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US20080041362A1 - Electrical generator systems and related methods - Google Patents

Electrical generator systems and related methods Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080041362A1
US20080041362A1 US11/487,501 US48750106A US2008041362A1 US 20080041362 A1 US20080041362 A1 US 20080041362A1 US 48750106 A US48750106 A US 48750106A US 2008041362 A1 US2008041362 A1 US 2008041362A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
fluid
chamber
tank
valve
vaporized
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/487,501
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English (en)
Inventor
Claudio Filippone
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
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Individual
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US11/487,501 priority Critical patent/US20080041362A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2007/016074 priority patent/WO2008010967A2/fr
Publication of US20080041362A1 publication Critical patent/US20080041362A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/006—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using solar heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K1/00—Steam accumulators
    • F01K1/08—Charging or discharging of accumulators with steam
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K3/00—Plants characterised by the use of steam or heat accumulators, or intermediate steam heaters, therein
    • F01K3/02—Use of accumulators and specific engine types; Control thereof

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electric generator driven by pressure differences induced by first superheating and later condensing a suitable fluid.
  • the present invention relates to various energy producing devices (e.g., electric generators) that utilize heat energy, for example solar energy, to drive a thermodynamic process based on induced and controlled fluid specific volume contraction.
  • heat energy for example solar energy
  • the energy producing devices here described execute the conversion of heat energy into electric energy.
  • Low-grade heat is a form of thermal energy whose temperature differential, between the environmental temperature and that of the heat source (e.g. heat waste from industrial processes, solar etc.), is normally too low for an efficient cost-effective utilization. Furthermore, in many countries, mainly depending on geographic and climate conditions, an abundance of solar energy exists, and also low-grade heat discarded by industrial processes is also available. Therefore, it would be highly beneficial to be able to cost effectively use the low-grade heat from solar energy or any low-grade heat source to generate electricity.
  • the heat source e.g. heat waste from industrial processes, solar etc.
  • various solar power driven mechanical and electrical devices have been widely used in the past. Some of these devices use solar generated heat-absorbing panels that convert the absorbed solar energy to heat water or other suitable fluids.
  • the fluid in these devices is always kept in a sub-cooled liquid state, well below its boiling point.
  • These devices are typically equipped with one (or more) electrically or mechanically driven pump(s) to force fluid circulation within the devices.
  • these devices yield very low efficiency mainly due to their generally low thermal gradients.
  • the main purpose of the heat absorbing panels in these devices is to absorb solar heat and transfer it to a fluid so as to heat up the fluid.
  • the heated fluid is then circulated by a pumping device, typically driven by an external source of power, to transport the heat produced in the heat absorbing panel to locations where heat is needed (e.g. household radiators, or heating system). Therefore, the overall solar driven heating system utilizing these principles is normally unable to provide electricity and it actually requires an external source of electricity for its proper functioning.
  • a pumping device typically driven by an external source of power
  • the main purpose of the present invention is to provide a technology that does not require costly manufacturing processes, that is inherently rugged, and easy to maintain while converting low-grade heat energy into a usable form of energy in a cost effective manner.
  • This may be achieved by utilizing one or more sources of heat (e.g. solar, waste heat from industrial processes, waste heat from household oil or gas burners, etc.) in which this thermal energy is utilized to convert for example water, or any other suitable fluid, into vapor. Subsequently, generated vapor may be condensed in a controlled manner so as to generate a controlled pressure-drop inside a properly designed tank.
  • the system is arranged in such a way that the pressure-drop may cause displacement of a desired amount of fluid. While the fluid is displaced it may drive an electric generator. Alternatively, the system is configured in such a way that the pressure-drop may cause the expansion of another fluid (e.g. Air) through an expanded, thereby generating electricity or torque
  • one aspect of the invention provides means to utilize pressure differences to drive a turbine or a “positive-and-negative” displacement system, for example, to produce electricity or mechanical energy.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an electric generator system, according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention, illustrating an exemplary application of generating electricity by displacing a fluid.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of an electric generator system, shown in FIG. 1 , illustrating various components thereof and utilizing a turbine generator able to take advantage of fluid displacement back and forth from-and-to a fluid reservoir.
  • FIG. 3 is a Temperature-Entropy (T-S) diagram illustrating various exemplary thermodynamic processes of the heat addition and induced condensation.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic of an electric generator system utilizing the expansion of air inside a specially designed tank within which a pressure differential has been induced by condensation according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • the electric generator systems utilize heat energy to displace a controlled volume of fluid (e.g., liquid), between different locations to cause a turbine-generator system to generate electricity.
  • the system converts generally heat energy, for example solar energy, to vaporize (e.g., to a super-heated thermodynamic state) a working fluid inside one or more heat absorbing heat exchangers (i.e., referred hereinafter as Vapor-Heat Exchanger “V-HEX”).
  • V-HEX Vapor-Heat Exchanger
  • the system then condenses the vapor, by inducing sudden cooling inside a Super Tank (S-Tank) designed to sustain a vacuum as well as pressures above atmospheric pressure.
  • S-Tank Super Tank
  • Induced condensation of the vapor may be achieved by injecting vapor cooling liquids (e.g., in the form of spray, jets) into the vapor-filled S-Tank, or by exposing the vapor filled inner portions of S-Tank to controlled cooling means.
  • the timing, and degree, of the condensation processes may be controlled by adjusting, for example, the fluid injection timing, flow rate, and temperature of the cooling liquid.
  • the vapor inside the S-Tank may be rapidly condensed, resulting in a pressure drop close to a vacuum.
  • the S-Tank may be designed to withstand such a pressure drop as well as pressure above atmospheric pressures if the vapor accumulated becomes super-heated and pressurized. This pressure drop may be used in a variety of applications, including, for example, generating electricity.
  • the electric generator systems of the present invention may utilize an unusual thermodynamic cycle.
  • thermodynamic cycles operate on the principle of fluid expansion to drive turbines or expanders, thereby converting the expansion energy of the fluid into mechanical energy
  • the electric generator system of the present invention may operate based on fluid “contraction.”
  • a fluid contraction cycle may be generally less efficient than the classical expansion cycles, such systems may be simpler to manufacture (i.e., thereby less expensive), may not quickly deteriorate with the passing of time, and may not require forced fluid circulation for its operation.
  • FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an electric generator system configured to displace a volume of liquid from different locations. While the invention will be described in connection with a particular electric generator arrangement (i.e., utilizing kinetic and potential energy of a liquid while transiting between different locations), the invention may be applied to, or used in connection with, any other types of fluid displacement situation, such as, for example, transporting fluid from one place to another. Naturally, it should be understood that the invention may be used in various applications other than electric generation.
  • the electric generator system may comprise a Reservoir Tank (R-Tank 4 ) containing the working fluid (e.g., water), one or more heat absorbing and vapor generating V-HEX for evaporating the working fluid, the super tank, S-Tank 1 for rapidly condensing the vaporized fluid, and the injector water tank (I-Tank 3 ) containing fluid in a liquid state and used for cooling the vaporized fluid inside S-Tank 1 .
  • the working fluid e.g., water
  • the super tank e.g., water
  • S-Tank 1 for rapidly condensing the vaporized fluid
  • I-Tank 3 injector water tank
  • C-Tank 1 , 2 and 4 and contained within C-Tank 2 , R-Tank 4 , and I-Tank 3 may have the same thermal physical characteristics as well as different thermal-physical characteristics as long as they are compatible with the thermodynamic cycle indicated in FIG. 3 .
  • the elevation difference between the various tanks (e.g. C-Tank 2 , R-Tank 4 , etc.) of this invention may be arbitrary as R-Tank 4 may be positioned above C-Tank 2 .
  • the Collector Tank C-Tank 2 may use gravity to inject a certain amount of water inside the V-HEX where heating of the water takes place via heat energy absorption, (e.g. solar, waste heat absorption, or more generally “Heat” as indicated by the generalized notation in FIG. 1 ).
  • the water in the V-HEX may then be transformed into vapors (e.g., super-heated steam), and the vapors may flow (e.g., via natural circulation and pressure) to the S-Tank 1 , where the vapors may be accumulated.
  • the S-Tank 1 may be designed to sustain a substantial amount of negative pressure, and may be equipped with one or more valves (shown in, for example, FIGS.
  • the I-Tank 3 injects sub-cooled water jet (e.g., via gravity) inside the S-Tank 1 by controlled actuation of Valve V 6 , causing an instant cooling and pressure drop inside the S-Tank 1 .
  • the system may reset the water levels “Reference Level 2 ” (R-L 2 ) inside the I-Tank 3 , by means of properly timing valves V 8 and V 9 (described with reference to FIGS. 1 , 2 , and 4 ).
  • V 8 may be actuated to allow suction of water from R-Tank 4 through valve V 9 while S-Tank 1 pressure is close to a vacuum as a result of vapor condensation.
  • I-Tank 3 is also reset for the next cycle.
  • V 5 may be actuated so as to allow suction of water from R-Tank 4 to S-Tank 1 through one or more turbine system T coupled to an electric generator E-Gen. At equilibrium a certain amount of water may be transferred from R-Tank 4 to S-Tank 1 .
  • valves V 3 , V 2 , and V 4 may be actuated so as to allow water from S-Tank 1 to flow into C-Tank 2 and R-Tank 4 . While water returns to R-Tank 4 it also generates electricity through turbine T and Electric Generator E-Gen. At this time the system is re-set to its initial conditions wherein V 1 may be actuated again and vapor is newly formed inside V-HEX, thereby accumulating inside S-Tank 1 , and restarting the thermodynamic cycle.
  • the V-HEX here represented absorbs heat energy for example from the sun.
  • the V-HEX has to be constructed in a way that allows solar energy to enter the heat exchanger while minimizing convective heat transfer effects with the surrounding environment.
  • the heat source is mainly radiative (e.g. solar)
  • the V-HEX may be formed by a frame F within which a coil of a pressure tube “P-Tube” (for example coated with solar radiation absorbing materials) is suspended in a vacuum. At least one side of frame F allows sun radiation absorption into the P-Tube for example by means of a glass G with high transmissivity and low reflectivity.
  • a series of spacers S of suitable geometry may be found inside the evacuated frame F and acting as support mechanisms for the glass surface G, and to withstand the buckling generated by the vacuum.
  • a series of spacers S of suitable geometry may be found inside the frame F so as to re-direct sun radiation not directly absorbed by the P-Tube.
  • the mirrors M may be of different geometry (e.g.
  • the V-HEX is not limited to a particular dimensional and/or geometric configuration, and multiple V-HEX may be installed side-by-side for example on a surface exposed to the sun, or, for example as part of a heat exchanger within which waste heat fluids flow without mixing with the working fluid. Multiple V-HEX may be hydraulically connected by means of suitable hydraulic fittings. To summarize on the V-HEX, each of the V-HEX may include at least one inlet and at least one outlet for hydraulic connection and fluid flow between the various components of the electric generator system.
  • S-Tank 1 may be thermally separated from the environment by a jacket structure (JS).
  • JS may be actuated so as to have a vacuum or free convection by operating a suitable set of valves, or through a combination of mechanical means.
  • JS may be represented by a dynamic heat transfer/heat insulating mechanism.
  • JS When JS is set to form a high insulation, for example via a vacuum or insulating materials, JS favors the vapor process accumulation process inside S-Tank 1 . When, free convection or actuation of cooling systems induce increased heat transfer through JS, from the surfaces of S-Tank 1 to a cooler environment, then JS favors condensation inducing the vapor inside S-Tank 1 to condense.
  • V 1 represents a check valve, while V 1 ′ may be actuated to increase the super-heating pressure of the vapor prior its inlet into S-Tank 1 .
  • V 8 ′, V 3 and V 4 represent valves allowing venting to atmospheric pressures and to be actuated according to the thermodynamic cycle represented in FIG. 3 .
  • the water in the C-Tank 2 may be at the atmospheric pressure and temperature. Alternatively, the water may be heated and/or pressurized. In some exemplary embodiments, the water may be pre-heated. Pre-heating may occur by solar heat or any other source of heat, and may speed-up the vaporization process inside the V-HEX.
  • C-Tank 2 itself may be configured to receive solar or thermal energy (e.g.
  • C-Tank 2 may be made of a material that is transparent to solar irradiation, such that the solar rays may heat-up the inner portions of the tank and heat up fluid A ( FIGS. 1 , 2 , and 4 ).
  • the inner portions of C-Tank 2 may be coated with a material having a relatively high absorptivity and low reflectivity.
  • the heat source is heat in the form of a fluid carrying the heat (e.g. waste heat) C-Tank 2 , as for V-HEX, may be embedded with the heat source and exposed to the heat stream (e.g. hot gases, hot fluids), or directly in contact with the waste heat source wherein the heat transfer mechanism may be conduction for example through the waste heat generating equipment of some industrial processes.
  • the electric generator system may include a turbine and electric generator T 1 , E-Gen 1 system operated by the expansion of an External Fluid (EXT. F).
  • the EXT. F may be in a gaseous (e.g. Air), or liquid form.
  • nozzle valves VN may be actuated when S-Tank 1 pressure is close to a vacuum as a result of the thermodynamic cycle described earlier and represented in FIGS. 1 , 2 , and 3 .
  • EXT. F may flow or expand through T 1 as a result of the pressure difference between the environment outside S-Tank 1 and the inner S-Tank 1 volume.
  • a flexible body or flexible membrane F-MEM may be made to separate the vapor and vapor-condensing areas of S-Tank 1 from EXT.F.
  • the inner walls of S-Tank 1 may be formed by insulating materials so as to minimize heating of the external fluid EXT.F fluid inside S-Tank 1 .
  • VPV represents vapor-purging valves hydraulically connected to the F-MEM which may be actuated during the S-Tank 1 vapor accumulation processes.
  • Process A-A′′′ is a heat addition process moving along the isobaric line P 1 in which water transforms from sub-cooled liquid into superheated steam. At this point the fluid may be at a superheated thermodynamic state A′′-A′′′ on isobaric line P 1 .
  • P 1 may be atmospheric pressure.
  • valve V 1 ′ may be automatically operated and may be configured to control the vapor condition (e.g., degree of super-heating of the vapor) for example to assure deployment of F-MEM ( FIG. 4 ).
  • a check valve can automatically control the venting of vapors from V-HEX into S-Tank 1 .
  • the inner walls of S-Tank 1 may be built to withstand vacuum or negative pressures with materials and/or coatings to minimize cooling during the vapor filling process while maximizing cooling during vapor condensation.
  • valve V 8 ′ By opening valve V 8 ′ connected to I-Tank 3 the pressure inside I-Tank 3 may be equalized at a pressure near or atmospheric pressure, and the cooler fluid it contains can flow into S-Tank 1 via brief actuation of valve V 6 . This can induce cooling inside S-Tank 1 , thereby causing the pressure to drop to a low level vacuum indicated by the indicative isobaric line P 2 in the T-S diagram in FIG. 3 .
  • This process is a non-equilibrium-process, therefore the dashed line indicated by B is only representative of a condensation process occurring while the system pressure (S-Tank 1 pressure) continuously decreases.
  • valve V 4 in FIGS. 1 and 2 may vent to atmospheric pressure.
  • a similar process may be achieved by actuating nozzle valve(s) VN in FIG. 4 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
US11/487,501 2006-07-17 2006-07-17 Electrical generator systems and related methods Abandoned US20080041362A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

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US11/487,501 US20080041362A1 (en) 2006-07-17 2006-07-17 Electrical generator systems and related methods
PCT/US2007/016074 WO2008010967A2 (fr) 2006-07-17 2007-07-16 Systèmes générateurs électriques et procédés associés

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Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070277955A1 (en) * 2006-05-05 2007-12-06 Energy Plus Technologies, Llc Solar and heat pump powered electric forced hot air hydronic furnace
US20100326641A1 (en) * 2007-03-26 2010-12-30 Everlite Hybrid Industries, Llc Heat exchange module for cogeneration systems and related method of use
US20120080027A1 (en) * 2009-04-06 2012-04-05 Abengoa Solar New Technologies, S.A. Solar receiver with natural circulation for generating saturated steam
RU2583317C1 (ru) * 2015-01-29 2016-05-10 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "СОЛЭКС-Р" Комбинированная концентраторная фотоэлектрическая установка

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101968041B (zh) * 2010-09-29 2012-05-30 武汉凯迪工程技术研究总院有限公司 采用生物质锅炉作为辅助热源的太阳能发电方法及系统

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5269145A (en) * 1991-06-28 1993-12-14 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Heat storage system with combined heat storage device
US5461862A (en) * 1993-10-13 1995-10-31 Ovadia; Shmuel System for conversion of sea wave energy
US5775107A (en) * 1996-10-21 1998-07-07 Sparkman; Scott Solar powered electrical generating system
US6739131B1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2004-05-25 Charles H. Kershaw Combustion-driven hydroelectric generating system with closed loop control
US6996988B1 (en) * 2003-01-28 2006-02-14 Emc2 AutoSolar Thermal Electric Conversion (ASTEC) solar power system

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5269145A (en) * 1991-06-28 1993-12-14 Deutsche Forschungsanstalt Fuer Luft- Und Raumfahrt E.V. Heat storage system with combined heat storage device
US5461862A (en) * 1993-10-13 1995-10-31 Ovadia; Shmuel System for conversion of sea wave energy
US5775107A (en) * 1996-10-21 1998-07-07 Sparkman; Scott Solar powered electrical generating system
US6739131B1 (en) * 2002-12-19 2004-05-25 Charles H. Kershaw Combustion-driven hydroelectric generating system with closed loop control
US6996988B1 (en) * 2003-01-28 2006-02-14 Emc2 AutoSolar Thermal Electric Conversion (ASTEC) solar power system

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070277955A1 (en) * 2006-05-05 2007-12-06 Energy Plus Technologies, Llc Solar and heat pump powered electric forced hot air hydronic furnace
US7575001B2 (en) * 2006-05-05 2009-08-18 J & H Solar Llc. Solar and heat pump powered electric forced hot air hydronic furnace
US20100326641A1 (en) * 2007-03-26 2010-12-30 Everlite Hybrid Industries, Llc Heat exchange module for cogeneration systems and related method of use
US8590605B2 (en) 2007-03-26 2013-11-26 Everlite Hybrid Industries Heat exchange module for cogeneration systems and related method of use
US20120080027A1 (en) * 2009-04-06 2012-04-05 Abengoa Solar New Technologies, S.A. Solar receiver with natural circulation for generating saturated steam
US9377218B2 (en) * 2009-04-06 2016-06-28 Abengoa Solar New Technologies, S.A. Solar receiver with natural circulation for generating saturated steam
RU2583317C1 (ru) * 2015-01-29 2016-05-10 Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "СОЛЭКС-Р" Комбинированная концентраторная фотоэлектрическая установка

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Publication number Publication date
WO2008010967A3 (fr) 2008-07-24
WO2008010967A2 (fr) 2008-01-24

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