US20060016191A1

US20060016191A1 - Combined effusion and thick TBC cooling method

Info

Publication number: US20060016191A1
Application number: US10/897,788
Authority: US
Inventors: Gregory Woodcock; Charles Silcox; Thomas Strangman; Luis Flamand; Hiroshi Kawamura
Original assignee: Honeywell International Inc
Current assignee: Honeywell International Inc
Priority date: 2004-07-23
Filing date: 2004-07-23
Publication date: 2006-01-26

Abstract

A method for combined effusion and thick TBC cooling comprises a providing a substrate, depositing a thick TBC onto the substrate and laser drilling an array of effusion holes through the TBC coated substrate. The thick TBC has a columnar crack structure, which gives compliance and spall resistance. The microstructure of the segmentation microcracked TBC reduces cracking and chipping of the TBC during effusion hole laser drilling.

Description

GOVERNMENT INTERESTS

The invention was made with Government support under contract with the US Army (DAAE07-02-3-0002). The Government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to methods and apparatus for cooling components exposed to high temperatures, such as components of a gas turbine engine. More particularly, this invention relates to cooling methods and apparatus combining effusion cooling and thick thermal barrier coating (TBC).
Gas turbine engine components, such as combustors, turbine blades, vanes, nozzles and shrouds, are exposed to temperatures that can reduce the operating life of the components. Effusion cooling and TBCs have been used extensively to improve component life.
Effusion cooling comprises an array of effusion cooling holes through the component wall. A supply of cooling air is passed through the holes from the cooler surface of the component to the surface exposed to higher temperatures. The cooling air actively cools the component wall by convection taking place in the hole and film cooling after the cooling air is discharged. The cooling holes are typically formed by conventional drilling techniques such as electrical-discharge machining (EDM) and laser machining, or with complex casting techniques.
For additional thermal and/or environmental resistance, a TBC can be applied on the surface of the component that is exposed to higher temperatures. TBCs comprise ceramic thermal protective coatings, such as yttria stabilized zirconia, and are applied to the surface of the component to insulate the component from a high temperature source, such as a hot combustion effluent. When TBC application occurs after cooling hole formation, a significant amount of TBC can be deposited in the cooling holes. The TBC deposits in the cooling holes can detrimentally affect the service life of the component because the TBC can alter the shape and reduce the size of the cooling holes. Methods for removing TBC from the cooling holes and/or reducing the amount of TBC deposited into the cooling holes have been described.
In one method a masking material is positioned in the cooling holes prior to TBC application to prevent the TBC from entering the cooling holes. When the masking material is removed, chipping and cracking often occurs along the edge due to the high cohesive strength of the TBCs in a direction horizontal to the plane of the substrate. The force needed to remove the masking material can cause a portion of the TBC to be pulled off the coated section of the substrate. In the case of turbine engine components, the loss of a portion of coating material exposes the corresponding portion of the component to very high in-service temperatures. Additionally, chipping and cracking along the edge can serve as crack propagation sites for further degradation throughout the coating.
Another method comprises a water jet containing an abrasive media, such as particles with sharp corners and edges, for excess TBC removal. The erosion and abrasion caused by the abrasive particles in the water jet at pressures adequate to remove the TBC deposit also damages the cooling hole. Additionally, for some applications, the abrasive media cannot be reused and must be disposed of, which increases production costs. Another water jet method uses a very high-pressure water jet. The TBC accumulated in a cooling hole is removed by projecting the jet toward the uncoated surface of the hole, with the component itself serving as a mask to prevent the jet from eroding the coating. Although this method may reduce coating erosion, further improvements are still needed.
A method for reducing the TBC deposited in the cooling hole is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,620,457. In the described method, the TBC is applied in a direction such that the deposited TBC only partially blocks the holes. Unfortunately, following TBC deposition, this method also requires the holes to be cleaned by a water jet process.
A method that requires neither a water jet nor a masking material has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,941,686. The method comprises laser drilling the effusion holes such that the diameter of the holes is larger on the side on which the TBC is to be deposited. In one example, a combustor was provided with effusion holes having 0.02″ diameters on the “cold” side and 0.03″ diameters on the “hot” side. A metallic bond coat was applied to a thickness of about 0.004-0.006″. A TBC was deposited by plasma spray to a thickness of about 0.008-0.010″. Although the TBC deposited in the cooling holes in this example did not reduce fluid flow through the holes, this method may not be suitable for some applications. Using the same relative sizes for the “cold” side of about 0.02″ and the “hot” side of about 0.03″, a TBC coating of about 0.015″ did reduce fluid flow through the passage. For thick TBCs, further improvements are still needed.
Another cooling method combining effusion holes and TBC has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,474. In the disclosed method, the holes were drilled in a two-step process after the TBC was deposited. In the first step a counterbore was laser drilled to a depth that extended through the ceramic topcoat but not substantially into the workpiece. In the second step a smaller diameter hole was drilled through the workpiece. The two-step drilling process was found to reduce or avoid the formation of a recast bubble at the intersection of the TBC and substrate. In the disclosed example the TBC was deposited to a thickness between 0.009 and 0.014 inches, and the typical thickness for combustion liner TBC was described as between 0.003 and 0.010 inches. Unfortunately, thicker TBCs are desired for some applications.
When depositing a sufficiently thick TBC to thermally insulate such hot section components as combustor liners, cooling holes are often machined by EDM and laser drilling after deposition of the bond coat but prior to application of the TBC. After TBC application, a hole-cleaning step is necessary to remove the excess TBC. Although other methods have included cooling hole formation after TBC deposition, these methods are unsuitable when a thick TBC is desired. Laser drilling is prone to spalling the brittle ceramic TBC by cracking the interface between the component substrate and the ceramic. The spalling off severely reduces the sealing effectiveness and the insulative characteristics of the ceramic coating, causing component failure and expensive repairs. EDM cannot be used to form cooling holes in a component having a TBC because the ceramic is electrically nonconducting. Although cooling hole formation after TBC application may avoid excess TBC deposits, the described methods are unsuitable for some applications, especially for applications requiring thick TBC.
As can be seen, there is a need for improved combined effusion and TBC cooling methods and apparatus. Additionally, improved methods are needed wherein the TBC comprises a thick TBC, for example a TBC having a thickness greater than about 0.02 inches. Further, methods are needed wherein cooling hole masking and/or cleaning processes are unnecessary.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the present invention, a method of cooling comprises the steps of providing a substrate; depositing a thermal barrier coating to a thickness of at least about 0.020 inches onto the substrate to produce a coated material; and forming an effusion array through the coated material.
In another aspect of the present invention, a method of cooling a combustor comprises the steps of applying a bond coat to the combustor; depositing a thermal barrier coating to a thickness greater than about 0.020 inch onto the bond coat such that a segmentation microcracked coating is produced; and machining at least one effusion hole through the segmentation microcracked coating and the combustor.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of cooling a combustor comprises the steps of applying a bond coat to the combustor; depositing a thermal barrier coating onto the bond coat such that a segmentation microcracked coating having a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.050 inches is produced, the thermal barrier coating comprising a material selected from the group consisting of stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia; and laser drilling at least one effusion hole through the segmentation microcracked coating and the combustor.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a method of forming an effusion hole comprises the steps of providing a substrate having a thermal barrier coating, the thermal barrier coating having a columnar crack structure and a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches; and laser drilling at least one effusion hole through the substrate.
In a further aspect of the present invention, a method of cooling a substrate comprises the steps of depositing a thermal barrier coating on the substrate to a thickness of at least about 0.02 inches such that a coated material having a columnar crack structure is produced; and drilling at least one effusion hole through the coated material.
In still another aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for a gas turbine engine comprises a combustor having a segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating and a plurality of effusion holes therethrough, the segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating having a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches.
These and other features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with reference to the following drawings, description and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for combined effusion and thick TBC cooling according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a combustor according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a close-up cross-sectional view of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a close-up view of FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a TBC coated substrate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a boxplot of TBC-bond coating interface crack length (inch) vs laser pulse power setting (Joules) according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 a is a cross-sectional view of an on-the-fly laser drilled TBC coated substrate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 b is a close-up cross-sectional view of FIG. 7 a;
FIG. 8 is a boxplot of TBC-bond coating interface crack length vs laser defocus, which is the laser focus distance above the TBC surface, according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 a is a cross-sectional view of stationary percussion laser drilled TBC coated substrate according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 b is a close-up cross-sectional view of FIG. 9 a;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of effusion holes drilled using a variety of pulses according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a close-up cross-sectional view of the hole produced by a series of 20 laser pulses in FIG. 10; and
FIG. 12 is a close-up cross-sectional view of a hole drilled with 12 laser pulses using a 0.080″ defocus, a pulse power of 12 joules, and a pulse duration of 0.5 microsecond, according to one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following detailed description is of the best currently contemplated modes of carrying out the invention. The description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general principles of the invention, since the scope of the invention is best defined by the appended claims.
The present invention generally provides combined effusion and thick TBC cooling methods and apparatus. The cooling methods and apparatus according to the present invention may find beneficial use in many industries including aerospace, automotive, and electricity generation. The present invention may be beneficial in applications including manufacturing and repair of aerospace and automotive components, such as turbine engines, combustors, nozzles, shrouds and vanes. This invention may be useful in any fluid cooled component application.
The present invention provides a combined effusion and thick TBC cooling method and apparatus. Unlike the prior art, a thick TBC may be deposited prior to effusion hole formation, making a step of removing TBC deposit from the effusion holes unnecessary. In prior art methods, cooling holes are machined by laser drilling after deposition of the bond coat but prior to application of the thick TBC because laser machining is prone to spalling the brittle ceramic TBC by cracking the interface between the component substrate and the ceramic. Unlike the prior art, the present invention provides a method comprising laser drilling the cooling holes into the substrate after a thick TBC has been deposited. The TBC of the present invention may be deposited such that the TBC has a columnar crack structure comprising a plurality of segmentation microcracks. The segmentation microcracks may reduce cracking and chipping of the TBC during the laser drilling process.
A method of the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. The method 20 may comprise a step 21 of providing a substrate, a step 22 of applying a bond coat, a step 23 of depositing a TBC to produce a TBC coated substrate, and a step 24 of laser drilling at least one effusion hole through the TBC coated substrate. In one embodiment of the present invention, the step 21 of providing a substrate 30 may comprise providing a combustor 40, shown in FIG. 2. A bond coat 31 may be applied to the combustor 40, better seen in FIGS. 3-4. A TBC 32 may be deposited onto the bond coat 31 and a plurality of effusion holes 34 may be laser drilled through the TBC coated substrate (coated material 35).
The substrate 30 of step 21, as shown in FIG. 5, may comprise any component exposed to high temperatures. Useful components may include gas turbine engine components, for example combustors, vanes and shrouds. The substrate 30 may comprise a metal or a metal alloy, such as nickel based and cobalt based superalloys. Useful nickel based and cobalt based superalloy substrates may comprise sheet metal, equiaxed, DS (directionally solidified) and SC (single crystal) investment castings as well as other forms of these superalloys, such as forgings, pressed superalloy powder components, machined components, and other forms. Useful nickel based superalloys may include HA230™ (available from Haynes International), Rene' alloy N5™ (available from General Electric), MarM247™ (available from Martin Marietta), PWA 1422™ (available from Pratt Whitney), PWA 1480™ (available from Pratt Whitney), PWA 1484™ (available from Pratt Whitney), Rene' 80™ (available from General Electric), Rene' 142™ (available from General Electric), SC 180™ (available from Honeywell) and others. Useful cobalt based superalloys may include HA188™ (available from Haynes International) and MarM509™ available from Martin Marietta and others.
The bond coat 31 of step 22 may be applied to the surface of the substrate 30 to improve TBC adhesion. The bond coat 31 may grade the thermal expansion mismatch between the TBC 32 and the substrate 30. The bond coat 31 may comprise an additional metallic layer. The bond coat 31 may include oxidation-resistant coatings such as MCrAlX (where M is iron, cobalt and/or nickel, and X is yttrium or another rare earth or reactive element such as hafnium, silicon, etc.), and diffusion coatings such as diffusion aluminides that contain aluminum intermetallics, for example NiAl and (Ni,Pt)Al. For nickel-based superalloy substrates useful bond coats 31 may include NiCrAlY and NiCoCrAlY. The composition of a useful bond coat 31 may depend on factors including the composition of the substrate 30. The thickness of a useful bond coat 31 may depend on factors including the composition of the bond coat 31, the application and the composition of the substrate 30. For example, a bond coat 31 comprising NiCrAlY may be applied to a thickness between about 0.003 and about 0.008 inches on a substrate 30 comprising HA230™ (Haynes International) for a combustor application. The bond coat 31 may be applied by any known method, such as by plasma spray. For example, a bond coat comprising MCrAlY may be deposited by air plasma spray (APS), inert gas shrouded plasma spray, low pressure (vacuum) plasma spray (LPPS), or high velocity oxyfuel (HVOF) techniques. The bond coating may also be applied to the substrate by the electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) process. The bond coat 31 may be positioned between the substrate 30 and a TBC 32.
If the TBC is applied by the electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition process, the bond coating may be either an MCrAlY or an intermetallic coating, such as a Pt-aluminide. Bond coatings for EB-PVD TBCs are disclosed U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,311 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,482, which are incorporated herein by reference.
The TBC 32 of step 23 may comprise a thermal-insulating ceramic material. The composition of a useful TBC 32 may comprise a stabilized zirconia, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The TBC 32 may comprise one or more oxides. Useful oxides may include zirconia, hafnia, yttria, scandia, ytterbia, neodymia, samaria, gadolinia, magnesia, calcia, ceria, alumina, tantala and others. A useful TBC 32 may comprise zirconia stabilized with about 18% to about 22% by weight yttria. Another useful TBC 32 may comprise hafnia with about 18% to about 22% by weight yttria. Useful TBCs 32 may also include stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia. Stabilizing oxides may comprise yttria, scandia, ytterbia, neodymia, samaria, gadolinia, magnesia, calcia, ceria, tantala, and other oxides to the compositional extent that they are soluble within the cubic or tetragonal phases of zirconia and hafnia. The concentration of the stabilizing oxide or oxides can be between the minimum solubility limit for full-stabilization of the tetragonal phase and the maximum solubility limit for full-stabilization of the cubic phase.
The composition of a useful TBC 32 may depend on factors including application. For example, the conductivity of a TBC 32 comprising 20% yttria stabilized zirconia may be about 60% of the conductivity of a TBC comprising 7% yttria stabilized zirconia. Useful TBCs 32 may be deposited to a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches. For some applications, the TBC 32 may be deposited to a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.050 inches. The TBC 32 may be deposited by plasma spray techniques such that the TBC 32 has a columnar crack structure.
The TBCs 32 may be deposited by known methods. A useful method for depositing the TBC 32 is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,073,433, which is incorporated herein by reference. A TBC 32 deposited by the '433 method may provide a TBC 32 having a columnar crack structure. A columnar crack structure may comprise a TBC 32 having a plurality of segmentation microcracks 33, as seen in FIG. 5. A segmentation microcrack 33, as defined herein, is a crack in the coating if extended to contact the surface of the substrate will form an angle of from about 30° to about 0° with a line extended from a contact point normal to the surface of the substrate. As defined herein, a TBC having a columnar crack structure (or segmented columnar structure) is a TBC having at least about 20 segmentation microcracks per linear inch measured in a line parallel to the surface of the substrate and in a plane perpendicular to the substrate. A useful method of depositing the TBC 32 may provide a TBC 32 having a plurality of homogeneously dispersed segmentation microcracks 33 (segmentation microcracked TBC). TBCs 32 having segmentation microcracks 33 may have a lower thermal conductivity than a dense ceramic of the same composition as a result of the presence of microstructural defects and pores at and between grain boundaries of the TBC microstructure. Any method of depositing the TBC 32 that provides a TBC 32 having a columnar crack structure may be useful with the present invention.
EB-PVD is another known method (U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,311 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,482) to deposit TBCs 32. The EB-PVD process results in a thermal barrier coating with a finely-segmented columnar-grain ‘ceramic rug’ microstructure, which provides compliance for accommodating laser drilling strains. The microstructure of a TBC deposited by EB-PVD may comprise columnar grains with intercolumnar gaps.
The method 20 may comprise a step 24 of laser drilling at least one effusion hole 34 through the coated material 35. The effusion holes 34 may be formed by known laser drilling methods. The step 24 may comprise stationary percussion laser drilling. The percussion method uses a series of laser energy pulses to drill the hole. The step 24 may comprise percussion on-the-fly laser drilling. A percussion on the fly method is particularly advantageous for economically drilling laser holes. The percussion on the fly method creates a line of percussion holes by rapidly moving the workpiece under the timed pulses of a laser. For example, when an annular combustion liner is rotated under a stationary laser's lens at a fixed speed, a line of 360 holes may be created by timing the laser pulses to occur after each degree of the liner's rotation. A useful method for forming the effusion holes 34 may comprise laser drilling through the TBC 32 coated substrate 30 (coated material 35) in a one step process.
Another useful drilling method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,474, which is incorporated herein by reference. The '474 method is a two-step laser drilling process. The first step produces a counterbore to reduce the extent of the overhanging TBC 32 and the second step drills through the substrate 30. The step 24 of laser drilling may provide a plurality of effusion holes 34 through the TBC 32 coated substrate 30. The microstructure of the segmentation microcracked TBC 32 may reduce cracking and chipping of the TBC 32 during the step 24 of laser drilling. This may be because the strain-tolerant grain structure may be able to expand and contract without causing damaging stresses that lead to spallation.
The useful number and orientation of the effusion holes 34 may vary with application. The effusion holes 34 may be configured such that an airflow passing through an array of effusion holes 34 distributes a cooling film over the component surface. Due to mechanical limitations, the effusion holes 34 typically are drilled at an angle ranging from about 15° to about 90° relative to the surface. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis may be useful in determining the desired effusion array configuration for a particular application. The diameter of a useful effusion hole 34 may be between about 0.010 and about 0.050 inches. For some applications, the diameter of a useful effusion hole 34 may be between about 0.015 and about 0.025 inches.

EXAMPLE 1

A substrate comprising HA230™ (available from Haynes International) was formed into a 8″×12″ diameter cylinder. A bond coat comprising NiCrAlY, which had a nominal composition of 31 weight % Cr, 11 wt % Al, 0.5 wt % Y, and the balance Ni, was applied by plasma spray to a thickness of 0.0055 plus or minus 0.0025 inches. A TBC comprising 20 weight % yttria stabilized zirconia was deposited by Praxair Surface Technology, Inc. (Indianapolis, Ind.) to a thickness of 0.040 plus or minus 0.003 inches. The coated cylinder was laser drilled using conventional percussion on-the-fly laser drilling techniques. The TBC crack length vs laser pulse power setting (Joules) is shown in FIG. 6. For each power J setting, four holes were drilled. The holes each had a nominal diameter of 0.020 inch. The laser defocus, which is the distance of the lens focal point above the ceramic surface, was 0.08 inch. As can be seen, power setting 15.0 Joules resulted in TBC cracks ranging from about 0.00 to about 0.04 inch.
FIGS. 7 a and 7 b show cross-sectional views of the percussion on-the-fly laser drilled TBC coated substrate (15 J, defocus 0.08″). A TBC crack 36 (interface crack) about 0.03 inches in length can be seen. A TBC interface crack 36 is a crack in a direction parallel to the plane of the substrate 30.

EXAMPLE 2

A substrate comprising HA230™ (available from Haynes International) was formed into a 8″×12″ diameter cylinder. A bond coat comprising NiCrAlY was applied by plasma spray to a thickness of 0.0055 plus or minus 0.0025 inches. A TBC comprising 20 weight % yttria stabilized zirconia was deposited by Praxair Surface Technology, Inc. to a thickness of 0.040 plus or minus 0.003 inches. The coated cylinder was laser drilled using conventional stationary percussion laser drilling techniques. The TBC interface crack length vs laser defocus relationship is shown in FIG. 8. Four holes were drilled for each laser defocus settings of 0.080, 0.125 and 0.250 inch. Three holes were drilled for the defocus setting of 0.500 inch. The holes each had a nominal diameter of 0.020 inch. As can be seen, laser defocus setting of 0.250 inch produced TBC interface cracks 36 ranging from about 0.005 to about 0.045 inches.
FIGS. 9 a and 9 b show cross-sectional views of the stationary percussion drilled TBC coated substrate (9.4 J, 0.25 defocus). A TBC interface crack 36 less than about 0.03 inches in length can be seen.

EXAMPLE 3

A substrate comprising HA230™ (available from Haynes International) was formed into a 8″×12″ diameter cylinder. A bond coat comprising NiCrAlY was applied by plasma spray to a thickness of 0.0055 plus or minus 0.0025 inches. A TBC comprising 20 weight % yttria stabilized zirconia was deposited by Praxair Surface Technology, Inc. to a thickness of 0.040 plus or minus 0.003 inches. The coated strip was laser drilled using conventional stationary percussion laser drilling techniques. The holes were drilled at laser pulse process settings of 9.4 J, 0.5 microsecond, 0.25″ defocus. A variety of pulses were used to drill four partial holes, shown in FIG. 10. These holes illustrate the propagation of percussion holes through the coating and initial penetration into the substrate. (These holes were not intended to penetrate the full thickness of the specimen.) The first hole 51 was formed using a series of 20 pulses, the second hole 52 was formed using 25 pulses, the third hole 53 was formed using 35 pulses, and the forth hole 54 was formed using 45 pulses. A close-up view of the forth hole 54 is shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 12 shows a close-up cross-sectional view of an effusion hole drilled at 12 J, 0.5 μsec, 0.080″ defocus, and 12 pulses. As can be seen, TBC crack formation was reduced.
As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the present invention provides improved cooling methods and apparatus using effusion cooling and a thick TBC. Further, an improved method for providing an effusion hole array through a thick TBC coated substrate is provided.
It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing relates to exemplary embodiments of the invention and that modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the following claims.

Claims

1. A method of cooling comprising the steps of:

providing a substrate;

depositing a thermal barrier coating to a thickness of at least about 0.020 inches onto said substrate to produce a coated material; and

forming an array of effusion cooling holes through said coated material.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing comprises plasma spraying such that said thermal barrier coating has a columnar crack microstructure comprising a plurality of segmentation microcracks.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing comprises electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition such that said thermal barrier coating has a microstructure comprising a columnar grain structure with intercolumnar gaps.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising a step of applying a bond coat, such that said bond coat is between said substrate and said thermal barrier coating.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing comprises depositing to a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing comprises depositing to a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.050 inches.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of forming comprises laser drilling through said coated material.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein said laser drilling comprises a two-step laser drilling process and wherein a first step produces a counterbore.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein said substrate comprises a combustor.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein said step of depositing comprises depositing cubic zirconia stabilized with about 18% to about 22% by weight yttria.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said thermal barrier coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia.

12. A method of cooling a combustor comprising the steps of:

applying a bond coat to said combustor;

depositing a thermal barrier coating to a thickness greater than about 0.020 inch onto said bond coat such that a segmentation microcracked coating is produced; and

machining at least one effusion hole through said segmentation microcracked coating and said combustor.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of machining comprises a first step of laser drilling a counterbore into said segmentation microcracked coating and a second step of laser drilling through said combustor.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of machining comprises stationary percussion laser drilling at an angle ranging from 15° to 90° relative to a surface of said combustor.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of machining comprises laser drilling at least one effusion hole having a diameter between about 0.01 and about 0.03 inches.

16. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of applying comprises plasma spraying a material selected from the group consisting of NiCrAlY and NiCoCrAlY.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of depositing comprises depositing to a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inch.

18. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of depositing comprises depositing a stabilized cubic zirconia.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein said stabilized cubic zirconia has at least about 18% by weight yttria.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein said thermal barrier coating comprises at least one stabilizing oxide and a material selected from the group consisting of zirconia and hafnia.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein said at least one stabilizing oxide is selected from the group consisting of zirconia, hafnia, yttria, scandia, ytterbia, neodymia, samaria, gadolinia, magnesia, calcia, ceria, and tantala.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the concentration of said at least one stabilizing oxide is between the minimum solubility limit for full-stabilization of the tetragonal phase and the maximum solubility limit for full-stabilization of the cubic phase.

23. The method of claim 12, wherein said step of depositing comprises a process selected from the group consisting of plasma spray, high velocity oxyfuel, and electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition.

24. A method of cooling a combustor comprising the steps of:

applying a bond coat to said combustor;

depositing a thermal barrier coating onto said bond coat such that a segmentation microcracked coating having a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.050 inches is produced, said thermal barrier coating comprising a material selected from the group consisting of stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia; and

laser drilling at least one effusion hole through said segmentation microcracked coating and said combustor.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein said thermal barrier coating comprises cubic zirconia stabilized with about 18% and about 22% by weight Yttria.

26. A method of cooling a combustor comprising the steps of:

applying a bond coat to said combustor;

depositing a thermal barrier coating onto said bond coat such that a columnar grained coating having intercolumnar gaps is produced, said columnar grained coating having a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.050 inches, said thermal barrier coating comprising a material selected from the group consisting of stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia; and

laser drilling at least one effusion hole through said columnar grained coating and said combustor.

27. A method of forming an effusion hole comprising the steps of:

providing a substrate having a thermal barrier coating, said thermal barrier coating having a segmented columnar structure and a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches; and

laser drilling at least one effusion hole through said substrate.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein said step of laser drilling comprises stationary percussion laser drilling at an angle between about 15° and about 45° relative to a surface of said substrate.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein said step of laser drilling comprises percussion on-the-fly laser drilling at an angle between about 15° and about 45° relative to a surface of said substrate.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein said step of laser drilling comprises laser drilling a counterbore.

31. A method of cooling a substrate comprising the steps of:

depositing a thermal barrier coating on said substrate to a thickness of at least about 0.02 inches such that a coated material is produced; and

drilling at least one effusion hole through said coated material.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of depositing comprises forming a microstructure having a plurality of segmentation microcracks.

33. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of depositing comprises forming a microstructure having a plurality of columnar grains with intercolumnar gaps.

34. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of drilling comprises laser drilling.

35. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of depositing comprises plasma spraying.

36. The method of claim 31, wherein said step of depositing comprises electron beam evaporation-physical vapor deposition.

37. An apparatus for a gas turbine engine comprising:

a combustor having a segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating and a plurality of effusion holes therethrough, said segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating having a thickness between about 0.020 and about 0.100 inches.

38. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein said segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating comprises a material selected from the group consisting of stabilized cubic zirconia, stabilized cubic hafnia, stabilized tetragonal zirconia, stabilized tetragonal hafnia, yttria-stabilized cubic zirconia, yttria-stabilized cubic hafnia, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal hafnia.

39. The apparatus of claim 37, wherein said segmentation microcracked thermal barrier coating comprises about 18% to about 22% by weight yttria.