US20070157335A1 - Altering Protein Functional Properties Through Terminal Fusions - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides isolated terminal fusion glycinin and proglycinin polypeptides that when expressed alter the functional properties of the protein in comparison with wild type. Also provided are nucleic acid sequences that encode the terminal fusion polypeptides, and methods of modifying the functional properties of glycinin proteins.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of co-pending application U.S. application Ser. No. 10/795,062 filed Mar. 5, 2004 which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/453,132 filed Mar. 7, 2003, all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• Glycinin is a major soybean seed storage protein used extensively in soy food products. However, these proteins have functional properties that do not make them ideally suited in all product applications.
• It has been found that the functional properties (emulsification, gelation, solubility, etc.) of a protein are directly related to amino acid composition, sequence, and structure. Therefore, the properties can be altered through protein engineering.
• Currently, improvement in soy protein functionality has been achieved through protein engineering of the core amino acid sequence. However, these alterations are limited due to the necessity of maintaining the wild-type three-dimensional structure so that the protein can assemble correctly.
• The present invention provides methods and compositions for changing the properties of glycinin without having to alter the core structure responsible for correct assembly. This approach provides greater flexibility, allowing more radical changes than might be tolerated by alterations to the native protein structure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• Glycinin is an 11S soybean globulin composed of six subunits. Each subunit is synthesized as a single polypeptide precursor containing an acidic region, a basic region, and an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptide. This precursor is preproglycinin. The signal peptide is removed by a first cleavage in the endoplasmic reticulum and the subunits assemble into trimers to form proglycinin. Preferably, modifications to the protein sequence should not disrupt this formation of trimers, because monomers are proteolytically unstable and unlikely to accumulate to useful levels. The proglycinin trimers move into protein storage vacuoles where a post-translational (second) cleavage by the vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) results in hexamers that are glycinin. This second cleavage, between an asparagine and glycine residue at the junction of the acidic and basic regions, is highly conserved and considered a diagnostic characteristic of 11S globulins (see, for example, PubMed accession number M36686); (Dickinson et al., Plant Cell 1:459-469 (1989); Jung et al., Plant Cell 10:343-357 (1998). Improved functional properties of either proglycinin trimers or glycinin hexamers are potentially useful. It is thought that evaluation of the assembly and functional properties of E. coli-expressed proglycinin mutants is helpful in predicting properties of the corresponding glycinin mutants (Kim et al., Agric. Biol. Chem. 54:1543-1550 (1990); Kim et al., Protein Eng. 3:725-731 (1990)).
• Glycinin polypeptides are encoded primarily by 5 genes: Gy1, Gy2, Gy3, Gy4, and Gy5, (Nielsen et al., Plant Cell 1:313-328 (1989)), and to a lesser extent by at least one other gene, Gy7 (Beilinson et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 104:1132-1140 (2002)). In soybeans, glycinin hexamers are comprised of a heterogeneous mixture of the different glycinin gene products in various ratios. Changes in properties of any of the polypeptides encoded by any of the glycinin genes are potentially useful in improving functional properties.
• Proglycinin1 and proglycinin4 (products of the Gy1 and Gy4 genes) were previously modified at non-conserved regions of the sequence to try to improve nutritional value or functional properties (Kim et al., Protein Eng. 3:725-731 (1990); Dickinson et al., Plant Cell 2:403-413 (1990)). Some, but not all of the mutant polypeptides assembled into trimers. Deletion of proglycinin disulfide bonds was also examined to assess effects on functional properties (Utsumi et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 41:687-691 (1993). However, fusion of polypeptides to proglycinin or glycinin for the purpose of improving functional properties has not been previously explored.
• The reporter protein chloramphenicol acetyl transferase was fused to the C-terminus of legumin, a glycinin homolog from Vicia faba, in order to study assembly and processing of 11S globulins. The fusion protein did not accumulate in plants, however, suggesting that the approach of fusing proteins to 11S globulins would be difficult. (Jung et al., J. of Exp. Botany 44:343-349).
• It has been unexpectedly found that terminal fusions facilitate a change in the properties of the protein without having to alter the glycinin or proglycinin core sequence. Further, it is feasible to alter protein functional properties by the selection of fusion partners that possess the desired characteristics.
• The fusion proteins of the present invention are produced by creating DNA constructs operably linking nucleic acid sequences encoding polypeptides having desired characteristics (e.g., acidic, basic, hydrophobic, hydrophilic), to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a soybean proglycinin polypeptide at either the C or N terminus, or both. The construct can include a linker sequence between proglycinin and the polypeptide being fused to it. The construct is then inserted into an expression cassette for transformation into plants or into bacterial expression systems. The fusion proteins can be produced in the hexameric glycinin form through expression in plants, or through expression in E. coli and subsequently adding VPE to the purified protein. Alternatively, the fusion proteins could be made in the trimeric, proglycinin (unprocessed), form through expression in E. coli and not adding VPE to the purified protein, or through expression in plants that are deficient in VPE activity (Gruis et al., Plant Cell 14:2863-2882, (2002); Gruis et al., Plant Cell 16:270-290 (2004)), or through expression in plants in a subcellular location different from the VPE location (Kinney et al., Plant Cell 13:1165-1178, (2001).
• Units, prefixes, and symbols can be denoted in their Si accepted form. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range and include each integer within the defined range. Amino acids can be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, can be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. The terms defined below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole.
• modified: measurably different from wild-type
• functional properties: include but not limited to: solubility, water absorption and binding, viscosity, gelation (including gel firmness, translucence, and gelation temperature), cohesion-adhesion, elasticity, emulsification, fat adsorption, flavor-binding, foaming and color control. See Kinsella, J.E., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:242-258 (1979).
• expression cassette: a set of control sequences including initiation, promoter, and termination sequences which function in a plant cell when they flank a structural gene in the proper reading frame. Expression cassettes frequently and preferably contain an assortment of restriction sites suitable for cleavage and insertion of any desired structural gene.
• solubility: dispensability in fluid as measured by the nitrogen solubility index (NSI) or protein dispersibility index (PDI). See Johnson, D. W., Food Prod. Dev. 3:78 (1970); and J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 47:402 (1970), herein incorporated by reference. The solubility of a protein solution can be measured by incubation for the desired time in the desired conditions, centrifuging at 17,000 g for 10 minutes, and assaying the supernatant for protein content.
• gel-forming or gelation: the ability of protein to form a three-dimensional matrix of intertwined, partially associated polypeptides in which water can be held. See Kinsella, J. E., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:242-258 (1979); herein incorporated by reference.
• emulsifying or emulsification: the ability of protein to aid the uniform formation and stabilization of fat emulsions. See Kinsella, J. E., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:242-258, (1979); herein incorporated by reference.
• operably linked: A first nucleic acid sequence is operably linked with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequences is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary, join two protein-coding regions in the same reading frame. With respect to polypeptides, two polypeptide sequences can be operably linked by covalent linkage, such as through peptide bonds or disulfide bonds. Additionally, nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences can be operably linked through a linker sequence. Such linker sequences provide flexibility and spacing, or facilitates construction of expression cassettes, while maintaining desired function.
• soybean protein product: a soy flour, a concentrate, or an isolate and products made with soy flours, concentrates, or isolates. (Kinsella, J. E., J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 56:242-258 (1979).
• By “encoding” or “encoded”, with respect to a specified nucleic acid, is meant comprising the information for translation into the specified protein. A nucleic acid encoding a protein can comprise non-translated sequences (e.g., introns) within translated regions of the nucleic acid, or can lack such intervening non-translated sequences (e.g., as in cDNA). The information by which a protein is encoded is specified by the use of codons. Typically, the amino acid sequence is encoded by the nucleic acid using the “universal” genetic code. However, variants of the universal code, such as are present in some plant, animal, and fungal mitochondria, the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum, or the ciliate Macronucleus, can be used when the nucleic acid is expressed therein.
• By “non-human host cell” is meant a cell which contains a vector and supports the replication and/or expression of the vector. Host cells can be prokaryotic cells such as E. Coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells excluding humans. Preferably, host cells are monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant cells.
• The term “introduced” in the context of inserting a nucleic acid into a cell, means “transfection” or “transformation” or “transduction” and includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid can be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA).
• The terms “isolated” refers to material, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, which is: (1) substantially or essentially free from components that normally accompany or interact with it as found in its naturally occurring environment. The isolated material optionally comprises material not found with the material in its natural environment; or (2) if the material is in its natural environment, the material has been synthetically (non-naturally) altered by deliberate human intervention to a composition and/or placed at a location in the cell (e.g., genome or subcellular organelle) not native to a material found in that environment. The alteration to yield the synthetic material can be performed on the material within or removed from its natural state. For example, a naturally occurring nucleic acid becomes an isolated nucleic acid if it is altered, or if it is transcribed from DNA which has been altered, by means of human intervention performed within the cell from which it originates. See, e.g., Compounds and Methods for Site Directed Mutagenesis in Eukaryotic Cells, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; In Vivo Homologous Sequence Targeting in Eukaryotic Cells; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868. Likewise, a naturally occurring nucleic acid (e.g., a promoter) becomes isolated if it is introduced by non-naturally occurring means to a locus of the genome not native to that nucleic acid. Nucleic acids which are “isolated” as defined herein, are also referred to as “heterologous” nucleic acids.
• As used herein, “nucleic acid” includes reference to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues having the essential nature of natural nucleotides in that they hybridize to single-stranded nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g., peptide nucleic acids).
• As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to whole plants, plant organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), seeds and plant cells and progeny of same. Plant cell, as used herein includes, without limitation, seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. The class of plants which can be used in the methods of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants.
• As used herein, “polynucleotide” includes reference to a deoxyribopolynucleotide, ribopolynucleotide, or analogs thereof that have the essential nature of a natural ribonucleotide in that they hybridize, under stringent hybridization conditions, to substantially the same nucleotide sequence as naturally occurring nucleotides and/or allow translation into the same amino acid(s) as the naturally occurring nucleotide(s). A polynucleotide can be full-length or a subsequence of a native or heterologous structural or regulatory gene. Unless otherwise indicated, the term includes reference to the specified sequence as well as the complementary sequence thereof. Thus, DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons are “polynucleotides” as that term is intended herein. Moreover, DNAs or RNAs comprising unusual bases, such as inosine, or modified bases, such as tritylated bases, to name just two examples, are polynucleotides as the term is used herein. It will be appreciated that a great variety of modifications have been made to DNA and RNA that serve many useful purposes known to those of skill in the art. The term polynucleotide as it is employed herein embraces such chemically, enzymatically or metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells, including among other things, simple and complex cells.
• The terms “polypeptide” and “peptide” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. A protein can contain one or more polypeptides. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. The essential nature of such analogues of naturally occurring amino acids is that, when incorporated into a protein, that protein is specifically reactive to antibodies elicited to the same protein but consisting entirely of naturally occurring amino acids. The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are also inclusive of modifications including, but not limited to, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation, deamidation, cross-linking, and ADP-ribosylation. It will be appreciated, as is well known and as noted above, that polypeptides are not always entirely linear. For instance, polypeptides can be branched as a result of ubiquitination, and they can be circular, with or without branching, generally as a result of post translation events, including natural processing event and events brought about by human manipulation which do not occur naturally. Circular, branched and branched circular polypeptides can be synthesized by non-translation natural process and by entirely synthetic methods, as well. Further, this invention contemplates the use of both the methionine-containing and the methionine-less amino terminal variants of the protein of the invention.
• The term “residue” or “amino acid residue” or “amino acid” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an amino acid that is incorporated into a protein, polypeptide, or peptide (collectively “protein”). The amino acid can be a naturally occurring amino acid and, unless otherwise limited, can encompass non-natural analogs of natural amino acids that can function in a similar manner as naturally occurring amino acids.
• “Terminal fusions of a glycinin polypeptide” refer to the N and C termini present before cleavage by VPE, as opposed to new termini formed at the VPE cleavage site.
• As used herein, “transgenic plant” includes reference to a plant which comprises within its genome a non-native polynucleotide. Generally, the non-native polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. The non-native polynucleotide can be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette. “Transgenic” is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been altered by the presence of a non-native nucleic acid including those transgenics initially so altered as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic. The term “transgenic” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.
• The use of the term “DNA constructs” herein is not intended to limit the present invention to nucleotide constructs comprising DNA. Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that nucleotide constructs, particularly polynucleotides and oligonucleotides, comprised of ribonucleotides and combinations of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides can also be employed in the methods disclosed herein. Thus, the DNA constructs of the present invention encompass all nucleotide constructs that can be employed in the methods of the present invention including, but not limited to, those comprised of deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, and combinations thereof. Such deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides include both naturally occurring molecules and synthetic analogues. The nucleotide constructs of the invention also encompass all forms of nucleotide constructs including, but not limited to, single-stranded forms, double-stranded forms, hairpins, stem-and-loop structures, and the like.
• The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be made using (a) standard recombinant methods, (b) synthetic techniques, or combinations thereof. The nucleic acids can conveniently comprise sequences in addition to a polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, a multi-cloning site comprising one or more endonuclease restriction sites can be inserted into the nucleic acid to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide. Also, translatable sequences can be inserted to aid in the isolation or detection of the translated polypeptide of the present invention. For example, a hexa-histidine marker sequence provides a convenient means to purify the proteins of the present invention. A polynucleotide of the present invention can be attached to a vector, adapter, or linker for cloning and/or expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Additional sequences can be added to such cloning and/or expression sequences to optimize their function in cloning and/or expression, to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide, or to improve the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell.
• Use of cloning vectors, expression vectors, adapters, and linkers is well known and extensively described in the art. For a description of various nucleic acids see, for example, Stratagene Cloning Systems, current catalog, (La Jolla, Calif.); Amersham Life Sciences, Inc, current catalog, (Arlington Heights, Ill.), and Novagen, Inc. current catalog, (Madison, Wis.).
• The isolated nucleic acid compositions of this invention, such as RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or a hybrid thereof, can be obtained from plant biological sources using any number of cloning methodologies known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide probes which selectively hybridize, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotides of the present invention are used to identify the desired sequence in a cDNA or genomic DNA library. Isolation of RNA, and construction of cDNA and genomic libraries can be performed by methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• The sequences of the invention are provided in expression cassettes for expression in the plant of interest. The cassette will include 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences operably linked to a soybean glycinin nucleic acid sequence.
• The cassette can additionally contain at least one additional gene to be cotransformed into the organism. Alternatively, the additional gene(s) can be provided on multiple expression cassettes.
• The expression cassette will include in the 5′-3′ direction of transcription, a transcriptional and translational initiation region, a DNA sequence of the invention, and a transcriptional and translational termination region functional in plants. The transcriptional initiation region, the promoter, can be native or analogous or foreign or heterologous to the plant host. Additionally, the promoter can be the natural sequence or alternatively a synthetic sequence. By “foreign” is intended that the transcriptional initiation region is not found in the native plant into which the transcriptional initiation region is introduced. As used herein, a chimeric gene comprises a coding sequence operably linked to a transcription initiation region that is heterologous to the coding sequence.
• A number of promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. The promoters can be selected based on the desired timing, localization and level of expression genes encoding enzymes in a plant. Constitutive, seed-preferred, germination-preferred, tissue-preferred and chemical-regulatable promoters can be used in the practice of the invention. Such constitutive promoters include, for example, the core promoter of the Rsyn7 promoter and other constitutive promoters disclosed in WO 99/43838 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,072,050; the core CaMV 35S promoter (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812); rice actin (McElroy et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:163-171); ubiquitin (Christensen et al. (1989) Plant Mol. Biol. 12:619-632 and Christensen et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 18:675-689); PEMU (Last et al. (1991) Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:581-588); MAS (Velten et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2723-2730); ALS promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,026), and the like. Other constitutive promoters include, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,608,149; 5,608,144; 5,604,121; 5,569,597; 5,466,785; 5,399,680; 5,268,463; and 5,608,142.
• The methods of the invention are useful for producing modified glycinins in seeds. Toward this end, the coding sequences for the proteins of the invention can be utilized in expression cassettes or DNA constructs with seed-preferred promoters, seed-development promoters (those promoters active during seed development), as well as seed-germination promoters (those promoters active during seed germination). For dicots, such seed-preferred promoters include, but are not limited to, those from the following genes: glycinin, phaseolin, napin, β-conglycinin, soybean lectin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, and the like.
• To achieve the desired subcellular location of a protein, sequence encoding a signal peptide can be included in the expression cassette. For example, DNA sequence encoding the signal peptide of preproglycinin can be operably linked to the DNA sequence encoding the proglycinin fusion of interest.
• The termination region can be native with the transcriptional initiation region, can be native with the operably linked DNA sequence of interest, or can be derived from another source. Convenient termination regions are available from the Ti-plasmid of A. tumefaciens, such as the octopine synthase and nopaline synthase termination regions. See also Guerineau et al. (1991) Mol. Gen. Genet. 262:141-144; Proudfoot (1991) Cell 64:671-674; Sanfacon et al. (1991) Genes Dev. 5:141-149; Mogen et al. (1990) Plant Cell 2:1261-1272; Munroe et al. (1990) Gene 91:151-158; Ballas et al. (1989) Nucleic Acids Res. 17:7891-7903; and Joshi et al. (1987) Nucleic Acid Res. 15:9627-9639.
• Additional sequence modifications are known to enhance gene expression in a cellular host. These include elimination of sequences encoding spurious polyadenylation signals, exon-intron splice site signals, transposon-like repeats, and other such well-characterized sequences that can be deleterious to gene expression. The G-C content of the sequence can be adjusted to levels average for a given cellular host, as calculated by reference to known genes expressed in the host cell. When possible, the sequence is modified to avoid predicted hairpin secondary mRNA structures.
• The expression cassettes can additionally contain 5′ leader sequences in the expression cassette construct. Such leader sequences can act to enhance translation. Translation leaders are known in the art and include: picornavirus leaders, for example, EMCV leader (Encephalomyocarditis 5′ noncoding region) (Elroy-Stein et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:6126-6130); potyvirus leaders, for example, TEV leader (Tobacco Etch Virus) (Gallie et al. (1995) Gene 165(2):233-238), MDMV leader (Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus) (Virology 154:9-20), and human immunoglobulin heavy-chain binding protein (BiP) (Macejak et al. (1991) Nature 353:90-94); untranslated leader from the coat protein mRNA of alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV RNA 4) (Jobling et al. (1987) Nature 325:622-625); tobacco mosaic virus leader (TMV) (Gallie et al. (1989) in Molecular Biology of RNA, ed. Cech (Liss, New York), pp. 237-256); and maize chlorotic mottle virus leader (MCMV) (Lommel et al. (1991) Virology 81:382-385). See also, Della-Cioppa et al. (1987) Plant Physiol. 84:965-968. Other methods known to enhance translation can also be utilized, for example, introns, and the like.
• In preparing the expression cassette, the various DNA fragments can be manipulated, so as to provide for the DNA sequences in the proper orientation and, as appropriate, in the proper reading frame. Toward this end, adapters or linkers can be employed to join the DNA fragments or other manipulations can be involved to provide for convenient restriction sites, removal of superfluous DNA, removal of restriction sites, or the like. For this purpose, in vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction, annealing, resubstitutions, e.g., transitions and transversions, can be involved.
• It is further recognized that the components of the expression cassette can be modified to increase expression. For example, truncated sequences, nucleotide substitutions or other modifications can be employed. See, for example Perlak et al. (1991) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:3324-3328; Murray et al. (1989) Nucleic Acid Res. 17:477-498; and WO 91/16432.
• The method of transformation/transfection is not critical to the instant invention; various methods of transformation or transfection are currently available. As newer methods are available to transform crops or other host cells they can be directly applied. Accordingly, a wide variety of methods have been developed to insert a DNA sequence into the genome of a host cell to obtain the transcription and/or translation of the sequence to effect phenotypic changes in the organism. Thus, any method which provides for effective transformation/transfection can be employed.
• Transformation protocols can vary depending on the type of plant or plant cell, i.e., monocot or dicot, targeted for transformation. Suitable methods of introducing nucleotide sequences into plant cells and subsequent insertion into the plant genome include microinjection (Crossway et al. (1986) Biotechniques 4:320-334), electroporation (Riggs et al. (1986) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83:5602-5606, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (Townsend et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,055; Zhao et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,981,840), direct gene transfer (Paszkowski et al. (1984) EMBO J. 3:2717-2722), and ballistic particle acceleration (see, for example, Sanford et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,879,918; Tomes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,886,244; Bidney et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,782; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg and Phillips (Springer-Verlag, Berlin); and McCabe et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:923-926). Also see Weissinger et al. (1988) Ann. Rev. Genet. 22:421-477; Sanford et al. (1987) Particulate Science and Technology 5:27-37 (onion); Christou et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 87:671-674 (soybean); McCabe et al. (1988) Bio/Technology 6:923-926 (soybean); Finer and McMullen (1991) In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. 27P:175-182 (soybean); Singh et al. (1998) Theor. Appl. Genet. 96:319-324 (soybean); Datta et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:736-740 (rice); Klein et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:4305-4309 (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Biotechnology 6:559-563 (maize); Tomes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,240,855; Buising et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,783 and 5,324,646; Tomes et al. (1995) “Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells via Microprojectile Bombardment,” in Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture: Fundamental Methods, ed. Gamborg (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) (maize); Klein et al. (1988) Plant Physiol. 91:440-444 (maize); Fromm et al. (1990) Biotechnology 8:833-839 (maize); Hooykaas-Van Slogteren et al. (1984) Nature (London) 311:763-764; Bowen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,369 (cereals); Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:5345-5349 (Liliaceae); De Wet et al. (1985) in The Experimental Manipulation of Ovule Tissues, ed. Chapman et al. (Longman, N.Y.), pp.197-209 (pollen); Kaeppler et al. (1990) Plant Cell Reports 9:415-418 and Kaeppler et al. (1992) Theor. Appl. Genet 84:560-566 (whisker-mediated transformation); D'Halluin et al. (1992) Plant Cell 4:1495-1505 (electroporation); Li et al. (1993) Plant Cell Reports 12:250-255 and Christou and Ford (1995) Annals of Botany 75:407-413 (rice); Osjoda et al. (1996) Nature Biotechnology 14:745-750 (maize via Agrobacterium tumefaciens); all of which are herein incorporated by reference.
• The cells that have been transformed can be grown into plants in accordance with conventional ways. See, for example, McCormick et al. (1986) Plant Cell Reports 5:81-84. These plants can then be grown, and either pollinated with the same transformed strain or different strains, and the resulting hybrid having constitutive expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic identified. Two or more generations can be grown to ensure that expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic is stably maintained and inherited and then seeds harvested to ensure expression of the desired phenotypic characteristic has been achieved.
• Using the nucleic acids of the present invention, one can express a protein of the present invention in a recombinantly engineered cell such as bacteria, yeast, insect, mammalian, or preferably plant cells. The cells produce the protein in a non-natural condition (e.g., in quantity, composition, location, and/or time), because they have been genetically altered through human intervention to do so.
• Additionally, nucleotide sequences of the invention can be used in methods for producing modified glycinin in host organisms other than plants, including but not limited to bacteria, yeasts and other fungi. Useful host organisms for modified glycinin production include Actinomycetes (e.g., Streptomyces sp. and Nocardia sp.); bacteria (e.g., Alcaligenes (e.g., A. eutrophus), Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. megaterium, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella (e.g., K. aerogenes and K. oxytoca), Lactobacillus, Methylomonas, Pseudomonas (e.g., P. putida and P. fluorescens); fungi (e.g., Aspergillus, Cephalosporium, and Penicillium); and yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Candida, Hansenula, and Pichia).
• It is expected that those of skill in the art are knowledgeable in the numerous expression systems available for expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention.
• In brief summary, the expression of isolated nucleic acids encoding a protein of the present invention will typically be achieved by operably linking, for example, the DNA or cDNA to a promoter (which is either constitutive or regulatable), followed by incorporation into an expression vector. The vectors can be suitable for replication and integration in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Typical expression vectors contain transcription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, and promoters useful for regulation of the expression of the DNA encoding a protein of the present invention. To obtain high level expression of a cloned gene, it is desirable to construct expression vectors which contain, at the minimum, a promoter to direct transcription, a ribosome binding site for translational initiation, and a transcription/translation terminator. One of skill will recognize that modifications can be made to a protein of the present invention without diminishing its biological activity. Some modifications can be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the targeting molecule into a fusion protein. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids (e.g., poly His) placed on either terminus to create conveniently located purification sequences. Restriction sites or termination codons can also be introduced.
• Prokaryotic cells can be used as hosts for expression. Prokaryotes most frequently are represented by various strains of E. coi; however, other microbial strains can also be used. Commonly used prokaryotic control sequences which are defined herein to include promoters for transcription initiation, optionally with an operator, along with ribosome binding site sequences, include such commonly used promoters as the beta lactamase (penicillinase) and lactose (lac) promoter systems (Chang et al., Nature 198:1056 (1977)), the tryptophan (trp) promoter system (Goeddel et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 8:4057 (1980)) and the lambda derived P L promoter and N-gene ribosome binding site (Shimatake et al., Nature 292:128 (1981)). The inclusion of selection markers in DNA vectors transfected in E. coli is also useful. Examples of such markers include genes specifying resistance to ampicillin, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol.
• The vector is selected to allow introduction into the appropriate host cell. Bacterial vectors are typically of plasmid or phage origin. Appropriate bacterial cells are infected with phage vector particles or transfected with naked phage vector DNA. If a plasmid vector is used, the bacterial cells are transfected with the plasmid vector DNA. Expression systems for expressing a protein of the present invention are available using Bacillus sp. and Salmonella (Palva et al., Gene 22:229-235 (1983); Mosbach et al., Nature 302:543-545 (1983)).
• The proteins of this invention, recombinant or synthetic, can be purified to substantial purity by standard techniques well known in the art, including detergent solubilization, selective precipitation with such substances as ammonium sulfate, column chromatography, immunopurification methods, and others. See, for instance, R. Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag: New York (1982); Deutscher, Guide to Protein Purification, Academic Press (1990). For example, antibodies can be raised to the proteins as described herein. Purification from E. coli can be achieved following procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,503. The protein can then be isolated from cells expressing the protein and further purified by standard protein chemistry techniques as described herein.
• Detection of the expressed protein in all in vivo systems is achieved by methods known in the art and include, for example, radioimmunoassays, Western blotting techniques or immunoprecipitation.
• The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.
EXAMPLES
• Description and Isoelectric Points of Glycinin Fusions
• Examples of fusions to proglycinin1 (encoded by the Gy1 gene) for expression in E. coli are listed in the accompanying table. Similar fusions can be made with other proglycinins or with proglycinin homologs (such as those listed in FIG. 2of Adachi et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 10:100, 7395-7400 (2003). The isoelectric points (pI) were calculated by using Vector NTI software (InforMax, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.). Further descriptions of some of the fusions follow the table. When the fusions are expressed in E. coli, the start methionine is often not retained (pET System Manual, Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.).

  TABLE 1
  Proglycinin Fusions. The residues are fused to the core sequence of proglycinin1. The core sequence
  is SREQP . . . [464 amino acids] . . . KRAVA. The sequence of the 464 amino acids is identical
  to the corresponding “G1” sequence of Nielsen et al, Plant Cell 1: 313-328 (1989), except
  that the sequence used here has L, rather than I, at position 278 of the published sequence.

  			Property of	Calculated
  			underlined	pl of entire	Expressed
  Name	N-terminal Fusion	C-terminal Fusion	residues.	fusion.	in E. coli.
  WT (wild type	MG	—	—	5.8	yes
  proglycinin1
  used for E. coli
  expression)
  KRGly	MAKRKRKRGS		Basic	6.8	yes
  GlyKR	MG	GGGSKRKRKR	Basic	6.8	yes
  KRGlyKR	MAKRKRKRGS	GGGSKRKRKR	Basic	8.6	yes
  DEGly	MADEDEDEGS		Acidic	5.3	yes
  GlyDE	MG	GGGSDEDEDE	Acidic	5.3	yes
  DEGlyDE	MADEDEDEGS	GGGSDEDEDE	Acidic	5.0	yes
  KEGly	MAKEKEKEGS		3 basic/3 acidic	5.8	yes
  GlyKE	MG	GGGSKEKEKE	3 basic/3 acidic	5.8	no
  KEGlyKE	MAKEKEKEGS	GGGSKEKEKE	3 basic/3 acidic	5.8	no
  SQGly	MASQSQSQGS		Hydrophilic but	5.8	yes
  			uncharged
  GlySQ	MG	GGGSSQSQSQ	Hydrophilic but	5.8	yes
  			uncharged
  SQGlySQ	MASQSQSQGS	GGGSSQSQSQ	Hydrophilic but	5.8	yes
  			uncharged
  AGly	MAAAAAAGS		Weakly	5.8	yes
  			hydrophobic
  GlyA	MG	GGGSAAAAAA	Weakly	5.8	no
  			hydrophobic
  AGlyA	MAAAAAAGS	GGGSAAAAAA	Weakly	5.8	no
  			hydrophobic
  IGly	MAIIIIIIGS		Strongly	5.8	yes
  			hydrophobic
  GlyI	MG	GGGSIIIIII	Strongly	5.8	no
  			hydrophobic
  IGlyI	MAIIIIIIGS	GGGSIIIIII	Strongly	5.8	no
  			hydrophobic
  ThioGly	Soybean		Acidic	5.4	yes
  	thioredoxin.
  GlyThio	MG	Soybean	Acidic	5.4	no
  		thioredoxin.
  LEAGly	Late		Basic	6.3	no
  	embryogenesis
  	abundant protein.
  GlyLEA		Late	Basic	6.3	no
  		embryogenesis
  		abundant protein.
  GlyBHL8	MG	BHL8	Basic	8.2	yes
  GlyBHL9	MG	BHL9	Basic	6.5	no

  Gly—Gly	Proglycinin1 fusion with itself.	—	5.8	yes
  Gly-aCG	Proglycinin1 fusion with mature α	—	5.1	no
  	subunit of β-Conglycinin

  DEGlyKR	MADEDEDEGS	GGGSKRKRKR	Acidic N terminal;	5.8	yes
  			basic C terminal.
  KRGlyDE	MAKRKRKRGS	GGGSDEDEDE	Basic N terminal;	5.8	no
  			acidic C terminal.
  GlyKR(4 basic)	MG	GGGSKRKR	Basic	6.3	yes
  GlyKR(2 basic)	MG	GGGSKR	Basic	6.0	yes
  GlyKR(no linker)	MG	KRKRKR	Basic	6.8	no
  ThioGlyDE	Soybean	GGGSDEDEDE	Acidic	5.2	yes
  	thioredoxin.
  acgeGlyDE	Extension region	GGGSDEDEDE	Acidic	4.7	no
  	of mature α
  	subunit of
  	β-Conglycinin
  GlyF6	MG	GGGSFFFFFF	Aromatic	5.8	no
  GlyF4	MG	GGGSFFFF	Aromatic	5.8	no
  GlyF2	MG	GGGSFF	Aromatic	5.8	no

• BHL8 (Barley High Lysine Protein 8) and BHL9 (Barley High Lysine Protein 9) are derivatives of barley chymotrypsin inhibitor-2 (CI-2) that were previously engineered for a high essential amino acid content to improve the nutritional value of maize and other crops (Roesler and Rao; 2000, Protein Sci. 9:1642-1650); (Roesler and Rao; 2001, J. Agric. Food Chem. 49:3443-3451). The 4 ^th residue of the BHL8 used in the present work differs from the BHL8 reported in Roesler and Rao (2000). The amino acid at this position was isoleucine in the present study, methionine in the published BHL8, and leucine in wild type CI-2, and there are a wide variety of other residues at this position in CI-2 homologs. The position of this substitution is position 20 according to the numbering of the above Roesler and Rao (2000) reference. The soybean thioredoxin used here was inactivated by mutating an active site cysteine at position 41 to serine. The LEA protein used here is also known as seed maturation protein PM30 (Chow et al.; Plant Physiol. 121:1054 (1999); Accession number AF117884). It includes 6 repeats of 11 amino acids in its sequence. For the LEAGly fusion, two asn residues near the C-terminus of LEA were mutated to gin—the 2nd to the last and the 5th to the last residues. For the GlyLEA fusion, no substitutions in the LEA protein were used. Short linkers (SEQ ID NO: 19) were included for the fusions with BHL8, and LEA.
• Expression of Fusions in E. coli and Purification
• The recombinant protein expression system used for E. coli is the pET System (Novagen). The DNA sequences encoding any desired glycinin fusions could be obtained by ordering them from a commercial vendor such as The Midland Certified Reagent Company (Midland, Tex.). However, most of the fusions described here were made as follows. Polymerase chain reaction with the wild type DNA was performed to add a BamH1 restriction site (encoding glycine-serine) at the 5′ end to facilitate N-terminal fusions, or alternatively, to add sequence at the 3′ end encoding two glycines followed by a BamH1 site encoding glycine-serine, to facilitate C-terminal fusions. The short peptide N terminal fusions of Table 1 were prepared by annealing pairs of synthetic oligonucleotides that encoded the desired peptide and gave overhangs suitable for ligating into the Nco I site that encodes the start methionine, and the BamH1 site. The short peptide C terminal fusions of Table 1 were prepared by annealing pairs of synthetic oligonucleotides that encoded the desired peptide and gave overhangs suitable for ligating into the BamH1 site and a Hind III site in the pET expression vector downstream from the stop codon. To make fusions at both terminii, a fragment containing the N-terminal fusion was ligated to a fragment containing the C-terminal fusion at an Nde I site in the glycinin gene. Annealed oligonucleotides were not used for the larger protein fusions such as thioredoxin, BHL8, or the LEA protein. Rather, polymerase chain reaction was performed to create appropriate terminii for ligation.
• Using the names of Table 1, the proglycinin fusion proteins KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, SQGly, GlySQ, SQGlySQ, KEGly, AGly, IGly, GlyBHL8, ThioGly, Gly-Gly, DEGlyKR, GlyKR(4 basic), GlyKR(2 basic) and wild type were expressed in E. coli as the proglycinin form using the pET 28 expression vector (Novagen) and most were purified by a combination of ion exchange chromatography and isoelectric precipitation. Some flexibility in expression methods was observed, with both 37° C. and 30° C. incubation temperatures being used successfully, both 2X YT and LB media being used successfully, and with BL21 (DE3), BL21-Codon Plus (DE3)-RP, and BL21-Codon Plus (DE3)-RIL (Stratagene) E. coli strains being used successfully. The procedure for GlyKR is described in detail as a typical example, and then Table 2 will summarize differences among the fusion protein preps with respect to lysis buffers and purification conditions.
• The GlyKR protein was expressed at 37° C. in 2X YT media with E. coli strain BL21 -CodonPlus(DE3)-RP (Stratagene). Total volume was 800 ml in a 2.8 liter baffled shake flask. Induction was at OD600=0.8 with 1 mM IPTG and cells were harvested 3 to 4 hours later and frozen. The cells were thawed and lysed in 40 ml of 50 mM Hepes (pH 8.0), 2 mM EDTA, 300 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, 0.1 mg/ml lysozyme for 30 min at 25° C. Alternatively, the NaCl concentration was changed midway through the lysis period (150 mM NaCl was used initially, then increased to 300 mM NaCl for the remainder of the lysis period). DNA was sheared by sonication. Centrifugation was done at 17,000 g 15 min. The supernatant was poured through one layer of Miracloth and then purified by SP Sepharose cation exchange chromatography. The protein was applied to an SP Sepharose column equilibrated with 10 mM sodium phosphate, 300 mM NaCl, pH 7.0, and washed with the same buffer. Elution was with 10 mM sodium phosphate, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.0. The eluted protein was then precipitated by dialysis overnight in 5 mM Tris, pH 8.0. The precipitated protein was centrifuged 17,000 g 10 min, the pellet was washed with dialysis buffer, and the pelleted protein was resuspended in 10 mM sodium acetate, 500 mM NaCl, pH 5.0. The still insoluble material was removed by centrifugation. If needed, a final purification by Superose 6 gel permeation chromatography in the same buffer was done. The purified fusion protein was concentrated by Centricon-30 ultrafiltration and stored either at 4° C. or by freezing in liquid nitrogen without glycerol. The protein concentration was determined by amino acid analysis, and the absorbance at 280 nm of the same protein solution was taken to determine the extinction coefficient for future use. Alternatively, the protein was quantitated by the method of Bradford, using the Coomassie Plus® reagent from Pierce, with Bovine Serum Albumen as standard. A summary of purification conditions appropriate for the fusions that have already been expressed and purified is presented in Table 2.

  TABLE 2
  Lysis buffers and purification methods

  	Lysis buffer			Buffers for gel
  	(in addition to 2 mM	Material and buffer for	Buffers for	permeation
  	EDTA, 0.1% Triton X-100,	ion exchange chromatography.	isoelectric	chromatography
  Protein	and 0.1 mg/ml lysozyme)	(Sepharose is abbreviated Seph)	precipitation	(if needed)
  KRGly	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	5 mM Tris,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  	300 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 8	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8.	300-600 mM NaCl
  GlyKR	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	5 mM Tris,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  	300 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 8	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8.	300-500 mM NaCl
  KRGlyKR	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	5 mM Tris,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  	300 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 8	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8.	600-1000 mM NaCl
  DEGly	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	200 mM NaCl,	Tris, pH 8,	pH 5.5	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	200-350 mM NaCl
  GlyDE	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	250 mM NaCl,	Tris, pH 8,	pH 5.5	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	250-350 NaCl
  DEGlyDE	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM sodium	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris, pH 8,	acetate, pH 5	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	250-350 mM NaCl
  KEGly	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 6.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl
  SQGly	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 6.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl
  GlySQ	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 6.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl
  SQGlySQ	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 6.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl
  DEGlyKR	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	Not done, but	10 mM sodium acetate,
  	300 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	5 mM Tris, pH 8.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8	400-500 mM NaCl.	should work.
  GlyKR(4	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  basic)	300 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 6.0.	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8	300-500 mM NaCl.
  GlyKR(2	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  basic)	100 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 6.0.	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8	100-300 mM NaCl.
  ThioGly	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 5.5	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl
  GlyBHL8	50 mM Hepes,	SP Seph; 10 mM	5 mM Tris,	10 mM sodium acetate,
  	200 mM NaCl,	sodium phosphate, pH 7,	pH 8	500 mM NaCl, pH 5
  	pH 8	200-400 mM NaCl.
  Wild type	50 mM Tris,	Q Seph; 20 mM	2 mM Mes,	10 mM Tris,
  proglycinin 1	150 mM NaCl,	Tris pH 8,	pH 6.0	500 mM NaCl, pH 8
  	pH 8	150-250 mM NaCl

  
  Solubility
• Using the names of Table 1, the proglycinin fusion proteins KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, SQGly, GlySQ, SQGlySQ, KEGly, DEGlyKR, GlyKR(4 basic), GlyKR(2 basic), Gly-BHL8, Thio-Gly, and wild type were expressed in E. coli as the proglycinin (trimeric, unprocessed) form, purified, and characterized with respect to solubility. The purified proteins were incubated in 20 mM buffer, 20 mM NaCl for 16 hours at 25° C. at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml protein. Following centrifugation at 17,000 g for 10 min., the supernatant was assayed for soluble protein using the method of Bradford with the Coomassie Plus reagent (Pierce) and bovine serum albumen as standard. The buffers used were Caps for pH 11.5, 11, 10.5, 10.0, and 9.5; Tris for pH 9.0 and 8.5; Hepes for pH 8, 7.5, and 7; Mes for pH 6.5, 6, and 5.5; and sodium acetate for pH 5, 4.5, 4, and 3.5. The basic fusions KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, GlyKR(4 basic), and GlyBHL8 had significantly greater solubility than wild type proglycinin1 at pH 3.5 to pH 5.5. For example, at pH 5.5, the wild type proglycinin was 19% soluble, while KRGlyKR was 93% soluble. These basic fusions also had less solubility than wild type from pH 6.5 to pH 10.0. Thus, fusion of basic residues to proglycinin1 had a major impact on solubility. The GlyKR(2 basic) protein also had increases in solubility at pH 3.5 to pH 5.5, and decreases in solubility at pH 6.5 to 10.0, but the changes were smaller than those observed for the other basic fusions. The acidic fusions DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, and ThioGly had solubility minima at pH 5.0 or 5.5, clearly different than the wild type solubility minimum at pH 6.0. This shift in the solubility curve resulted in greater than wild type solubility for the acidic fusions at pH 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0. Thus, fusion of acidic residues to proglycinin1 had a significant effect on solubility. The net neutral fusion KEGly (3 basic and 3 acidic residues in the fused peptide), and the neutral fusions SQGly, GlySQ, and SQGlySQ all had solubility minima at pH 6.0 like wild type, yet some had greater than wild type solubility from pH 4.0 to pH 5.0. The observation that fusing as few as 6 basic or 6 acidic residues to either terminus of proglycinin1 can result in such major changes in solubility behavior was unexpected.
• Gel Firmness
• Gel firmness was determined for the purified KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, SQGly, SQGlySQ, GlyBHL8, ThioGly, and wild type proteins following their expression in E. coli as the proglycinin (trimeric, unprocessed) form. Gels were formed as follows: The proteins were concentrated by ultrafiltration to 60 mg/ml in 20 mM potassium phosphate, 500 mM NaCl, pH 7.50 μl of 60 mg/ml protein was transferred to a thin-walled 0.2 ml PCR tube. Samples were sonicated one minute to remove bubbles with a Branson ultrasonic cleaner B-220 (Shelton, Conn., USA). The samples were heated and cooled in a PTC-100 Programmable Thermal Controller from MJ Research, Inc., using the following temperature changes: 50° C. for 2 min; change from 50° to 98° C. at 0.1°/sec; hold at 98° C. 5 min; change from 98° to 50° C. at 0.1°/sec; hold at 50° C. 2 min. Gel firmness was measured with a TA.XT.Plus Texture Analyzer (Texture Technologies Corp., Scarsdale, N.Y.) using a 2 mm diameter cylindrical probe. The probe was pushed against the gels for a distance of 2 mm, using pre-test and test speeds of 0.5 mm/sec, a post-test speed of 10 mm/sec, and a trigger force of 1.5 grams. The value (force in grams) at 1 mm distance was compared between gels. The gels made from the basic peptide fusions KRGly, GlyKR, and KRGlyKR were less firm than gels made from wild type proglycinin1. In contrast, gels made from the other fusions were more firm than gels made from wild type. For example, values at 1 mm for wildtype, KRGlyKR, and SQGlySQ gels were 20.1, 12.7, and 45.7 grams of force. Thus, fusion of even a few residues to proglycinin markedly changed gelation properties.
• Differential Scanning Calorimetry
• Differential scanning calorimetry was done to determine the thermal denaturation temperatures for the purified KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, SQGly, GlySQ, SQGlySQ, GlyBHL8, ThioGly, and wild type proteins following their expression in E. coli as the proglycinin (trimeric, unprocessed) form. Scans were done from 30° C. to 110° C. at a rate of 90° C./hour, using a VP-DSC Microcalorimeter from MicroCal (Northampton, Mass.). Peak values at the thermal transition were compared. The GlyBHL8 protein had a denaturation temperature of 78.3° C., which was 7.1° C. less than the wild type value of 85.4° C. For the ThioGly protein, two transitions were observed, at 15.5 and 8.6° C. less than the wild type value. The two transitions may be due to independent unfolding of thioredoxin and proglycinin. Denaturation temperatures for the other proteins were all within 3.4° C. of the wild type value. Because denaturation is a prerequisite for gelation, some proglycinin fusions such as GlyBHL8 or ThioGly may form gels at a lower temperature than required for wild type protein gels.
• Characterization of Oligomeric State
• Gel permeation chromatography: Using the names of Table 1, the proglycinin fusion proteins GlyBHL8, ThioGly, KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, SQGly, GlySQ, SQGlySQ, and wild type were expressed in E. coli as the unprocessed (trimeric, proglycinin) form, purified, and characterized with respect to oligomeric state. Superose 6 gel permeation chromatography with appropriate molecular mass markers was done with the purified proteins, using 10 mM Tris, 500 mM NaCl, pH 8. The wild type protein eluted at a similar position as the aldolase marker (158,000 mW), consistent with expectations for trimeric proglycinin. All of the fusions eluted at a similar or slightly earlier position than wild type, demonstrating that the fusions also assembled into oligomers.
• Proteolytic Stability of Glycinin Fusions
• Using the names of Table 1, the proglycinin fusion proteins KRGly, GlyKR, KRGlyKR, DEGly, GlyDE, DEGlyDE, GlyBHL8, ThioGly, and wild type were expressed in E. coli as the proglycinin (trimeric, unprocessed) form, purified, and characterized with respect to stability against digestion by the protease chymotrypsin. The purified proteins were incubated with chymotrypsin at 37° C. for 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 or 60 min. Incubation was done in 100 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 500 mM NaCl, 1 mM CaCl₂, with a ratio (wt:wt) of 1:20 chymotrypsin:substrate protein. Results were assessed by SDS-PAGE. The stability against digestion by chymotrypsin was similar for wild type and for all of the glycinin fusions except for ThioGly. The similar proteolytic stability suggested that the fusion proteins were correctly folded, because malfolded proteins would have been more susceptible to the protease. The results of the ThioGly fusion suggest that all or part of the thioredoxin was clipped off by the protease. Incubations with 1:100 trypsin:substrate were also done for GlyBHL8, ThioGly and wild type, and the rate of digestion with this protease was approximately the same for wild type and the two fusion proteins, suggesting that the fusion proteins were correctly folded.
• In Planta Expression of Glycinin Fusions and Incorporation into Hexamers
• Constructs appropriate for expression in plants were prepared that fused the glycinin1 promoter and signal peptide (both encoded by the Gy1 gene) to the ThioGly protein, the GlyBHL8 protein, the KRGlyKR protein, and the DEGlyDE protein (SEQ ID NOS: 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42), followed by the phaseolin 3′ non-translated region. Three amino acids of mature glycinin1 (Phe-Ser-Ser) were also included following the signal peptide in the ThioGly, KRGlyKR, and DEGlyDE constructs.
• Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures were transformed with the plasmids and DNA fragments by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al., 1987, Nature 327:70). A DuPont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) was used for all transformations. Protein expression was assessed by western blots. Antibodies against BHL8 were used to detect the GlyBHL8 fusion. The GlyBHL8 protein was highly expressed and stably accumulated in both soybean somatic embryos and mature seeds. Antibodies against wild type proglycinin 1 plus a mobility difference from wild type during SDS-PAGE were used to detect the ThioGly fusion. The ThioGly fusion expressed well in soybean embryos, thus demonstrating that glycinin fusion proteins with either an N or a C terminal fusion could accumulate in plants. Furthermore, the mobility in SDS-PAGE suggested that the fusion proteins were processed by VPE. To assess whether the fusion proteins were incorporated into hexamers, protein fractionation followed by additional western blots was done. Proteins from untransformed or transformed soybean seeds were extracted and fractionated by 6%-22% sucrose density gradients (Gruis et al, Plant Cell 16:270-290 (2004)), and fractions were then assessed by western blots probed with the appropriate antibodies.
• The GlyBHL8, and ThioGly were primarily in 11S hexamer fraction based on Coomassie Blue staining and Western blot, confirming that the fusion polypeptides were incorporated into hexamers. Protein solubility analyses indicated that the 11S fraction of the GlyBHL8 soybean seeds provided better solubility than the 11S fraction of the wild type soybean seeds from pH 2.8-6.0. In summary, these results demonstrated that glycinin fusions in plants can accumulate and can be incorporated into hexamers. The glycinin fusions can change the functionality of the soybean seed proteins.

Claims (20)

1. An isolated terminal fusion polypeptide comprising: a first soybean glycinin or proglycinin polypeptide operably linked to at least a second polypeptide wherein the resulting terminal fusion polypeptide exhibits modified functional properties.

2. A transformed soybean plant comprising the terminal fusion polypeptide of claim 1.

3. A soybean protein product comprising the terminal fusion polypeptide of claim 1.

4. The fusion polypeptide of claim 1 wherein the second polypeptide is acidic.

5. The fusion polypeptide of claim 4 wherein the calculated pI of the fusion polypeptide is from 0.4 to 1.1 pH units less than the pI of the wild type proglycinin or glycinin polypeptide.

6. The fusion polypeptide of claim 1 wherein the second polypeptide is basic.

7. The fusion polypeptide of claim 6 wherein the calculated pI of the fusion polypeptide is from 0.2 to 2.8 pH units greater than the pI of the wild type proglycinin or glycinin polypeptide.

8. The second polypeptide of claim 1 comprising a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: SEQ ID NOS: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.

9. The second polypeptide of claim 1 comprising a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of: soybean thioredoxin, LEA, BHL-8, BHL-9, soybean glycinin 1, and alpha-conglycinin.

10. An expression cassette comprising a promoter operably linked to a first soybean glycinin or proglycinin polynucleotide operably linked at either terminus to at least a second polynucleotide wherein the resulting fusion polypeptide exhibits modified functional properties.

11. The expression cassette of claim 10 wherein the first and at least second polynucleotide are operably linked to a third polynucleotide at the opposite terminus; wherein the resulting fusion polypeptide exhibits modified functional properties.

12. The expression cassette of claim 10 wherein the at least second polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of:

SEQ ID NOS: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18.

13. The host cell of claim 12 that is a plant cell.

14. A transgenic plant comprising at least one expression cassette of claim 10.

15. A transgenic seed from the plant of claim 14.

16. A soybean protein product derived from the processing of soybean seeds expressing a soybean glycinin or proglycinin protein with modified functional properties, the method comprising:

a) introducing into a non-human host cell an expression cassette comprising a promoter operably linked to a first soybean glycinin or proglycinin polynucleotide operably linked at either terminus to at least a second polynucleotide; wherein the resulting fusion polypeptide exhibits modified functional properties;

b) growing the plant cell under plant-forming conditions to express the protein with modified properties in the seed; and

c) processing the seed to obtain a soybean protein product with modified properties.

17. The soybean protein product of claim 16 wherein the fusion polypeptide is further operably linked to a polypeptide at the opposite terminus, wherein the resulting fusion polypeptide exhibits modified functional properties.

18. The soybean protein product of claim 16 wherein the modified property is a change in solubility of the protein as compared to wild-type.

19. The soybean protein product of claim 16 wherein the modified property is a change in gel-forming ability of the protein as compared to wild-type.

20. The soybean protein product of claim 16 wherein the modified property is a change in emulsifying ability of the protein as compared to wild-type.