Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/10—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by using additives
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
  • B01J13/0008—Sols of inorganic materials in water
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/0004—Preparation of sols
  • B01J13/0026—Preparation of sols containing a liquid organic phase
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
  • B01J13/0086—Preparation of sols by physical processes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1283—Inorganic compounds phosphorus, arsenicum, antimonium containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L3/00—Gaseous fuels; Natural gas; Synthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10K; Liquefied petroleum gas
  • C10L3/003—Additives for gaseous fuels
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
  • C10L1/125—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof water
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1625—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/1633—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/1641—Hydrocarbons macromolecular compounds homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds from compounds containing aliphatic monomers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/188—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof
  • C10L1/1881—Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/198—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid
  • C10L1/1985—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/22—Organic compounds containing nitrogen
  • C10L1/234—Macromolecular compounds
  • C10L1/238—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10L1/2383—Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C)

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of fuel additives, in particular, to an additive for hydrocarbon fueled burners and flames to enhance efficiency and/or reduce undesirable emissions, such as pollutants.
• hydrocarbon fuels have been used, each with their own advantages and drawbacks. Examples of such fuels include diesel, kerosene, heavy distillates and bunker fuels. Chemical compounds have been used as combustion improvers to enhance combustion efficiency, of these types of fuels. Many of these additives contain metallic elements such as manganese, iron, copper, cerium, calcium and barium. Each of these elements has advantages and disadvantages in particular applications. Drawbacks of certain iron compounds include limited solubility in fuels, toxicity, and expense as an additive. Interaction with sulfur and creation of sulfide precipitate may also occur, which is undesirable.
• a fuel additive that includes a combustion catalyst to reduce smoke and particulate emissions from open flame burners and other direct-fired applications would be advantageous.
• a fuel additive that increases efficiency and/or decreases pollutants for diesel and heavier fuels used in these applications would be particularly advantageous. It would also be advantageous to reduce smoke, particulate and nitrogen emissions from fuel applications. In addition to reduction of NO x , reduction or elimination of HCN emissions is highly desirable.
• the present invention includes a fuel additive and a method of using the additive in relation to hydrocarbon fuel.
• the fuel additive of the invention includes a phosphorus-containing parent solution containing [Y] x H 2 PO 4 , [Y] x+ HPO 4 , where Y is a cation. Y does not have to be the same cation in both salt compounds.
• the cationic portion of the salt components can be any cation, with potassium being a preferred cation. In this case, the preferred components would be KH 2 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 .
• These salts are at least partially dispersed and/or dissolved in water or other appropriate solvent to create the phosphorus-containing parent solution.
• this embodiment of the fuel additive is an ammonia-free solution.
• One preferred embodiment includes adding these components, in the presence of water, to create the phosphorus-containing parent solution as an aqueous parent solution.
• the water acts as the solvent.
• Other preferred parent solution solvents include alcohols.
• Another group of preferred cations would be the alkali metals or Group 1A elements. While NH 4 used as Y creates a fuel additive that enhances fuel performance, there are instances when it is preferred to avoid ammonium and thereby ammonia altogether.
• the phosphorus-containing parent solution is added or mixed with a dispersion fluid.
• the dispersion fluid is a fluid that is operable to maintain the salts within the dispersion fluid in at least a partially dispersed state and that is miscible, or capable of being maintained in solution, in the hydrocarbon fuel.
• the solvent is largely removed from the phosphorus-containing parent solution in the dispersion fluid through thermal means to create the fuel additive.
• the fuel additive is operable to enhance combustion when placed into contact with fuel in a direct fired burner or open flame and combusted. Enhanced combustion means that fuel efficiency is increased when compared to fuel without the fuel additive, or that pollutant output in an exhaust gas from the combustion is decreased or a combination of these effects.
• Typical pollutants can include NOx, HCN, SO 2 particulate matter, carbon monoxide and other recognized pollutants resulting from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel. It is noted that different geographical areas focus on minimizing a particular pollutant depending on air characteristics. Reduction of a target pollutant or a combination of pollutants, such as NOx and HCN is highly advantageous. Alternately, increased fuel efficiency results in a total lower volume of pollutants, as well as economic advantage.
• Another preferred embodiment of the phosphorus-containing parent solution includes the addition of [NH 4 ] 2 HPO 4 to the [Y] x H 2 PO 4 , [Y] x+ HPO 4 , and water.
• Yet another embodiment includes the addition of NH 4 C 2 H 3 O 2 where C 2 H 3 O 2 ⁇ ion is an acetate group such that the solution contains [Y] x H 2 PO 4 , [Y] x+ HPO 4 , [NH 4 ] 2 HPO 4 , NH 4 C2H3O2 and water.
• the fuel additive is prepared using ammonium compounds, ammonium compounds being defined as those compounds containing NH x groups, the nitrogen in the solution is essentially all in the form of ammonium ions. There is at most a negligible amount of free ammonia.
• the solution has a pH between about 6.0 and 8.0.
• Another preferred embodiment of the phosphorus-containing parent solution includes the addition of [Y] x PO 4 to the [Y] x H 2 PO 4 , and [Y] x+ HPO 4 .
• orthophosphoric acids have been described, also called phosphoric acids, this includes pyrophosphoric acids, which are the condensed analogs of orthophosphoric acid.
• the PO 4 3 ⁇ becomes P 2 O 7 2 ⁇ or other condensed phosphates. Therefore, [Y] x H 2 PO 4 , and [Y] x+ HPO 4 are precursors to pyrophosphoric acids.
• the use of the pyrophosphoric and other condensed forms is therefore encompassed within the definition of the orthophosphate form.
• the phosphorus-containing parent solution of one embodiment of the invention can be used in any type of environment, either hydrophilic or hydrophobic environments.
• a carrier fluid or fluids it may be necessary that a carrier fluid or fluids be selected to allow for proper dispersion.
• a dispersant used in conjunction with the carrier fluids to create the fuel additive is also encompassed in a preferred embodiment.
• at least one carrier fluid can preferably be a fluid with a least some hydrophilic character that is miscible with the fuel to act as compatibilizing agent in conjunction with dispersant.
• the fuel additive of the invention is useful to enhance combustion such that more complete combustion is achieved with increased combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O as compared to the combustion of the fuel without the fuel additive.
• the outcome is the reduction of products of partial combustion as well as NO x and SO2, thereby increasing fuel efficiency.
• the fuel additive is used by adding this additive to the fuel in an amount sufficient to increase fuel efficiency or to reduce pollutants.
• the terms enhanced and enhanced combustion refer to either of these effects.
• An example of reduced pollutants is a reduction of NOx and HCN in an exhaust gas produced from a direct fired burner or open flame.
• both of these effects are observed though the addition of the fuel additive of the current invention.
• a preferred embodiment includes the addition of between about 50 and 150 ppm phosphorus into the fuel though the addition of the fuel additive. Increased amounts of phosphorus are effective as well. It is notable that a very cost-effective solution can be prepared with low weight percent of phosphorus.
• Another preferred target is around 1 ppm phosphorus to 150 ppm phosphorus. Positive test results have been generated as low as 0.25 ppm phosphorus.
• Included in the invention is a process for enhancing fuel performance of a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion system including the steps of providing the fuel additive described above in an amount effective to enhance fuel performance to the hydrocarbon fuel and combusting the hydrocarbon fuel with the fuel additive.
• the combustion system can be any means known to those with ordinary skill in the art for combusting hydrocarbon.
• the combustion system can include one or more direct fired burners or open flames. In a preferred embodiment, this process is used with a liquid or liquefied hydrocarbon fuel.
• the result of adding the additive to the hydrocarbon fuel is an enhanced fuel that has a substantial amount of hydrocarbon fuel suitable for combustion, and an amount of the fuel additive operable to enhance combustion.
• the enhanced fuel contains phosphorus in an amount operable to reduce emissions upon combustion of the enhanced fuel as compared to the combustion of the hydrocarbon fuel without the fuel additive. More preferably, the enhanced fuel contains phosphorus of between about 1 and 150 ppm by weight.
• An alternate embodiment of the invention includes a process for enhancing fuel performance of a hydrocarbon fuel in a combustion system including the steps of adding a chemical addition composition to the hydrocarbon fuel in an amount effective to enhance fuel performance.
• the chemical addition composition is created by creating an intermediate solution by (i) mixing in an aqueous medium a source of reactive NH 2 groups with one of the following:
• the parent solution, or the chemical addition composition of the invention can be added into or include a combustion fuel. Again, it can be advantageous to include dispersants to promote dispersion in fuels that are hydrocarbon based. Exemplary fuels kerosene, diesel fuel and residual fuels.
• an enhanced fuel is created when a substantial amount of a fuel suitable for combustion is combined with an amount of the phosphorus-containing parent solution or the chemical addition composition sufficient to reduce emissions or to increase efficiency upon combustion of the enhanced fuel.
• the dispersion fluid is a quantity of a target fluid, that is, a fluid that contains the desired fuel.
• the current invention includes the use of the conversion surface composition as a fuel additive.
• the fuel additive is chemical addition composition for the enhancement of hydrocarbon fuels where the chemical addition composition has the composition disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,788.
• This embodiment is unique in the use of the source of reactive NH 2 groups, which can be advantageous under certain circumstances. While the chemical composition including reactive NH 2 groups has certain advantages, it can result in the presence of free ammonia. Various other embodiments of the fuel additive of this invention avoid the production of free ammonia and the related issues.
• the fuel additive of the invention is believed to perform a gas phase conversion of hydrocarbon fuels to achieve more complete combustion to CO 2 and H 2 O in the process.
• the fuel additive is provided as a dispersion in the dispersion fluid.
• Preparation preferably includes forming the aqueous parent solution that is emulsified and then added into base oils. Dispersion can be aided through the use of emulsifiers and dispersants. In a preferred embodiment, a dispersant with a total base number of from 30 to 160 on an oil-free basis is used. Tests run using infrared and other testing techniques confirm the reduction of CO from the offgas from the combustion of hydrocarbon fuels with the fuel additive of the invention.
• U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,788 (the Defalco patent) teaches a process for creating an iron-phosphorus surface through the formation of a conversion surface on iron substrates by delivering a phosphatizing compound in a lubricating fluid.
• the present invention also includes the use of the composition of DeFalco as a fuel additive for introduction into a burner or open-flame.
• the composition includes a source of phosphoric acid, an alkali metal hydroxide and a source of reactive NH2 groups.
• the source of the reactive NH2 groups produces the reactive NH2 groups as a result of the highly exothermic reaction that is described in the Defalco patent.
• the invention includes the use of the fuel additive in the direct-fired burners and open flames. This is believed to be particularly valuable for burners using heavy fuels such as bunker fuels, including bunker C. Use in the burner or flame appears to provide combustion benefits allowing for a reduction in particulate and other emissions.
• the process of the invention is effective at the high temperatures produced as part of the combustion process such that the fuel additive is contained or present in the flame with the fuel.
• the fuel additive acts as a catalyst to enhance combustion.
• One example of a preferred formulation of the invention includes the following ratios: 1.597 mols KH 2 PO 4 , 0.693 mol K 2 HPO 4 , 0.315 mol [NH 4 ] 2 HPO 4 and water.
• the pH of the solution can be controlled through manipulation of the ratios of these components. By manipulating the ratios of the resulting H 2 PO 4 ⁇ and HPO 4 2 ⁇ ions, the solution can be created in a preferred pH range of about 6.0 to about 8.0.
• KH 2 PO 4 , K 2 HPO 4 , [NH 4 ] 2 HPO 4 and water are created into the phosphorus containing parent solution that is added to a dispersion fluid, such as a refined oil dispersion fluid, and mixed with dispersants.
• a dispersion fluid such as a refined oil dispersion fluid
• dispersants include polyalkenyl succinimides such as Texaco TFA 4690C, Oronite ODA 78012 and Ethyl Hitec 646. It may also be advantageous to include certain carrier fluids.
• Exemplary carrier fluids include polyoxpropylene monols, diols and polyols, polyoxybutylene monols, diols and polyols, particularly Bayer Actaclear ND17.
• the phosphorus containing parent solution is added in at approximately 10 wt. % of the refined oil dispersion fluid. This is heated to drive off a significant amount of the solvent, in this case, water. The mixture can be described at this point as a colloid.
• an effective amount of the phosphorus in the solution can be dilute.
• One example of a preferred embodiment is 0.3 wt % phosphorus in the solution.
• the phosphorus content can be in the range of 5-100 ppb and still be effective.
• 1-250 ppm phosphorus is used in the fuel. Higher amounts are also effective. More preferably, 1-150 ppm phosphorus by weight is in the fuel with the fuel additive.
• An example of an alternate embodiment of the phosphorus-containing parent solution that is for use in fuel includes mixing about 2.6 molar (M) orthophosphate with alkali metal and ammonium cations, the resulting aqueous parent solution having a pH of 7 at ambient temperatures.
• a measured volume of this aqueous parent solution is suspended in a mixture of refined oil dispersion fluid and dispersant, most of the water of the aqueous parent solution is removed thermally, and diluted to about 0.3 weight % P.
• This mixture is used, with further dilution, as an additive to fuels.
• the dilution is preferably achieved with the same refined oil dispersion fluid.
• a Group II base oil is preferred.
• aqueous parent solution prepared in this fashion acts to diminish the emission of pollutant molecules under normal operating conditions.
• An example of an alternate embodiment includes the use of phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide in water. Acetic acid can also be added. The amounts of the components can be adjusted to reach the desired pH.
• Example 2 Use of the fuel additive described in Example 2 in combination with a low sulfur diesel fuel provided a 74% reduction in CO emissions in the exhaust gas as compared to diesel without the fuel additive, 34% reduction in SO2, and 55% reduction in particulates.
• This is further diluted in base oil to adjust to desired concentration of phosphorus in fuel additive.
• the solvent is removed from the solution in order to create the fuel additive.
• the solvent is water and dehydration is accomplished thermally.
• An alternate embodiment includes the use of [NH 4 ]H 2 PO 4 , [NH 4 ] 2 HPO 4 and water.
• the solvent is one that is defined by solubility or dispersability of the salts in the solvent as well as the volatility of the solvent.
• the salts are preferably dispersed throughout the solvent but the solvent is of such volatility that it can be boiled out of solution and preferably recovered for reuse without affecting the resulting product.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
• Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
• Emulsifying, Dispersing, Foam-Producing Or Wetting Agents (AREA)

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• 2005
  • 2005-09-27 UY UY29142A patent/UY29142A1/es unknown
  • 2005-09-27 AR ARP050104060A patent/AR051303A1/es unknown
  • 2005-09-28 BR BRPI0516153-3A patent/BRPI0516153A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 2005-09-28 WO PCT/US2005/034988 patent/WO2006037094A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 2005-09-28 MX MX2007003772A patent/MX2007003772A/es unknown
  • 2005-09-28 ZA ZA200703377A patent/ZA200703377B/xx unknown
  • 2005-09-28 PE PE2005001146A patent/PE20060779A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2005-09-28 AU AU2005289403A patent/AU2005289403A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-09-28 US US11/237,210 patent/US20060179709A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-09-28 EP EP05807492A patent/EP1807486A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-09-28 KR KR1020077009580A patent/KR20070072893A/ko not_active Withdrawn
  • 2005-09-28 CN CNA2005800401186A patent/CN101065465A/zh active Pending
  • 2005-09-28 EA EA200700755A patent/EA200700755A1/ru unknown
  • 2005-09-28 SV SV2005002239A patent/SV2006002239A/es unknown
  • 2005-09-28 CA CA002581563A patent/CA2581563A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 2005-09-28 JP JP2007533780A patent/JP2008514766A/ja not_active Abandoned
• 2007
  • 2007-03-22 IL IL182137A patent/IL182137A0/en unknown
  • 2007-04-12 CR CR9049A patent/CR9049A/es not_active Application Discontinuation

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