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US20040209915A1 - Library of biphenyl derivatives - Google Patents

Library of biphenyl derivatives Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040209915A1
US20040209915A1 US10/778,290 US77829004A US2004209915A1 US 20040209915 A1 US20040209915 A1 US 20040209915A1 US 77829004 A US77829004 A US 77829004A US 2004209915 A1 US2004209915 A1 US 2004209915A1
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formula
alkyl
compound
ylene
mmol
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Inventor
Mathai Mammen
Sarah Dunham
Adam Hughes
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Theravance Respiratory Co LLC
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Publication of US20040209915A1 publication Critical patent/US20040209915A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D211/44—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
    • C07D211/46—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having a hydrogen atom as the second substituent in position 4
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
    • A61K31/452—Piperidinium derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/08—Bronchodilators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/12—Mucolytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
    • A61P5/38—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the suprarenal hormones
    • A61P5/40—Mineralocorticosteroids, e.g. aldosterone; Drugs increasing or potentiating the activity of mineralocorticosteroids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/40—Oxygen atoms
    • C07D211/44—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4
    • C07D211/48—Oxygen atoms attached in position 4 having an acyclic carbon atom attached in position 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D211/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D211/36—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having no double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D211/56—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D211/58—Nitrogen atoms attached in position 4
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D409/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D409/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D409/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
    • C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
    • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
    • C07D471/08—Bridged systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/94—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving narcotics or drugs or pharmaceuticals, neurotransmitters or associated receptors
    • G01N33/9406—Neurotransmitters
    • G01N33/9433—(Nor)adrenaline

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a library or collection of novel biphenyl derivatives.
  • This invention also relates to methods of using the library of biphenyl derivatives to identify compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity.
  • Compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity are useful for treating pulmonary disorders.
  • bronchodilators Pulmonary disorders, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), are commonly treated with bronchodilators.
  • bronchodilator in widespread use consists of ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor (adrenoceptor) agonists, such as albuterol, formoterol and salmeterol. These compounds are generally administered by inhalation.
  • adrenoceptor ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor
  • albuterol albuterol
  • formoterol formoterol and salmeterol
  • adrenoceptor ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor
  • adrenoceptor ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor
  • albuterol albuterol
  • formoterol formoterol
  • salmeterol adrenoceptor
  • muscarinic receptor antagonists anticholinergic compounds
  • compositions containing both a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and a muscarinic receptor antagonist are also known in the art for use in treating pulmonary disorders.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,027 discloses medicament compositions containing a muscarinic receptor antagonist, such as tiotropium bromide, and a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist, such as formoterol fumarate.
  • the present invention provides a library or collection of novel biphenyl derivatives useful for identifying compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity. This invention also provides methods of evaluating or screening such a library to identifying compounds having bifunctional activity.
  • the present invention is directed to a library comprising compounds of formula I:
  • a is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 1 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 1a , —C(O)OR 1b , —SR 1c , —S(O)R 1d , —S(O) 2 R 1e and —NR 1f R 1g ;
  • each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , R 1e , R 1f and R 1g is independently hydrogen, (1-4C)alkyl or phenyl-(1-4C)alkyl;
  • b is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 2a , —C(O)OR 2b , —SR 2c , —S(O)R 2d , —S(O) 2 R 2e and —NR 2f R 2g ;
  • each of R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 2e , R 2f and R 2g is independently hydrogen, (1-4C)alkyl or phenyl-(1-4C)alkyl;
  • W is attached to the 3- or 4-position with respect to the nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring and represents O or NW a ;
  • W a is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • c is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 4;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 3a , —C(O)OR 3b , —SR 3c , —S(O)R 3d , —S(O) 2 R 3e and —NR 3f R 3g ; or two R 3 groups are joined to form (1-3C)alkylene, (2-3C)alkenylene or oxiran-2,3-diyl;
  • each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 3e , R 3f and R 3g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • R 4 represents a divalent hydrocarbon group containing from 4 to 28 carbon atoms and optionally containing from 1 to 10 heteroatoms selected independently from halo, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur;
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • R 6 is —NR 6a CR 6b (O) or —CR 6c R 6d OR 6e and R 7 is hydrogen; or R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7a C(O)—CR 7b ⁇ CR 7c —, —CR 7d ⁇ CR 7e —C(O)—NR 7f —, —NR 7g C(O)—CR 7h R 7i —CR 7j R 7k — or —CR 7l R 7m —CR 7n R 7o —C(O)—NR 7p —;
  • each of R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d and R 6e is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h , R 7i , R 7j , R 7k , R 7l , R 7m , R 7n , R 7o and R 7p is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • this invention is directed to a library that contains a compound of formula II:
  • R 4 is as defined herein (including any specific or preferred embodiments);
  • W represents O or NH
  • this invention is directed to a library that contains a compound of formula III:
  • R 4 is as defined herein (including any specific or preferred embodiments);
  • W represents O or NH
  • this invention is directed to a library that contains a compound of formula IV:
  • R 4 is as defined herein (including any specific or preferred embodiments);
  • W represents O or NH
  • the libraries or collections of this invention are useful for identifying or finding or discovering compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity. Specifically, by evaluating or screening the members of the library in the appropriate assays, those members having bifunctional activity, if any, can be identified.
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity; the method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity; the method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I that binds to a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor and a muscarinic receptor; the method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I that binds to a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor and a muscarinic receptor; the method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I that binds to a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor and a muscarinic receptor; the method comprising:
  • this invention provides a method of identifying a compound of formula I that binds to a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor and a muscarinic receptor; the method comprising:
  • This invention is also directed to processes for preparing a library of compounds of formula I. Accordingly, in another of its method aspects, this invention is directed to a process of preparing a library comprising compounds of formula I, the process comprising:
  • step (i) repeating step (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g) and step (h) to prepare a library comprising compounds of formula I.
  • the present invention is directed to a library or collection comprising novel biphenyl derivatives useful for identifying compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity.
  • the compounds of formula I which comprise the library contain one or more chiral centers and therefore, this invention is directed a libraries containing racemic mixtures; pure stereoisomers (i.e., enantiomers or diastereomers); stereoisomer-enriched mixtures and the like unless otherwise indicated.
  • compounds of formula I contain a chiral center at the carbon atom indicated by the symbol * in the following formula:
  • the carbon atom identified by the symbol * has the (R) configuration.
  • the carbon atom identified by the symbol * has the (S) configuration.
  • the compounds of formula I also contain several basic groups (e.g., amino groups) and therefore, the compounds of formula I can exist as the free base or in various salt forms. All such salt forms are included within the scope of this invention. Furthermore, solvates of compounds of formula I or salts thereof are included within the scope of this invention.
  • the libraries or collections of this invention are comprised of compounds of formula I or salts or stereoisomers thereof.
  • a and b are independently 0, 1 or 2; including 0 or 1. In one embodiment, both a and b are 0.
  • each R 1 may be at the 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6-position of the phenyl ring to which it is attached.
  • each R 1 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, halo, —OR 1a and —NR 1f R 1g ; such as methyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, methoxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino and the like. Particular values for R 1 are fluoro or chloro.
  • each R 2 may be at the 3, 4, 5 or 6-position on the phenylene ring to which it is attached (where the carbon atom on the phenylene ring attached to the nitrogen atom is position 1).
  • each R 2 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, halo, —OR 2a and —NR 2f R 2g ; such as methyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, methoxy, amino, methylamino, dimethylamino and the like. Particular values for R 2 are fluoro or chloro.
  • Each R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , R 1e , R 1f and R 1g and R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 2e , R 2f and R 2g as used in R 1 and R 2 , respectively, is independently hydrogen, (1-4C)alkyl or phenyl-(1-4C)alkyl; such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl and benzyl. In one embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl. In another embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
  • W is O. In another embodiment, W is NW a .
  • W preferably represents O.
  • W a is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
  • W a is hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl.
  • W a is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; such as hydrogen or methyl.
  • W a is hydrogen and NW a is NH.
  • c is 0, 1 or 2; including 0 or 1. In one embodiment, c is 0.
  • each R 3 is at the 3, 4 or 5-position on the piperidine ring (where the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring is position 1). In another embodiment, R 3 is at 4-position on the piperidine ring. In a particular aspect of these embodiments, each R 3 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl; such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In another aspect, each R 3 is independently methyl or ethyl.
  • R 3 is at the 1-position of the piperidine ring, i.e., on the nitrogen atom of the piperidine ring thus forming a quaternary amine salt.
  • each R 3 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl; such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
  • each R 3 is independently methyl or ethyl.
  • two R 3 groups are joined to form a (1-3C)alkylene or (2-3C)alkenylene group.
  • two R 3 groups at the 2 and 6-positions on the piperidine ring can be joined to form an ethylene bridge (i.e., the piperidine ring and the R 3 groups form an 8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane ring); or two R 3 groups at the 1 and 4-positions on the piperidine ring can be joined to form an ethylene bridge (i.e., the piperidine ring and the R 3 groups form an 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane ring).
  • other R 3 groups as defined herein may also be present.
  • two R 3 groups are joined to form a oxiran-2,3-diyl group.
  • two R 3 groups at the 2 and 6-positions on the piperidine ring can be joined to form a 3-oxatricyclo[3.3.1.0 2,4 ]nonane ring).
  • other R 3 groups as defined herein may also be present.
  • Each R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 3e , R 3f and R 3g as used in R 3 is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In one embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl. In another embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
  • each R 5 is independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is —NR 6a CR 6b (O) and R 7 is hydrogen, where each of R 6a and R 6b is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl, such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl. In one embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl. In another embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. A particular value for R 6 in this embodiment is —NHCHO.
  • R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7a C(O)—CR 7b ⁇ CR 7c —, —CR 7d ⁇ CR 7e —C(O)—NR 7f —, —NR 7g C(O)—CR 7h R 7i —CR 7j R 7k — or —CR 7l R 7m —CR 7n R 7o —C(O)—NR 7p —; where each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h , R 7i , R 7j , R 7k , R 7l , R 7m , R 7n , R 7o and R 7p is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl; such as hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert
  • these groups are independently hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl. In another embodiment, these groups are independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. Particular values for R 6 and R 7 in this embodiment are R 6 and R 7 together form —NHC(O)—CH ⁇ CH—, —CH ⁇ CH—C(O)—NH—, —CH 2 —CH 2 —C(O)NH— or —NHC(O)—CH 2 —CH 2 —; including where R 6 and R 7 together form —NHC(O)—CH ⁇ CH— or —CH ⁇ CH—C(O)—NH—; and in particular, where R 6 and R 7 together form —NHC(O)—CH ⁇ CH— (i.e., the nitrogen atom is attached at R 6 and the carbon atom is attached at R 7 to form, together with the hydroxyphenyl ring to which R 6 and R 7 are attached, a 8-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-5-yl group).
  • R 4 is a divalent hydrocarbon group containing from 4 to 28 carbon atoms and optionally containing from 1 to 10 heteroatoms selected independently from halo, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. In one embodiment, this group contains from 4 to 24 carbon atoms, including from 6 to 20 carbon atoms, such as from 8 to 18 carbon atoms; and optionally contains from 1 to 8 heteroatoms, including from 1 to 6 heteroatoms.
  • the divalent hydrocarbon may contain any arrangement of atoms including alkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, heteroarylene and heterocyclene groups or combinations thereof.
  • the hydrocarbon group may be interrupted by one or more heteroatoms or combinations of heteroatoms and carbon atoms to form various functional groups, such as ethers, thioethers, amines, amides, esters, carbamates, ureas, sulfones, sulfoxides, sulfonamides and the like.
  • the divalent hydrocarbon group of the compounds of formula I is a divalent group of the formula:
  • d, e, f, g, h and i are each independently selected from 0 and 1;
  • R 4a , R 4b , R 4c and R 4d are each independently selected from (1-10C)alkylene, (2-10C)alkenylene and (2-10C)alkynylene, wherein each alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, fluoro, hydroxy, phenyl and phenyl-(1-4C)alkyl;
  • a 1 and A 2 are each independently selected from (3-7C)cycloalkylene, (6-10C)arylene, —O—(6-10C)arylene, (6-10C)arylene-O—, (2-9C)heteroarylene, —O-(2-9C)heteroarylene, (2-9C)heteroarylene-O— and (3-6C)heterocyclene, wherein each cycloalkylene is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl, and each arylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy, —S-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O)-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O) 2 -(1-4C)alkyl, —C(O)O(1-4C)alkyl
  • Q is selected from a bond, —O—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —N(Q a )C(O)—, —C(O)N(Q b )—, —N(Q c )S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(Q d )—, —N(Q e )C(O)N(Q f )—, —N(Q g )S(O) 2 N(Q h )—, —OC(O)N(Q i )—, —N(O j )C(O)O— and —N(Q k );
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i , Q j and Q k are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, A 3 and (1-4C)alkylene-A 4 , wherein the alkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, hydroxy and (1-4C)alkoxy; or together with the nitrogen atom and the group R 4b or R 4c to which they are attached, form a 4-6 membered azacycloalkylene group;
  • a 3 and A 4 are each independently selected from (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (6-10C)aryl, (2-9C)heteroaryl and (3-6C)heterocyclyl, wherein each cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl and each aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl and (1-4C)alkoxy.
  • each of the components R 4a , A 1 , R 4b , Q, R 4c , A 2 and R 4d are selected such that the number of contiguous atoms in the shortest chain between the two nitrogen atoms to which R 4 is attached is in the range of from 4 to 16, (specifically, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 or 16); including 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14; such as 8, 9, 10 or 11; or 9 or 10.
  • values for each variable in R 4 it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that values should be selected such that a chemically stable group is formed.
  • each contiguous atom of the chain is counted consecutively starting from the first atom in the R 4 group adjacent to the nitrogen of the piperidine ring ending with the last atom in the R 4 group adjacent to the nitrogen of the aminohydroxyethyl group.
  • the shortest chain is used to determine the number of contiguous atoms.
  • R 4 is —(CH 2 ) 2 —NHC(O)—CH 2 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-CH 2 —
  • R 4a is selected from (1-10C)alkylene, (2-10C)alkenylene and (2-10C)alkynylene wherein the alkylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, hydroxy and phenyl.
  • R 4a Representative examples of particular values for R 4a are —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 5 —, —(CH 2 ) 6 —, —(CH 2 ) 7 —, —(CH 2 ) 8 —, —(CH 2 ) 9 —, —(CH 2 ) 10 —, —(CH 2 )CH(CH 3 )—, —(CH 2 )C(CH 3 ) 2 —, and —(CH 2 ) 2 C(phenyl) 2 -.
  • R 4a is —(CH 2 )C( ⁇ CH 2 )—.
  • d is 1.
  • a 1 is an optionally substituted (3-7C)cycloalkylene group; including a cyclohexylene group, such as cyclohex-1,4-ylene and cyclohex-1,3-ylene; and a cyclopentylene group, such as cyclopent-1,3-ylene.
  • a 1 is an optionally substituted (6-10C)arylene group, including a phenylene group, such as phen-1,4-ylene, phen-1,3-ylene and phen-1,2-ylene; and a naphthylene group, such as naphth-1,4-ylene and napth-1,5-ylene.
  • a phenylene group such as phen-1,4-ylene, phen-1,3-ylene and phen-1,2-ylene
  • a naphthylene group such as naphth-1,4-ylene and napth-1,5-ylene.
  • a 1 is an optionally substituted (2-9C)heteroarylene group, including a pyridylene group, such as pyrid-1,4-ylene; a furylene group, such as fur-2,5-ylene and fur-2,4-ylene; a thienylene group, such as thien-2,5-ylene and thien-2,4-ylene; and a pyrrolylene, such as pyrrol-2,5-ylene and pyrrol-2,4-ylene.
  • a pyridylene group such as pyrid-1,4-ylene
  • a furylene group such as fur-2,5-ylene and fur-2,4-ylene
  • a thienylene group such as thien-2,5-ylene and thien-2,4-ylene
  • a pyrrolylene such as pyrrol-2,5-ylene and pyrrol-2,4-ylene.
  • a 1 is an optionally substituted (3-6C)heterocyclene group, including a piperidinylene group, such as piperidin-1,4-ylene; and a pyrrolidinylene group, such as pyrrolidin-2,5-ylene.
  • a piperidinylene group such as piperidin-1,4-ylene
  • a pyrrolidinylene group such as pyrrolidin-2,5-ylene
  • a 1 is an optionally substituted phenylene, thienylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene or piperidinylene.
  • e 0.
  • R 4b is (1-5C)alkylene.
  • Representative examples of particular values for R 4b are —CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 5 —; including methylene, ethylene and propylene.
  • f 0.
  • Q is selected from a bond, —N(Q a )C(O)—, —C(O)N(Q b )—, —N(Q c )S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(Q d )—, —N(Q e )C(O)N(Q f )—, —OC(O)N(Q i )—, —N(Q j )C(O)O— or —N(Q k ); such as where Q is a bond, —N(Q a )C(O)— or —C(O)N(Q b )—.
  • Representative examples of particular values for Q are a bond, O, NH, —C(O)NH—, —C(O)N(CH 3 )—, —NHC(O)—, —N(CH 3 )C(O)—, —S(O) 2 NH—, —S(O) 2 N(CH 3 )—, —NHS(O) 2 —, —N(CH 3 )S(O) 2 — and —NHC(O)NH—.
  • Another example of a value for Q, together with R 4c is —C(O)(piperidin-1,4-ylene).
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i , Q j and Q k are each independently selected from hydrogen and (1-6C)alkyl, wherein the alkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, hydroxy and (1-4C)alkoxy.
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i , Q j and Q k are each independently selected from hydrogen, and (1-3C)alkyl, including hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl.
  • An example of a value for each of Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i , Q j and Q k is hydrogen.
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i , Q j and Q k together with the nitrogen atom and the group R 4b or R 4c to which they are attached form a 4-6 membered azacycloalkylene group.
  • Q a and Q b together with the nitrogen atom and the group R 4b or R 4c to which they are attached form a piperidin-4-ylene group.
  • R 4 is a group of formula:
  • R 4 is a group of formula:
  • R 4c is (1-5C)alkylene.
  • Representative examples of particular values for R 4c are —CH 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 5 —; including methylene, ethylene and propylene.
  • a 2 is an optionally substituted (3-7C)cycloalkylene group; including a cyclohexylene group, such as cyclohex-1,4-ylene and cyclohex-1,3-ylene; and a cyclopentylene group, such as cyclopent-1,3-ylene.
  • a 2 is an optionally substituted (6-10C)arylene group, including a phenylene group, such as phen-1,4-ylene, phen-1,3-ylene and phen-1,2-ylene; and a naphthylene group, such as naphth-1,4-ylene and napth-1,5-ylene.
  • a phenylene group such as phen-1,4-ylene, phen-1,3-ylene and phen-1,2-ylene
  • a naphthylene group such as naphth-1,4-ylene and napth-1,5-ylene.
  • a 2 is an optionally substituted (2-9C)heteroarylene group, including a pyridylene group, such as pyrid-1,4-ylene; a furylene group, such as fur-2,5-ylene and fur-2,4-ylene; a thienylene group, such as thien-2,5-ylene and thien-2,4-ylene; and a pyrrolylene, such as pyrrol-2,5-ylene and pyrrol-2,4-ylene.
  • a pyridylene group such as pyrid-1,4-ylene
  • a furylene group such as fur-2,5-ylene and fur-2,4-ylene
  • a thienylene group such as thien-2,5-ylene and thien-2,4-ylene
  • a pyrrolylene such as pyrrol-2,5-ylene and pyrrol-2,4-ylene.
  • a 2 is an optionally substituted (3-6C)heterocyclene group, including a piperidinylene group, such as piperidin-1,4-ylene; and a pyrrolidinylene group, such as pyrrolidin-2,5-ylene.
  • a piperidinylene group such as piperidin-1,4-ylene
  • a pyrrolidinylene group such as pyrrolidin-2,5-ylene
  • a 2 is optionally substituted phenylene, thienylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene or piperidinylene.
  • a 1 or A 2 or both can be phenylene, such as phen-1,4-ylene or phen-1,3-ylene, where the phenylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy, —S-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O)-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O) 2 -(1-4C)alkyl, —C(O)O(1-4C)alkyl, carboxy, cyano, hydroxy, nitro, trifluoromethyl and trifluoromethoxy.
  • substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl, (1-4C)alkoxy, —S-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O)-(1-4C)alkyl, —S(O) 2 -(1-4C)alkyl, —C(O)O(1-4C)alkyl,
  • a 1 or A 2 or both can be cyclopentylene or cyclohexylene; wherein the cyclopentylene or cyclohexylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with (1-4C)alkyl.
  • Representative examples include cis-cyclopent-1,3-ylene, trans-cyclopent-1,3-ylene, cis-cyclohex-1,4-ylene and trans-cyclohex-1,4-ylene.
  • a 1 or A 2 or both can also be optionally substituted thienylene or piperidinylene, for example, thien-2,5-ylene or piperidin-1,4-ylene.
  • R 4d is selected from (1-10C)alkylene, (2-10C)alkenylene and (2-10C)alkynylene wherein the alkylene is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or 2 substituents independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, hydroxy and phenyl.
  • R 4d Representative examples of particular values for R 4d are —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —, —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 5 —, —(CH 2 ) 6 —, —(CH 2 ) 7 —, —(CH 2 ) 8 —, —(CH 2 ) 9 —, —(CH 2 )10— and —(CH 2 )CH(CH 3 )—(CH 2 )—C(CH 3 ) 2 —(CH 2 ) 2 —.
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula: —(R 4a ) d — where R 4a is (4-10C)alkylene. In one aspect of this embodiment, R 4 is a divalent group of the formula: —(CH 2 ) j — where j is 8, 9 or 10.
  • R 4 in this embodiment examples are —(CH 2 ) 4 —, —(CH 2 ) 5 —, —(CH 2 ) 6 —, —(CH 2 ) 7 —, —(CH 2 ) 8 —, —(CH 2 ) 9 , and —(CH 2 ) 10 —; including —(CH 2 ) 8 —, —(CH 2 ) 9 , and —(CH 2 ) 10 —.
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula:
  • R 4a is (1-10C)alkylene, such as —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —;
  • a 2 is (6-10C)arylene, such as phen-1,4-ylene or phen-1,3-ylene, or (2-9C)heteroarylene, such as thien-2,5-ylene or thien-2,4-ylene; and
  • R 4d is (1-10C)alkylene, such as —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
  • R 4 in this embodiment examples are —CH 2 )-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 )-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 2 —; —(CH 2 )-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 3 —; —(CH 2 ) 2 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —CH 2 ) 2 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 2 —; —(CH 2 ) 2 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 3 —; —(CH 2 ) 3 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 ) 3 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 ) 3 -(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula:
  • Q is —O— or —N(Q k )—;
  • Q k is hydrogen or (1-3C)alkyl, such as methyl or ethyl;
  • R 4a is (1-10C)alkylene, such as —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —;
  • a 2 is (6-10C)arylene, such as phen-1,4-ylene or phen-1,3-ylene, or (2-9C)heteroarylene, such as thien-2,5-ylene or thien-2,4-ylene;
  • R 4d is (1-10C)alkylene, such as —(CH 2 )—, —(CH 2 ) 2 —, —(CH 2 ) 3 —.
  • R 4 in this embodiment examples are —(CH 2 ) 2 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 ) 2 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 2 —; —(CH 2 ) 2 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 3 —; —(CH 2 ) 3 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 ) 3 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 2 —; —(CH 2 ) 3 —O-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 3 —; —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 )—; —(CH 2 ) 2 —NH-(phen-1,4-ylene)-(CH 2 ) 2 —; —(CH 2
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula:
  • m is an integer from 2 to 10; and n is an integer from 2 to 10; provided that m+n is an integer from 4 to 12.
  • d and g are 1 and e, f, h and i are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) m —, R 4c is —(CH 2 ) n — and Q is —C(O)NH—.
  • Particular values for m are 2 or 3; and for n, 4, 5 or 6.
  • R 4 Another particular value for R 4 is the formula:
  • o is an integer from 2 to 7; and p is an integer from 1 to 6; provided that o+p is an integer from 3 to 8.
  • R 4 d, h and i are 1 and e, f and g are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) o —, A 2 is phen-1,4-ylene, R 4d is —(CH 2 ) p — and Q is —C(O)NH—.
  • Particular values for o are 2 or 3; and for p, 1 or 2.
  • the phen-1,4-ylene group may be optionally substituted as defined herein for A 2 .
  • R 4 Another particular value for R 4 is the formula:
  • q is an integer from 2 to 6; r is an integer from 1 to 5; and s is an integer from 1 to 5; provided that q+r+s is an integer from 4 to 8.
  • R 4 d, g, h and i are 1 and e and f are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) q —, R 4c is —(CH 2 ) r —, A 2 is 1,4-phenylene, R 4d is —(CH 2 ) s — and Q is —C(O)NH—.
  • Particular values for q are 2 or 3; for r, 1 or 2; and for s, 1 or 2.
  • the phen-1,4-ylene group may be optionally substituted as defined herein for A 2 .
  • R 4 Another particular value for R 4 is the formula:
  • d and g are 1 and e, f, h and i are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) t —, R 4c is —(CH 2 ) u — and Q is —NHC(O)—.
  • Particular values for t are 2 or 3; and for u, 4, 5 or 6.
  • R 4 Another particular value for R 4 is the formula:
  • v is an integer from 2 to 7; and w is an integer from 1 to 6; provided that v+w is an integer from 3 to 8.
  • R 4 d, h and i are 1 and e, f and g are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) v —, A 2 is 1,4-phenylene, R 4d is —(CH 2 ) w — and Q is —NHC(O)—.
  • Particular values for v are 2 or 3; and for w, 1 or 2.
  • the phen-1,4-ylene group may be optionally substituted as defined herein for A 2 .
  • R 4 Another particular value for R 4 is the formula:
  • x is an integer from 2 to 6; y is an integer from 1 to 5; and z is an integer from 1 to 5; provided that x+y+z is an integer from 4 to 8.
  • R 4 d, g, h and i are 1 and e and f are 0; and R 4a is —(CH 2 ) x —, R 4c is —(CH 2 ) y —, A 2 is 1,4-phenylene, R 4d is —(CH 2 ) z — and Q is —NHC(O)—.
  • Particular values for x are 2 or 3; for y, 1 or 2; and for z, 1 or 2.
  • the phen-1,4-ylene group may be optionally substituted as defined herein for A 2 .
  • R 4 can be selected from:
  • a is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 1 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 1a , —C(O)OR 1b , SR 1c , —S(O)R 1d , —S(O) 2 R 1e and —NR 1f R 1g ;
  • each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , R 1e , R 1f and R 1g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • b is o or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 2a , —C(O)OR 2b , SR 2c , —S(O)R 2d , S(O) 2 R 2e and —NR 2f R 2g ;
  • each of R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 2e , R 2f and R 2g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • W is attached to the 3- or 4-position with respect to the nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring, and represents O or NW a ;
  • W a is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • c is O or an integer of from 1 to 4.
  • each R 3 is a substituent on carbon independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 3a , —C(O)OR 3b , SR 3c , —S(O)R 3d , —S(O) 2 R 3e and —NR 3f R 3g ;
  • each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 3e , R 3f and R 3g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula:
  • d, e, f, g, h and i are each independently selected from 0 and 1;
  • R 4a , R 4b , R 4c and R 4d are each independently selected from (1-10C)alkylene, (2-10C)alkenylene and (2-10C)alkynylene wherein each alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, fluoro, hydroxy, phenyl and phenyl(l-4C)-alkyl;
  • a 1 and A 2 are each independently selected from (3-7C)cycloalkylene, (6-10C)arylene, (2-9C)heteroarylene and (3-6C)heterocyclene; wherein each cycloalkylene is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl and each arylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl and (1-4C)alkoxy;
  • Q is selected from a bond, —O—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —N(Q a )C(O)—, —C(O)N(Q b )—, —N(Q c )S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(Q d )—, —N(Q e )C(O)N(Q f )—, —N(Q g )S(O) 2 N(Q h )—, —OC(O)N(Q i )— and —N(Q j )C(O)O—;
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i and Q j are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, A 3 and (1-4C)alkylene-A 4 ; wherein the alkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, hydroxy and (1-4C)alkoxy; or together with the nitrogen atom and the group R 4b or R 4c to which they are attached, form a 4-6 membered azacycloalkylene group;
  • a 3 and A 4 are each independently selected from (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (6-10C)aryl, (2-9C)heteroaryl and (3-6C)heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl and each aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl and (1-4C)alkoxy;
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • R 6 is —NR 6a CR 6b (O) and R 7 is hydrogen, or R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7a C(O)—CR 7b ⁇ CR 7c —, —CR 7d ⁇ CR 7e —C(O)—NR 7f —, —NR 7g C(O)—CR 7h R 7i —CR 7j R 7k — or —CR 7l R 7m —CR 7n R 7o —C(O)—NR 7p —;
  • each of R 6a and R 6b is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h , R 7i , R 7j , R 7k , R 7l , R 7m , R 7n , R 7o , and R 7p is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • a is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 1 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 1a , —C(O)OR 1b , SR 1c , —S(O)R 1d , —S(O) 2 R 1e , and —NR 1f R 1g ;
  • each of R 1a , R 1b , R 1c , R 1d , R 1e , R 1f and R 1g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • b is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 2a , —C(O)OR 2b , SR 2c , S(O)R 2d , S(O) 2 R 2e , and —NR 2f R 2g ;
  • each of R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , R 2d , R 2e , R 2f and R 2g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • W is attached to the 3- or 4-position with respect to the nitrogen atom in the piperidine ring, and represents O or NW a ;
  • W a is hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • c is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 4.
  • each R 3 is a substituent on carbon independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, (2-4C)alkenyl, (2-4C)alkynyl, (3-6C)cycloalkyl, cyano, halo, —OR 3a , —C(O)OR 3b , SR 3c , —S(O)R 3d , —S(O) 2 R 3e , and —NR 3f R 3g ;
  • each of R 3a , R 3b , R 3c , R 3d , R 3e , R 3f and R 3g is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • R 4 is a divalent group of the formula:
  • d, e, f, g, h and i are each independently selected from 0 and 1;
  • R 4a , R 4b , R 4c and R 4d are each independently selected from (1-10C)alkylene, (2-10C)alkenylene and (2-10C)alkynylene wherein each alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 5 substituents independently selected from (1-4C)alkyl, fluoro, hydroxy, phenyl and phenyl(1-4C)-alkyl;
  • a 1 and A 2 are each independently selected from (3-7C)cycloalkylene, (6-10C)arylene, (2-9C)heteroarylene and (3-6C)heterocyclene; wherein each cycloalkylene is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl and each arylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclene group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl and (1-4C)alkoxy;
  • Q is selected from a bond, —O—, —C(O)O—, —OC(O)—, —S—, —S(O)—, —S(O) 2 —, —N(Q a )C(O)—, —C(O)N(Q b )—, —N(Q c )S(O) 2 —, —S(O) 2 N(Q d )—, —N(Q e )C(O)N(Q f )—, —N(Q g )S(O) 2 N(Q h )—, —OC(O)N(Q i )— and —N(Q j )C(O)O—;
  • Q a , Q b , Q c , Q d , Q e , Q f , Q g , Q h , Q i and Q j are each independently selected from hydrogen, (1-6C)alkyl, A 3 and (1-4C)alkylene-A 4 ; wherein the alkyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from fluoro, hydroxy and (1-4C)alkoxy; or together with the nitrogen atom and the group R 4b or R 4c to which they are attached, form a 4-6 membered azacycloalkylene group;
  • a 3 and A 4 are each independently selected from (3-6C)cycloalkyl, (6-10C)aryl, (2-9C)heteroaryl and (3-6C)heterocyclyl; wherein each cycloalkyl is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substitutents selected independently from (1-4C)alkyl and each aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group is unsubstituted or substituted with from 1 to 4 substituents independently selected from halo, (1-4C)alkyl and (1-4C)alkoxy;
  • R 5 represents hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl
  • R 6 is —NR 6a CR 6b (O) or CR 6c R 6d OR 6e and R 7 is hydrogen, or R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7a C(o)—CR 7b ⁇ CR 7c —, —CR 7d ⁇ CR 7e —C(O)—NR 7f —, —NR 7g C(O)—CR 7h R 7i —CR 7j R 7k — or —CR 7l R 7m —CR 7n R 7o —C(O)—NR 7p —;
  • each of R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , R 6d and R 6e is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • each of R 7a , R 7b , R 7c , R 7d , R 7e , R 7f , R 7g , R 7h , R 7i , R 7j , R 7k , R 7l , R 7m , R 7n , R 7o , and R 7p is independently hydrogen or (1-4C)alkyl;
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those where: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is O; W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Still another particular group of compounds of formula I are those wherein: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is NH; W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Yet another particular group of compounds of formula I are those wherein: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is O; W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 4 is —(CH 2 ) j — where j is 8, 9 or 10; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those wherein: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is NH;.W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 4 is —(CH 2 ) j — where j is 8, 9 or 10; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Yet another particular group of compounds of formula I are those wherein: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is O; W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 4 is —(CH 2 ) 2 — C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 5 —; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those wherein: a is 0; b is 0; c is 0; W is NH; W is attached at the 4-position of the piperidinyl ring; R 4 is —(CH 2 ) 2 — C(O)NH—(CH 2 ) 5 —; R 5 is hydrogen; and R 6 and R 7 are as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those of formula II as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those of formula III as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those of formula IV as defined herein; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Another particular group of compounds of formula I are those of formula II, III or IV as defined herein, wherein the piperidinyl ring is substituted at the 4-position with a methyl group; or a salt or stereoisomer thereof.
  • Representative compounds of formula I include compounds of formula V:
  • W, R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined in Table I; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • TABLE I Ex. W R 4 R 6 R 7 1 NH —(CH 2 ) 9 — (racemic) 1 —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 2 2 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — (racemic) —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 3 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 4 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — H —NHC(O)H 5 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — —NHC(O)CH 2 CH 2 — 6 O —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 5 — —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 7 O —(CH 2 ) 2 N(CH 3 )C(O)(CH 2 ) 5 — —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 8 O —(CH 2
  • W, R 4 , R 6 and R 7 are as defined in Table III; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • TABLE III Ex. W R 4 R 6 R 7 170 O —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH(phen-1,4-ylene)CH 2 — —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 171 O —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH(phen-1,4-ylene)CH 2 — H —NHC(O)H 172 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — —NHC(O)CH ⁇ CH— 173 O —(CH 2 ) 9 — H —NHC(O)H 174 O —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 5 — —NHC(O)CH 2 CH 2 — 175 O —(CH 2 ) 2 C(O)NH(CH 2 ) 5 — H —NHC(O)H 176 O —(CH 2 ) 2 N
  • alkyl means a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched. Unless otherwise defined, such alkyl groups typically contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkyl groups include, by way of example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl and the like.
  • alkylene means a divalent saturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched. Unless otherwise defined, such alkylene groups typically contain from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkylene groups include, by way of example, methylene, ethane-1,2-diyl (“ethylene”), propane-1,2-diyl, propane-1,3-diyl, butane-1,4-diyl, pentane-1,5-diyl and the like.
  • ethylene ethane-1,2-diyl
  • propane-1,2-diyl propane-1,3-diyl
  • butane-1,4-diyl pentane-1,5-diyl and the like.
  • alkoxy means a monovalent group of the formula (alkyl)-O—, where alkyl is as defined herein.
  • Representative alkoxy groups include, by way of example, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, isobutoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • alkenyl means a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched and which has at least one, and typically 1, 2 or 3, carbon-carbon double bonds. Unless otherwise defined, such alkenyl groups typically contain from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkenyl groups include, by way of example, ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-but-2-enyl, n-hex-3-enyl and the like.
  • alkenylene means a divalent alkenyl group.
  • alkynyl means a monovalent unsaturated hydrocarbon group which may be linear or branched and which has at least one, and typically 1, 2 or 3, carbon-carbon triple bonds. Unless otherwise defined, such alkynyl groups typically contain from 2 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative alkynyl groups include, by way of example, ethynyl, n-propynyl, n-but-2-ynyl, n-hex-3-ynyl and the like.
  • alkynylene means a divalent alkynyl group.
  • aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon having a single ring (i.e., phenyl) or fused rings (i.e., naphthalene). Unless otherwise defined, such aryl groups typically contain from 6 to 10 carbon ring atoms. Representative aryl groups include, by way of example, phenyl and naphthalene-1-yl, naphthalene-2-yl, and the like.
  • arylene means a divalent aryl group.
  • azacycloalkyl means a monovalent heterocyclic ring containing one nitrogen atom, i.e., a cycloalkyl group in which one carbon atom has been replaced with a nitrogen atom. Unless otherwise defined, such azacycloalkyl groups typically contain from 2 to 9 carbon atoms. Representative examples of an azacycloalkyl group are pyrrolidinyl and piperidinyl groups.
  • azacycloalkylene means a divalent azacycloakyl group. Representative examples of an azacycloalkylene group are pyrrolidinylene and piperidinylene groups.
  • cycloalkyl means a monovalent saturated carbocyclic hydrocarbon group. Unless otherwise defined, such cycloalkyl groups typically contain from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.
  • cycloalkylene means a divalent cycloalkyl group.
  • halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo and iodo.
  • heteroaryl means a monovalent aromatic group having a single ring or two fused rings and containing in the ring at least one heteroatom (typically 1 to 3 heteroatoms) selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Unless otherwise defined, such heteroaryl groups typically contain from 5 to 10 total ring atoms.
  • heteroaryl groups include, by way of example, monovalent species of pyrrole, imidazole, thiazole, oxazole, furan, thiophene, triazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, isothiazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, triazine, indole, benzofuran, benzothiophene, benzimidazole, benzthiazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, quinoxaline and the like, where the point of attachment is at any available carbon or nitrogen ring atom.
  • heteroarylene means a divalent heteroaryl group.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic” means a monovalent saturated or unsaturated (non-aromatic) group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings and containing in the ring at least one heteroatom (typically 1 to 3 heteroatoms) selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. Unless otherwise defined, such heterocyclic groups typically contain from 2 to 9 total ring carbon atoms.
  • heterocyclic groups include, by way of example, monovalent species of pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, piperidine, 1,4-dioxane, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, 3-pyrroline and the like, where the point of attachment is at any available carbon or nitrogen ring atom.
  • heterocyclene means a divalent heterocyclyl or heterocyclic group.
  • divalent hydrocarbon group means a divalent hydrocarbon group which is composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms and which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms. Such divalent hydrocarbon groups may be branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic, aliphatic or aromatic, or combinations thereof. The divalent hydrocarbon group can optionally contain heteroatoms incorporated into the hydrocarbon chain or as substituents attached to the hydrocarbon chain.
  • library means a collection of more than one compound, i.e., at least two compounds.
  • salts means a salt which is acceptable for administration to a patient, such as a mammal (e.g., salts having acceptable mammalian safety for a given dosage regime).
  • Such salts can be derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acids.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic bases include ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like. Particularly preferred are ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic bases include salts of primary, secondary and tertiary amines, including substituted amines, cyclic amines, naturally-occurring amines and the like, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperadine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
  • arginine betaine
  • caffeine choline
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable acids include acetic, ascorbic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphosulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, edisylic, fumaric, gentisic, gluconic, glucoronic, glutamic, hippuric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, naphthalenesulfonic, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic, naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic, nicotinic, nitric, orotic, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic, xinafoic and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, male
  • salt thereof means a compound formed when the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a cation, such as a metal cation or an organic cation and the like.
  • the salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, although this is not required for salts of intermediate compounds that are not intended for administration to a patient.
  • solvate means a complex or aggregate formed by one or more molecules of a solute, i.e. a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more molecules of a solvent.
  • solvates are typically crystalline solids having a substantially fixed molar ratio of solute and solvent.
  • Representative solvents include, by way of example, water, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid and the like. When the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount sufficient to effect treatment when administered to a patient in need of treatment.
  • treating means the treating or treatment of a disease or medical condition (such as COPD) in a patient, such as a mammal (particularly a human) that includes:
  • leaving group means a functional group or atom which can be displaced by another functional group or atom in a substitution reaction, such as a nucleophilic substitution reaction.
  • representative leaving groups include chloro, bromo and iodo groups; sulfonic ester groups, such as mesylate, tosylate, brosylate, nosylate and the like; and acyloxy groups, such as acetoxy, trifluoroacetoxy and the like.
  • protected derivatives thereof means a derivative of the specified compound in which one or more functional groups of the compound are protected from undesired reactions with a protecting or blocking group.
  • Functional groups which may be protected include, by way of example, carboxylic acid groups, amino groups, hydroxyl groups, thiol groups, carbonyl groups and the like.
  • protecting groups for carboxylic acids include esters (such as a p-methoxybenzyl ester), amides and hydrazides; for amino groups, carbamates (such as tert-butoxycarbonyl) and amides; for hydroxyl groups, ethers and esters; for thiol groups, thioethers and thioesters; for carbonyl groups, acetals and ketals; and the like.
  • Such protecting groups are well-known to those skilled in the art and are described, for example, in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.
  • amino-protecting group means a protecting group suitable for preventing undesired reactions at an amino group.
  • Representative amino-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), trityl (Tr), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), formyl, trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), and the like.
  • carboxy-protecting group means a protecting group suitable for preventing undesired reactions at a carboxy group.
  • Representative carboxy-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, esters, such as methyl, ethyl, tert-butyl, benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 9-fluroenylmethyl (Fm), trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl, DPM) and the like.
  • hydroxyl-protecting group means a protecting group suitable for preventing undesirable reactions at a hydroxyl group.
  • Representative hydroxyl-protecting groups include, but are not limited to, silyl groups including tri(1-6C)alkylsilyl groups, such as trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) and the like; esters (acyl groups) including (1-6C)alkanoyl groups, such as formyl, acetyl and the like; arylmethyl groups, such as benzyl (Bn), p-methoxybenzyl (PMB), 9-fluorenylmethyl (Fm), diphenylmethyl (benzhydryl, DPM) and the like.
  • two hydroxyl groups can also be protected as an alkylidene group, such as prop-2-ylidine, formed, for example, by reaction with a ketone, such as acetone.
  • the biphenyl derivatives found in the libraries of this invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures or by using other information readily available to those of ordinary skill in the art. Although a particular embodiment of the present invention may be shown or described herein, those skilled in the art will recognize that all embodiments or aspects of the present invention can be prepared using the methods described herein or by using other methods, reagents and starting materials known to those skilled in the art. It will also be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. While the optimum reaction conditions may vary depending on the particular reactants or solvent used, such conditions can be readily determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.
  • process conditions i.e., reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.
  • protecting groups may be necessary or desired to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions.
  • the choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection of such functional groups are well-known in the art.
  • Protecting groups other than those illustrated in the procedures described herein may be used, if desired. For example, numerous protecting groups, and their introduction and removal, are described in T. W. Greene and G. M. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis , Third Edition, Wiley, New York, 1999, and references cited therein.
  • biphenyl derivatives employed in this invention can be prepared by a process comprising:
  • X 1 represents a leaving group
  • P 1 and P 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group
  • X 2 represents a leaving group
  • P 3 and P 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group
  • X Qa and X Qb each independently represent functional groups that couple to form a group Q
  • P 5a represents a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group
  • P 5b and P 6 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group
  • P 11 and P 12 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group, and P 13 represents a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group;
  • R 4′ represents a residue that, together with the carbon to which it is attached, affords a group R 4 upon completion of the reaction; with a compound of formula 10 in the presence of a reducing agent; and then
  • a library of compounds of formula I is prepared by repeating steps (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f) or (g) and step (h) to prepare each member of the library.
  • a salt of one of the starting materials is used in the processes described above, such as an acid addition salt
  • the salt is typically neutralized before or during the reaction process. This neutralization reaction is typically accomplished by contacting the salt with one molar equivalent of a base for each molar equivalent of acid addition salt.
  • the leaving group represented by X 1 can be, for example, halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, or a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the groups P 1 and P 2 can be, for example, trimethylsilyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • This reaction is typically conducted in an inert diluent, such as acetonitrile, in the presence of a base.
  • this reaction can be conducted in the presence of a tertiary amine, such as diisopropylethylamine.
  • this reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • the reaction product is then isolated using conventional procedures, such as extraction, recrystallization, chromatography and the like.
  • P 14 represents an amino-protecting group, such as a benzyl group.
  • a benzyl group can be readily removed by reduction using, for example, hydrogen or ammonium formate and a group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon.
  • W represents NW a
  • the hydrogenation reaction is conveniently performed using Pearlman's catalyst (i.e., Pd(OH) 2 ).
  • Compounds of formula 12 can be prepared by reacting an isocyanate compound of formula 13:
  • Compounds of formula 2 can be prepared by various procedures described herein or by procedures that are well-known to those skilled in the art.
  • the hydroxyl group of a compound of formula 23 below can be readily converted into a leaving group using well-known reagents and procedures.
  • a hydroxyl group can be converted into a halo group using an inorganic acid halide, such as thionyl chloride, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide, phosphorous oxychloride and the like, or a halogen acid, such a hydrogen bromide.
  • the leaving represented by X 2 can be, for example, halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, or a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the groups P 3 and P 4 can be, for example, tert-butyldimethylsilyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • This reaction is typically conducted in the presence of a base, such as sodium bicarbonate, and an alkali metal iodide, such as sodium iodide.
  • this reaction is conducted in an inert diluent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at a temperature ranging from 25° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • an inert diluent such as tetrahydrofuran
  • the reaction product is then isolated using conventional procedures, such as extraction, recrystallization, chromatography and the like.
  • P 15 and P 16 independently represents a protecting group, such as tert-butoxycarbonyl, and any remainder represents a hydrogen atom.
  • a tert-butoxycarbonyl group can be removed by treating the protected compound with trifluoroacetic acid.
  • X 3 represents a leaving group such as halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, or sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • This reaction is typically conducted by contacting a compound of formula 1 with a compound of formula 16 in an inert diluent, such as acetonitrile, DMF or mixtures thereof, at a temperature ranging from about 0° C. to about 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • an inert diluent such as acetonitrile, DMF or mixtures thereof
  • compounds of formula 3 can be obtained by reductive amination of a compound of formula 11.
  • the reductive amination can be performed by reacting the compound of formula 11 with, for example, benzylamine and hydrogen in the presence of palladium on carbon.
  • oxidizing agent such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • This oxidation reaction is typically conducted in an inert diluent, such as dichloromethane, the presence of a tertiary amine, such as diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature ranging from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 25° C.
  • X 4 represents a leaving group such as halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, or a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • a reducing agent such as borane.
  • a reduction can be performed in the presence of a chiral catalyst to provide compounds of formula 4 in chiral form.
  • compounds of formula 19 can be reduced in the presence of a chiral catalyst formed from (R)-(+)- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol and trimethylboroxine; or alternatively, from (S)-( ⁇ )- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol and trimethylboroxine.
  • the resulting hydroxyl group can then be protected with a hydroxyl-protecting group, P 3 , by reaction with, for example, tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
  • one of X Qa and X Qb can be an amine group (i.e., —NHQ a or —NHQ b ) and the other can be a carboxyl group (i.e., —COOH) or a reactive derivative thereof (such as acyl halide, such as an acyl chloride or acyl bromide).
  • the groups P 5a , P 5b and P 6 can be, for example, benzyl, trimethylsilyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • the reaction can be performed under conventional amide coupling conditions.
  • Q is a sulfonamide, i.e., —N(Q c )S(O) 2 — or —S(O) 2 N(Q d )—
  • one of X Qa and X Qb can be an amine group, —NHQ c or —NHQ d and the other can be a sulfonyl halide group (such as sulfonyl chloride or sulfonyl bromide).
  • X 5 represents a leaving group including halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, and a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate
  • X Qa′ represents X Qa , such as a carboxyl group or an amino group NHQ a , or a protected derivative thereof, such as a (1-6C)alkoxycarbonylamino group or a tert-butoxycarbonylamino group.
  • This reaction is typically conducted by a method analogous to that used to prepare compounds of formula 3, followed by removing any protecting group in X Qa′ .
  • X 6 represents a leaving group including halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, and a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate
  • X Qb′ represents X Qb , such as a carboxyl group or an amino group NHQ b , or a protected derivative thereof, such as a (1-6C)alkoxycarbonyl group or a tert-butoxycarbonylamino group.
  • This reaction is typically conducted by a method analogous to that used to prepare compounds of formula 3, followed by removing any protecting group in X Qb′ .
  • any suitable reducing agent may be used in this reaction.
  • the reducing agent can be hydrogen in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; or a metal hydride reagent, such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the group P 7 can be, for example, benzyl.
  • This reaction is typically conducted in an inert diluent and a protic solvent, such as a mixture of dichloroethane and methanol, at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • Compounds of formula 7 in the form of a hydrate can be prepared by conventional procedures, for example, by dibrominating a compound of formula 19 (where X 2 in this case can also be hydrogen), and then hydrolyzing the resulting dibromide to form a glyoxal or a hydrate thereof.
  • a compound of formula 19 can be reacted with hydrogen bromide and then hydrolyzed with water to form the corresponding glyoxal hydrate.
  • any suitable reducing agent may be used in this reaction.
  • the reducing agent may be hydrogen in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; or a metal hydride reagent, such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the groups P 8 , P 9 and P 10 can be, for example, trimethylsilyl, benzyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • this reduction reaction is conducted in an inert diluent and a protic solvent, such as dichloroethane and methanol, at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • any suitable oxidizing agent such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • This reaction is typically conducted in the presence of a tertiary amine, such as diisopropylethylamine, at a temperature in the range of from about ⁇ 20° C. to about 25° C. until the oxidation is substantially complete.
  • X 7 represents a leaving group including halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, and a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the leaving group represented by X 3 can be, for example, halo, such as chloro, bromo or iodo, or a sulfonic ester group, such as mesylate or tosylate.
  • the groups P 11 , P 12 and P 13 can be, for example, trimethylsilyl, benzyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • This reaction is typically conducted an inert diluent, such as acetonitrile, in the presence of a suitable base.
  • this reaction can be conducted in the presence of a tertiary amine, such as diisopropylethylamine.
  • a tertiary amine such as diisopropylethylamine.
  • this reaction is conducted at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • Compounds of formula 9 can be prepared by steps analogous to those of methods (a) to (e) herein, starting from a compound of formula 1. Additionally, compounds of formula 10 can be prepared from compounds of formula 4 by reaction with an amine of formula P 13 NH 2 .
  • any suitable reducing agent may be used in this reaction.
  • the reducing agent may be hydrogen in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; or a metal hydride reagent, such as sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
  • the groups P 11 , P 12 and P 13 can be, for example, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, benzyl and benzyl, respectively.
  • this reduction reaction is conducted in an inert diluent and a protic solvent, such as dichloroethane and methanol, at a temperature in the range of from 0° C. to 100° C. until the reaction is substantially complete.
  • Compounds of formula 11 are readily prepared by oxidation of the corresponding alcohol or by hydrolysis of the corresponding acetal. Any suitable oxidizing agent may be employed in this reaction to provide the aldehyde, such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex and dimethyl sulfoxide. The acetal may be hydrolyzed under conventional conditions using aqueous acid to provide the aldehyde.
  • Any suitable oxidizing agent may be employed in this reaction to provide the aldehyde, such as sulfur trioxide pyridine complex and dimethyl sulfoxide.
  • the acetal may be hydrolyzed under conventional conditions using aqueous acid to provide the aldehyde.
  • P 17 represents a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group
  • each of P 18 , P 19 and P 20 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group; provided that at least one of P 17 , P 18 , P 19 or P 20 is a protecting group;
  • P 21 represents a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group
  • each of P 22 and P 23 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group; provided that at least one of P 21 , P 22 or P 23 is a protecting group; or
  • P 24 represents a hydrogen atom or an amino-protecting group
  • each of P 25 and P 26 independently represent a hydrogen atom or a hydroxyl-protecting group; provided that at least one of P 24 , P 25 or P 26 is a protecting group.
  • examples of particular values for P 17 , P 18 , P 19 and P 20 are: for P 17 , hydrogen or benzyl; for P 18 hydrogen or tert-butyldimethylsilyl; and for P 19 and P 20 hydrogen or benzyl, or together propylidine.
  • benzyl protecting groups are conveniently removed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group is conveniently removed by treatment with hydrogen fluoride, such as triethylamine trihydrofluoride; and a propylidine group is conveniently removed by treatment with an acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid.
  • Compounds of formula 25 can be prepared by the methods described herein, such as by processes (a) to (g). Alternatively, compounds of formula 25 can be prepared by reacting a compound of formula 28:
  • R 8 represents —CH 2 OP 19 , —CHO, —COOH or —C(O)O(1-6C)alkoxy, such as carbomethoxy
  • R 9 represents —OP 18 and R 10 represents a hydrogen atom
  • R 9 and R 10 together represent ⁇ O, with a reducing agent.
  • Any suitable reducing agent may be used in this reaction including, by way of example, metal hydride reducing agents, such as sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride and the like.
  • X 8 represents a leaving group, such as a bromo.
  • examples of particular values for P 21 , P 22 and P 23 are: for P 21 , hydrogen or benzyl; for P 22 hydrogen or tert-butyldimethylsilyl; and for P 23 hydrogen or benzyl.
  • benzyl protecting groups are conveniently removed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; and a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group is conveniently removed by treatment with hydrogen fluoride, such as triethylamine trihydrofluoride.
  • Compounds of formula 26 can be prepared by the methods described herein, such as by processes (a) to (g).
  • examples of particular values for P 24 , P 25 and P 26 are: for P 24 , hydrogen or benzyl; for P 25 hydrogen or tert-butyldimethylsilyl; and for P 26 hydrogen or benzyl.
  • benzyl protecting groups are conveniently removed by catalytic hydrogenation in the presence of a Group VIII metal catalyst, such as palladium on carbon; and a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group is conveniently removed by treatment with hydrogen fluoride, such as triethylamine trihydrofluoride.
  • Compounds of formula 27 can be prepared by the methods described herein, such as by processes (a) to (g).
  • compounds of formula I in which R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7g C(O)—CR 7h R 7i —CR 7j R 7k — or —CR 7l R 7m —CR 7n R 7o —C(O)—NR 7p — may be prepared by reducing a corresponding compound of formula I in which R 6 and R 7 together form —NR 7a C(O)—CR 7b ⁇ CR 7c — or —CR 7d ⁇ CR 7e —C(O)—NR 7f —, for example by catalytic hydrogenation as described in Example 6 hereinafter.
  • the libraries of this invention typically contain at least two compounds of formula I.
  • the library contains from 2 to 1,000 compounds; including, by way of illustration from 2 to 500 compounds; or from 2 to 200 compounds; or from 2 to 100 compounds; or from 2 to 50 compounds.
  • the library can contain more than 1000 compounds, such as up to 5,000 or 10,000 compounds or more.
  • each compound of the library can be synthesized individually, or in arrays or as mixtures. Typically, each compound of the library will be prepared individually in a separate reaction vessel or as a member of an array, i.e. in a separate well of a multi-well plate. Methods for preparing compounds of formula I are described in further detail in the Examples hereinbelow.
  • the members of the library are evaluated or screened to determine whether a compound in the library has both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity.
  • Any suitable test, assay or procedure may be used to evaluate the members of the library, including numerous in vitro and in vivo assays which are well-known to those skilled in the art. Generally, all members of the library will be evaluated, however, if desired, the evaluation process may be terminated at any point once a compound having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity has been found.
  • suitable in vitro and in vivo assays can include radioligand binding assays, functional assays, bronchoprotection animal models and the like.
  • suitable functional assays include ligand-mediated changes in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), ligand-mediated changes in activity of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase (which synthesizes cAMP), ligand-mediated changes in incorporation of guanosine 5′-O-(-thio)triphosphate ([ 35 S]GTP S) into isolated membranes via receptor catalyzed exchange of [ 35 S]GTP S for GDP, ligand-mediated changes in free intracellular calcium ions (measured, for example, with a fluorescence-linked imaging plate reader or FLIPR® from Molecular Devices, Inc.).
  • assays suitable for evaluating compounds of formula I are described in detail in the Examples hereinbelow.
  • the libraries and methods of this invention are useful for identifying compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity.
  • Compounds having both ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist and muscarinic receptor antagonist activity are useful for treating medical conditions mediated by ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptors or muscarinic receptors, i.e., medical conditions that are ameliorated by treatment with a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist or a muscarinic receptor antagonist.
  • Such medical conditions include, by way of example, pulmonary disorders or diseases associated with reversible airway obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., chronic and whez bronchitis and emphysema), asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and the like.
  • chronic obstructive pulmonary disease e.g., chronic and whez bronchitis and emphysema
  • asthma pulmonary fibrosis
  • Other conditions which may be treated include premature labor, depression, congestive heart failure, skin diseases (e.g., inflammatory, allergic, psoriatic and proliferative skin diseases, conditions where lowering peptic acidity is desirable (e.g., peptic and gastric ulceration) and muscle wasting disease.
  • compounds of particular interest that can be identified using the libraries and methods of this invention are those that demonstrate a K i value of less than about 300 nM for a ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor and a K i value less than 300 nM for a muscarinic receptor.
  • Another group of compounds of particular interest that can be identified using the libraries and methods of this invention are those that demonstrate an inhibitory constant K i value for binding at a muscarinic receptor, such as a M 3 muscarinic receptor, of less than about 100 nM; particularly less than 10 nM; and an EC 50 value for ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor agonist activity of less than about 100 nM; particularly less than 10 nM.
  • a muscarinic receptor such as a M 3 muscarinic receptor
  • compounds of special interest include those having muscarinic activity, expressed in terms of the inhibitory constant K i for binding at the M 3 muscarinic receptor, that is about equal to the compound's ⁇ 2 adrenergic agonist activity, expressed in terms of the half maximal effective concentration EC 50 , as determined in the in vitro assays described herein, or in similar assays.
  • compounds of particular interest are those having a ratio of the inhibitory constant K i for the M 3 muscarinic receptor to the EC 50 for the ⁇ 2 adrenergic receptor ranging from about 30:1 to about 1:30; including about 20:1 to about 1:20; such as about 10:1 to about 1:10.
  • HPLC analysis was conducted using an Agilent (Palo Alto, Calif.) Series 1100 instrument with Zorbax Bonus RP 2.1 ⁇ 50 mm columns, supplied by Agilent, (a C14 column), having a 3.5 micron particle size. Detection was by UV absorbance at 214 nm.
  • HPLC 10-70 data was obtained with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/minute of 10%-70% B over 6 minutes.
  • Mobile phase A was 2%-98%-0.1% ACN-H 2 O-TFA; and mobile phase B was 90%-10%-0.1% ACN-H 2 O-TFA.
  • HPLC 5-35 data and HPLC 10-90 data were obtained with a 5 minute gradient.
  • LCMS Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
  • a library of compounds of formula I (i.e., Examples 1-170 and 180-186) was prepared as follows:
  • N-1,1′-biphenyl-2-yl-N′-4-piperidinylurea was synthesized by heating together biphenyl-2-isocyanate (50 g, 256 mmol) and 4-amino-N-benzylpiperidine (51.1 g, 269 mmol) at 70° C. for 12 h (the reaction was monitored by LCMS). The reaction mixture was cooled to 50° C. and ethanol (500 mL) added, followed by slow addition of 6M hydrochloric acid (95 mL). The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature.
  • step (a) A slurry of aluminum chloride (85.7 g, 640 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (280 mL) was cooled in ice, and the product of step (a) (56.8 g, 280 mmol) was added. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and then heated at 85° C. After 30 min, acetyl chloride (1.5 mL, 21 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated an additional 60 min. The reaction mixture was then cooled and added to 1N hydrochloric acid (3 L) at 0° C. with good stirring. After stirring for 2 h, the solids were collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with water (3 ⁇ 250 mL) and dried under reduced pressure.
  • step (b) To the product of step (b) (37.7 g, 186 mmol) was added N,N-dimethylformamide (200 mL) and potassium carbonate (34.5 g, 250 mmol) followed by benzyl bromide (31.8 g, 186 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.25 hour and then poured into saturated sodium chloride (3.5 L) at 0° C. and stirred for 1 hour. The product was collected and dried on a Buchner funnel for 1 hour, and the resulting solids were dissolved in dichloromethane (2 L) and this mixture was dried over sodium sulfate. The solution was filtered through a pad of Celite which was then washed with dichloromethane (5 ⁇ 200 mL).
  • step (c) To a slurry of the product of step (c) (10.0 g, 34.1 mmol) in DMSO (60 mL) was added a 48% w/w hydrobromic acid solution (11.8 mL, 102.3 mmol). The mixture was warmed to 60° C. for 16 h then allowed to cool to room temperature. Water (100 mL) was added and the resulting slurry stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h before being cooled to 0° C. The product was collected on a Buchner funnel then dried under reduced pressure to give 8-benzyloxy-5-(2,2-dihydroxyacetyl)-1H-quinolin-2-one (12.2 g) as a solid.
  • Biphenyl-2-isocyanate (97.5 g, 521 mmol) and 4-hydroxy-1-benzylpiperidine (105 g, 549 mmol), both commercially-available from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis., were heated together at 70° C. for 12 h, during which time the formation of biphenyl-2-ylcarbamic acid 1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl ester was monitored by LCMS. The reaction mixture was then cooled to 50° C. and ethanol (1 L) was added, and then 6M hydrochloric acid (191 mL) was added slowly.
  • reaction mixture was then cooled to ambient temperature and ammonium formate (98.5 g, 1.56 mol) was added and nitrogen gas was bubbled through the solution vigorously for 20 min. Palladium (10 wt. % (dry basis) on activated carbon) (20 g) was then added. The reaction mixture was heated at 40° C. for 12 h and then filtered through a pad of Celite. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and 1M hydrochloric acid (40 mL) was added to the crude residue. Sodium hydroxide (10N) was then added to adjust the pH to 12.
  • the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and then triturated with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate (200 mL) for 1 hour.
  • the solids were collected on a Buchner funnel, washed with water (4 ⁇ 100 mL) and dried under reduced pressure.
  • the product of two runs was combined for purification.
  • the crude product (52 g) was triturated with 50% methanol in chloroform (500 mL) for 1 hour.
  • the product was collected on a Buchner funnel and washed with 50% methanol in chloroform (2 ⁇ 50 mL) and methanol (2 ⁇ 50 mL).
  • the solid was dried under reduced pressure to give the title compound (34.1 g) as a powder.
  • step (b) To the product of step (b) (70.2 g, 189 mmol) was added N,N-dimethylformamide (260 mL) and this mixture was cooled in an ice bath under nitrogen. 2,6-Lutidine (40.3 g, 376 mmol) was added over 5 min and then tert-butyldimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (99.8 g, 378 mmol) was added slowly while maintaining the temperature below 20° C. The mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature for 45 min.
  • Triethylamine hydrogen fluoride (376 ⁇ L, 2.3 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 14 (1.3 g, 1.5 mmol) in THF (8 mL) and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature. After 5 h, the reaction was complete as determined by LCMS analysis. The reaction mixture was then quenched with 1N NaOH until the pH was 14 and then diluted with ethyl acetate (20 mL) and washed with 1N NaOH (20 mL) and brine (20 mL). The organic phase was then separated, dried over magnesium sulfate, and concentrated to yield the title compound (1.1 g).
  • TEMPO 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical
  • the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (15 g silica/1 g crude) using 5% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH 4 OH (10 ⁇ 150 mL), 8% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH 4 OH (10 ⁇ 150 mL) and 10% MeOH in DCM/0.5% NH 4 OH (10 ⁇ 150 mL). The appropriate fractions were combined and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure while maintaining the temperature ⁇ 35° C. to give the title intermediate (4.05 g, 97% purity).
  • the reaction mixture was then diluted with a mixture of isopropyl acetate (53 mL) and hexanes (27 mL) and transferred to a separatory funnel.
  • the organic layer was washed twice with a mixture of water (27 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride (27 mL) followed by a final wash with saturated aqueous sodium chloride (27 mL).
  • the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate.
  • Silica gel (23.6 g) and hexanes (27 mL) were added and the suspension was stirred for 10 min. The solids were removed by filtration and the filtrate concentrated under vacuum.
  • the starting material, (R)-2-bromo-1-(3-formamido-4-benzyloxyphenyl)ethanol can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,533 B1; or R. Hett et al., Organic Process Research and Development , 1998, 2:96-99; or using procedures similar to those described in Hong et al., Tetrahedron Lett ., 1994, 35:6631; or similar to those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,495,054.
  • TEMPO 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy free radical
  • the product was further purified by adding the crude material (4 g) to a mixture of ethanol (920 mL), ethyl acetate (12 mL) and water (4 mL). Sodium bisulfite (4 g) was added and the mixture was heated to reflux for 4 h and then cooled to room temperature and stirred for 14 h at room temperature to form a very thick slurry. The solids were filtered on a coarse fritted filter, washed with the solvent mixture (5 mL) and the solids were dried on the filter to afford 8.4 g of the bisulfite adduct. This material was then added to MTBE (20 mL) and aqueous 1 N sodium hydroxide (45 mL) was added with vigorous stirring.
  • Aqueous saturated sodium bicarbonate solution (200 mL) was then added slowly (gas evolution) and stirring was continued for 15 min. The pH of the solution was then adjusted with solid sodium carbonate to a pH of about 9 and the layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with aqueous 5% sodium chloride solution (200 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the title compound (53 g).
  • step (b) To a stirred solution of the product of step (b) (26.5 g, 42.8 mmol) in 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (175 mL) was added sodium diformylamide (6.1 g, 64.2 mmol) and sodium iodide (2.13 g, 14.3 mmol). The reaction flask was flushed with nitrogen and then the mixture was heated at 65° C. for 8 h. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and water (300 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL) were added. This mixture was stirred for 10 min. and then the layers were separated.
  • aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (150 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with water (300 mL), aqueous 50% brine solution (300 mL), water (300 mL), dried (MgSO 4 ) filtered and concentrate to afford the title compound (23.3 g).
  • step (c) To a stirred solution of the product from step (c) (10.5 g, 16 mmol) in methanol (75 mL) was added p-toluenesulfonic acid (7.42 g. 39 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated at 40° C. for 15 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure to about half its volume. Methanol (70 mL) was added and the mixture was heated at 50° C. for 2 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. Water (100 mL), methanol (50 mL) and MTBE (100 mL) were added and this mixture was stirred for 15 min and then the layers were separated.
  • step (e) A mixture of the product of step (e) (3.68 g, 10 mmol) and N,N-dimethylformamide (50 mL) was heated at 60° C. until the solid completely dissolved and then cooled to room temperature.
  • the product of step (d) (6 g, 10 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (3.5 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C.
  • PyBOP (6.25 g, 12 mmol) was added in one portion and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0° C. to room temperature for 2 hours.
  • reaction mixture was then poured into cold water (500 mL) with stirring and the pH of the resulting mixture was adjusted to about 2 using aqueous 1 M hydrochloric acid. This mixture was stirred for 15 min and then filtered to collect the solid, which was washed with water (100 mL) and dried to afford the title compound (8.7 g, HPLC purity >95%) as an off-white solid.
  • step (f) The product of step (f) can be deprotected using essentially the same procedures as those described in Preparation 24 and Example 6 to afford the title compound.
  • DMSO 71 mL, 1 mol
  • DIPEA 87.1 mL, 0.5 mol
  • the reaction mixture was stirred at ⁇ 10° C. for 15 min and then sulfur trioxide pyridine complex (79.6 g, 0.5 mol) was added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched with addition of 1M hydrochloric acid (200 mL).
  • the organic layer was separated and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (100 mL), brine (100 mL), dried (potassium carbonate) and solvent removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound (20.7 g, ⁇ 100% yield).
  • the crude product was purified by flash chromatography (5-10% MeOH/DCM) to give a solid, which was dissolved in TFA/DCM (25%, 30 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and the crude residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL) and washed with 1N sodium hydroxide (15 mL). The organic phase was separated, dried (magnesium sulfate) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound (1.5 g, 94% over 2 steps).
  • N-tert-butoxycarbonyl-1,5-diaminopentane (1.04 g, 5.12 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 13 (1.00 g, 2.05 mmol) in dimethyl sulfoxide (2 mL). The solution was stirred at 75° C. for 12 hours, at which time LCMS analysis showed that the reaction was complete. The reaction mixture was then concentrated under vacuum to dryness. To the residue was added dichloromethane (2 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) was then added. The solution was stirred at room temperature for about 3 hours, at which time MS analysis showed that the reaction was complete.
  • the diethyl ether phase was washed once with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a light orange oil.
  • the oil was dissolved in a minimum volume of ethyl acetate, diluted with hexanes, and to give the title compound as a crystalline solid.
  • step (b) To the product of step (b) (23.4 g, 0.113 mol) in 600 mL of THF at ⁇ 78° C. was added 135 mL of 1.0 M sodium hexamethyldisilazane in THF (Sigma-Aldrich). After 1 hour, trimethylsilyl chloride (15.8 mL, 0.124 mol) was added. After another 30 minutes, bromine (5.82 mL, 0.113 mol) was added. After 10 minutes, the reaction was quenched by diluting the reaction mixture with diethyl ether and pouring it onto 500 mL of 5% aqueous Na 2 SO 3 premixed with 500 mL of 5% aqueous NaHCO 3 . The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as an oil that solidified upon storage in the freezer.
  • step (c) To the product of step (c) (10 g, 35.1 mmol) in 100 mL of THF was added the solid catalyst of Preparation 13, step (c)(1) (0.97 g, 3.5 mmol). The solution was cooled to between ⁇ 20° C. and ⁇ 10° C. and BH 3 -THF (35 mL, 35 mmol) diluted with 50 mL THF was added dropwise via a dropping funnel. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was quenched by slow addition of 50 mL of methanol and then concentrated to a thick oil. The oil was purified by silica gel chromatography eluted with 1:2 ethyl acetate/hexanes. The fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound as an off-white solid.
  • step (d) To the product of step (d) (10 g, 34.8 mmol) and imidazole (4.7 g, 69.7 mmol) dissolved in 100 mL DMF was added tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (5.78 g, 38.3 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between 200 mL of saturated sodium chloride and 200 mL of diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was extracted with 200 mL of diethyl ether. The organic layers were then combined, washed with saturated sodium chloride (3 ⁇ 100 mL), dried over MgSO 4 and concentrated. The product was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluting with hexanes followed by 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The desired fractions were combined and concentrated to give the title compound as an oil.
  • Triethylamine trihydrofluoride (342 ⁇ L, 2.10 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of the Product of Preparation 44 (798 mg, 1.05 mmol) in dichloromethane (10.5 mL) at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 h and it was then diluted with dichloromethane (20 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (15 mL). The organic layer was dried (magnesium sulfate) and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude title compound was isolated as an oil (659 mg, 1.02 mmol), which was used in the next step without further purification. MS m/z: [M+H + ] calcd for C 39 H 53 N 3 O 5 644.4; found 644.8.
  • N-Benzylamine (0.903 ml, 8.30 mmol) was added to a solution of the product of Preparation 4 (2.40 g, 5.52 mmol) in methanol (25 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature. After 10 min, sodium triacetoxyborohydride (1.75 g, 8.30 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture. The progress of the reaction was followed by HPLC analysis. After 2 h at ambient temperature, the reaction was quenched with water (5 mL) and then concentrated to half its volume under vacuum. The reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (15 mL) and washed with 1N sodium hydroxide (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and then brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated to yield the title compound.
  • step (a) The product of step (a) (10.0 g, 35.2 mmol) was dissolved in chloroform (250 mL) in a 500 mL flask under a nitrogen atmosphere. Bromine (1.63 mL, 31.7 mmol) dissolved in chloroform (50 mL) was added using a dropping funnel over 30 min. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 h and then concentrated to give a solid. The solid was dissolved in toluene (150 mL) with some gentle heat, followed by the addition of ethyl ether (150 mL) to yield the title compound as a crystalline solid (55% yield).
  • reaction mixture was quenched with 0.5 M ammonium chloride (5 mL) and extracted into ethyl acetate (2 ⁇ 10 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate (10 mL) and then with brine (5 mL). The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The crude residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (3% methanol in chloroform) to give the title compound.
  • the crude product was purified by flash chromatography (5-10% MeOH/DCM) and then dissolved in a trifluoroacetic acid/DCM mixture (1 mL/5 mL) and stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in dichloromethane (20 mL) and washed with 1M sodium hydroxide (10 mL), dried (magnesium sulfate) and the solvent reduced to yield the title compound (167 mg, 39% yield).
  • step (a) To the product of step (a) (1.71 g, 7.2 mmol) was added a solution of 4 M hydrochloric acid in dioxane (9 mL, 36 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was then concentrated and the residue was diluted with diethyl ether (50 mL) and filtered to provide the title compound as a white solid (1.09 g).
  • step (a) To the crude product from step (a) was added DMF (50 mL), diisopropylethylamine (3.0 mL, 17.3 mmol) and the product of Preparation 8 (2.4 g, 8.1 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 h and then the solvent was removed under reduced pressure to give the title compound (3.5 g, 86.3% yield). MS m/z 501.6 (MH + ), R f 4.89 min (10-70% ACN: H 2 O, reverse phase HPLC).

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US10/778,290 Abandoned US20040209915A1 (en) 2003-02-14 2004-02-13 Library of biphenyl derivatives
US11/448,317 Active 2027-03-23 US7879879B2 (en) 2003-02-14 2006-06-07 Biphenyl derivatives
US11/449,004 Expired - Lifetime US7521561B2 (en) 2003-02-14 2006-06-07 Biphenyl derivatives
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US11/788,343 Abandoned US20070208176A1 (en) 2003-02-14 2007-04-19 Biphenyl derivatives
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US11/448,294 Expired - Lifetime US7355046B2 (en) 2003-02-14 2006-06-07 Biphenyl derivatives
US11/448,293 Expired - Lifetime US7345175B2 (en) 2003-02-14 2006-06-07 Biphenyl derivatives
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