US20080031622A1

US20080031622A1 - Bidirectional Router and a Method of Bidirectional Amplification

Info

Publication number: US20080031622A1
Application number: US11/865,286
Authority: US
Inventors: Rene Kristiansen
Original assignee: Tellabs Denmark AS
Current assignee: Infinera Denmark AS
Priority date: 1996-12-23
Filing date: 2007-10-01
Publication date: 2008-02-07
Also published as: EP0950297B1; EP0950297A1; DE69715043T2; WO1998028874A1; US20040156093A1; AU5311298A; US6724995B1; DK0950297T3; DE69715043D1; US7277635B2

Abstract

The invention relates to a router which may be used for amplification of a bidirectional optical signal using a single optical amplifier. An advantageous embodiment of the invention comprises two 3 dB couplers which are serially connected via a delay element. According to the embodiment, the delay element comprises a difference in distance L between the two optical branches which connect the two 3 dB couplers.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/772,173 filed Feb. 4, 2004 and now U.S. Pat. No. 7,277,635, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/331,718 filed Sep. 24, 1999 and now U.S. Pat. No. 6,724,995, which claims the benefit of PCT Application No. PCT/DK97/00591 filed Dec. 22, 1997, which claims the benefit of Denmark Application No. 1504/96 filed Dec. 23, 1996, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a router and to a method of monodirectional amplification of bidirectional optical signals.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In optical transmission systems it is frequently desired to use an optical fiber for bidirectional communication. This is achieved in most practical systems by using wavelength multiplexing so that transmission in one direction takes place at one or more wavelengths, and so that transmission in the other direction takes place at one or more other wavelengths different from the first-mentioned wavelengths.
Since the signals are transmitted through an optical fiber, they will be subjected to attenuation, which necessitates amplification of the optical signals if they are to be transmitted over great distances.
According to the prior art this bidirectional amplification may be achieved by suitable coupling of wavelength multiplex couplers and a unidirectional amplifier. This method, however, is complicated and consequently involves relatively huge costs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The router comprises two optical couplers interconnected serially via a delay device and wherein the optical router further comprises an optical amplifier optically connected to one of the optical couplers, a simple and economical router obtained, which may be designed according to simple dimensioning principles and be adapted to concrete applications. The property that for each optical input an optical coupler ideally divides an arriving optical signal between the outputs of the coupler means that an output signal from the first coupler contains mixed signals, which may subsequently be “mixed back” in the following optical coupler. In a suitable embodiment of the delay device, this back-mixing may have the effect that signals with different wavelength components may be fed jointly and selectively to a selected output port on the following coupler, ideally, with conservation of energy, as the interferometer properties of the delay device are utilized.
This complete signal may additionally be fed back into a port on the following coupler, whereby the input ports of the first coupler also serve as output ports.
This property is particularly advantageous in applications where a bidirectional optical signal is to be amplified with a monodirectional amplifier, as a monodirectional amplifier may be coupled between the terminals of the last coupler and amplify both optical signals, following which these, in an amplified state, may be fed back to the bidirectional port of the router. It is noted in particular that the amplified signal is routed to another bidirectional port, for which reason the complete router may be coupled between two fiber ends of a directional light guide cable having a fiber end for bidirectional router ports, amplify arriving optical signals with given wavelengths, and transmit these out on the other bidirectional port to the other fiber end and further on the light guide in the same direction as when arrived at the router.
When the delay device comprises a difference in distance ΔL between the two optical guides connecting the two couplers, a simple embodiment of the invention is obtained, as the difference in distance ΔL provides a mutual phase shift between the two optical signals on the input of the following coupler, which means that the coupler serves as an interferometer in the mixing in the coupler itself.
It will be appreciated that ΔL is not to be taken to mean a separate physical element, but is an indication of the real MZI difference in distance between the two serially connected couplers.
When 3 dB couplers are used, a particularly simple embodiment of the invention is obtained. The use of 3 dB couplers will usually be preferred, as the characteristic of the complete router is particularly simple when the optical branches of the constituent couplers are symmetrical.
When the delay device is formed by one or more pairs of electrodes arranged along the optical path, a further embodiment of the invention is obtained, wherein a desired phase shift between the optical signals may be achieved by changing the refractive index in the optical path in the delay element in response to an electrical field applied by the electrodes.
When, the delay element is provided with one or more pairs of electrodes arranged along the optical path in the delay element to achieve a supplementary time delay, an advantageous embodiment of the invention is obtained, as a desired phase shift between the optical signals may be obtained at an optical difference in distance ΔL, and be finely adjusted by changing the refractive index in the optical path in the delay element in response to an electrical field applied by the electrodes.
When ΔL is equal to λ²/(2Δλn) where λ indicates the optical wavelength used, n is the refractive index, and Δλ indicates the half-period of the power transfer function, (i.e. 1/2FSR (FSR=free spectral range), a practical embodiment of the invention is obtained.
For clarity, it should be mentioned that a selected wavelength of 1550 nm, a refractive index n=1. 5, and Δλ=10 nm, result in a difference in distance of ΔL=80 μm.
When the router is made in an integrated design, an optimum design for commercial use obtained. This should be taken to mean that the actual design of the delay element is to be made with a relatively great precision, as the necessary distances ΔL are relatively small, and even small deviations therefrom give rise to a relatively great unreliability with respect to the overall system.
When the optical signals in each direction toward the router are fed to the first bidirectional port A and the second bidirectional port D, respectively, of the router and from there to the first unidirectional port B of the router, further through an optical amplifier connected to the unidirectional ports and from there through the second unidirectional port C of the router and back through the router to the second bidirectional D and the first bidirectional port A, respectively, an effective bidirectional amplification is obtained, using relatively inexpensive elements. The bidirectional amplification obtained is moreover obtained using just one monodirectional amplifier.
When λ_r1and λ_r2are allocated on the power transfer function of the router in one transmission direction on each side of a maximum of λ_R, and λ₁₁and λ₁₂are allocated on the power transfer function of the router in the other transmission direction on each side of a maximum of λ_L, said bidirectional optical signals having the wavelengths λ₁₁and λ₁₂in one direction and having the wavelengths λ_r1and λ_r2in the other direction, said λ_Land λ_Rindicating a maximum in a specific frequency band for the power transfer function of the router in one direction and the power transfer function of the router in the other direction, respectively, an effective amplification of a bidirectional signal is obtained, using a relatively simple and inexpensive technique, as a two-channel signal may thus be transmitted and amplified each way through the router.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described below with reference to the drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 shows a communications system consisting of network elements;
FIG. 2 shows an MZI router according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows a known coupler;
FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 5 shows a first channel coupling characteristic an MZI router of the invention; and
FIG. 6 shows an additional channel coupling characteristic for an MZI router of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 shows a communications system consisting of two network elements 1 and 2 connected by a wavelength multiplexed bidirectional optical connection 3. The network element 2 transmits at the wavelength λ_L, and the network element 1 transmits at the wavelength λ_R. Since the connection is wavelength-divided, it is possible to transmit communications signals from 1 to 2 while transmitting from 2 to 1. In practical systems, the connection 3 is an optical fiber which subjects the transmitted signals from both 1 and 2 to attenuation through the fiber. If the system is to be used over great distances, it is necessary to insert one or more amplifiers in the connection 3.
If there is one or more locations on the connection 3 where the signals, which are transmitted from both 1 and 2, have traveled such a great distance through the optical fiber as makes it necessary to amplify them, then a router is inserted so that a single traditional unidirectional amplifier may be used transmitted from both 1 and 2 for amplifying signals transmitted from both 1 and 2.
FIG. 2 shows a known router 10.
The router 10 has two bidirectional ports 5 and 6 and two unidirectional ports 7 and 8. An amplifier 9 is inserted between the two unidirectional ports 7 and 8. The input of the amplifier is connected to the unidirectional port 7, and the output of the amplifier is connected to the unidirectional port 8.
On the ports 5 and 6, the router 10 is connected to two optical fibers 3′ and 3″ which are connected to the ports 5 and 6, respectively.
The router 10 is arranged such that a signal transmitted at the wavelength λ_Linto the router through the port 5 has maximum power on the port 7 and minimum power on the port 8. Correspondingly, a signal transmitted at the wavelength λ_Rinto the router through the port 6 has maximum power on the port 7 and minimum power on the port 8. The amplifier may therefore amplify the signals at both λ_Rand λ_L. The amplified signals are transmitted via the same router 10 through the port 8. The amplified signal at λ_Ris transmitted out through the port 5, and, correspondingly, the amplified signal at λ_Lis transmitted out through the port 6. Such a router 10 thus ensures that a traditional unidirectional amplifier may be used for amplifying bidirectional signals.
In the figure, a unidirectional amplifier 9 is connected to the unidirectional output port 9 of the router 10 and the unidirectional input port 8 of the router 10.
FIG. 3 shows how a known router 10 is constructed.
The router comprises four wavelength multiplex couplers 15, 16, 17 and 18. The wavelength multiplex couplers are also called WDM couplers.
The wavelength multiplex coupler 15 is connected to the wavelength multiplex coupler 17 via an optical connection 11. The wavelength multiplex coupler 16 is connected to the same wavelength multiplex coupler 17 via an optical connection 12. The wavelength multiplex coupler 17 subsequently optically connected to the port 7.
The wavelength multiplex coupler 15 filters such that the optical signal λ_L, received on the port 5 via the connection 11, is fed to the wavelength multiplex coupler 17, while the wavelength multiplex coupler 16 filters such that the optical signal λ_R, received on the port 6 via the connection 12, is fed to the wavelength multiplex coupler 17. The complete signal consisting of λ_Rand λ_Lis thus fed to the port 7, which may subsequently be connected to an optical amplifier capable of amplifying the complete received signal from the fiber 3′ and 3″, respectively.
Subsequently, an input port 8 feeds the complete amplified signal to the wavelength multiplex coupler 18, which separates the received amplified optical signal again into two amplified signals consisting of λ_Rand λ_L, respectively, which are fed via the connections 14 and 13 to the wavelength multiplex coupler 15 and the wavelength multiplex coupler 16, respectively, which subsequently feed the amplified signals at λ_Rand λ_L, respectively, out to the ports 5 and 6 connected to them.
FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment of the invention.
The shown router 10 of the invention comprises two 3 dB couplers 21 and 22.
The coupler 21 comprises ports A, A′, D and D′, and the coupler 22 comprises ports B′, B, C′ and C.
The ports A′ and B′ are interconnected optically by a delay device 23 that may include a pair of electrodes 24 according to an example embodiment of the invention, and also the ports D′ and C′ are interconnected optically.
The central aspect of the invention is the transmission matrix T of the optical 3 dB coupler. With reference to FIG. 4 an optical field E ₁(λ₁) at the wavelength λ₁applied to the port A and a second field E ₂(λ₂) at the wavelength λ₂applied to the port D of an ideal 3 dB coupler will give rise to an optical field on the port A′, D′. $[\begin{matrix} {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{A^{′′}} \\ {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{D^{'}} \end{matrix}] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} [\begin{matrix} 1 & ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} \\ ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} & 1 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{1} (λ_{1}) \\ {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{2} (λ_{2}) \end{matrix}]$
where the transmission matrix T₁of the 3 dB coupler is defined: $T_{1} = [\begin{matrix} 1 & ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} \\ ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} & 1 \end{matrix}]$
Without loss of generality, losses in the transmission A′ to B′ and D′ to C′ and the absolute time delay in the transmission may be disregarded. The only important parameter in the transmission is therefore the difference in distance Δ_Lbetween the two optical connections A′ to B′ and D′ to C′. The transmission matrix T₂for the four-port A′, B′, C′, D′ may be written: $T_{2} = [\begin{matrix} ⅇ^{- j \frac{2 π}{λ} n Δ L} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix}]$
Since B′, C′ in FIG. 4 are connected to another ideal 3 dB coupler, the transmission matrix T₃for the port B′, C′, B, C is known, since T₃=T₁. The overall transmission matrix T_sfor the port A, D, B, C may be written
T_s=T₃T₂T₁
and the fields on the ports B and C may thereby be calculated $[\begin{matrix} {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{B} \\ {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{C} \end{matrix}] = {(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})}^{2} [\begin{matrix} 1 & ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} \\ ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} & 1 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} ⅇ^{- j \frac{2 π}{λ} n Δ L} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} 1 & ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} \\ ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}} & 1 \end{matrix}] [\begin{matrix} {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{1} (λ_{1}) \\ {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{2} (λ_{2}) \end{matrix}]$
Owing to the symmetry of the optical circuit, the transmission matrix T_smay also be used for calculating the fields which will occur on the ports A and D as a function of the fields applied to the ports B and C, i.e. the opposite way back through the router. It is noted that, ideally, no field is applied to B but just to the port C according to the invention.
As another object of the invention is the extinction of the field on the port C caused by the fields on the port A and D, the conditions of this extinction are made in the light of the transmission matrix T_s ${\overset{⇀}{E}}_{c} = E_{1} (λ_{1}) (ⅇ^{- j \frac{2 π}{λ} n Δ L} + ⅇ^{j π}) + {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{2} (λ_{2}) (ⅇ^{- j \frac{2 π}{λ_{1}} n Δ L} + ⅇ^{j π})$
For this field to be extinguished, the coefficients of E ₁(λ₁) and E ₂(λ₂) must be zero. This is satisfied if ΔL is selected so that $\frac{2 π}{λ} n Δ L = p 2 π$ $and$ $\frac{2 π}{λ} n Δ L = p 2 π + π$
where p∈N, the set of natural numbers.
Similar calculations give the resulting field on the port B:
E _B=− E ₁(λ₁)+ E ₂(λ₂
This means that the fields E ₁(λ₁)+ E ₂(λ₂) are transmitted out of the port B with full amplitude, and that the fields will be extinct on the port C, thereby allowing a unidirectional amplifier to be used between the terminals B and C.
If the field E_Bis amplified and coupled on the port C, the transmission matrix T_smay be used for calculating the field which occurs on the port A and D as a consequence of the amplified field on the port C. The fields on the ports A and D caused by the field applied to the port C are calculated relatively to the field on the port C:
The field into the port C is defined:
E _C=− E ₁(λ₁)÷ E ₂(λ₂
and results in a field on the port ${\overset{⇀}{E}}_{A} = - {\overset{⇀}{E}}_{2} (λ_{2}) ⅇ^{j \frac{π}{2}}$
Similarly, the field out of the port D is calculated:
E _D=− E ₁(λ₁
This means that the field received e.g. on the port A at the wavelength λ_Bmay be amplified and transmitted out of the port D, and a field received on the port D at the wavelength λ_Rmay be amplified with the same amplifier and transmitted out of the port A.
A power consideration illustrates how an MZI router may directionally couple several channels at various wavelengths in each direction. This is possible, provided that complete extinction of the fields on the port C is not necessary. This may be achieved particularly when optical insulators are used in connection with the two terminals of the optical amplifier.
If it is defined that E ₂(λ₂)= 0 on the port D and E ₁(λ₁) on the port A have the power P₁, the resulting power and P_Band P_Con the port B and the port C, respectively, may be calculated $P_{B} = \frac{1}{2} P_{1} (1 + \cos (\frac{2 π f}{c} n Δ L \div π))$ $and$ $P_{C} = \frac{1}{2} P_{1} (1 + \cos (\frac{2 π f}{c} n Δ L))$
where frequency is substituted for wavelength. It will be seen that the two power transfer functions are offset with respect to each other and are period with the period Δf=FSR, the free spectral range $FSR = \frac{c}{n Δ L}$
FIG. 5 shows a first channel coupling characteristic for an MZI router. The figure shows a first example of how two frequency multiplexed channels in each direction may be allocated in relation to the power transfer function. The power transfer function of the MZI router has two minima/maxima in a specific frequency band at λ_Rand λ_L, respectively. The four channels are positioned two by two in terms of frequency so that the two wavelengths λ_r1and λ_r2associated with λ_Rare positioned on each side of minima/maxima λ_Rand so that the two wavelengths λ₁₁and λ₁₂associated with λ_Lare positioned on each side of minima/maxima λ_L. It is noted that the shown allocation windows Δr1, Δr2 and Δ11, Δ12 indicate the wavelengths which may be selected for each of the above-mentioned four channels λ_r1, λ_r2, λ₁₁and λ₁₂.
In the shown embodiment, one boundary of the allocation window is selected in consideration of the fact that the difference between the transmission of the power transfer function from A to D and vice versa must be at least 10 dB. It is noted that this boundary may vary from application to application.
The other boundary of each allocation window is selected in consideration of the fact that there should be a certain minimal spacing between the channels on each side of λ_Rand A_L, respectively, since there is a certain tolerance on the laser sources used for each channel.
FIG. 6 shows another channel coupling characteristic for an MZI router. The figure shows another example of how two channels in each direction may be allocated in relation to the power transfer function. The power transfer function of the MZI router has four minima/maxima in a specific frequency band in which the four channels are positioned.
The allocation windows Δr1, Δr2 and Δ11, Δ12 may be selected in this case separately in consideration of the fact that the difference between the transmission of the power transfer function from A to D and vice versa must be at least 10 dB. It should be noted that this limit may vary from application to application.

Claims

1. A method for amplifying optical signals, comprising:

transmitting a first optical signal on a first optical path from a first bidirectional port to a first unidirectional port;

inducing a phase shift in the first optical signal on the first optical path, the phase shift being induced independently of a length of the first optical path.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

changing a refractive index of the first optical path in order to induce the phase shift in the first optical signal.

3. The method of claim 2, further comprising:

applying an electrical field to the first optical path in order to change the refractive index.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:

providing a pair of electrodes on the first optical path to apply the electrical field in order to change the refractive index and induce the phase shift.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising:

transmitting the first optical signal from the first unidirectional port through an amplifier to a second unidirectional port; and

transmitting the first optical signal from the second unidirectional port to a second bidirectional port on a second optical path.

6. The system of claim 5, further comprising;

transmitting a second optical signal on a second optical path from a second bidirectional port to the first unidirectional port;

transmitting the second optical signal from the first unidirectional port through the amplifier to the second unidirectional port; and

transmitting the second optical signal from the second unidirectional port to the first bidirectional port.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising:

providing the first and second optical signals to the first bidirectional port and the second bidirectional port respectively, and from there to the first unidirectional port and further through an optical amplifier connected to the first and second unidirectional ports, and from there through the second unidirectional port and to the second bidirectional port and the first bidirectional port respectively.

8. An optical router, comprising:

a first coupler having first and second input/output ports and first and second bidirectional ports, the first coupler operable to receive a first optical signal at the first input/output port and provide the first optical signal to the first bidirectional port;

a second coupler having a first and second input unidirectional ports and first and second output unidirectional ports;

a delay element coupled to the first bidirectional port and the first input unidirectional port on a first optical path, the delay element operable to induce a phase shift in the first optical signal on the first optical path, the phase shift being induced independently of a length of the first optical path.

9. The optical router of claim 8, wherein the delay element is operable to change a refractive index of the first optical path in order to induce the phase shift in the first optical signal.

10. The optical router of claim 9, wherein the delay element is operable to apply an electrical field to the first optical path in order to change the refractive index.

11. The optical router of claim 10, wherein the delay element includes a pair of electrodes on the first optical path to apply the electrical field in order to change the refractive index and induce the phase shift.

12. The optical router of claim 8, further comprising:

an amplifier coupled to the first output unidirectional port and the second input unidirectional port, the amplifier operable to transmit the first optical signal from the first output unidirectional port to the second input unidirectional port.

13. The optical router of claim 12, wherein the second coupler is operable to transmit the first optical signal from the second output unidirectional port to the second bidirectional port on a second optical path.

14. The optical router of claim 13, wherein the first coupler is operable to provide a second optical signal received at the second input/output port to the first input unidirectional port on the first optical path, the second coupler operable to provide the second optical signal received at the first input unidirectional port to the second input unidirectional port through the first output unidirectional port and the amplifier.

15. The optical router of claim 14, wherein the second coupler is operable to provide the second optical signal from the second input unidirectional port to the first bidirectional port of the first coupler.

16. A system for amplifying optical signals, comprising:

means for transmitting a first optical signal from a first bidirectional port of a first coupler to a first unidirectional port of a second coupler connected to the first coupler by a delay element, the delay element including a pair of electrodes arranged along a first optical path between the first and second couplers to induce a phase shift in the first optical signal.

17. The system of claim 16, further comprising:

means for transmitting the first optical signal from the first unidirectional port of the second coupler through an amplifier to a second unidirectional port of the second coupler; and

means for transmitting the first optical signal from the second unidirectional port of the second coupler to a second bidirectional port of the first coupler.

18. The system of claim 17, further comprising;

means for transmitting a second optical signal on a second optical path from a second bidirectional port of the first coupler to the first unidirectional port of the second coupler;

means for transmitting the second optical signal from the first unidirectional port of the second coupler through the amplifier to the second unidirectional port of the second coupler; and

transmitting the second optical signal from the second unidirectional port of the second coupler to the first bidirectional port of the first coupler.

19. The system of claim 16, wherein the first optical signal is at a first wavelength.

20. The system of claim 18, wherein the second optical signal is at a second wavelength.