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US20080006225A1 - Controlling jet momentum in process streams - Google Patents

Controlling jet momentum in process streams Download PDF

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Publication number
US20080006225A1
US20080006225A1 US11/480,834 US48083406A US2008006225A1 US 20080006225 A1 US20080006225 A1 US 20080006225A1 US 48083406 A US48083406 A US 48083406A US 2008006225 A1 US2008006225 A1 US 2008006225A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
chamber
gaseous
process material
fuel
oxidant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/480,834
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English (en)
Inventor
William Thoru Kobayashi
Mushtaq M. Ahmed
James Patrick Meagher
Lee Jonathan Rosen
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Praxair Technology Inc
Original Assignee
Praxair Technology Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Praxair Technology Inc filed Critical Praxair Technology Inc
Priority to US11/480,834 priority Critical patent/US20080006225A1/en
Assigned to PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOBAYASHI, WILLIAM THORU, AHMED, M. MUSHTAQ, MEAGHER, JAMES PATRICK, ROSEN, LEE JONATHAN
Assigned to PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC. reassignment PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KOBAYASHI, WILLIAM THORU, AHMED, M. MUSHTAQ, MEAGHER, JAMES PATRICK, ROSEN, LEE JONATHAN
Priority to PCT/US2007/015410 priority patent/WO2008005460A2/fr
Publication of US20080006225A1 publication Critical patent/US20080006225A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C5/00—Disposition of burners with respect to the combustion chamber or to one another; Mounting of burners in combustion apparatus
    • F23C5/08—Disposition of burners
    • F23C5/14—Disposition of burners to obtain a single flame of concentrated or substantially planar form, e.g. pencil or sheet flame
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D11/00—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space
    • F23D11/10—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour
    • F23D11/106—Burners using a direct spraying action of liquid droplets or vaporised liquid into the combustion space the spraying being induced by a gaseous medium, e.g. water vapour medium and fuel meeting at the burner outlet
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23D—BURNERS
    • F23D14/00—Burners for combustion of a gas, e.g. of a gas stored under pressure as a liquid
    • F23D14/20—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone
    • F23D14/22—Non-premix gas burners, i.e. in which gaseous fuel is mixed with combustion air on arrival at the combustion zone with separate air and gas feed ducts, e.g. with ducts running parallel or crossing each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2900/00—Special features of, or arrangements for combustion apparatus using fluid fuels or solid fuels suspended in air; Combustion processes therefor
    • F23C2900/03005—Burners with an internal combustion chamber, e.g. for obtaining an increased heat release, a high speed jet flame or being used for starting the combustion

Definitions

  • This invention is useful in industrial processes wherein gaseous streams, especially heated streams, are directed into workspaces or toward workpieces at high velocity and momentum.
  • one or more gaseous streams are injected into a workspace (such as a combustion chamber or heat exchanger) or toward a workpiece (which can be solid or liquid matter such as a solid metal object being heated, or a liquid such as a water treatment pond or a vat of molten metal).
  • a workspace such as a combustion chamber or heat exchanger
  • a workpiece which can be solid or liquid matter such as a solid metal object being heated, or a liquid such as a water treatment pond or a vat of molten metal.
  • the effect provided by such gaseous streams is usually more favorable if the gaseous stream is provided at high velocity and momentum, but it has generally been understood that attaining the desired high velocity and momentum requires providing the gaseous stream at high pressures.
  • One aspect of the present invention is a method of generating a gaseous process stream and providing it through an outlet at a controllable velocity and momentum, comprising
  • step (D) determining the amounts of fuel and oxidant that must be combusted in the chamber to generate sufficient heat of combustion to raise the temperature of said process material from said first temperature to the temperature determined in step (C), and
  • step (E) feeding the amounts of fuel and oxidant determined in step (D) into said chamber, feeding said process material into said chamber, and combusting said fuel with said oxidant and with combustible components, if any, in said process material to form said gaseous process stream, and passing said gaseous process stream through said outlet at the temperature determined in step (C).
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of generating a gaseous process stream and providing it through an outlet at a controllable velocity and momentum, comprising
  • step (D) determining the amounts of fuel and oxidant that must be combusted in the chamber to generate sufficient heat of combustion to raise the temperature of said process material from said first temperature to the temperature determined in step (C),
  • step (E) feeding the amounts of fuel and oxidant determined in step (D) into said chamber, feeding said process material into said chamber, and combusting said fuel with said oxidant and with combustible components, if any, in said process material to form said gaseous process stream, and passing said gaseous process stream through said outlet, and
  • step (F) controlling the velocity and the momentum of said gaseous process stream as it passes through said outlet by controlling the amounts of fuel and oxidant fed into said chamber in step (E) and combusted therein.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is a method of operating an apparatus, comprising
  • (C) providing a chamber that has a fuel inlet connected to a source of fuel, an oxidant inlet that is connected to a source of oxidant, a process material inlet that is connected to a source of process material, and an outlet through which a second gaseous process stream can pass from the chamber into said workspace or toward said workpiece;
  • Such intersection can comprise simple intermingling of the first and second process streams, but preferably also comprises entrainment of the first process stream (and, generally, also some of the surrounding atmosphere, especially when the streams are fed into a workspace).
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method of modifying an apparatus, comprising
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a method of modifying an apparatus, comprising
  • step (E) determining the amounts of fuel and oxidant that must be combusted in the chamber to generate sufficient heat of combustion to raise the temperature of said second process stream to the temperature determined in step (D),
  • step (F) feeding the amounts of fuel and oxidant determined in step (E) into said chamber, feeding said process material into said chamber, and combusting said fuel with said oxidant and with combustible components, if any, in said process material to form said second process stream, and passing said second process stream through said outlet into said workspace or toward said workpiece.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of a thermal nozzle which can be employed in practicing the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-section view of one illustrative embodiment of apparatus with which the present invention is useful.
  • the present invention is useful in any apparatus wherein a stream of gas, particularly gas at a temperature higher than ambient, is injected at high velocity and high momentum into a workspace or toward a workpiece.
  • Workspaces generally comprise any sort of enclosed or partially enclosed volume, and are usually provided with an outlet that is permanently open or that can be intermittently opened and closed, for allowing gas to leave from the enclosure.
  • Examples of such workspaces include combustion chambers, such as incinerators, furnaces for combusting fuel to generate heat that is converted into steam (which can then be converted into electric power), process heaters wherein combustion is carried out within a chamber to generate heat which is transferred through the walls of the chamber to product contained in or flowing through piping to heat or evaporate the material or to promote chemical reactions carried out within the piping.
  • Other examples of workspaces include furnaces to vaporize or refine metal, and plasma spraying and coating operations.
  • the present invention is also useful in embodiments in which a gaseous stream is directed toward a workpiece, even if the workpiece is not contained within a workspace.
  • Other examples of embodiments wherein the gaseous stream is directed toward a workpiece not necessarily enclosed within a workspace include operations wherein a stream is directed toward a surface to remove material from the surface, whether to clean it or for other material removal purposes.
  • thermal nozzle 1 is shown in cross-section.
  • Thermal nozzle 1 includes chamber 3 , composed of (or lined with) material that can withstand the temperatures that are generated within chamber 3 .
  • Process material inlet 4 is provided through which stream 10 of process material passes from a source thereof into chamber 3 .
  • the process material stream 10 is fed through inlet 4 at low pressure, preferably below 20 psig, and more preferably below 10 psig.
  • Fuel inlet 5 is provided for fuel to enter into chamber 3 from a source of the fuel.
  • Oxidant inlet or inlets 6 permit oxidant to enter into chamber 3 from a source of the oxidant.
  • fuel inlet 5 and oxidant inlet or inlets 6 are components of a burner.
  • the oxidant and fuel fed into the interior of chamber 3 combust therein in flame 7 .
  • Outlet 8 can comprise a single opening, or more than one opening. If outlet 8 comprises more than one opening, the openings can be of the same size and shape or of differing sizes and shapes, and they can all have the same axial orientation (that is, streams passing through them are parallel), or they can have different axial orientations. For example, one preferred outlet 8 would comprise 2 to 12 openings all of whose axes diverge away from a central axis so that gaseous streams passing through the openings form a conical pattern diverging such that its narrow end is at outlet 8 .
  • Suitable fuel fed through fuel inlet 5 for combustion in thermal nozzle 1 includes any combustible hydrocarbonaceous material, preferably liquid or gaseous. Examples include natural gas, methane, and fuel oil.
  • Suitable oxidants fed through inlet 6 include streams containing less than 21 vol. % oxygen, air, oxygen-enriched air containing more than 21 vol. % oxygen, and oxygen in commercially available purities preferably 90 vol. % or higher.
  • the process material that is fed into chamber 3 through inlet 4 can be in the solid (preferably in flowable particulate form), liquid, or gaseous state, or can be in any two or all three of such states.
  • the process material fed through inlet 4 can completely comprise material which is inert (not capable of being combusted), it can comprise a mixture of inert material in mixture with combustible material, with oxygen, or with both combustible material and oxygen, and it can completely comprise oxygen, combustible material, or a mixture of oxygen and combustible material.
  • Examples of combustible material that the process material can comprise in whole or in part include the fuels described above that can be fed through fuel inlets 5 , as well as gas from other chemical processing refinery operations, from pressure swing adsorption units, steam methane reforming units, and the like.
  • the amounts of process material fed through inlet 4 , the amount of fuel fed through fuel inlet 5 , and the amount of oxygen in the oxidant fed through oxidant inlet or inlets 6 , relative to each other, are provided so as to attain (as a result of the combustion in chamber 3 ) the desired composition of the gaseous stream that is provided from the thermal nozzle 1 .
  • stream 11 is to contain oxygen or fuel, as the case may be, in order for instance to participate in combustion in the workspace or near a workpiece, then the amounts of oxygen and fuel that are fed into the thermal nozzle 1 in all feed streams (including in the process material stream 10 ) must be proportioned so that following the combustion that occurs within thermal nozzle 1 there remains an excess of uncombusted oxygen, or uncombusted fuel as the case may be, that exits in stream 11 and participates as desired in further reaction (such as combustion).
  • the composition of the gaseous stream 11 that emerges from the thermal nozzle will depend on whether any component of the process material combusts with the combusting fuel and oxidant.
  • the incoming process material is entirely or partially liquid, is entirely or partially solid, or is a mixture of gas and liquid, gas and solid, liquid and solid, or gas and liquid and solid.
  • any liquid that is fed will be vaporized in chamber 3 , and any solids that are fed will melt and vaporize.
  • the determination of the amounts of fuel and oxygen to feed into thermal nozzle 1 must take into account the amount of heat required for melting of solids and for vaporization of liquid (including liquid as fed, and liquid obtained by melting of solids) so that the combustion that occurs within thermal nozzle 1 will produce a gaseous process stream and will provide that stream exiting the outlet at the desired temperature.
  • the temperature of the stream that exits the thermal nozzle is generally in the range of 100° F. to 3000° F., preferably 300° F. to 3000° F.
  • the velocity of this stream is generally 100 to 3000 feet per second.
  • advantages of the present invention are those that pertain to the practice of the invention in providing a gaseous stream into a workspace. These advantages include improved mixing and recirculation of the gaseous atmosphere in the workspace, improved staging of combustion carried out in the workspace (which provides improved control to minimize emission of nitrogen oxides (“NOx”)), and enhanced heat transfer between the gaseous stream and the workspace atmosphere, and between the gaseous stream and other gaseous streams fed by auxiliary injectors or burners. These advantages have heretofore been provided by high momentum jets obtained by increasing the mass flow rate and/or the supply pressure of the gaseous stream.
  • NOx nitrogen oxides
  • the present invention provides these advantages by converting thermal energy into kinetic energy to attain high injection velocities even at relatively low gas supply pressure.
  • the injection velocity can be varied at any given supply pressure, permitting control of other properties such as momentum, entrainment ratio, and the like, without changing nozzles or using a variable nozzle.
  • the gas stream momentum and other characteristics such as the entrainment ratio can be controlled while the process is in operation, by adjustment of the feed rates of the fuel and oxidant into the thermal nozzle and the ratio of those feed rates. There is no need to replace nozzles or other type of injection devices, or to increase the supply pressure of the incoming process material stream, to achieve the desired results.
  • the present invention is also advantageous in processes wherein the gaseous stream fed from the thermal nozzle is to react with other compounds in the atmosphere within the workspace or near the workpiece, or with other compounds fed by auxiliary injectors (whether or not combustion is taking place).
  • the desired reactivity is increased by the high temperature of the gaseous stream fed from the thermal nozzle.
  • the present invention can be applied to other processes that do not involve combustion, such as:
  • the advantages provided by the present invention follow from the velocity and momentum of the gaseous stream being supplied from the thermal nozzle, and from the ability to adjust the velocity and momentum. These, in turn, are based on the temperature of that stream and from the ability to control that temperature.
  • the velocity and momentum that the stream produced from the thermal nozzle should have, in order to provide the desired properties in the application for which the invention is being practiced, can be determined by calculations or by experimentation for a given apparatus, by varying the temperature of that stream and varying the rates at which the fuel, the oxidant, and the process material stream are fed to the thermal nozzle, until the gaseous process stream provided by the thermal nozzle exhibits the desired velocity and momentum.
  • a procedure to determine the conditions for operating a thermal nozzle in a given application, and for sizing the thermal nozzle for the application, is:
  • FIG. 2 illustrates one representative embodiment of apparatus with which the present invention can be practiced.
  • This example illustrates application of the present invention to a workspace, which here is a combustion chamber of the type that is known as a process heater in chemical processing plants and refineries.
  • the heat generated by combustion carried out within the combustion chamber is transferred through the walls of the piping within the combustion chamber to the contents of the piping, to heat the contents and if desired to provide heat that promotes an endothermic reaction such as in steam methane reforming carried out with reactants passing in that piping.
  • heat is provided to the combustion chamber from air-fuel burners placed at the bottom of the radiant section of the chamber, but due to the characteristics of the flame promoted by air-fuel burners most of the heat transfer occurs at the upper end of the combustion chamber.
  • the overall firing rate at the air-fuel burners has to be increased but increasing the overall firing rate makes the flame much longer and does not promote the desired increase in heat transfer.
  • the present invention is implemented in this illustrative unit in order to promote a desired throughput increase and to enhance the heat transfer closer to the bottom of the combustion chamber, by providing high momentum injection of oxygen or fuel.
  • thermal nozzle 1 is provided in the bottom of the process heater's housing 21 which encloses workspace 22 .
  • Thermal nozzle 1 emits gaseous process stream 11 into workspace 22 .
  • Housing 21 is also provided with flue 24 to permit gases to exit from workspace 22 .
  • one or more heat exchangers can be provided through which the flue gases pass to transfer heat from the flue gases to material flowing through the heat exchanger.
  • Unit 23 represents such a heat exchanger.
  • Apparatus with which the present invention is useful may contain, in addition to the thermal nozzle employed in the present invention, one or more other injectors of conventional design, such as burners or nozzles, which also emit one or more streams of gaseous material into the workspace or toward the workpiece.
  • the apparatus of FIG. 2 is illustrative of such apparatus.
  • housing 21 in this embodiment is also provided with auxiliary burners 25 which also emit gaseous streams 26 (in this case, flame and combustion products) into workspace 22 .
  • Fuel stream 5 and oxidant stream or streams 6 are provided to thermal nozzle 1 and, in this embodiment, to auxiliary burners 25 .
  • Process material stream 10 is also provided into thermal nozzle 1 .
  • common fuel 5 is provided to the thermal nozzle 1 and to the auxiliary burners 25
  • oxidant is provided from a common source to thermal nozzle 1 and to auxiliary burners 25 .
  • the composition of the fuel and the composition of the oxidant fed to the thermal nozzle and to each of any auxiliary burners or other injectors of gaseous streams can be different in the different streams.
  • nozzles can be provided (instead of or in addition to burners 25 ) which inject gaseous fluid, whether heated or not, into workspace 22 . That is, there is no requirement that gaseous process streams that are fed into a workspace, or toward a workpiece, in addition to the process stream 11 from thermal nozzle 1 , must be formed by combustion.
  • burners 25 are provided, the fuel and oxidant are provided to each of them in appropriate amounts to enable combustion to occur at the burners, and for the combustion preferably to be maintained at those burners.
  • one or more than one thermal nozzle 1 can be added to the apparatus.
  • One or more than one thermal nozzle 1 can replace auxiliary burners or injectors that were already present.
  • the thermal nozzle or nozzles 1 can simply be added to what is already present in the apparatus, without removing any other burner or injector.
  • the appropriate velocity and temperature and feed rates can be determined by the sequence of steps described above.
  • the desired velocity of stream 11 can be determined or derived from correlation of the entrainment ratio (defined as the number of surrounding atmospheres entrained by the stream) against distance from the opening, for different temperatures of the stream 11 .
  • the amount of oxygen and fuel required can be determined by straightforward thermodynamic calculations.
  • the particular location of outlet 8 , as well as the orientation of outlet 8 are determined based on the geometry and dimensions of the chamber 22 into which the gas is fed, and on the location of the process heating tubes and the location of the burners.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pre-Mixing And Non-Premixing Gas Burner (AREA)
  • Gas Burners (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)
US11/480,834 2006-07-06 2006-07-06 Controlling jet momentum in process streams Abandoned US20080006225A1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/480,834 US20080006225A1 (en) 2006-07-06 2006-07-06 Controlling jet momentum in process streams
PCT/US2007/015410 WO2008005460A2 (fr) 2006-07-06 2007-07-03 contrôle de la quantité de mouvement d'un jet dans des courants de traitement

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/480,834 US20080006225A1 (en) 2006-07-06 2006-07-06 Controlling jet momentum in process streams

Publications (1)

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US20080006225A1 true US20080006225A1 (en) 2008-01-10

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US (1) US20080006225A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008005460A2 (fr)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8689710B2 (en) 2008-09-26 2014-04-08 Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. Combustion system with precombustor
US8068011B1 (en) 2010-08-27 2011-11-29 Q Street, LLC System and method for interactive user-directed interfacing between handheld devices and RFID media
CN103782099B (zh) * 2011-02-16 2016-03-16 气体产品与化学公司 预混合空气-气体喷燃器的氧富化

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4022447A (en) * 1976-02-23 1977-05-10 United States Steel Corporation Supersonic nozzle for submerged tuyere oxygen steelmaking process
US4324583A (en) * 1981-01-21 1982-04-13 Union Carbide Corporation Supersonic injection of oxygen in cupolas
US5266024A (en) * 1992-09-28 1993-11-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Thermal nozzle combustion method
US5283985A (en) * 1993-04-13 1994-02-08 Browning James A Extreme energy method for impacting abrasive particles against a surface to be treated
US6334770B1 (en) * 1998-10-13 2002-01-01 Stein Heurtey Fluid-fuel furnace burner for iron and steel products
US6450108B2 (en) * 2000-03-24 2002-09-17 Praxair Technology, Inc. Fuel and waste fluid combustion system
US20040157178A1 (en) * 2001-04-06 2004-08-12 Jacques Dugue Combustion method comprising separate injections of fuel and oxisant and burner assembly therefor

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4022447A (en) * 1976-02-23 1977-05-10 United States Steel Corporation Supersonic nozzle for submerged tuyere oxygen steelmaking process
US4324583A (en) * 1981-01-21 1982-04-13 Union Carbide Corporation Supersonic injection of oxygen in cupolas
US5266024A (en) * 1992-09-28 1993-11-30 Praxair Technology, Inc. Thermal nozzle combustion method
US5283985A (en) * 1993-04-13 1994-02-08 Browning James A Extreme energy method for impacting abrasive particles against a surface to be treated
US6334770B1 (en) * 1998-10-13 2002-01-01 Stein Heurtey Fluid-fuel furnace burner for iron and steel products
US6450108B2 (en) * 2000-03-24 2002-09-17 Praxair Technology, Inc. Fuel and waste fluid combustion system
US20040157178A1 (en) * 2001-04-06 2004-08-12 Jacques Dugue Combustion method comprising separate injections of fuel and oxisant and burner assembly therefor

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2008005460A3 (fr) 2008-03-20
WO2008005460A2 (fr) 2008-01-10

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Owner name: PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC., CONNECTICUT

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOBAYASHI, WILLIAM THORU;AHMED, M. MUSHTAQ;MEAGHER, JAMES PATRICK;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018125/0685;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060727 TO 20060807

Owner name: PRAXAIR TECHNOLOGY, INC., CONNECTICUT

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:KOBAYASHI, WILLIAM THORU;AHMED, M. MUSHTAQ;MEAGHER, JAMES PATRICK;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018125/0577;SIGNING DATES FROM 20060727 TO 20060807

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

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