND ND ND brn N R R S P N N Ne Porphyromonas denticanis
    B0458 UCD7D D POOD 8 F URCAN ND ND ND yel N R S R P N N Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0463 UCD8C C DLHA 6 M LLP4 ND 1 ND brn N S S R P N Y P Peptostreptococcus sp.
    B0473 UCD10A D WHWT 10 M URP4 3 2 2 wht N R R S P ND ND Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0474 UCD10B D WHWT 10 M URP4 3 2 2 wyel N R ND S P ND ND Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0476 UCD10D D WHWT 10 M URP4 3 2 2 wht N R R R P ND ND Ne Bacteroides acidofaciens
    B0477 UCD10E D WHWT 10 M URP4 3 2 2 brn Y R R R P ND ND P Porphyromonas salivosa
    B0478 UCD10F D WHWT 10 M URP4 3 2 2 brn Y R R R P ND ND Ne Porphyromonas salivosa
    Abbreviations:
    D, Dog;
    C, Cat;
    NA, Not applicable;
    ND, Not determined;
    M, Male;
    F, Female;
    Y, Yes;
    N, No;
    P, Positive;
    Ne, Negative
  • The isolates were typed based on their 16S rRNA DNA sequence. Individual, well-isolated colonies were utilized as template for polymerase chain reactions (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA region using primers D0056 and D0057 (Seq. ID No. 1 and Seq. ID No. 2; Table 1) in triplicate. The PCR was carried out in 50 μl reaction volumes containing 1×PCR buffer (Life Technologies; Rockville, Md.), 1.0 mM MgCl2, 1.25 μM each primer, 300 μM each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies). The following PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for one minute; a final extension step at 72° C. for two minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C. A GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) was utilized for all PCR amplifications.
  • The resulting PCR products were purified using the PCR preps kits (Promega Corp.; Madison, Wis.) and pooled by isolate. The purified PCR products were then desalted by drop analysis against 25 ml sterile water using a 0.025 μm nitrocellulose filter (Millipore Corp.; Bedford, Mass.). The purified, desalted PCR products were subjected to DNA sequence analysis using the DyeDeoxy termination reaction on an ABI automated DNA sequencer (University of Texas Genetics Core Facility, Houston, Tex. and Lark Technologies Inc., Houston, Tex.). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers D0056, D0057, PFZ175-AP1, PFZ175-AP2, and PFZ175-AP3 (Seq. ID No. 1-5, respectively; Table 1) were used to obtain double stranded DNA sequence. The resulting DNA sequences were used to search publicly available DNA databases using A BLAST-N program publicly available from The National Center for Biotechnology Information, USA.
  • The bacterial isolates were typed based on the closest match identified by database searches. The B106 isolates did not have a precise match. The nearest match was with an uncultured bacterial type that was identified by random PCR of human periodontal pocket material. This isolate was referred to as Porphyromonas denticanis strain B106. A complete listing of all the isolates and their respective characteristics is located in Table 2. The top nine most frequently isolated strains are exemplified by the following isolates: P. gulae B43 (dog sample Sandwich 4), P. cansulci B46 (dog sample VHUP 1B), P. circumdentaria B52 (cat sample VHUP 2A), P. gulae B69 (cat sample VHUP 3A), P. circumdentaria B97 (dog sample TH 1bC), P. cangingivalis B98 (dog sample TH 1aC), P. salivosa B104 (dog sample TH 1 bC), P. denticanis B106 (dog sample TH 1bE), and P. endodontalis B114 (dog sample TH 2bA).
  • The distribution of isolates is shown in Table 3.
  • TABLE 3
    Summary of the number of dogs and cats identified to harbor indicated
    bacterial species.
    # dog # % positive # cat #
    Isolate isolates dogs dogs isolates cats % positive
    Porphyromonas gulae 27 16 31 8 6 38
    Porphyromonas salivosa 27 17 33 3 2 13
    (macacae)
    Porphyromonas denticanis 24 15 29 0 0 0
    Porphyromonas cansulci 12 8 15 0 0 0
    Porphyromonas 11 8 15 0 0 0
    endodontalis
    Porphyromonas 10 8 15 15 4 25
    circumdendaria
    Bacteroides acidofaciens 10 5 10 0 0 0
    Bacteroides forsythus 4 3 6 1 1 6
    Porphyromonas 3 2 4 0 0 0
    cangingivalis
    Bacteroides levii 3 2 4 0 0 0
    Eubacterium brachy 3 3 6 0 0 0
    ATCC33089
    Peptostreptococcus sp. D1 3 4 8 1 1 6
    Unidentified eubacterium 3 2 4 0 0 0
    Porphyromonas canoris 2 2 4 0 0 0
    Campylobacterium sputorum 2 2 4 1 1 6
    Porphyromonas gingivalis 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Bacteroides fragilis 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Uncultured bacterium SHA- 1 1 2 0 0 0
    54
    Uncultured bacterium SHA- 1 1 2 0 0 0
    219
    Pasteurella canis 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Streptococcus bovis JB1 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Enterococcus gallinarum 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Fusobacterium alocis 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Klebsiella oxytoca 1 1 2 0 0 0
    Unidentified rumen 1 1 2 0 0 0
    bacterium
    Uncultured bacterium 0 0 0 6 3 19
    AF132259
    Prevotella oulora 0 1 2 0 0 0
    Tessatacoccus 0 0 0 1 1 6
    bendigoniensis
    Staphyloccus warneri 0 0 0 1 1 6
    Salmonella bongori 0 0 0 1 1 6
    Clostridium sp. 0 0 0 1 1 6
    Globicatella sp. 0 0 0 1 1 6
    Marine snow associated 0 0 0 1 1 6
    bacterium
    Veillonella sp. oral clone 0 1 2 0 0 0
    X042
    Lactobacillus rimae 0 1 2 0 0 0
    Streptococcus suis 0 1 2 0 0 0
    Capnocytophaga sp. 0 1 2 0 0 0
  • The isolates listed above represent those species that were most frequently identified and present in the highest percentages of dogs or cats.
  • The following companion animal periodontal isolates were deposited with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va., 20110, USA, on Aug. 9, 2001: P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618), P. cansulci B46 (PTA-3619), P. circumdentaria B52 (PTA-3620), P. gulae B69 (PTA-3621), P. circumdentaria B97 (PTA-3622), P. cangingivalis B98 (PTA-3623), P. salivosa B104 (PTA-3624), P. denticanis B106 (PTA-3625), and P. endodontalis B114 (PTA-3626).
    • Culture Conditions for Porphyromonas Sp
  • Since the standard growth media for Porphyromonas sp. (Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) and Chopped Meat Carbohydrate (CMC) media) contain animal product, which are not amenable for vaccine production, a growth medium that does not contain these ingredients was sought. Various media compositions, with and without the addition of hemin and vitamin K, were tested for their ability to support growth equivalent to that of growth of BHI or CMC. Both the PYG-complete medium and ME-complete medium supported the growth of P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) to a level equivalent to that of BHI (FIG. 1). The PYG-complete medium was chosen as the P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) growth medium due to its ability to yield high density cultures during fermentation. This medium contains the following ingredients: 3% phytone (Becton Dickinson; Cockeysville, Md.), 0.3% yeast extract (Becton Dickinson), 0.3% glucose (Sigma Corp.; St. Louis, Mo.), 0.05% sodium thioglycollate (Becton Dickinson), 0.5% sodium chloride (Sigma Corp.), 5 μg/ml hemin (Sigma Corp.) (added after autoclaving), 0.5 μg/ml menadione (Sigma Corp.) (added after autoclaving), and 0.2% sodium bicarbonate (Sigma Corp.), pH 7.0.
  • P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) was routinely cultivated on Brucella blood agar plates (Anaerobe Systems) or in complete PYG medium or BHI at 37° C. in a Bactron IV anaerobic chamber (Shel Labs; Cornelius, Oreg.) under 90% N2, 5% CO2 for three to five days (plates) or 24 to 48 hours (liquid cultures). For whole cell bacterin preparation, P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) was cultivated in a BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor using 5 liters of PYG complete medium. The culture medium in the vessel was rendered anaerobic by sparging with 95-99.5% N2 and 0.5-5% CO2 immediately after autoclaving. The reduced culture medium was seeded with 0.02% of P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) stock and cultivated at 37° C. with an agitation rate of 100 rpm and the pH maintained at 7.0 by the automatic addition of NaOH. During cultivation, the vessel was periodically sparged with both N2 and CO2. The bacterial cells were collected after 36 to 48 hours at an OD600 of 2.0 to 3.5 while cells were still undergoing logarithmic growth.
    • Pathogenicity Testing of Clinical Isolates in Mice
  • The nine isolates (P. gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114) were tested for their pathogenicity in the mouse periodontal bone loss model. Three-week-old, age-matched male Balb/c CyJ mice (Jackson Laboratories; Bar Harbor, Me.) with estimated weights of 14-15 grams were utilized for this study. The animals were housed in positive pressure, barrier cage units. Food pellets, standard for the species, and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. The bedding utilized was granular Bed O'Cobbs to minimize impaction in the gingival tissues. Following receipt, all animals were acclimatized for five to seven days. To reduce competing oral flora, animals were placed on a mixture of sulfamathoxazole and trimethoprim (10 ml drinking water; approximately 2 mg and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively) for ten days followed by a five-day washout period. Serum samples were taken from each mouse tail vein bleed. The animals were infected with 0.5 ml suspension of approximately 1×1010 cfu/ml of the appropriate bacterial strain in 1% carboxymethylcellulose by gavage. Additional drops were placed in the oral cavity. This infection was repeated two more times for a total of three times (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday).
  • Day 1 of the experiment was defined as the Tuesday following the first infection. All animals were sacrificed on Day 2. Post-infection serum was collected, as were microbial samples. The jaws of each mouse were defleshed, stained, and scored for horizontal bone loss microscopically. The scoring was repeated three times to reduce operator error. The average bone loss is expressed as the average bone loss/site/jaw in mm. Statistical analysis of the resulting data was done with Systat (version 9), SigmaStat (version 2), and SigmaPlot (version 2000) available from SPSS Science Inc. (Chicago, Ill.). Table 4 shows the numerical results for the top nine isolates.
  • TABLE 4
    Summary of the mouse periodontal disease pathogenicity trial.
    Mean
    Number Source Bone
    of of Loss Std.
    Isolate mice bacteria (mm) Deviation SEM
    Sham 32 N/A 0.0843 0.0118 0.00211
    P. gingivalis 53977 16 Human 0.106 0.0139 0.00347
    P. gingivalis W50 16 Human 0.0948 0.0116 0.0029
    P. gingivalis B40 A 16 Dog 0.106 0.0138 0.00357
    P. gingivalis B40 B 16 Dog 0.115 0.0114 0.00284
    P. gulae B43 16 Dog 0.112 0.0163 0.00407
    P. cansulci B46 16 Dog 0.101 0.014 0.00362
    P. circumdentaria B52 16 Cat 0.0924 0.00836 0.00209
    P. gulae B69 16 Cat 0.114 0.0129 0.00322
    P. circumdentaria B97 16 Dog 0.0855 0.0143 0.00368
    P. cangingivalis B98 16 Dog 0.111 0.0136 0.0034
    P. salivosa B104 16 Dog 0.102 0.0107 0.00286
    P. denticanis B106 16 Dog 0.124 0.0167 0.00417
    P. endodontalis B114 16 Dog 0.0994 0.0223 0.00557
  • Each of these yielded statistically significant bone loss in this model.
  • FIG. 2 graphically shows the net bone loss. The mean alveolar bone levels (cementoenamel junction—alveolar bone crest) were obtained at 14 maxillary sites in mm, and the mean value for each jaw was determined. For each experimental group, the mean values for each jaw were summed and the group mean derived by dividing by the total number of animals in that group.
  • FIG. 3 graphically shows the comparison of net bone loss. The mean alveolar bone levels (cementoenamel junctions—alveolar bone crest) were obtained at 14 maxillary sites in mm, and the mean value for each jaw was determined. For each experimental group, the mean values for each jaw were summed and the group mean derived by dividing by the total number of animals in that group. The net bone loss was determined by subtracting the sham infected mean values from each experimental groups. The data is presented as a percentage of the positive control group (P. gingivalis 53977) which is set at 100%. P. gingivalis W50 is a poorly fimbrinated strain that has reduced virulence in this animal model.
  • These data indicate that the following clinical isolates are capable of producing high levels of bone loss in the mouse model of periodontal disease: P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618), P. gulae B69 (PTA-3621), P. cangingivalis B98 (PTA-3623) and P. denticanis B106 (PTA-3625). The following clinical isolates yielded moderate bone loss in the mouse periodontal model: P. cansulci B46 (PTA-3619), P. salivosa B104 (PTA-3624), and P. endodontalis B114 (PTA-3626). The following clinical isolates yielded minimal bone loss in the mouse periodontal model: P. circumdentaria B52 (PTA-3620) and P. circumdentaria B97 (PTA-3622). While varying amounts of bone loss were observed between the clinical isolates, it should be noted that in each case, the amount of bone loss observed was well above what was observed in the sham infected mice. Based on these data, it can be concluded that each of the top nine clinical isolates is capable of causing periodontal disease either alone or in concert with other bacteria.
    • Preparation of Bacterial Cells and Genomic DNA
  • Porphyromonas spp. were anaerobically cultivated in BHI or complete PYG at 37° C. for 48 hours. Cells from a 1-3 ml culture were pelleted by centrifugation, washed once in an equal volume of anaerobic PBS, re-centrifuged, and re-suspended in 1/10 volume anaerobic PBS.
  • Genomic DNA was purified from 5 ml cultures of Porphyromonas spp. that were anaerobically cultivated in BHI or complete PYG at 37° C. for 48 hours. The Wizard Genomic DNA Extraction kit (Promega Corp.) was utilized for all genomic DNA preparations.
    • Cloning of the Fimbrial Gene from Clinical Isolates
  • The fimA gene was PCR amplified from genomic DNA isolated from the top ten clinical isolates using combinations of the following PCR primers D0067 (forward; Seq. ID No. 6), D0078 (forward; Seq. ID No. 8), D0097 (forward; Seq. ID No. 9), D0068 (reverse; Seq. ID No. 7) and D0098 (reverse; Seq. ID No. 10). The PCR was carried out in 50 ul reaction volumes containing 1×PCR buffer (Life Technologies), 1.0 mM MgCl2, 1.25 μM each primer, 300 M each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies). The following PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 60° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; a final extension step at 72° C. for five minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C. A GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems; Foster City, Calif.) was utilized for all PCR amplifications. The amplified products were visualized on a 1.2% E-gel (Invitrogen; Carlsbad, Calif.).
  • The PCR products were A-tailed using 10 units of KlenTaq polymerase (Ab Peptides, Inc.; St. Louis, Mo.) for five minutes at 72° C. The resultant products were immediately T-tail cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector (Invitrogen) using the manufacturer's protocol and transformed into E. coli Top10F′ (Novagen; Madison, Wis.). Transformants harboring recombinant plasmids with the correct insert DNA were identified by a combination of colony PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, and DNA sequence analysis using DyeDeoxy termination reactions on an ABI automated DNA sequence (Lark Technologies, Inc.). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers (Seq. ID No. 6, 7, 8, 11-42) were used to obtain double stranded DNA sequence.
    • Cloning of the P. gulae B43 FIMA Gene into Expression Plasmids
  • For the purpose of high-level protein expression, the P. gulae B43 (PTA-3618) fimA gene was cloned into the pBAD/HisA expression vector (Invitrogen). Genomic DNA was purified from a 5 ml culture of P. gulae B43 in BHI incubated at 3700 for two days anaerobically using the genomic DNA extraction kit (Promega Corp.). The fimA gene was PCR amplified using primers D0097 and D0098 (Seq. ID No. 9 and Seq. ID No. 10) in triplicate. The PCR was carried out in 50 ul reaction volumes containing 1×PCR buffer (Life Technologies), 50 ng P. gulae B43 genomic DNA, 1.0 mM MgCL2, 1.25 μM each primer, 300 μM each deoxy-NTP, and 2.5 U Platinum Pfx DNA Polymerase (Life Technologies, USA).
  • The following PCR cycle conditions were utilized: a two minute denaturation step at 94° C.; five cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 58° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; 30 cycles of denaturation at 94° C. for 40 seconds, annealing at 65° C. for 40 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 1.5 minutes; a final extension step at 72° C. for five minutes; and a final cooling step to 4° C. A GeneAmp 9700 thermocycler (Perkin Elmer Applied Biosystems) was utilized for all PCR amplifications. The PCR products were purified using PCR prep kits (Promega Corp.). The purified PCR products and pBAD/HisA were double digested with HindIII and XhoI for three hours at 37° C. Half way through the digestion, five units of shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Inc.: Piscataway, N.J.) were added to the vector digestion. The digested DNA's were purified using the DNA Clean-Up kit (Promega Corp.). The purified HindIII/XhoI digested PCR products were ligated into HindIII/XhoI digested, SAP treated pBAD/HisA with the T4 DNA Ligase enzyme (Life Technologies) in the presence of 1×T4 DNA ligase buffer at 16° C. for 18 hours. A portion of the resulting ligation mixture was transformed into competent E. coli Top10F′ cells (Novagen). A recombinant plasmid, pBAD:B43fimA4, was found to contain the fimA gene in the correct orientation. The resulting recombinant FimA contains a terminal, vector-encoded sequence
  • (MGGSHHHHHHGMASMTGGQMGRDLYDDDDKDRWGSELEICSQYHMGI, SEQ ID NO: 135), followed by the mature portion of FimA beginning at asparagine-20. This plasmid was transformed into competent E. coli BL21 cells (Novagen) for further protein expression analysis.
    • Expression and Purification of the Recombinant FIMA Protein
  • A frozen working stock of the E. coli BL21/pBAD:B43fimA4 was thawed, seeded at a 1:5000 dilution into Luria broth containing 100 μg/ml ampicillin (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 0.5% NaCl), and grown in a 5 liter working volume BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific; Edison, N.J.) at 37° C. with a 100 rpm agitation rate until A625 was 2.5-3.5. L-arabinose was then added to the culture at a final concentration of 0.1% to induce FimA expression. The culture was incubated for an additional three hours. Expression of the recombinant FimA was detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis using anti-Express serum (Invitrogen) (FIG. 4). The recombinant FimA protein had a predicted molecular mass of 45 kDa.
  • Wet cells of the E. coli BL21 transformant expressing recombinant FimA from the 5 liter fermentation were harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The cells were mechanically lysed. Following centrifugation, the pellet was discarded. The supernatant was passed over a Ni2+-affinity column, and eluted off using an imidazole gradient. Fractions containing the recombinant protein were pooled, dialyzed to remove the imidazole, and filter-sterilized using a 0.2 μm filter.
    • Cloning of the OPRF Gene from Clinical Isolates
  • Based on sequences of the P. gingivalis strain W50 oprF homolog, gene PG32 (Genbank accession number AF175714), oligonucleotide primers D0086 (SEQ ID No. 43), D0087 (SEQ ID NO. 44), and KWK-Pg-03 (SEQ ID NO. 45) were designed and synthesized (Life Technologies). For PCR, primer D0086 (SEQ ID NO. 43) was used in conjunction with either D0087 (SEQ ID NO. 44) or KWK-Pg-03 (SEQ ID NO. 45) in 1×PC2 buffer (Ab Peptides), 200 μM each dNTP, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 (Ab Peptides) and 0.15 U cloned Pfu (Stratagene; La Jolla, Calif.) thermostable polymerases in a 50111 final sample volume. Reactions were performed in triplicate using either a washed cell suspension or purified genomic DNA as template from P. gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114. Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., 9 minutes); 30-40 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (55-60° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes); followed by a final extension at 72° C. for seven minutes.
  • For polymerase chain amplification of the oprF homolog from P. cangingivalis B98, primer KWK-Ps-04b (SEQ ID No. 81) was used in conjunction with KWK-Ps-06b (SEQ ID No. 83). For amplification of the homolog from P. salivosa B104, primer KWK-Ps-04b (SEQ ID No. 81) was used with KWK-Ps-05b (SEQ ID No. 82). For amplification of the gene from P. denticanis B106, primer KWK-Ps-02 (SEQ ID No. 79) was used with KWK-Ps-03 (SEQ ID No. 80). Reactions were performed in triplicate using purified chromosomal DNA as template from strains P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, and P. denticanis B106. Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., 9 minutes); 30-35 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (61-72° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes); this was followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes.
  • The PCR amplified gene products were visualized by separation on a 1.0% agarose gel (Sigma). The PCR products were purified using a QIAquick™ PCR Purification kit (Qiagen; Valancia, Calif.), and each set of triplicate samples pooled. These fragments were then sequenced directly in an attempt to avoid the introduction of sequence artifacts due to mutations that arise during PCR amplification and subsequent cloning steps. The pooled mixtures were then subjected to direct sequence analysis using DyeDeoxy termination reaction on an ABI automated DNA sequencer (Lark Technologies). Synthetic oligonucleotide primers (SEQ ID NO. 46-75) were used to sequence both DNA strands of the amplified products.
  • The nucleotide sequences encoding the OprF homolog from P. gulae B43, P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, and P. endontalis B114 are depicted in SEQ ID NO. 111 to 119. Sequence corresponding the 5′ and 3′ primers used for PCR amplification of each gene was removed, as it may not represent the actual sequence of the gene in each of the respective strains. The ORFs encoded by SEQ ID NO. 111 to 119 are shown in SEQ ID No. 120 to 128, respectively. For each of the encoded ORFs, the amino terminal sequence, even when that encoded by the 5′ primer was excluded, still maintained characteristics of a prokaryotic signal sequence (von Heijne, 1985, J. Mol. Biol. 184:99-105; Nielsen, H., Engelbrecht, J., Brunak, S., and von Heijne, G., 1997 Protein Engineering, 10:1-6). Each ORF was compared against existing nucleotide and protein databases using the Basis Local Align Search Tool (BLAST) programs (Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., Lipman, D. J., 1990, J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410). The entry with which each shared the greatest homology was PG32 from P. gingivalis.
    • Cloning of the P. gulae B43 OPRF Gene into Expression Plasmids
  • For the purpose of recombinant protein expression, the gene encoding OprF was cloned with the sequence encoding its signal peptide. OprF was amplified from P. gulae B43 using oligonucleotide primers KWK-Pg-06 (SEQ ID NO. 76) and KWK-Pg-03 (SEQ ID NO. 45). For polymerase chain amplification, duplicate 50 μl reactions were set up containing chromosomal DNA as template, 1×PC2 buffer, 200 μM each dNTP, 50 pMol each primer, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 and 0.15 cloned Pfu thermostable polymerase. Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., nine minutes); 30 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 sec), annealing (60° C., 30 sec), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 min), followed by a final extension at 72° C. for 7 minutes. Following amplification, the samples were purified (QIAquick™ PCR Purification kit) and pooled, The purified PCR product was cloned directly into the TA cloning site of both pBAD-TOPO and pBAD/Thio-TOPO (Invitrogen). The ligand products were transformed into Max Efficiency E. Coli DH5a cells. The predicted amino terminal sequence of the encoded protein expressed from pBAD-TOPO:OprF consists of the vector-encoded sequence MGSGSGDDDDKLALM (SEQ ID NO: 136) followed immediately by the sequence beginning at glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID No. 120). A clone containing the appropriate plasmid was identified, and purified plasmid was isolated from a small-scale broth culture using a QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit (Qiagen). This plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 cells (Novagen), and a clone was identified that contained the appropriate plasmid.
  • The predicted amino terminal sequence of the encoded fusion protein expressed from pBAD/Thio-TOPO: oprF should consist of the thioredoxin protein and a 14 amino acid residue linker followed immediately by the sequence beginning at glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO. 120). A clone containing the appropriate plasmid was identified, and purified plasmid was isolated from a small-scale broth culture using a QIAprep Spin Miniprep kit. This plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 cells, and a clone was identified that contained the appropriate plasmid.
  • The oprF gene lacking the sequence encoding the signal peptide was also cloned into two different λ expression plasmids. Both of these plasmids encode the temperature-sensitive λ repressor c/857, which inhibits expression from λ promoters at 30° C. At 42° C., the repressor is inactivated and expression from the λ promoter is enabled, yielding high-level transcription and translation. For cloning into these vectors, oprF was amplified from P. gulae B43 using oligonucleotide primers KWK-Pgu-14 (SEQ ID NO. 77) and KWK-Pgu-15 (SEQ ID NO. 78). For polymerase chain amplification, duplicate 50 μl reactions were set up containing washed P. gulae B43 cells as template, 1×PC2 buffer, 200 μM each dNTP, 50 pMol each primer, 7.5 U KlenTaq1 and 0.15 U cloned Pfu thermostable polymerases. Amplification was carried out as follows: denaturation (94° C., nine minutes); 45 cycles of denaturation (94° C., 30 seconds), annealing (55° C., 30 seconds), and polymerization (72° C., 1.5 minutes), followed by a final extension at 72° C. for seven minutes. Following amplification, the samples were pooled and digested with restriction enzymes, generating overhangs compatible with the plasmids which had also been linearized using the same enzymes. Following restriction digestion, the PCR fragment and plasmids were purified (QIAquick™ PCR Purification kit; Qiagen Corp.), ligated, and transformed into E. coli DH5α cells (Novagen). The predicted amino terminal consisted of the vector-encoded sequence MGTTTTTTSLHM (SEQ ID NO: 137) followed immediately by the sequence beginning at Glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO. 120). The protein expressed from the second plasmid would consist only a vector-encoded Met followed by Glutamine-13 of OprF (SEQ ID NO: 120). Clones containing the appropriate plasmids were identified, and plasmids were isolated from small-scale broth cultures using QIAprep Spin Miniprep kits (Qiagen Corp.). These plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21 cells, and separate clones were identified that contained the appropriate plasmids.
    • Expression and Purification of the Recombinant OPRF Protein
  • E. coli BL21 cells that express recombinant OprF (fused at its N-terminus to SEQ ID NO: 137) were utilized for expression studies. A frozen stock was thawed, seeded at a 1:5000 dilution into 2×YT medium containing 50 μg/ml kanamycin sulfate (1.6% tryptone, 1% yeast extract, 0.5 NaCL), and grown in a 5 liter working volume BioFlo 3000 Bioreactor (New Brunswick Scientific; Edison, N.J.) at 29° C. with a 100 rpm agitation rate until A625 was 2.5-3.5. The cultures were then shifted to 42° C. to induce OprF expression. The culture was incubated for an additional 3 hours. Aliquots were removed at various time points, centrifuged, and re-suspended in reducing sample buffer. All samples were analyzed on a 10% NuPAGE gel (Invitrogen, USA) (FIG. 5).
  • Wet cells of the E. coli BL21 transformant expressing recombinant OprF from the 5 liter fermentation were harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in phosphate-buffered saline. The cells were mechanically lysed. Following centrifugation, the pellet was discarded. The supernatant was passed over an ion exchange column, and eluted off using a NaCl gradient. Fractions containing the recombinant protein were pooled, dialyzed to remove the NaCl, and filter-sterilized using a 0.2 μm filter.
    • Whole Cell Bacterin Preparation
  • A 5 liter batch of P. gulae B43 was grown in a fermentor as described above and split into 1 liter portions. The cells in each 1 liter fraction (4.4×1012 total P. gulae B43 cells) were inactivated by the following treatments: exposure to 0.4% formalin for 24 hours at 23° C., exposure to 10 mM binary ethylene-imine (BEI) at pH 8.5 for 48 hours at 37° C., heating to 60° C. for 30 minutes on two consecutive days, and exposure to air for 48 hours. Following the BEI treatment, the BEI was inactivated by treatment with 50 mM sodium thiosulfate. The cells were collected by centrifugation. The resultant cells pellets were re-suspended in 220 ml PBS yielding a final concentration of 2×1010 cells per ml. Seven ml of each of the inactivated cells was mixed with 7 ml of MPL+TDM adjuvant (Sigma Corp.) yielding a final concentration of 1.0×1010 cells per ml.
  • Whole cell bacterin preparations of the other eight top clinical isolates (P. cansulci B46, P. circumdentaria B52, P. gulae B69, P. circumdentaria B97, P. cangingivalis B98, P. salivosa B104, P. denticanis B106, and P. endodontalis B114) or other pigmented anaerobic bacteria can be prepared in an identical fashion.
    • Homologous Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
  • In homologous vaccine efficacy studies, mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of the above mentioned inactivated P. gulae B43 cells in MPL+TDM adjuvant three weeks apart. The mice were infected as previously described with P. gulae B43 two weeks following the booster immunization. Forty-two days following the infection, the mice were sacrificed and processed as previously described. Table 5 shows the numerical results of bone loss measurements.
  • TABLE 5
    Mouse homologous vaccine efficacy study results.
    Mean Net % %
    bone Std. bone bone bone
    Group Vaccinogen Challenge loss Dev. SEM loss loss (a) loss (b)
    A PBS with RIBI None 0.0686 0.00862 0.00216 0 NA (c) NA
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    B PBS with RIBI Pg 53977 0.112 0.0107 0.00266 0.0434 100 NA
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    C PBS with RIBI Pg B43 0.093 0.0188 0.00471 0.0244 NA 100
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    D Formalin Pg 53977 0.098 0.0146 0.00364 0.0294 67.7 NA
    inactivated P. gingivalis
    53977
    with Freunds
    adjuvant
    E Formalin Pg 53977 0.0932 0.0109 0.00271 0.0246 56.7 NA
    inactivated P. gingivalis
    53977
    with RIBI
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    F Formalin Pg B43 0.082 0.0128 0.00319 0.0134 NA 54.9
    inactivated P. gulae
    B43
    with RIBI
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    G BEI inactivated Pg B43 0.107 0.0151 0.0039 0.0384 NA 157.4
    P. gulae B43
    with RIBI
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    H Heat Pg B43 0.0845 0.0113 0.00281 0.0159 NA 65.2
    inactivated P. gulae
    B43
    with RIBI
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    I aeration Pg B43 0.0746 0.00691 0.00173 0.006 NA 24.6
    inactivated P. gulae
    B43
    with RIBI
    MPL + TDM
    adjuvant
    (a) Percentage calculated based on group B as the positive control group.
    (b) Percentage calculated based on group C as the positive control group.
    (c) NA = Not applicable.
  • FIGS. 6, 7, and 8 graphically display these results. FIG. 7 shows the percent bone loss for the control experiment. Vaccines containing formalin-inactivated P. gingivalis 53977 and either Freund's complete/incomplete or MPL+TDM adjuvants reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gingivalis 53977 by approximately 32% and 43%, respectively. FIG. 8 shows the percent bone loss for the test experiment. Vaccines containing either formalin-, heat-, or air-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gulae B43 by approximately 45%, 35%, and 75%, respectively. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the formalin-, air-, and heat-inactivated P. gulae B43 vaccines were efficacious in their ability to reduce bone loss induced in this superinfection model. Extrapolating this data into the clinical setting, these three vaccines would likely be efficacious in the prophylactic prevention of periodontal disease and may well prove efficacious in the therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease.
    • Heterologous Vaccine Efficacy Study in Mice
  • In heterologous vaccine efficacy studies, mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of either formalin-inactivated P. gulae 643 or formalin-inactivated P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106 cells in MPL+TDM adjuvant three weeks apart. The mice were infected as previously described with either P. gulae B43, P. gulae B69, P. salivosa B104, or P. denticanis B106 two weeks following the booster immunization. Forty-two days following the infection, the mice were sacrificed and processed as previously described. Table 6 shows the numerical results of bone loss measurements.
  • TABLE 6
    Mouse heterologous vaccine efficacy study results.
    Mean Net % % % %
    Inactivation bone Std. bone bone bone bone bone
    Group Vaccinogen method Challenge loss Dev. SEM loss lossa lossb lossc lossd
    A PBS NA None 0.088 0.0112 0.00299 0 0 0 0 0
    B PBS NA P. gulae B43 0.101 0.0103 0.00266 0.013 100 NAe NA NA
    C PBS NA P. gulae B69 0.115 0.0112 0.00289 0.027 NA 100 NA NA
    D PBS NA P. salivosa B104 0.101 0.0132 0.00352 0.013 NA NA 100 NA
    E PBS NA P. pfizerii B106 0.0994 0.0135 0.0035 0.0114 NA NA NA 100
    F P. gulae B43 Formalin P. gulae B43 0.0901 0.016 0.00412 0.0021 16.15 NA NA NA
    G P. gulae B43 Formalin P. gulae B69 0.104 0.0166 0.00443 0.016 NA 59.26 NA NA
    H P. gulae B43 Formalin P. salivosa B104 0.0926 0.0119 0.00319 0.0046 NA NA 35.38 NA
    I P. gulae B43 Formalin P. pfizerii B106 0.102 0.0124 0.00333 0.014 NA NA NA 122.8
    J P. salivosa B104/ Formalin P. gulae B69 0.102 0.0124 0.00333 0.014 NA 51.85 NA NA
    P. denticanis B106
    aPercentage bone loss is calculated for the P. gulae B43 infected mice.
    bPercentage bone loss is calculated for the P. gulae B69 infected mice.
    cPercentage bone loss is calculated for the P. salivosa B104 infected mice.
    dPercentage bone loss is calculated for the P. denticanis B106 infected mice.
    eNA, not applicable.
  • FIGS. 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 graphically display these results. FIG. 9 shows the net bone loss for these experiments. FIG. 10 shows the percent bone loss for the P. gulae B43 infected groups. Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gulae B43 by approximately 84%. FIG. 11 shows the percent bone loss for the P. gulae B69 infected groups. The formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and formalin-inactivated P. salivosa B104/P. denticanis B106 vaccines containing MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by infection with P. gulae B69 by approximately 40% and 49%, respectively. FIG. 12 shows the percent bone loss for the P. salivosa B104 infected groups. Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 and MPL+TDM adjuvant reduced the bone loss induced by P. salivosa B104 by approximately 65%. FIG. 13 shows the percent bone loss for the P. denticanis B106 infected groups. Formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 with MPL+TDM adjuvant failed to cross protect against challenge with P. denticanis B106. Based on these data, it can be concluded that the formalin-inactivated P. gulae B43 vaccine adjuvanted with MPL+TDM was capable of providing protection not only from homologous challenge, but also from heterologous challenge with P. gulae B69. Moreover, protection was observed between two Porphyromonas species as the P. gulae B43 vaccine protected against P. salivosa B104 challenge. Extrapolating this data into the clinical setting, a multi-valent vaccine would likely be efficacious in the prophylactic prevention of periodontal disease and may well prove efficacious in the therapeutic treatment of periodontal disease.
    • Recombinant FimA and OprF Mouse Serological Study
  • In subunit vaccine serology studies, mice were immunized with two injections of 0.2 ml each of either recombinantly expressed, purified P. gulae B43 FimA or recombinantly expressed, purified P. gulae B43 OprF in QuilA/Cholesterol adjuvant three weeks apart. The mice were bled prior to the first vaccination and two weeks following the booster immunization. Table 7 shows the numerical results while FIGS. 14 and 15 show the results graphically.
  • TABLE 7
    Mouse subunit vaccine serology study.
    rFimA ELISA rOprF ELISA
    Group Vaccinogen Pre-vaccination Post-vaccination Pre-vaccination Post-vaccination
    A Saline 50 50 50  50
    B rFimA + QAC 50 138889 NA NA
    C rOprF + QAC NA NA 50 118
  • Throughout this application, various patent and scientific publications, including United States patents, are referenced by author and year and patents by number. The disclosures of these publications and patents are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which this invention pertains.
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • Ten beagle dogs with adult dentition were used for this study. The animals were anesthetized, and an access was made to the root canal of the mandibular premolars and first molars using a pear-shaped dental burr (Midwest Dental Products Corp; Des Plaines, Ill.) in a Schein Ultima 2000 dental unit with a high-speed handpiece (Henry Schein Inc.; Melville, N.Y.). Access to the root canal was confirmed by passing a veterinary barbed broach (21 mm, size #5; Roydent Dental Products; Johnson City, Tenn.) into the canal to a depth approximating the depth of the root canal. The connective tissue, vessels and nervous tissue were removed using repeated passages of the barbed broach. Hemorrhaging was minor; hemostasis was achieved with sterile paper points (Henry Schein Inc.) placed in the canal. It was important at this point to ensure that any inadvertent contamination of the canal during the drilling and emptying of the canal was removed. Therefore the canal was flushed with a 10% bleach solution. To create an appropriate surface for placement of the restoration, the enamel surrounding the access port was etched using a 40% sulfuric acid gel (Scotchbond Etching Gel, 3M; St. Paul, Minn.). In order to prevent any impact on viability of the challenge material by residual bleach solution or acid gel, the root canal was flushed from the inside out, using an endodontic needle (27ga., Dentsply Pharmaceutical; York, Pa.) and copious amounts of sterile saline. The access area and canal were dried with sterile paper points.
  • The challenge material was prepared by growing Porphyromonas gulae strain B69 on Brucella blood agar (Anaerobe Systems; Morgan Hill, Calif.), and incubating at 37° C. in an anaerobic environment (5% H2, 5% CO2, 90% N2). Cells were harvested and resuspended in sterile SSYG media. A challenge dose of approximately 7.5×108 colony forming units (CFU) was then introduced into the exposed root canal cavity of the selected teeth with an endodontic needle. Five animals received the challenge material (T01), while the other five received a sham challenge consisting of sterile SSYG media (T02). The access port was then sealed with a combination of glass ionomer and light-cured dental composite restorative (Revolution 3; 3M).
  • Periopathogenicity of the challenge organisms was determined based on changes in the density of periodontal bone surrounding the teeth. This assessment was made by measuring pixel intensities of digital radiographs taken using Schick Computed Dental Radiography (CDR®) sensors and software at study weeks 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12. Radiographs of six to eight teeth were taken in each animal. In order to obtain baseline values, radiographs were taken immediately prior to the procedure. Following challenge, radiographs were taken every three weeks for twelve weeks post-challenge. Radiographs were analyzed via two different methods. The first consisted of a subjective assessment of the radiographs by a veterinarian trained in the analysis of dental radiographs. Briefly, this consisted of a trained observer examining the radiographs, noting abnormalities and marking the degree of abnormality for each dog on a Visual Analog Scale. Secondly, areas of affected bone evident in radiographs taken 0, 6 and 12 weeks following challenge were measured using an area measurement tool within the radiograph software. This consisted of demarcating the rough diameter of visible lesions on the radiograph using the Straight-line measurement tool within Schick CDR software. From the resulting distance, the approximate area of lesion was determined. These areas were totaled for each dog and tabulated.
  • Analysis of radiographs using both methods suggested that the T01 group lost more periodontal bone than the T02 group (FIG. 16). It was concluded from this study that a feasible challenge model had been developed. However, because of difficulties in quantitating changes that occurred in a three-dimensional area (periodontal bone) based on two-dimensional measurements (radiographs), improved quantitation methods would be pursued.
    • EXAMPLE 3
  • Following model development, a study was conducted in dogs to test the efficacy of a trivalent vaccine preparation. The trivalent bacterin contained formalin-inactivated Porphyromonas gulae (B43), Porphyromonas salivosa (B104), and Wernerella denticanis (B106), adjuvanted with Quil A and cholesterol at 50 μg of each per dose. Each bacterin strain was assembled at an approximate concentration of 1×1010 CFU/vaccine dose. Three groups of eight animals with adult dentition were used in this study. Dogs in the first group (T01) were vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with 1 ml of the trivalent vaccine. The second (T02) and third (T03) groups were sham vaccinated with 1 ml of sterile saline. All dogs received three intramuscularly (IM) administrations, with a three week interval between administrations. Three weeks following the final administration, animals were anaesthetized as described above, and the challenge material was introduced into the root canal of the mandibular premolars and first molars following extirpation of the root material. Dogs in the T01 and T02 groups were challenged with 1×1010 CFU of a heterologous P. gulae strain (B69), prepared as described in Example 1. Dogs in the T03 group were challenged with sterile media, in an effort to measure effects of the procedure.
  • Radiographs were taken using a Heliodont dental radiograph machine, Schick® CDR (computerized digital radiography) capture system, and standard techniques at three, six, nine, and twelve weeks following challenge. For this study, once the digital radiographs were obtained, sequential images from each dog were first registered against each other through ImageJ (v1.28, NIH; Bethesda, Md.), using the plug-in TurboReg® with a scaled rotation technique. Registered image sets were then calibrated using an external gray scale with a 3rd-degree polynomial function. The area of bone surrounding treated teeth, excluding teeth and air, was then outlined and the mean density of that area was recorded for each image. Thus, a number representing the “whiteness” of the bone surrounding the tooth roots was derived objectively and made available for analysis. This number was termed the “bone reactivity score” and is a representation of the mean bone density.
  • The results from this study are shown in FIG. 17. The mean bone scores for animals in group T02 decreased, or became whiter, following challenge until week 12 post-challenge, when they returned to pre-challenge levels. Mean bone reactivity scores in group T01 and T03 also decreased initially, then appeared to recover to near normal values until week 12 post-challenge, when they diverged. The procedural controls in group T03 became whiter, while the vaccinated animals in group T01 maintained a mean value similar to pre-challenge levels. Thus, dogs that received the vaccine were able to recover bone density more quickly than unvaccinated dogs in the face of an endodontic challenge. Additionally, analysis of serum collected at each of the observation points indicated that animals which received vaccine generated high antibody titers against the vaccine strains and had increased antibody cross-reactivity against the challenge strain (data not shown).
  • The radiographs became whiter following challenge, as opposed to darker, the more intuitive direction in the case of bone infections. Bone reacts to inflammation and infection in a dual fashion, both losing bone matrix as well as increasing surrounding bone to “wall off” the spreading infection. The mixed lytic-sclerotic lesions are typical of those seen with several bone infections, but are influenced by 1) the virulence of the pathogen, 2) the age of the animal, 3) the genetics of the animal, and 4) the amount of trauma associated with the instigation of inflammation. The animals used in this study were young (10-14 months old), and there was significant trauma to the tooth and surrounding bone associated with the challenge procedure. These factors, when taken into account together with what is known regarding how bone reacts to infection and inflammation, may explain why there was an increase in the density of the surrounding bone.
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • This vaccine efficacy study was similar in design to that described in Example 3. Each treatment group contained ten animals. Dogs in the T01 group were vaccinated and challenged; the T02 group received a sham vaccination prior to challenge, and the T03 group was sham vaccinated and sham challenged. Each vaccine contained formalin-inactivated P. gulae strain B43, P. salivosa strain B104, and W. denticanis strain B106, at a concentration of 1×107 CFU of each strain per dose. The vaccination schedule was identical to that set forth in Example 3. The challenge inoculum was P. gulae strain B69, administered 3 weeks following the third vaccination. Radiographs were again taken at 3 week intervals, but only until nine weeks post-challenge, and were analyzed in a similar manner as described in Example 2. FIG. 18 indicates the results of the bone reactivity analysis.
  • In this study, the animals reacted to the challenge procedure with increased mean bone reactivity scores. This means that the radiographs became darker, corresponding to a decrease in bone density (FIG. 19). While the radiographs indicated significant lesions in both the T01 and T02 groups, the bone in the non-vaccinated animals was much less dense overall than the bone in the vaccinates. At nine weeks, mean bone reactivity scores of the non-vaccinated dogs in group T02 were significantly different than the vaccinated group T01 (p=0.05). The dogs in this study were uniformly older than those in Example 2, and the skill of the operator had greatly improved. It is postulated that these factors contributed to reactions that were more typical of those associated with bone infections, that is, a decrease in bone density. Thus, the endodontic model of canine periodontitis is a novel and useful tool for studying periodontitis. Not only is it of value in vaccination/challenge studies associated with vaccine evaluation, but it could also be employed in antimicrobial and topical therapy studies.
    • EXAMPLE 5
  • An evaluation of systemic and local tissue reactions to the trivalent vaccine in combination with other vaccines administered to dogs was undertaken. Two groups of 5 dogs, approximately 6 weeks of age at the initiation of the study, were vaccinated IM at 6, 9 and 12 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected prior to each vaccination. All dogs were examined daily for systemic and local reactions for 1 week following each vaccination. Body temperatures were determined and recorded on these days as well. Group T01 was vaccinated with a combination of the trivalent bacterin (prepared as described in Examples 3 and 4) at a concentration of 3×108 CFU of total antigen and adjuvanted with Quil A and cholesterol at 50 μg of each per dose, and the following modified live and killed viral components: Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPI), and Canine Coronavirus (CCV). Group T02 received the trivalent bacterin at a concentration of 3×106 CFU and the same combination of viral components. The results in FIG. 20 illustrate that the trivalent vaccine, when added to a combination of viral components typically administered to puppies, did not cause adverse systemic or local reactions in the test groups.

Claims (6)

1.-75. (canceled)
76. A vaccine for treating or preventing periodontal disease in dogs and cats comprising inactivated whole cell preparations of P. gulae B43, P. salivosa B104 and P. denticanis B106 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
77. The vaccine of claim 76, wherein the bacteria are inactivated by formalin.
78. The vaccine of claim 76, further comprising at least one of Canine Distemper Virus (CDV), Canine Adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), Canine Parvovirus (CPV), Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CPI), or Canine Coronavirus (CCV).
79.-92. (canceled)
93. The vaccine according to claim 76, further comprising an adjuvant.
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