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US20080181958A1 - Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials - Google Patents

Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080181958A1
US20080181958A1 US11/879,746 US87974607A US2008181958A1 US 20080181958 A1 US20080181958 A1 US 20080181958A1 US 87974607 A US87974607 A US 87974607A US 2008181958 A1 US2008181958 A1 US 2008181958A1
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Prior art keywords
particles
particle
composition
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solid substance
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US11/879,746
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English (en)
Inventor
Ginger D. Rothrock
Benjamin W. Maynor
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University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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Individual
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2006/023722 external-priority patent/WO2007024323A2/fr
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US11/879,746 priority Critical patent/US20080181958A1/en
Publication of US20080181958A1 publication Critical patent/US20080181958A1/en
Assigned to LIQUIDIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment LIQUIDIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MAYNOR, BENJAMIN, ROTHROCK, GINGER D.
Assigned to THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL reassignment THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: LIQUIDIA TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Priority to US13/915,322 priority patent/US8685461B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles

Definitions

  • this invention relates to micro and/or nano scale particle and its fabrication. More specifically, the organic particles are formed from solid substances reconstituted into micro and/or nano scale particles having a predetermined geometric shape and size.
  • a composition includes a plurality of particles, each particle of the plurality of particles having a predetermined shape, where each particle of the plurality of particles is derived from a solid substance positioned in a mold cavity, where the plurality of particles has a substantially uniform size distribution; and each particle of the plurality of particles has a broadest dimension of less than about 500 ⁇ m.
  • the plurality of particles have a normalized size distribution of between about 0.80 and about 1.20, between about 0.90 and about 1.10, between about 0.95 and about 1.05, between about 0.99 and about 1.01, between about 0.999 and about 1.001.
  • each particle of the plurality of particles is substantially uniform in a linear size, a volume, a three dimensional shape, surface area, mass, or geometric shape.
  • the particles are organic particles.
  • a nanosized particle includes a drug composition formed into a particle from a drug composition solid substance contained within a cavity, where the particle has a broadest dimension of less than about 500 ⁇ m.
  • the nanosized particle may include a plurality of particles, where each particle has substantially the same geometric shape.
  • the solid substance is granules or powder.
  • the solid substance may be organic or inorganic.
  • the methods for fabricating nanosized particles can include placing a solid substance into a cavity in a mold, treating the solid substance so that the substance becomes substantially liquid, then hardening the liquified substance to make a particle, and removing the particle from the cavity.
  • methods for fabricating a nanosized particle include providing a mold, where the mold defines a cavity less than about 500 micron in average diameter, dispensing a solid substance to be molded onto the mold such that the solid substance at least partially fills the cavity, and hardening the substance in the cavity such that a particle is molded within the cavity.
  • the solid substance to be molded can be a granular, powder, combinations thereof, or the like.
  • the solid substance may be organic or inorganic.
  • the methods can include chemically reacting the substance, sintering, phase change, curing, crosslinking, partial dissolution, recrystallization, combinations thereof, or the like to form a particle or particles from the initial solid substance.
  • further processing can be applied to material deposited into a cavity of the mold.
  • granules positioned in a cavity can be partially dissolved then further processing can be applied to the partially dissolved granules to cure, evaporate, activate, or otherwise treat the partially dissolved granules and form a particle.
  • the methods can include the steps of treating the granules in the cavity to form at least a partial liquid and hardening the partial liquid.
  • granules introduced into the cavity can be treated to form a liquid and then hardened to form a particle that substantially takes the shape of the cavity.
  • treating the solid substance in the cavity can include dissolving the solid substance, melting the solid substance, chemically reacting the solid substance, curing, combinations thereof, or the like.
  • hardening the liquified substance in the cavity can include cooling, evaporation, chemical processing, oxidation, reduction, photo-curing, thermal curing, crystallization, precipitation, combinations thereof, or the like.
  • the solid substance in the mold can be hardened by evaporation, a chemical process, treating the substance with UV light, a temperature change, treating the solid substance with thermal energy, curing, cross-linking, or the like.
  • the solid substance in the cavity is liquified, then hardened.
  • the methods include leaving the substrate in position on the mold to reduce evaporation of the substance from the cavity.
  • the methods include harvesting the particle from the cavity after hardening the substance.
  • the harvesting of nanosized particles includes applying an article that has affinity for the particles that is greater than an affinity between the particles and the mold.
  • the harvesting can further include contacting the particle with an adhesive substance, where adhesion between the particle and the adhesive substance is greater than adhesive force between the particle and the mold.
  • the harvesting substance can be selected from one or more of water, organic solvents, carbohydrates, epoxies, waxes, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polybutyl acrylate, polycyano acrylates, cellulose-containing polymers, and polymethyl methacrylate.
  • the composition can further include a plurality of particles, where the particles have a substantially uniform mass, are substantially monodisperse in mass, are substantially monodisperse in size or shape, or are substantially monodisperse in surface area.
  • multiple particles are produced in a single cavity.
  • multiple particles formed in single cavities can include a collection of particles that have substantially uniform mass from particle to particle and between particles of collections of particles formed in different cavities.
  • the plurality of particles have a normalized size distribution of between about 0.80 and about 1.20, between about 0.90 and about 1.10, between about 0.95 and about 1.05, between about 0.99 and about 1.01, between about 0.999 and about 1.001.
  • the normalized size distribution is selected from the group of a linear size, a volume, a three dimensional shape, surface area, mass, and shape.
  • the plurality of particles includes particles that are monodisperse in surface area, volume, mass, three dimensional shape, or a broadest linear dimension.
  • the method includes additional processing steps after the particle is hardened.
  • a component of the particle is removed in an additional processing step.
  • the methods of removal can include chemical processing, a temperature change, dissolution, evaporation, reduction, extraction, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • a component is removed to increase surface area of the particle.
  • a component of the particle can be removed to increase purity of the particle.
  • further processing can be etching, partially dissolving, physical processing, heating, cooling, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • FIG. 1 shows a method of fabricating particles from a substance of finer particles, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows multiple particles fabricated in individual cavities of a mold, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the present invention broadly discloses discrete and uniform micro and/or nanometer sized particles fabricated from solid materials.
  • the solid materials used to form the discrete and uniform micro and/or nanometer sized particles includes granular solid materials, powdered solid materials, combinations thereof, or the like.
  • the micro and/or nanometer sized particles of the present invention are formed from smaller discrete and uniform micro and/or nanometer sized particles.
  • a conventional mold 101 having micro and/or nanometer sized cavities or recesses 102 is provided.
  • the mold 101 can be fabricated from a low surface energy elastomeric material such as FLUOROCURTM resin (Liquidia Technologies, Inc.).
  • FLUOROCURTM resin Liquidia Technologies, Inc.
  • mold 101 is fabricated by pouring the FluorocurTM resin onto an etched wafer having predetermined etched shapes to be replicated. Once the FluorocurTM resin is in communication with the etched wafer, the FluorocurTM resin is cured by, for example, applying actinic radiation or heat to the FluorocurTM resin. Once cured, the FluorocurTM resin becomes an elastomeric mold 101 that can be physically removed from the etched wafer.
  • cavities 102 have a surface energy below about 20 mN/m. According to another embodiment the surface energy of cavities 102 is between about 10 mN/m and about 20 mN/m. According to another embodiment, low surface energy of cavities 102 is between about 12 mN/m and about 15 mN/m. According to some embodiments, low surface energy of cavities 102 is less than about 15 mN/m. In some embodiments, the surface energy of cavities 102 is less than the surface energy of the solid powder or granular material that is being introduced into cavities 102 .
  • Solid substance 100 can include one or more grains, one or more granules, powder, one or more fine particles, particles smaller than cavities 102 which are harvested from molds as disclosed in references incorporated herein by reference, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • Solid substance 100 can be organic or inorganic.
  • solid substance 100 is included in a liquid.
  • solid substance 100 is suspended in a liquid.
  • solid substance 100 can be any pharmaceutical, drug, active, composition, agent, material, diagnostics, combination thereof, or the like disclosed or incorporated by reference herein.
  • solid substance 100 is introduced to cavities 102 in granular form and remains granular until treated with treatment 103 .
  • solid substance 100 is a granular substance included in a liquid prior to introduction to cavity 102 .
  • solid substance 100 is granular when introduced to cavity 102 and is treated with treatment 103 to put solid substance 100 into a solution by melting, dissolving, or suspending solid substance 100 in a liquid after solid substance 100 is in cavity 102 .
  • Solid substance 100 can be subjected to liquids such as, but not limited to, solvents, water, solutions, mixtures, other liquids described herein, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • solid substance 100 can be introduced into cavity 102 in a granular or powder form and let remain in such a form until treating.
  • excess solid substance 100 that resides or remains on mold 101 and between cavities 102 is removed in some embodiments.
  • removal of solid substance 100 from areas other than cavities 102 can include scraping, brushing, wiping, vibration, air flow, tilting the mold, washing the mold, washing the mold with a solvent that dissolves or partially dissolves solid substance 100 , combinations thereof, or the like.
  • excess solid substance 100 is removed by selective dissolution.
  • excess solid substance 100 is removed by capillary action, suction, imbibition, absorption, or the like.
  • resulting particle 105 has a smaller volume than the mold or a smaller volume than a volume of the material introduced into the mold.
  • a hardening treatment 104 can be applied to solid substance 100 to harden solid substance 100 and derive particle 105 .
  • hardening treatment 104 can be, for example, UV exposure, thermal exposure, oxidative processing, evaporation, crystallization, reductive processing, solubilization, precipitation, partial crystallization, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • hardening treatment 104 can be applied to solid substance 100 .
  • hardening treatment 104 can be, but is not limited to, a chemical reaction, sintering, a phase change, curing, crosslinking, partial dissolution, recrystallization, precipitation, combinations thereof, or the like applied to solid substance 100 to form micro and/or nanosized particle or particles 105 from the initial solid substance 100 that substantially mimics the size and shape of cavity 102 .
  • solid substance 100 is formed into particles 105 that can be harvested from cavities 102 according to conventional methods.
  • an additional processing can be applied to particles 105 .
  • a component of particles 105 are removed in an additional processing step.
  • the methods of removal can include chemical processing, a temperature change, dissolution, evaporation, reduction, extraction, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • a component is removed to increase surface area of particles 105 .
  • a component of particle 105 can be removed to increase purity of particles 105 .
  • further processing can be etching, partially dissolving, physical processing, heating, cooling, combinations thereof, and the like. In some embodiment, the further processing can increase a dissolution or absorption rate of particles 105 .
  • each cavity 102 has high fidelity and uniformity with respect to the structure it was replicated from.
  • particles 105 fabricated in cavities 102 have high fidelity and uniformity.
  • particles 105 have a substantially uniform mass, are substantially monodisperse in mass, are substantially monodisperse in size or shape, and/or are substantially monodisperse in surface area. Accordingly, in some embodiments particles 105 formed in respective cavities 102 have a substantially uniform size distribution.
  • particles 105 formed in respective cavities 102 have a normalized size distribution of between about 0.80 and about 1.20, between about 0.90 and about 1.10, between about 0.95 and about 1.05, between about 0.99 and about 1.01, between about 0.999 and about 1.001, combinations thereof, and the like. Furthermore, in other embodiments particles 105 have a mono-dispersity. According to some embodiments, dispersity is calculated by averaging a dimension of particles 105 . In some embodiments, the dispersity is based on, for example, surface area, length, width, height, mass, volume, porosity, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • particles 105 formed from mold 101 can each be less than about 10 ⁇ m in a dimension. In other embodiments, particles 105 can be each between about 10 ⁇ m and about 1 ⁇ m in dimension. In yet further embodiments, particles 105 are each less than about 1 ⁇ m in dimension. According to some embodiments particles 105 are each between about 1 nm and about 500 nm in a dimension. According to other embodiments, particles 105 are each between about 10 nm and about 200 nm in a dimension. In still further embodiments, particles 105 are each between about 80 nm and 120 nm in a dimension. According to still more embodiments particles 105 are each between about 20 nm and about 120 nm in dimension. The dimension of particles 105 can be a predetermined dimension, a cross-sectional diameter, a circumferential dimension, or the like.
  • particles 105 are formed having a predetermined shape, size, formulation, density, composition, surface features, spectral analysis, modulus, hardness, percent crystallinity, polymorph, or the like and can be less than about 200 ⁇ m in a given dimension (e.g. minimum, intermediate, or maximum dimension). In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 500 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 450 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 400 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 350 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 300 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 250 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 200 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 150 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 100 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 75 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 50 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 40 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 30 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 20 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 5 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 1 ⁇ m in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 900 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 800 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 700 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 600 nm in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 500 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 400 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 300 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 200 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 100 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 80 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 75 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 70 nm in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 65 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 60 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 55 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 50 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 45 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 40 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 35 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 30 nm in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 25 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 20 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 15 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 10 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 7 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 5 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 2 nm in a broadest dimension. In some embodiments, particle 105 is less than about 0.5 nm in a broadest dimension.
  • particle 105 is less than about 0.1 nm in a broadest dimension. According to some embodiments, particle 105 includes a broadest dimension between about 0.5 ⁇ m and about 10 ⁇ m. In another embodiment, particle 105 includes a broadest dimension between about 1 ⁇ m and about 7 ⁇ m. In another embodiment, particle 105 includes a broadest dimension between about 1.5 ⁇ m and about 5 ⁇ m. In another embodiment, particle 105 includes a broadest dimension between about 2 ⁇ m and about 4 ⁇ m. In another embodiment, particle 105 includes a broadest dimension between about 2.5 ⁇ m and about 3.5 ⁇ m.
  • particles 105 have predetermined regular and irregular shape and size configurations and can be made with the materials and methods of the presently disclosed subject matter.
  • Examples of representative particle shapes that can be made using the materials and methods of the presently disclosed subject matter include, but are not limited to, non-spherical, spherical, viral shaped, bacteria shaped, cell shaped, rod shaped, chiral shaped, right triangle shaped, flat shaped, disc shaped, boomerang shaped, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • particles 105 have predetermined geometric characteristics.
  • geometric characteristics include a shape having two substantially flat and substantially parallel sides.
  • the predetermined geometric characteristics includes a predetermined radius of curvature, a predetermined angle between two sides of particle 105 , a cuboidal shape, a conical shape, a spherical shape, a cylindrical shape, a rectangular shape, a cube shape, a cone shape, a sphere shape, a cylinder shape, a rectangle shape, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • the predetermined geometric characteristic includes a predetermined radius of curvature.
  • the predetermined geometric characteristic includes a substantially flat surface having a predetermined width, a substantially flat surface having a predetermined width, or two substantially flat surfaces, where the two substantially flat surfaces abut with a predetermined angle.
  • an example of producing a spherical or substantially spherical particle 105 includes using a mold fabricated from a non-wetting material or treating the surfaces of the mold with a non-wetting agent such that the material from which particle 105 will be formed does not wet the surfaces of the cavity. Because the material from which particle 105 will be formed cannot wet the surfaces of the mold, particle 105 has a greater affinity for itself than the surfaces of the cavity and thereby forms a rounded, curved, or substantially spherical shape. According to some embodiments, an equal amount of substance is evaporated from multiple cavities resulting in particles 105 in the cavities having a uniform or substantially uniform mass distribution therebetween.
  • one or more drugs can be included with particles 105 of the presently disclosed subject matter and can be found in Physician's Desk Reference, Thomson Healthcare, 59th Bk&Cr edition (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • one or materials can be included with presently disclosed particles 105 ; such materials include, but are not limited to the materials found in US Pharmacopeia and the Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
  • solid substance 100 is a drug substance and processing the drug substance into a discrete size, shape, and/or controlled crystallinity can form variable polymorphs of the drug.
  • Forming a drug from particles 105 of specific sizes, shapes and controlled crystallinity can increase the efficacy, efficiency, potency, solubility, and the like, of a drug substance.
  • polymorphs see Lee et al., Crystallization on Confined Engineered Surfaces: A Method to Control Crystal Size and Generate Different Polymorphs, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127 (43), 14982-14983, 2005, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • particles 105 are harvested from cavities 102 .
  • particle 105 is harvested by contacting particle 105 with an article that has affinity for particles 105 that is greater than the affinity between particle 105 and cavity 102 .
  • particle 105 is harvested by contacting particle 105 with an adhesive substance that adheres to particle 105 with greater affinity than affinity between particle 105 and cavity 102 .
  • the harvesting substance is, but is not limited to, water, organic solvents, carbohydrates, epoxies, waxes, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polybutyl acrylate, polycyano acrylates, polymethyl methacrylate, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • a substance can be used for harvesting that forms a porous particle.
  • particles 105 are harvested by subjecting the particle/cavity combination and/or mold to a physical force or energy such that particles 105 are released from the cavity 102 .
  • the force is one or more of centrifugation, dissolution, vibration, ultrasonics, megasonics, gravity, flexure of the mold, suction, electrostatic attraction, electrostatic repulsion, magnetism, physical mold manipulation, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • particles 105 are purified after being harvested.
  • particles 105 are purified from the harvesting substance.
  • the purifying can be, but is not limited to, centrifugation, separation, vibration, gravity, dialysis, filtering, sieving, electrophoresis, gas stream, magnetism, electrostatic separation, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • Representative materials useful in fabricating molds 101 in which particles 105 can be formed include elastomer-based materials.
  • the elastomer-based materials include, but are not limited to, fluorinated elastomer-based materials, solvent resistant elastomer based materials, fluorinated elastomer-based materials that are liquid at room temperature, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • the term “solvent resistant” refers to a material, such as an elastomeric material that either does not swell or does not substantially swell nor dissolve or substantially dissolve in common hydrocarbon-based organic solvents, or reagents, or acidic or basic aqueous solutions.
  • Representative fluorinated elastomer-based materials include but are not limited to fluoropolyether and perfluoropolyether (PFPE) based materials.
  • the mold material is non-toxic, UV transparent, and highly gas permeable; and cures into a tough, durable, highly fluorinated elastomer with excellent release properties and resistance to swelling.
  • the properties of these materials can be optimized over a wide range through the judicious choice of additives, fillers, reactive co-monomers, and functionalization agents. Such properties that are desirable to modify, include, but are not limited to, modulus, tear strength, surface energy, permeability, functionality, mode of cure, solubility and swelling characteristics, and the like.
  • the non-swelling nature and easy release properties of the mold materials allows for nanostructures to be fabricated from nearly any material. Further, the presently disclosed subject matter can be expanded to large scale rollers or conveyor belt technology or rapid stamping that allow for the fabrication of nanostructures on an industrial scale.
  • the material of mold 101 has a surface energy below about 20 mN/m. According to another embodiment the surface energy of mold 101 material is between about 10 mN/m and about 20 mN/m. According to another embodiment, low surface energy of the mold material is between about 12 mN/m and about 15 mN/m. According to some embodiments, low surface energy of the materials that form mold 101 is less than about 15 mN/m. In some embodiments, the surface energy of the materials that form mold 101 is less than the surface energy of the solid powder or granular material that is being introduced into mold 101 .
  • the material for forming the cavities can include, but is not limited to, a perfluoropolyether material, a fluoroolefin material, an acrylate material, a silicone material, a styrenic material, a fluorinated thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), a triazine fluoropolymer, a perfluorocyclobutyl material, a fluorinated epoxy resin, and a fluorinated monomer or fluorinated oligomer that can be polymerized or crosslinked by a metathesis polymerization reaction.
  • a perfluoropolyether material a fluoroolefin material, an acrylate material, a silicone material, a styrenic material, a fluorinated thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), a triazine fluoropolymer, a perfluorocyclobutyl material, a fluorinated epoxy resin, and a fluorinated monomer or
  • the fluoroolefin material is made from monomers which include tetrafluoroethylene, vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-difluoro-1,3-dioxole, a functional fluoroolefin, functional acrylic monomer, and a functional methacrylic monomer.
  • the silicone material includes a fluoroalkyl functionalized polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).
  • the styrenic material includes a fluorinated styrene monomer.
  • the acrylate material includes a fluorinated acrylate or a fluorinated methacrylate.
  • the triazine fluoropolymer includes a fluorinated monomer.
  • the fluorinated monomer or fluorinated oligomer that can be polymerized or crosslinked by a metathesis polymerization reaction includes a functionalized olefin.
  • the functionalized olefin includes a functionalized cyclic olefin.
  • the mold material includes a urethane block, such as PFPE urethane tetrafunctional methacrylate materials, that can be used as the materials for the molds of the present invention.
  • the exact properties of these materials can be adjusted by adjusting the composition of the ingredients used to make the materials.
  • the modulus can be adjusted from low (e.g., approximately 1 MPa) to multiple GPa by varying the cross-link density, for example.
  • multiple particles 205 may be formed in single cavity 202 .
  • multiple particles 205 formed in single cavity 202 can include a collection of particles 205 that each have substantially uniform mass.
  • particles 205 in cavity 202 have substantially uniform mass in comparison to particles 205 ′ in cavity 202 ′.
  • particles 205 and 205 ′ are derived from solid substance 100 .
  • Various treatment processes may result in multiple particles formed in a single cavity. Suitable treatment processes may include putting solid substance 100 into a solution by melting, dissolving, or suspending solid substance 100 in a liquid after solid substance 100 is in the cavity.
  • a hardening treatment may be applied to the liquid and solid substance, including for example, UV exposure, thermal exposure, oxidative processing, evaporation, crystallization, reductive processing, solubilization, precipitation, partial crystallization, combinations thereof, and the like.
  • hardening treatment can be applied to solid substance 100 .
  • a hardening treatment can be, but is not limited to, a chemical reaction, sintering, a phase change, curing, crosslinking, partial dissolution, recrystallization, precipitation, combinations thereof, or the like applied to solid substance 100 to form micro and/or nanosized particles from initial solid substance 100 .
  • a patterned perfluoropolyether (PFPE) mold can be generated by casting a PFPE-dimethacrylate (PFPE-DMA) containing 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone over a silicon substrate patterned with uniform posts.
  • the coated master will then be subjected to a nitrogen purge while the PFPE film is cured with 365 nm radiation for 5 minutes.
  • the fully cured PFPE-DMA mold can then be peeled from the silicon master leaving a mold with uniform cavity replicates of the uniform posts of the silicon substrate.
  • An emulsion of solid drug product and water will be applied to the patterned surface of the PFPE mold. The emulsion will fill the cavities of the mold and then be dried to leave solid granules of drug product in the cavities.
  • a solvent such as ethanol
  • ethanol will be laminated between the PFPE mold and a polyethylene sheet to partially dissolve the drug product.
  • the laminate will then be heated to coalesce the solid drug granules.
  • the combination can then be cooled to room temperature.
  • the polyethylene sheet can then be removed and a single substantially uniform particle should exist in each cavity.
  • a patterned perfluoropolyether (PFPE) mold can be generated by casting a PFPE-dimethacrylate (PFPE-DMA) containing 2,2-diethoxyacetophenone over a silicon substrate patterned with uniform posts.
  • the coated master can then be subjected to a nitrogen purge while the PFPE film is cured with 365 nm radiation for 5 minutes.
  • the fully cured PFPE-DMA mold will then be peeled from the silicon master leaving a mold with uniform cavity replicates of the uniform posts of the silicon substrate.
  • a powder of fine metal grains will be applied to the patterned surface of the PFPE mold, where by the grains will be allowed to settle into the mold cavities.
  • a coalescing solution will be laminated between the PFPE mold and a polyethylene sheet. The sheet is not required, but can help to minimize solvent evaporation.
  • the laminate can then be heated to coalesce the metal grains and then cooled.
  • the polyethylene sheet can then be removed and a single metal particle should be

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US13/915,322 US8685461B2 (en) 2006-06-19 2013-06-11 Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials

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US83137206P 2006-07-17 2006-07-17
US11/879,746 US20080181958A1 (en) 2006-06-19 2007-07-17 Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials

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