Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
  • C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
  • C09K21/06—Organic materials
  • C09K21/08—Organic materials containing halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
  • C07C43/02—Ethers
  • C07C43/257—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C43/29—Ethers having an ether-oxygen atom bound to carbon atoms both belonging to six-membered aromatic rings containing halogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/0008—Organic ingredients according to more than one of the "one dot" groups of C08K5/01 - C08K5/59
  • C08K5/0066—Flame-proofing or flame-retarding additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
  • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
  • C08K5/04—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • C08K5/06—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Ortho-esters

Definitions

• This invention relates to flame retardant halogenated polymer compositions.
• Decabromodiphenyl oxide (deca) and decabromodiphenylethane (deca-DPE) are commercially available materials widely used to flame retard various polymer resin systems.
• the structure of these materials is as follows:
• deca and deca-DPE in polymer resins that are difficult to flame retard, such as high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polyolefins, is that the materials have a very high (82-83%) bromine content. This allows a lower load level in the overall formulation, which in turn serves to minimize any negative effects of the flame retardant on the mechanical properties of the polymer.
• HIPS high-impact polystyrene
• polyolefins polyolefins
• TABPA tetrabromobisphenol A
• DBS dibromostyrene
• TBBPA and DBS are typically not used in their monomeric form, but are converted into an oligomeric or polymeric species.
• One class of oligomers is the brominated carbonate oligomers based on TBBPA. These are commercially available from Chemtura Corporation (examples include Great Lakes BC-52, Great Lakes BC-52HPTM, and Great Lakes BC-58TM) and by Teijin Chemical (FireGuard 7500 and FireGuard 8500). These products are used primarily as flame retardants for polycarbonate and polyesters.
• Brominated epoxy oligomers based on condensation of TBBPA and epichlorohydrin, are commercially available and sold by Dainippon Ink and Chemicals under the Epiclon® series, and also by ICL Industrial Products (examples are F-2016 and F-2100) and other suppliers.
• the brominated epoxy oligomers find use as flame retardants for various thermoplastics both alone and in blends with other flame retardants.
• TBBPA Triggern FG-3000
• Teijin FG-3000 a copolymer of TBBPA and 1,2-dibromoethane.
• This aralkyl ether finds use in ABS and other styrenic polymers.
• Alternative end-groups, such as aryl or methoxy, on this polymer are also known as exemplified by materials described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,175 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,044.
• the non-reactive end-groups are claimed to improve the thermal stability of the flame retardant.
• TBBPA is also converted into many other different types of epoxy resin copolymer oligomers by chain-extension reactions with other difunctional epoxy resin compounds, for example, by reaction with the diglycidylether of bisphenol A.
• Typical examples of these types of epoxy resin products are D.E.R.TM 539 by the Dow Chemical Company, or EponTM 828 by Hexion Corporation. These products are used mainly in the manufacture of printed circuit boards.
• DBS is made for captive use by Chemtura Corporation and is sold as several different polymeric species (Great Lakes PDBS — 80TM, Great Lakes PBS-64HWTM, and Firemaster CP44-HFTM) to make poly(bromostyrene) type flame retardants. These materials represent homopolymers or copolymers. Additionally, similar brominated polystyrene type flame retardants are commercially available from Albemarle Chemical Corporation (Saytex® HP-3010, Saytex® HP-7010, and PyroChek 68PB). All these polymeric products are used to flame retard thermoplastics such as polyamides and polyesters.
• halogenated, and particularly brominated, aryl ether oligomers that can be classified as halogenated, and particularly brominated, aryl ether oligomers.
• halogenated aryl ether oligomers results in superior mechanical properties in resins such as HIPS and polyolefins and that the materials also provide excellent properties in engineering thermoplastics such as polyamides and polyesters.
• the aryl ether oligomers can be halogenated to a higher level than the oligomers and polymers that are commercially available today, which should have a positive effect on their mechanical property performance.
• the flame retardant is produced by brominating the bis(4-phenoxyphenyl)ether as a discrete compound and not an oligomeric material obtained by polymerizing an aryl ether monomer.
• employing a material having an oligomeric distribution as in the present invention is believed to improve its performance properties as a flame retardant.
• the present invention resides in a halogenated aryl ether oligomer formed by halogenation of an aryl ether oligomer.
• the halogen content of the halogenated aryl ether oligomer is in the range of about 50 to about 83 wt %, such as in the range of about 65 to about 80 wt % of the oligomer.
• the halogen comprises bromine.
• the halogenated aryl ether oligomer has an average of least 3 aryl and typically at least 5 aryl rings. Generally, the molecular weight of the halogenated oligomer is up to 1,000,000 Daltons.
• the halogenated aryl ether oligomer comprises the following repeating monomeric units:
• R is hydrogen or alkyl, especially C 1 to C 4 alkyl, Hal is halogen, normally bromine, m is at least 1, n is 0 to 3 and x is at least 2, such as 3 to 100,000, for example 5 to 20.
• the present invention resides in a flame retardant polymer composition
• a flame retardant polymer composition comprising (a) a flammable macromolecular material and (b) a halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant formed by halogenation of an aryl ether oligomer.
• the present invention resides in a flame retardant polymer composition
• a flame retardant polymer composition comprising (a) a flammable macromolecular material and (b) a halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant formed by halogenation of an aryl ether oligomer wherein said halogenated aryl ether oligomer comprises the following repeating monomeric units:
• R is hydrogen or alkyl, especially C 1 to C 4 alkyl, Hal is halogen, normally bromine, m is at least 1, n is 0 to 3 and x is at least 2, such as 3 to 100,000, for example 5 to 20.
• said halogenated aryl ether oligomer also comprises end groups each independently comprising an alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hydrogen, halogen or hydroxyl group.
• the present invention resides in a flame retardant polymer composition
• a flame retardant polymer composition comprising (a) a flammable macromolecular material and (b) a halogenated aryl ether flame retardant having the following formula:
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl
• each R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl, provided at least one R 2 and normally at least one R 1 is halogen, normally bromine, n is 5, m is 4, and x is from 1 to 10, for example from 2 to 6.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is a thermoplastic polymer, such as polystyrene, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), a polycarbonate, a polyolefin, a polyester and/or a polyamide.
• a thermoplastic polymer such as polystyrene, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), a polycarbonate, a polyolefin, a polyester and/or a polyamide.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is polystyrene and the amount of halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant in the composition is between about 5 and 25 wt %, such as between about 10 and 20 wt %.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is polypropylene and the amount of halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant in the composition is between about 20 and 50 wt %, such as between about 25 and 40 wt %.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is polyethylene and the amount of halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant in the composition is between about 5 and 35 wt %, such as between about 20 and 30 wt %.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is a polyamide or a polyester and the amount of halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant in the composition is between about 5 and 25 wt %, such as between about 10 and 20 wt %.
• the flammable macromolecular material (a) is a thermosetting polymer, such as an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester, a polyurethane and/or a rubber.
• Suitable macromolecular polymers include thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene, poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), polycarbonates, polyolefins, polyesters and polyamides, and thermosetting polymers, such as epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes and rubbers.
• oligomer is used herein to mean a compound formed by oligomerization of one or more monomers so as to have repeating units derived from said monomer(s) irrespective of the number of said repeating units. Because the aryl ether precursor used to the produce the present flame retardant is produced by an oligomerization process, the precursor and the halogenated product will generally have a distribution of molecular weight. In particular, the oligomer generally has an average of least 3 aryl and typically at least 5 aryl rings, with the average molecular weight of the halogenated oligomer being up to 1,000,000 Daltons.
• the present halogenated aryl ether oligomer comprises the following repeating monomeric units:
• R is hydrogen or alkyl, especially C 1 to C 4 alkyl
• Hal is halogen
• m is at least 1
• n is 0 to 3
• x is at least 2, such as 3 to 100,000, for example 5 to 20.
• the halogen can be fluorine, chlorine, bromine and/or iodine, especially bromine.
• the halogenated aryl ether oligomer also comprises end groups each independently comprising an alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, hydrogen, halide or hydroxyl group.
• the halogenated aryl ether oligomer flame retardant has the following formula:
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl
• each R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl, provided at least one R 2 is halogen, normally bromine, n is 5, m is 4, and x is from 1 to 100,000, for example from 3 to 20.
• the halogen content of the present halogenated aryl ether oligomer is in the range of about 50 to about 83 wt %, such as in the range of about 65 to about 80 wt % of the oligomer.
• the flame retardant used herein comprises a halogenated aryl ether having the following formula:
• each R 1 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl
• each R 2 is independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen and alkyl, provided at least one R 2 and normally at least one R 1 is halogen, normally bromine, n is 5, m is 4, and x is from 1 to 10, for example from 2 to 6.
• the halogenated aryl ether may have an oligomeric distribution or may be a discrete compound.
• the present flame retardant is produced by halogenation, normally bromination, of a polyaryl ether precursor, which in turn can be made by oligomerization of a hydroxyhaloaryl material, such as bromophenol, or reaction of a dihalo aryl material, such as dibromobenzene, with a dihydroxyaryl material, such as resorcinol, using an ether synthesis, such as the Ullmann ether synthesis.
• the reagents are heated under reflux, typically at about 125° C. to about 200° C., in a polar organic solvent, such as N,N-dimethylformamide or benzophenone, in the presence of a strong base and a copper-containing catalyst.
• Bromination of the resultant polyaryl ether is readily achieved by the reaction of the polyaryl ether with bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, such as aluminum chloride.
• a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride.
• the weight ratio of bromine to oligomer employed in the bromination reaction is typically between about 1:1 and about 100:1, such as between about 3:1 and about 20:1.
• the final brominated aryl ether oligomer is generally arranged to have at least one, and typically between 2 and 4 bromine atoms per aryl ether repeating unit of the oligomer.
• bromine chloride may be used as the brominating agent to generate the desired product in similar fashion.
• a small amount of organically-bound chlorine would also be present, but would not detract from the properties of the final flame retardant.
• the resultant halogenated aryl ether oligomer can be used as a flame retardant for many different polymer resin systems because of its high thermal stability and also because of its relatively high halogen content compared with existing polymeric flame retardant products, such as brominated polystyrenes.
• the halogenated aryl ether oligomer is employed as a flame retardant with thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) (ABS), polycarbonates (PC), PC-ABS blends, polyolefins, polyesters and/or polyamides.
• HIPS high-impact polystyrene
• ABS poly(acrylonitrile butadiene styrene)
• PC polycarbonates
• PC-ABS blends polyolefins
• polyesters and/or polyamides polyamides
• the present halogenated aryl ether oligomer can also be used with thermosetting polymers, such as an epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes and/or rubbers.
• thermosetting polymers such as an epoxy resins, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes and/or rubbers.
• a suitable flammability-reducing amount of the oligomer is between about 5 wt % and about 35 wt %, such as between about 10 wt % and about 25 wt %.
• Typical applications for polymer formulations containing the present halogenated aryl ether oligomer as a flame retardant include automotive molded components, adhesives and sealants, fabric back coatings, electrical wire and cable jacketing, and electrical and electronic housings, components and connectors.
• typical uses for the present flame retardant include self extinguishing polyfilms, wire jacketing for wire and cable, backcoating in carpeting and fabric including wall treatments, wood and other natural fiber-filled structural components, roofing materials including roofing membranes, roofing composite materials, and adhesives used to in construction of composite materials.
• the present flame retardant can be used in formulation of appliance parts, housings and components for both attended and unattended appliances where flammability requirements demand.
• reaction flask was charged with resorcinol (15.0 g, 0.137 mole), 1,4-dibromobenzene (32.3 g, 0.137 mole), N,N-dimethylformamide (205 g; 2.58 mole), toluene (20 g, 0.22 mole), and a 50% solution of KOH, which was made by dissolving 90% KOH (17.05 g, 0.274 mole) in DI water.
• the amount of base typically ranges from 1.8 to 2.2 mole per mole of resorcinol.
• the reaction mixture was heated to reflux to azeotropically remove the water.
• a reaction flask was charged with 4-bromophenol (232.5 g, 1.34 mole), benzophenone (1435 g, 8.04 mole), and toluene (900 g, 1.34 mole). The flask was purged with N 2 and was heated to ⁇ 100° C. to dissolve the benzophenone.
• a 50% solution of KOH was prepared by dissolving 90% KOH (83.5 g, 1.34 mole) in 83.5 g DI water. The KOH solution was added to the flask over a period of 5 minutes and contents of the flask were heated to reflux. The water was removed azeotropically and the toluene was distilled out.
• a large-scale reaction from Example 9 was conducted by using a 0.20 mol ratio of bromobenzene endcap to 3-bromophenol, generating a material that analyzed to have a slightly lower molecular weight by GPC of 700 Mw.
• a reaction flask was charged with 108.2 g of this polyphenyl ether, 1000 ml of chloroform and 10.8 g of aluminum chloride.
• the resulting slurry was heated to reflux (60° C.) and 1044.1 g of dry bromine was added over 8 hours while maintaining reflux.
• the reaction mass was held at reflux temperature for 1 hour and worked up to give a solid precipitate.
• the resulting polymeric product (319.9 g), was a brown solid, with the following analysis: 70.2% OBr, melt range 141-161° C., DSC showed a glass transition (Tg) at 117° C.
• Tg glass transition
• the brominated aryl ether oligomers prepared in Examples 1 to 4 were separately compounded with HIPS (high impact polystyrene) resin formulations containing antimony oxide (ATO) synergist using a twin-screw extruder with barrel temperatures of 200-220° C.
• HIPS high impact polystyrene
• ATO antimony oxide
• the resultant formulations were injection-molded into test bars and evaluated as shown in Table 3.
• the mechanical property and MFI tests were conducted according to the normal ASTM methods.
• the glass-transition temperatures of the brominated aryl ether oligomers were all below the compounding temperatures of the resin, indicating that the oligomers would be melt-blendable in this system.
• deca and deca-DPE are not melt-blendable and act as filler type materials.
• MFI melt flow index
• the surprising result lies in the impact strength data.
• the aryl ether oligomer systems show an actual increase in impact strength.
• a wide range of Tg can be used while still obtaining good mechanical properties. This result could be due to an improvement in resin-FR compatibility, domain size of the FR material in the test bars, or some other factor.
• These data indicate that the properties of the final formulation can be optimized by adjusting the FR oligomer glass transition temperature. This would not be possible with brominated small molecules, as they typically are high-melting solids.
• the brominated aryl ether oligomers prepared in Example 12 were separately compounded with HIPS (high impact polystyrene) resin formulations containing antimony oxide synergist using a twin-screw extruder with barrel temperatures of 200-220° C. These formulations were injection-molded into test bars and evaluated as shown in Table 4. Two of these FR oligomer materials have Tg values below the compounding temperatures and two have Tg values somewhere above that temperature. The latter two would, therefore, not be melt-blendable and the resulting MFI values are expectedly lower. Interestingly, these samples based on the para aryl ether gave reduced impact strength properties and those based on the meta aryl ethers gave good impact strength values. This could be a reflection of different compatibilities between the FR types and the resin, or related to how the materials coalescence in formulation upon cooling, or some other factor.
• HIPS high impact polystyrene
• the brominated aryl ether oligomers shown in Table 1 were compounded with glass-reinforced PA66 resin containing antimony oxide synergists. These formulations were molded into test bars and evaluated as shown in Table 6.
• This set of data compares the oligomeric aryl ether flame retardants with a commercially available brominated polystyrene (SaytexTM HP-3010). The results show that the aryl ether is more efficient, showing a V-0 at 13.3% loading and a strong V-0 at 16% loading, as compared with the 20% loading for the HP-3010 material.
• the data also shows a slight improvement in mechanical properties with tensile strength being about the same, but tensile elongation showing about a 20% improvement.
• the brominated aryl ether oligomer of Example 3 was compounded with Profax 6323 polypropylene homopolymer containing an antimony oxide synergist and, for comparison, similar formulations were prepared using deca and deca-DPE as the flame retardant.
• the formulations were compounded using a twin-screw extruder with barrel temperature of about 200° C., injection-molded into test bars and evaluated as shown in Table 7.
• the formulations were also subjected to a bloom test by placing the UL test bars in an oven at 80° C. The bars were pulled out of the oven at 24 hours and after 1 week and wiped with a black cloth to pick up bloom if present. Bloom is a migration of the flame retardant or other additive to the surface and usually shows as a visible dust on the test cloth. There was no bloom present on the oligomeric FR formulation bars, whereas the other two flame retardant formulations showed bloom.
• the brominated aryl ether oligomer of Example 3 was compounded with Petrothene NA820000 NT low density polyethylene and, for comparison, similar formulations were prepared using deca and deca-DPE as the flame retardant.
• the formulations were compounded using a twin-screw extruder with barrel temperature of about 190° C., injection-molded into test bars and evaluated as shown in Table 8.
• the MFI and HDT properties both increased when the oligomeric flame retardant was used as compared the brominated control samples. Additionally, it was found that the flexural properties also increased.
• a bloom test was conducted as described in the previous example and the oligomeric FR formulation showed just a faint trace of bloom, whereas the deca formulation showed a large amount of bloom on the test cloth.

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