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US20080187595A1 - Method For Carrying Therapeutic Substances Into Cells - Google Patents

Method For Carrying Therapeutic Substances Into Cells Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080187595A1
US20080187595A1 US12/064,236 US6423606A US2008187595A1 US 20080187595 A1 US20080187595 A1 US 20080187595A1 US 6423606 A US6423606 A US 6423606A US 2008187595 A1 US2008187595 A1 US 2008187595A1
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acid
pharmaceutical composition
cells
nanoparticles
inhibitors
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US12/064,236
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Andreas Jordan
Norbert Waldoefner
Regina Scholz
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Magforce AG
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Magforce Nanotechnologies AG
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Assigned to MAGFORCE NANOTECHNOLOGIES AG reassignment MAGFORCE NANOTECHNOLOGIES AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JORDAN, ANDREAS, SCHOLZ, REGINA, WALDOEFNER, NOBERT
Publication of US20080187595A1 publication Critical patent/US20080187595A1/en
Assigned to MAGFORCE AG reassignment MAGFORCE AG CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAGFORCE NANOTECHNOLOGIES AG
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions containing nanoparticles and uses of said composition for transferring therapeutically active substances into cells, in particular cancer cells.
  • the chemical design of the particles is such that a large amount thereof is absorbed into the cells. No direct bond between nanoparticle and the therapeutically active substance is required for the transfer into the cells.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions consisting of nanoparticle and anti-cancer drug lead to an increased efficacy of the anti-cancer drug as well as to reduced side effects.
  • nanoparticles can be absorbed by cells (in particular tumor cells) by means of endocytosis.
  • a method for the preparation of cell-internizable nanoparticles is mentioned in DE 197 26 282.1.
  • the absorption of the nanoparticles can be analyzed by means of in vitro tests of highly pure cell material.
  • DE 199 12 798 C1 describes methods by means of which any cell from tissue material can be cultivated. Due to these methods, the chemical design of the particles can be such that a large amount thereof is absorbed into certain tumor cells.
  • Methods for increasing the efficacy of therapeutic substances by coupling them to nanoparticles as carrier systems are also known and are object of research.
  • the substances are coupled by ionic interactions, wherein the conjugate is to be accumulated in the tumor tissue.
  • the therapeutic substance is not released within the cells, but in the insterstitium.
  • Transfer of nanoparticles in tumor cells with the help of antibodies or peptides is also known. That kind of transfer, however, only leads to a comparatively low accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor cells and consequently, it cannot be used for therapeutic purposes.
  • the present invention aims at providing compositions and uses of said compositions for the treatment and prophylaxis of cancer diseases.
  • Said aim is achieved by the pharmaceutical composition according to claim 1 as well as by the uses off said pharmaceutical composition.
  • the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions consisting of nanoparticles having a high affinity to degenerated cells, of at least one therapeutically active substance, in particular an anti-cancer drug and of at least one pharmacologically acceptable carrier, excipient and/or solvent.
  • the substances conventionally used in galenics may also be used as pharmacologically acceptable carriers, excipients and/or solvents, wherein fluid pharmaceutical compositions are preferred.
  • Water or physiological saline can be used as solvents. If necessary, cosolvents such as ethanol in a quantity of up to 10 volume % can be used.
  • said pharmaceutical compositions are solutions for infusion or injection.
  • solutions of the nanoparticles for example in physiological saline, are suitable for interstitial or respectively intratumoral application.
  • intraarterial or intravenous application allows for a systemic therapy, affecting the whole body, of non-solid and/or metastasizing types of tumors.
  • the nanoparticles and the at least one therapeutic substance, in particular the at least one anti-cancer drug don't necessarily have to be contained in one single solution, preferably a solution for injection or infusion.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can also be composed of two solutions, wherein one solution contains the nanoparticles and the other solution contains the at least one therapeutically active substance, in particular the at least one anti-cancer drug, and both solutions can be applied at the same time.
  • the nanoparticles described herein are capable of carrying therapeutic substances, in particular anti-cancer drugs, into degenerated cells, a factor which is essential to the invention.
  • degenerated cells refers to oncogene cells, tumor cells and cancer cells, that is cells which are completely degenerated or are on their way to complete degeneration.
  • the term degenerated cells refers to cells with uncontrolled proliferation. Therefore, the therapeutic substances, particularly anti-cancer drugs, are much better absorbed by the degenerated cells if the nanoparticles described herein are present than if the nanoparticles are absent. Due to the improved absorption of the therapeutic substances into the degenerated cells, the activity of said substances, particularly anti-cancer drugs, is significantly improved and the side effects of said substances are reduced.
  • Increase in activity means that the same amount of therapeutically active substance, particularly anti-cancer drug, is more efficient if the nanoparticles are present than if they are absent.
  • Reduction of the side effects of therapeutic substances, particularly anti-cancer drugs, is intended to mean that, if nanoparticles are present, the damage to healthy cells is reduced with respect to the absence of nanoparticles, while the efficacy or the quantity of anti-cancer drug remains the same.
  • the increase in efficacy is based on the prerequisite that the therapeutic substance can be absorbed into the cell simultaneously with the transfer of a large volume of nanoparticles into the cells.
  • the invagination of the cell membrane as a consequence of the particle formation results in at least partial elimination of the transmembrane passage control and thus in the formation of a completely new insertion channel for therapeutically active substances.
  • the therapeutic substance subsequent to the interstitial administration of the nanoparticles. Intracellular absorption of the nanoparticles occurs within hours to days; consequently, the substance can also be administered several times during the phase of endocytosis. A systemic administration of the substance is in particular required if the substance has to be metabolized.
  • the nanoparticles should have a positive surface charge, due to the fact that such nanoparticles are particularly well absorbed by degenerated cells, particularly cancer cells.
  • a surface charge on the nanoparticles which is positive under physiological conditions can be achieved by providing the nanoparticles with a coating which can be positively polarized and/or positively ionized.
  • Such coating which can be positively polarized and/or positively ionized can be obtained by coating the nanoparticles with substances which can be positively polarized and/or positively ionized.
  • substances may for example contain amino groups or protonizable nitrogen atoms which are present in protonized form at a corresponding pH.
  • Positive surface charge is intended to mean the positively charged surface or a surface which can be positively charged or positively polarized of each nanoparticle, wherein, under physiological conditions, the surface of the nanoparticles should be such that it is positively polarized or positively charged.
  • the surface or coating, which is positively charged, can be positively charged or can be positively polarized is covered by a protective layer compensating or even overcompensating for the positive charges so that an overall neutral or even negatively charged outer surface is obtained.
  • the coating, which is positively charged or can be positively polarized is sufficiently stable to avoid decomposition by the body tissue or tumor tissue, said outer layer compensating for the positive charges is not required.
  • the nanoparticles are provided with a coating consisting of polycondensed aminosilanes and possibly with an additional coating comprising the carboxylate groups compensating for the positive charges.
  • the coating which is positively charged or can be positively polarized or positively charged preferably consists of biologically stable or respectively biologically inert substances, such as polymers.
  • the biologically stable polymers should be provided with a sufficient amount of groups which are positive or can be positively polarized or positively charged such as amino groups or nitrogen atoms.
  • the positively charged coating is provided with an average of at least 50, preferably at least 100 and particularly preferred at least 500 cationic groups per nanoparticle, which groups can be positively polarized and/or positively charged, such as amino groups.
  • said coating consists of monomeric aminosilanes, such as 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, trimethoxysilyl-propyl-diethylentriamine or N-(6-aminohexyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, which are polycondensed according to known procedures in order to achieve the necessary stability. Suitable methods are described, for instance, in DE 19614136 A or DE 19515820 A.
  • the positively charged layer or coating can be covered with an additional coating of preferably biologically degradable polymers or respectively biodegradable substances.
  • biodegradable polymers are preferably used: polyvalerolactone, poly- ⁇ -decalactone, polylactonic acid, polyglycolic acid, polylactide, polyglycolides, copolymers from the polylactides and polyglycolides, poly- ⁇ -caprolactone, polyhydroxybutyric acid, polyhydroxybutyrate, polyhydroxyvalerate, polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate, poly(1,4-dioxane-2,3-dione), poly(1,3-dioxane-2-dione), poly-para-dioxanone, polyanhydrides such as polymaleic acid anhydrides, polyhydroxymethacrylate, fibrin, polycyanoacrylate, polycaprolactone dimethylacrylate, poly- ⁇ -maleic acid, polycaprolactone butyl acrylate, multiblock polymers, e.g.
  • polyetherester multiblock polymers such as PEG and poly(butylene terephthalate), polypivotolactones, polyglycolic acid trimethyl carbonates, polycaprolactone glycolides, poly( ⁇ -ethylglutamate), poly(DTH-iminocarbonate), poly(DTE-co-DT-carbonate), poly(bisphenol A-iminocarbonate), polyorthoesters, polyglycolic acid trimethyl carbonate, polytrimethyl carbonate, polyiminocarbonates, poly(N-vinyl)-pyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohols, polyesteramides, glycolated polyesters, polyphosphoesters, polyphosphazenes, poly[(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane], polyhydroxy pentanoic acid, polyanhydrides, polyethylene oxide propylene oxide, soft polyurethanes, polyurethanes having amino acid
  • Polymers or copolymers based on ⁇ -hydroxycarboxylic acids such as polylactic acid, polylactides, polyglycolic acid, polyglycolides and copolymers thereof are particularly preferred. Further preferred are polyols (e.g. polyethylene glycol) and polyacids such as polyacrylic acids and carbohydrates and sugar, particularly dextrans.
  • inventive nanoparticles are further provided or respectively covered with a third coating.
  • the coatings may serve as protective sheath, barrier layer or for cell discrimination purposes.
  • a cell specific coating increases the affinity of the nanoparticles to certain cells, such as certain bacteria cells or certain tumor cells and thus serves for cell discrimination.
  • certain cell specific nanoparticles accumulate in cells to which they have an increased affinity, due to the functionality on their surface, and are therefore tumor specific. Due to said technology, it is, for example, possible to design tumor specific nanoparticles for certain types of cancer.
  • polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, humanized antibodies, human antibodies, chimeric antibodies, recombinant antibodies, bispecific antibodies, antibody fragments, aptamers, Fab fragments, Fc fragments, peptides, peptidomimetics, gap-mers, ribozymes, CpG oligomers, DNAzymes, riboswitches and/or lipids can be coupled to and/or attached to and/or integrated into the outer layer or sheath of the nanoparticles.
  • the compounds are designed such that they are capable of recognizing certain cells, such as tumor cells, and further increase the cell discrimination of the nanoparticles.
  • the nanoparticles themselves preferably consist of a magnetic material, a ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, antiferrimagnetic, or superparamagnetic material, further preferred of iron oxides, in particular superparamagnetic iron oxides or of pure iron provided with an oxide layer.
  • Such nanoparticles can be heated by a magnetic alternating field.
  • the tissue containing the nanoparticles can be heated to more than 50° C. Such high temperatures can be achieved due to the fact that up to 1000 pg and more of iron in form of the nanoparticles can be absorbed per tumor cell.
  • the nanoparticles consist of iron oxides and particularly of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), maghemite ( ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 ) or mixtures of these two oxides and are preferably superparamagnetic.
  • the preferred nanoparticles can be represented by the formula FeO x , wherein X represents a number from 1 to 2. It is, however, also possible to incorporate the nanoparticles in a non-magnetic material, such as silicon oxide (SiO 2 ) (see below).
  • the nanoparticles have a diameter of less than 500 nm.
  • the nanoparticles have a medium diameter of 15 nm or are preferably in a size range of 1-100 nm and particularly preferred in the range of 10-20 nm.
  • metal atoms which differ from iron atoms are contained in a quantity of no more than 70 metal atom %, particularly no more than 35 metal atom %.
  • the nanoparticles consist to more than 98% per weight of iron oxide, containing both Fe(III) and Fe(II) in a ratio of preferably 1:1 to 1:3.
  • silica or polymer particles, into which the magnetic materials such as those mentioned herein are incorporated and/or to which they are attached, are also suitable.
  • the nanoparticle cores used may also consist of non-magnetic materials.
  • nanoparticles from polymers e.g. PLGA, polyacrylamide, polybutyl cyanoacrylate
  • metals as well as from all oxidic materials (e.g. MgO, CaO, TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ) may be used. Due to the fact that the capacity to perform endocytosis does not depend on the core of the particles, but on the sheath, any material which can be coated with tumor specific sheaths by means of the above described methods is suitable according to the invention.
  • the nanoparticle or nanoscale particles have an average particle diameter of no more than 100 nm, preferably no more than 50 nm and particularly preferred no more than 30 nm.
  • the medium particle diameter is of 1-40 nm, further preferred of 3-30 nm and particularly preferred of 5-25 nm.
  • Such nanoparticles are very well suited for the transfer of therapeutic substances into certain cell types thereby causing a significant increase in the efficacy of the therapeutic substances.
  • Said therapeutic substances are preferably anti-cancer drugs, cytostatics, cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, antiphlogistic agents, anti-migration agents, antiangiogenic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, antibacterial agents and/or microtubule inhibitors.
  • Alkylation means antibiotics with cytostatic characteristics, antimetabolites, microtubule inhibitors and topoisomerase inhibitors, compounds and other cytostatics containing platinum such as asparaginase, tretinoin, alkaloids, podophyllotoxins, taxanes and miltefosine®, hormones, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies, signal transductors (molecules for signal transduction) and cytokins can be used as cytotoxic and/or cytostatic compounds, i.e. chemical compounds having cytotoxic and/or cytostatic characteristics.
  • alkylation means include amongst others: chlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, trofosfamide, ifosfamide, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulfan, thiotepa, carmustine, lomustine, dacarbazine, procarbazine, temozolomide, treosulfan, estramustine and nimustine.
  • antibiotics having cytostatic characteristics include daunorubicin and liposomal daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycin), dactinomycin, mitomycin C, bleomycin, epirubicin (4-epi-adriamycin), idarubicin, dactinomycin, mitoxantrone, amsacrine and actinomycin D.
  • Methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, 6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, fludarabine, cladribine, pentostatin, gemcitabine, cytarabine, azathioprine, raltitrexed, capecitabine, cytosine arabinoside, thioguanine and mercaptopurine can be mentioned as examples for antimetabolites (antimetabolic agents).
  • Vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, etoposide as well as teniposide are classified as alkaloids and podophyllotoxins.
  • compounds containing platinum can be used according to the invention.
  • Cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are examples for compounds containing platinum.
  • the microtubule inhibitors are counted for example alkaloids such as vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, vindesine, vinorelbine) and paclitaxel (Taxol®) as well as derivatives of paclitaxel.
  • Examples for topoisomerase inhibitors include etoposide, teniposide, camptothecin, topotecan and irinotecan.
  • Paclitaxel and docetaxel are examples for taxane compounds and the other cytostatic agents (other cytostatics) include for example hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea), imatinib, Miltefosine®, amsacrine, topotecan (topoisomerase-I inhibitor), pentostatin, bexarotene, tretinoin and asparaginase.
  • cytostatic agents include for example hydroxycarbamide (hydroxyurea), imatinib, Miltefosine®, amsacrine, topotecan (topoisomerase-I inhibitor), pentostatin, bexarotene, tretinoin and asparaginase.
  • trastuzumab also known as Herceptin®
  • alemtuzumab also known as MabCampath®
  • rituximab also known as MabThera®
  • hormones such as for example glucocorticoids (prednisone), estrogens (fosfestrol, estramustine), LHRH (buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin, triptorelin), flutamide, cyproterone acetate, tamoxifen, toremifen, aminoglutethimide, formestane, exemestane, letrozole and anastrozole can also be used.
  • prednisone prednisone
  • estrogens fosfestrol, estramustine
  • LHRH buserelin, goserelin, leuprorelin, triptorelin
  • flutamide cyproterone acetate
  • tamoxifen toremifen
  • aminoglutethimide aminoglutethimide
  • formestane formestane
  • exemestane letrozole and anastrozole
  • cytokines, antibodies and signal transductors are counted interleukin-2, interferon- ⁇ , erythropoietin, G-CSF, trastuzumab (Herceptin®), rituximab (MabThera®), gefitinib (Iressa®), ibritumomab (Zevalin®), levamisole as well as retinoids.
  • therapeutic substances include: actinomycin D, aminoglutethimide, anthracyclines, aromatase inhibitors, antiestrogens, buserelin, folic acid antagonists, goserelin, hormone antagonists, hycamtin, hydroxyurea, mitosis inhibitors, tamoxifen, testolactone, sirolimus (rapamycin), everolimus, pimecrolimus, somatostatin, tacrolimus, roxithromycin, daunamycin, ascomycin, bafilomycin, erythromycin, midecamycin, josamycin, concanamycin, clarithromycin, troleandomycin, folimycin, cerivastatin, simvastatin, lovastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin, atorvastatin, pravastatin, pitavastatin, 4-hydroxyoxycyclophosphamide, trofosfamide, bendamustine, thymosin ⁇ -1
  • the at least one therapeutically active substance is administered in combination with cell-internizable nanoparticles which, to a large extent, are absorbed by the tumor cells by means of endocytosis.
  • Nanoparticles such as those described, for example, in DE 197 26 282 A are absorbed to a higher extent by tumor cells than by normal cells.
  • iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro, in certain tumor cell lines more than 1000 pg/cell iron are absorbed in form of nanoparticles.
  • the nanoparticles are transferred into the cells in large volumes, as could be demonstrated by electron microscope analysis.
  • compositions consisting of said nanoparticles and at least one therapeutically active substance are perfectly suited for the prophylaxis and treatment of cancer diseases, ulcers, tumors, carcinomas as well as cells which are defective in their proliferation.
  • Examples for types of cancers and tumors, for which the inventive compositions consisting of nanoparticle and active substance can be used include the following: adenocarcinomas, choroidal melanoma, acute leukemia, acoustic neurinoma, ampullary carcinoma, anal carcinoma, astrocytomas, basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, connective tissue tumor, bladder cancer, bronchial carcinoma, non-small cell bronchial carcinoma, breast cancer, Burkitt's lymphoma, corpus carcinoma, CUP syndrome, cancer of the large intestine, cancer of the small intestine, tumors of the small intestine, ovarian cancer, endometrial carcinoma, ependymoma, epithelial cancers, Ewing tumors, gastrointestinal cancers, gall bladder cancers, gall carcinomas, uterine cancer, cervical cancer, glioblastomas, gynecological cancers, tumors of ear, nose and throat, hematological neoplasi
  • Solid tumors are particularly preferred. Prostate carcinomas, brain tumors, sarcomas, cervical carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas, breast carcinomas, bronchial carcinomas, melanomas, head and neck tumors, esophageal carcinomas, rectal carcinomas pancreatic, bladder and renal carcinomas, metastases in the liver, in the brain and in the lymph nodes are particularly preferred.
  • inventive compositions in combination with conventional hyperthermia, magnetic fluid hyperthermia or respectively thermotherapy with magnetic fluids, radiotherapy and/or in combination with conventional chemotherapy are particularly preferred.
  • conventional methods for the treatment of cancers are advantageously complemented by the inventive compositions.
  • the present invention is also directed to combinations of an inventive pharmaceutical composition and hyperthermia, thermotherapy, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy.
  • Examples for such combinations include the use of an inventive pharmaceutical composition in combination with magnetic fluid hyperthermia or respectively thermotherapy with magnetic fluids.
  • an alternating magnetic field acts as external stimulation for triggering different relaxation processes of the nanoparticles, provided that superparamagnetic nanoparticles are used.
  • said processes result in the nanoparticles and their surroundings being heated.
  • said processes triggered by the alternating magnetic field are used for heating the degenerated cells, whereby the therapeutically active substance can cause the death of the concerned cell even more rapidly.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are used both for the treatment and the prophylaxis of diseases characterized by degenerated cell species or foreign cells and in which the properties of the inventive nanoparticles regarding the discrimination between foreign or respectively degenerated and healthy self cells and regarding the transfer of therapeutically active substances into said cells can be advantageously used.
  • Degenerated cells are in particular cancer cells, or respectively cells which are defective in their proliferation and stenotic or restenotic tissue.
  • Foreign cells include in particular bacteria.
  • the efficacy of the active ingredients is increased by the capacity of the nanoparticles to transfer active ingredients into degenerated cells. If the application of the pharmaceutical composition comprising nanoparticles and therapeutically active substance is additionally combined with radiotherapy or chemotherapy, or with hyperthermia or hyperthermia and chemotherapy or with hyperthermia and radiotherapy, the efficacy of the treatment can be further improved.
  • the efficacy of the active ingredients is thus increased as a consequence of an increased local, locoregional or intracellular concentration of active ingredients and the systemic toxicity and side effects of the therapeutically active substances are reduced.
  • FIG. 1 shows RUSIRS1 cells 3 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% NaCl
  • FIG. 2 shows RUSIRS1 cells 3 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% NaCl+nanoparticle
  • FIG. 3 shows RUSIRS1 cells 24 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% NaCl
  • FIG. 4 shows RUSIRS1 cells 24 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% of NaCl+nanoparticle
  • FIG. 5 shows RUSIRS1 cells 48 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% NaCl
  • FIG. 6 shows RUSIRS1 cells 48 hrs after the addition of mitomycin in 0.9% NaCl+nanoparticle
  • FIG. 7 shows RUSIRS 1 cells after 48 hrs (control)
  • FIG. 8 shows BT20 cells after 72 hrs as control with cefamandole but without nanoparticles
  • FIG. 9 shows BT20 cells after 72 hrs of incubation with nanoparticles and cefamandole
  • FIG. 10 shows BT20 cells after 72 hrs of incubation with nanoparticles and cefamandole
  • FIG. 11 shows WiDr cells after 72 hrs as control with cefamandole but without nanoparticles
  • FIG. 12 shows WiDr cells after 72 hrs of incubation with nanoparticles and cefamandole
  • FIG. 13 shows WiDr cells after 72 hrs of incubation with nanoparticles and cefamandole
  • the increase in the efficacy of mitomycin for the treatment of tumor cells could be proved by tests in vitro.
  • the tests in vitro were performed with the glioblastoma human cell line RUSIRS 1 (brain tumor).
  • the glioblastoma cells were taken from tumor tissue of a patient and cultivated as described in DE 199 12 798 C1. 2 ⁇ 10 6 RUSIRS 1 cells, respectively, were prepared in a 75 cm 3 cell culture bottle with 25 ml of cell culture medium (D-MEM+20% FBS+1.2 ml of pyruvate) for testing the efficacy of the mitomycin/nanoparticle mixture.
  • FIGS. 1-6 The influence of the nanoparticles on the efficacy of mitomycin can be illustrated by means of FIGS. 1-6 .
  • Cells to which nothing but a mitomycin solution had been added only showed significant damage after 48 hrs of incubation.
  • the absorption of the iron oxide nanoparticles into the cells can be proven by a brown coloration of the cell.
  • Control experiments showed that the nanoparticles alone (without mitomycin) are also absorbed, but do not cause a similarly high cell damage. Rapid cell damage (after 3 hrs) occurs only if particle and mitomycin are present at the same time. Consequently, mitomycin was also transferred by the endocytosis of the particles, thereby causing significant cell damage.
  • Cefamandole (CAS No 30034-03-8) is used to combat bacterial infections.
  • an efficacy against cancer cells was surprisingly found on biopsy material of liver metastases (MagForce Nanotechnologies). This substance's potential to combat cancer cells, however, is to be considered to be rather low.
  • Our experiments showed that a destruction of tumor cells (in vitro), usually, can only be achieved by using a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml (concentration in the cell culture medium) or more. It is, however, possible to drastically increase the efficacy of cefamandole in the treatment of tumor cells by the simultaneous application of nanoparticles.
  • the experiments in vitro were carried out with the cell lines BT20 (breast carcinoma) and WiDr (colon carcinoma).
  • the tumor cells were taken from tumor tissue of a patient and cultivated as described in DE 199 12 798 C1. 2 ⁇ 10 6 cells, respectively, were prepared in a 75 cm 3 cell culture bottle with 25 ml of cell culture medium (RPMI +10% FBS+1.2 ml of pyruvate for WiDr cells, or respectively BME+10% FBS+pyruvate+5 ml of non-essential amino acids+5 ml glutamine for BT20 cells) for testing the efficacy of the cefamandole/nanoparticle mixture.
  • FIGS. 7-12 After 72 hrs of incubation, significant cell damage could be observed, as-evidenced by FIGS. 7-12 . After 72 hrs, 30.5% of the BT20 cells and 24% of the WiDr cells had died. Neither cefamandole in the selected concentration, nor the nanoparticle alone, are capable of causing cell death (0% of dead cells). Only the combination of cefamandole and nanoparticles leads to said significant damage of the tumor cells which is due to the transfer of cefamandole into the cells.
  • cytostatic or 1 to 10 mmol, preferably 2 to 6 mmol of a cytostatic
  • iron concentration of 2 ml/l
  • cosolvents in a quantity of up to 20 volume % of the solution can be used.
  • DMSO, DMS, ethanol, acetic acid ethyl ester or other physiologically acceptable solvents may be used as cosolvents.
  • NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
  • glioblastoma human cell line RUSIRS 1 a) glioblastoma human cell line RUSIRS 1; b) breast carcinoma cell lines BT20; c) colon carcinoma cell line WiDR; d) bronchial carcinoma cells NSCLC, e) rectal carcinoma cells and f) prostate carcinoma cell line DU 145.

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