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US20040180900A1 - Therapeutic composition for repairing chondropathy - Google Patents

Therapeutic composition for repairing chondropathy Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040180900A1
US20040180900A1 US10/478,432 US47843203A US2004180900A1 US 20040180900 A1 US20040180900 A1 US 20040180900A1 US 47843203 A US47843203 A US 47843203A US 2004180900 A1 US2004180900 A1 US 2004180900A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
composition according
cartilage
pde4 inhibitor
microsphere
compound
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US10/478,432
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English (en)
Inventor
Masaharu Takigawa
Naoki Sakurai
Toshiki Takagi
Noriyuki Yanaka
Yuji Horikiri
Takashi Tamura
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Tanabe Pharma Corp
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Individual
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Assigned to TANABE SEIYAKU CO., LTD. reassignment TANABE SEIYAKU CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: YANAKA, NORIYUKI, TAKIGAWA, MASAHARU, HORIKIRI, YUJI, TAMURA, TAKASHI, TAKAGI, TOSHIKI, SAKURAI, NAOKI
Publication of US20040180900A1 publication Critical patent/US20040180900A1/en
Priority to US11/707,008 priority Critical patent/US8252794B2/en
Priority to US12/782,514 priority patent/US8399466B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease, specifically, to a pharmaceutical composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease such as osteoarthrosis (degenerative joint disease), chondrodystrophy, degenerative discopathy or meniscus injury.
  • cartilage disease such as osteoarthrosis (degenerative joint disease), chondrodystrophy, degenerative discopathy or meniscus injury.
  • Cartilage is considerably elastic that plays a role in the construction of skeleton together with bone and the protection of internal organs.
  • Cartilage tissue consists of chondrocytes and cartilage matrix surrounding the same.
  • Cartilage is formed by mesenchyme-originated chondroblasts which cells produce matrix in circumference in the process of cell division and growth.
  • the cartilage matrix consists of amorphous matrix and fibrous components, and is classified into the following groups according to the ratio of components: (1) hyaline cartilage (articular cartilage, costicartilage, thyroid cartilage etc.); (2) fibrocartilage (discus intervertebrali, pubic symphysis etc.); and (3) elastic cartilage (pharynx lid cartilage, cartilage of acoustic meatus, auricular cartilage, etc.) IGAKU-DAIJITEN, 18th edition, published by Nanzando, pp. 1542.
  • proteoglycan and collagen (Type II, Type IX and the like) It is known that proteoglycan participates in the imbibition (swelling) nature peculiar to cartilage tissue, and collagen in the rigidity of cartilage against the tension and shearing force.
  • glucosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate are connected with a core protein of about 220,000 molecular weight to form macromolecules, wherein glucosaminoglycans hydrates many water molecules, which contributes to the imbibition nature of cartilage.
  • Articular cartilage has a calcification layer at the transmigration region with bone tissue, and, after the completion of growth, nutrients are supplied to chondrocytes from synovial fluid and are hardly supplied directly from blood.
  • articular cartilage is formed from hyaline cartilage of high cell differentiation degree, and hence is a sensitive organ with extremely low regenerative ability.
  • cartilage disorder examples include osteoarthrosis, chondrodystrophy, degenerative discopathy or meniscus injury.
  • osteoarthrosis is a disease wherein a proliferative change of bone and articular cartilage occurs on the basis of a regressive change of tissue constituting a joint, mainly, articular cartilage, finally leading to a remarkable morphological change of the joint, which disease has markedly increased with the aging of population.
  • the knee joint anthropathy can prevent patients from maintaining the standing position or walking normally as the pathology progresses, and lead to the significant decrease of their ADL (Ability of Daily Life) which possibly results in a bedridden condition.
  • Treatment of osteoarthrosis can be classified mainly into conservative treatment and surgical therapy.
  • Conservative treatment is carried out by the following methods, for example, (1) administration of non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic; (2) thermotherapy; (3) control of weight; (4) therapy with braces; (5) intra-articular infusion of steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic; (6) intra-articular infusion of hyaluronate formulation.
  • surgical therapy is conducted by (a) arthroscopic irrigation surgery; (b) high tibial osteotomy or (c) artificial joint replacement, and the like. Senility and Disorder, Vol. 10, 2nd. issue, pp. 61-69, (1997) & 6th issue, pp. 66-77 (1997).
  • TNF- ⁇ which is a cytokine released from mononuclear phagocytes in response to immunostimulants, and is useful in treatment of various inflammatory diseases caused by TNF- ⁇ .
  • cartilage is known to have extremely low regenerative ability, and it was considered that, once damaged, the regeneration thereof is almost impossible.
  • the conventional pharmacotherapy was only conservative treatment which restrains the progressing of disorder. Accordingly, it has long been demanded the development of pharmacotherapy and/or pharmaceutical agent that enables to conduct regenerative treatment of cartilage diseases.
  • the present inventors have first found that PDE4 is produced by chondrocytes and then compounds having PDE4 inhibitory activity show activity on cartilage diseases.
  • the inventors have intensively studied and found that the said PDE4 inhibitors are useful in regenerative treatment of cartilage diseases, and established the present invention.
  • the present invention provides a composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease, which comprises a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical preparation suited to administer locally to the site of cartilage disease, specifically, a composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease in the form of microsphere preparation.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the cAMP hydrolyzing activity in each fraction obtained by fractionating rabbit articular chondrocyte extract by Mono Q Sepharose column chromatography, in the presence of Compound (44) ⁇ ) and absence of Compound (44) ( ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 2 is a copy of microphotograph showing the results of observation under microscope of regeneration of old rabbit articular cartilage in the presence of microsphere containing Compound (1) or free of Compound (1).
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the cAMP or cGMP hydrolyzing activity in each fraction obtained by fractionating human articular chondrocyte extract by Mono Q Sepharose column chromatography.
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the inhibitory activity (IC 50 ) of PDE4 inhibitor toward fractions 28-30 that showed potent cAMP hydrolyzing activity as demonstrated in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the in vitro drug elution characteristics of microspheres obtained in Examples 1, 2 and 3.
  • composition of the present invention for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease can enhance the expression of cartilage matrix protein encoding gene and thereby showing superior matrix production promoting effect on cartilage especially on articular cartilage that has extremely low regenerative activity, and cure cartilage diseases through the regeneration of cartilage.
  • regenerative treatment of cartilage disease refers to treatment not only for arresting the progress of cartilage disease but also for restoring a cartilage undergone deformation and/or detrition due to illness, lesion, or the like to the original state.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be prepared by combining a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient and a conventional pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a diluting agent therefor.
  • Preferred pharmaceutical composition is a sustained release composition for local administration, which contains a PDE4 inhibitor(s) and a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer(s).
  • the composition for local administration is preferably in the form of depot formulation, and more preferably in the form of microsphere, which microsphere can be formulated as an injectable preparation.
  • Examples of PDE4 inhibitor usable as an active ingredient of pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include all the compounds having PDE4 inhibitory activity, for example, those described in JP 05-229987A (1993), JP 09-59255A (1997), JP 10-226685A (1998), EP 158380, WO/94/25437, U.S. Pat. No. 5,223,504, WO/95/4045, EP 497564, EP 569414, EP 623607, EP 163965, U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,914, WO/95/35282, WO/96/215, U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,588, U.S. Pat. No.
  • PDE can be classified into PDE1-5 according to the teaching of “Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 11, pp. 150-155”, and PDE4 inhibitors suitable for the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease are preferably selective to PDE4 with higher inhibitory activity against PDE4 compared to others (PDE1-3, 5), more preferably have 10 times or more inhibitory activity on PDE4 than on the other PDEs.
  • the inhibitory activity of such PDE4 inhibitor on PDE4 is particularly preferably 50 times or more, and yet more preferably 100 times or more of that on the other PDEs.
  • Preferable PDE4 inhibitors are compounds of which IC 50 of PDE4 inhibitory activity is 0.1-1000 nM, preferably 0.1-100 nM, more preferably less than 100 nM, when determined by a method described in “Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research”, vol. 10, pp. 69-92, 1979, Raven Press.
  • selective PDE4 inhibitors include Compounds (1) to (57) represented by the following formulas or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the compounds having PDE4 inhibitory activity can be classified into (A) to (D) below according to the chemical structure, and a PDE4 inhibitor for the present invention can be selected from these compounds appropriately; however, preferred compounds belong to (A) and (B), in particular, (A).
  • (D) Compounds having a different structure from those described in (A) to (C) above [e.g., Compounds (3), (4), (8), (10), (13), (15), (16), (18), (22), (23), (42), (45) and (48)].
  • Examples of compounds of group (A) include those shown by the following formulas (I) to (III) and pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
  • R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and each a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, a cyclo-lower alkyloxy group, or an optionally substituted lower alkoxy group, or bind together at the ends to form a lower alkylenedioxy group;
  • R 3 is an optionally substituted 6-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic group
  • R 1′ and R 2′ are the same or different and each a hydrogen atom or an optionally protected hydroxyl group
  • R 3′ and R 4′ is an optionally protected hydroxy-substituted methyl group and the other is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or an optionally protected hydroxy-substituted methyl group;
  • R 5′ and R 6′ are the same or different and each a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted lower alkyl group, an optionally substituted phenyl group or an optionally protected amino group, or bind together at the ends and form in association with the adjacent nitrogen atom an optionally substituted heterocyclic group. JP-09-59255A, (1993).
  • A is a group selected from those shown by the formulas:
  • R 1′′ and R 2′′ are the same or different and each a hydrogen atom or an optionally protected hydroxyl group
  • R 31 is an optionally protected hydroxymethyl group
  • R 32 is a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or an optionally protected hydroxymethyl group
  • R 33 is an optionally substituted lower alkyl group
  • R 41 is an optionally protected hydroxymethyl group
  • R 42 is an optionally protected hydroxymethyl group
  • the dotted line represents the presence or absence of a double bond
  • R 5′′ and R 6′′ are the same or different and each a hydrogen atom or an optionally protected amino group, or bind together at the ends and form in association with the adjacent nitrogen atom an optionally substituted heterocyclic group. JP-10-226685A (1998).
  • PDE4 inhibitor which is an active ingredient of the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease
  • group (A) compounds having naphthalene or isoquinoline skeleton and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are more preferred, and Compounds (1) and (2) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts are still more preferred.
  • the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease is preferably applied locally to a vicinity of affected region (especially, vicinity of articular cartilage), so that the drug concentration in the systemic blood does not increase but the one at the affected cartilage region is maintained.
  • Examples of preferred embodiments of the present composition include depot preparations which gradually release a drug when administered locally (e.g., pellet preparation, gel preparation, matrix preparation, microsphere preparation, a sustained release preparation obtained by adding a drug into an aqueous solution of a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, a preparation which is designed to be a liquid at the time of administration and to form a gel in a living body after administration, a preparation embedded in various bases which are reported to be generally used in the field of orthopedics, and the like.)
  • depot preparations which gradually release a drug when administered locally e.g., pellet preparation, gel preparation, matrix preparation, microsphere preparation, a sustained release preparation obtained by adding a drug into an aqueous solution of a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, a preparation which is designed to be a liquid at the time of administration and to form a gel in a living body after administration, a preparation embedded in various bases which are reported to be generally used in the field of orthopedics, and the like.
  • pellet preparations include a long-term sustained release preparation obtainable by compressing a drug and fine particles of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer of which terminal carboxyl group is esterified by an alcohol, and the like.
  • gel preparations include those obtained by dissolving into a phosphate buffer a drug and hyaluronic acid which is chemically bound to polyethylene glycol (Journal of Controlled Release, 59 (1999) pp. 77-86), and the like.
  • Examples of matrix preparations comprising a drug include those obtained by impregnating a drug into granular material of collagen or fibrous membrane preparation, or by adding a drug to a granular material of collagen or a reaction mixture for preparing a fibrous membrane preparation, and the like (JP10-182499A (1998), JP06-305983 (1994)).
  • Examples of a sustained release preparation obtained by adding a drug into an aqueous solution of a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer include those obtained by adding a drug into an aqueous sodium hyaluronate solution, and the like.
  • Examples of a preparation designed to be a liquid at the time of administration and to form a gel in a living body after administration include those wherein a drug and a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer are dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (Journal of Controlled Release, 33 (1995) pp. 237-243), or a preparation comprising a drug and a polymer that exists as an solution at low temperature but forms a gel at body temperature, such as a block co-polymer of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and polyethylene glycol and the like (ibid., 27(1993), 139-147).
  • Examples of a preparation embedded in various bases which are reported to be generally used in the field of orthopaedics include those prepared by mixing a drug and a base (e.g., water-insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate or the like). Biomaterials, vol. 21, pp. 2405-2412 (2000); and International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 206, pp. 1-12 (2000).
  • a base e.g., water-insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, polymethyl methacrylate, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate or the like.
  • Preparations for local administration that release an effective amount of PDE4 inhibitor gradually to a vicinity of cartilage region with a lesion(s) are preferred in the respect that the administration frequency during the term required for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease can be reduced.
  • the particle size of such microspheres is preferably in the range suitable for passing a needle, more preferably 0.01-150 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.1-100 ⁇ m in the respect that the irritation at the affection site can be reduced.
  • the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease which comprises a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient, is administered locally to a vicinity of cartilage region with a lesion(s) (especially, vicinity of articular cartilage), it would be preferable to make the dosage small.
  • the PDE4 inhibitor content in the composition such as microsphere preparation can be preferably 0.0001-80% by weight, more preferably 0.001-50% by weight, and further more preferably 0.01-50% by weight.
  • the dose of a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient may vary depending on the kind of PDE4 inhibitor to be used, the weight, age, conditions of the subject or a site to be applied and is generally determined by a physician; however, for local administration, the dose can usually be in the range of from 1 ng to 1 g per affected region.
  • composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease of the present invention can be prepared in a conventional manner using a PDE4 inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or a carrier therefor.
  • Preferred composition can be prepared by combining a PDE4 inhibitor and a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer.
  • the water-insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer is a water-insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer that requires at least 1000 ml of water to dissolve 1 g of the polymer at 25° C.
  • specific example include hydroxy fatty acid polyesters and derivatives thereof (for example, poly lactic acid, poly glycolic acid, poly citric acid, poly malic acid, poly- ⁇ -hydroxybutyric acid, ring-opening polymerized ⁇ -caprolactones, lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer, 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer, block copolymer of poly lactic acid and polyethylene glycol, block copolymer of poly glycolic acid and polyethylene glycol, and block copolymer of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and polyethylene glycol, etc.), polymers of alkyl ⁇ -cyanoacrylates (e.g., polybutyl-2-cyanoacrylate, etc.), poly
  • hydroxy fatty acid polyesters are particularly preferred. Above all, those of which average molecular weight ranging in between 2000 and about 800000 are more preferred, those ranging in between 2000 and about 200000 are especially preferred and those ranging in between 5000 and 50000 are most preferred.
  • poly lactic acid, lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and 2-hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer are more preferred.
  • the molar ratio of lactic acid and glycolic acid in a lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer is preferably 90:10 to 30:70, more preferably 80:20 to 40:60, and the molar ratio of 2-hydroxybutyric acid and glycolic acid in a 2 -hydroxybutyric acid-glycolic acid copolymer is preferably 90:10 to 30:70, more preferably 80:20 to 40:60.
  • Pulverization of PDE4 inhibitor can be carried out using any one of conventional methods for producing fine particles including mechanical pulverization methods such as jet mill, hammer mill, convolution ball mill, jar ball mill, beads mill, shaker mill, rod mill and tube mill pulverizations, or so-called crystallization method wherein a drug is first dissolved in a solvent and then recrystallized by adjusting pH, changing temperature, or altering the constitution of solvent, and recovering the particles by centrifugation, filtration, or the like.
  • mechanical pulverization methods such as jet mill, hammer mill, convolution ball mill, jar ball mill, beads mill, shaker mill, rod mill and tube mill pulverizations, or so-called crystallization method wherein a drug is first dissolved in a solvent and then recrystallized by adjusting pH, changing temperature, or altering the constitution of solvent, and recovering the particles by centrifugation, filtration, or the like.
  • microsphere preparation can be prepared by the following methods.
  • a salt of a PDE4 inhibitor shows low incorporation rate into a microsphere, it may be converted into corresponding free form using an acid or a base prior to the preparation of microspheres.
  • a drug is added to a solution of water-insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer in a water-immiscible organic solvent of which boiling point is lower than water (water-insoluble polymer solution), and the resultant organic phase is dispersed into an aqueous phase to give an O/W emulsion, which is followed by removal of the organic solvent.
  • This method can be conducted in a manner similar to those described in, for example, JP 56-19324B (1981), JP 63-91325A (1988), JP 08-151321A (1996), Kajeev Jain et al., “Controlled Drug Delivery by Biodegradable Poly (Ester) Devices: Different Preparative Approaches”, Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, vol. 24(8), pp. 703-727, 1998, JP 60-100516A (1985), JP 62-201816A (1987), JP 09-221417A (1997) and JP 06-211648A (1994).
  • a solution of a drug and a water insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer in a water miscible organic solvent is added to an aqueous solution of protective colloid, followed by emulsification with stirring to yield fine particles.
  • This method can be conducted in a manner similar to those described in, for example, JP 05-58882A (1993), JP 09-110678A (1997) and International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol. 187, pp. 143-152 (1999).
  • An organic phase which is O/O emulsion which uses two or more water-insoluble, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, wherein a drug is dissolved or dispersed in a polymer solution that is dispersed in the other(s).
  • O/O emulsion when dispersed in an aqueous phase, gives (O/O)/W emulsion (JP 06-211648A (1994)).
  • the emulsification can be achieved by a conventional method, for example, the intermittent shaking method, the method using a mixer such as a propeller shaker or a turbine shaker, the colloidal mill method, the homogenizer method and the ultrasonication method.
  • a conventional method for example, the intermittent shaking method, the method using a mixer such as a propeller shaker or a turbine shaker, the colloidal mill method, the homogenizer method and the ultrasonication method.
  • organic solvent usable in these methods include halogenated hydrocarbons (methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, etc.), aliphatic esters (ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, etc.), aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, etc.), aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-hexane, n-pentane, cyclohexane, etc.), ketones (methylethyl ketone, etc.), ethers (diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, methyl isobutyl ether, etc.)
  • halogenated hydrocarbons methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, chloroethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, etc.
  • aliphatic esters ethyl acetate, butyl acetate,
  • an emulsifier may be added to an aqueous phase to stabilize emulsion, which emulsifier includes, for example, anionic surfactants (sodium oleate, sodium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.), nonionic surfactants ⁇ polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester [Tween80, Tween 60 (Nikko Chemicals, Co., Ltd.)], polyethylene castor oil derivatives [HCO-60, HCO-50 (Nikko Chemicals, Co., Ltd.)], polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, lecithin, gelatin, etc.
  • anionic surfactants sodium oleate, sodium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.
  • nonionic surfactants ⁇ polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester
  • the former when one or more other ingredients are incorporated in addition to PDE4 inhibitor, the former can be preferably added to the organic phase at the time of preparation of O/W emulsion.
  • an osmoregulatory agent may be included in an aqueous phase to prevent the outflow of an active ingredient into an aqueous phase (JP 2608245).
  • O/W emulsion obtained in the above-mentioned manner is then subjected to in-water-drying to remove organic solvent present in emulsion to give microspheres.
  • Organic solvent can be removed from emulsion in a conventional manner such as heating, placing under reduced pressure, blowing air, or the like, and for example, a method where a solvent is distilled off in an open system (JP 56-19324B (1981), JP 63-91325A (1988), JP 08-151321A (1996), JP. 06-211648A (1994)) or in a closed system (JP 09-221418A (1997)) can be employed. In addition, a method where a solvent is extracted and removed by means of a large quantity of outside water phase (JP-2582186) can also be used.
  • a method wherein a solution containing a drug, a biodegradable polymer and a water-miscible good solvent (Solvent A: acetone, tetrahydrofuran, etc.) for the said polymer is first added to a homogeneous mixed solution comprising a poor solvent (Solvent B: water, ethanol, etc.) for the said polymer, which is miscible with solvent A, and a poor solvent (Solvent C: glycerin, etc.) for the said polymer, which is immiscible with solvent A.
  • the mixture upon emulsification, gives emulsion wherein the polymer solution constitutes the dispersed-phase and the homogeneous mixed solution constitutes the continuous-phase.
  • the solvent A is then removed from the dispersed phase (WO/01/80835).
  • a method for preparing microspheres from emulsion by in-water-drying method in which emulsion an organic phase containing an organic solvent with a boiling point lower than water (methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, etc.) and a water insoluble polymer is emulsified in an aqueous phase, comprising (1) employing a device equipped with a gas separation membrane (permeable evaporation membrane, porous membrane, etc.), (2) providing emulsion to be subjected to the in-water-drying to one side of the gas separating membrane, and (3) distilling off the organic solvent in emulsion to the other side of the gas separating membrane (WO/01/83594).
  • a gas separation membrane permeable evaporation membrane, porous membrane, etc.
  • the organic solvent remaining in microspheres can be removed by heating microspheres in an aqueous phase at temperature higher than the boiling point of the organic solvent (JP 2000-239152A) or heating the microspheres to dry after coating with an additive of high melting point (JP 09-221417A (1997)).
  • the resultant microspheres are recovered by centrifugation, filtration or sieving, washed to remove substances attached on the surface such as additives in the water-phase, and subjected to lyophilization optionally after combining with an aggregation inhibitor to prevent the agglomeration of microspheres, for example, sugar, sugar alcohol or inorganic salt, preferably lactose, mannitol or sorbitol.
  • an aggregation inhibitor to prevent the agglomeration of microspheres
  • sugar, sugar alcohol or inorganic salt preferably lactose, mannitol or sorbitol.
  • a sieve to obtain microspheres of an intended particle size, and it is more preferred to use a sieve allowing particles of, for example, 150 ⁇ m or below to pass so as to improve the syringeability when the microsphere preparation is used as injectable solution.
  • amphiphilic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran and dioxane in addition to the organic solvents used in the “In-water Drying Method” above can be used.
  • a PDE4 inhibitor and optionally one or more additional ingredients, or a solution thereof, are dissolved or dispersed in an organic solution of water insoluble polymer in any one of these organic solvents to form an organic phase.
  • the organic phase is added gradually to a solvent (disperse medium) immiscible with the organic solvent above, for example, silicon oil, liquid paraffin, sesame oil, soybean oil, corn oil, cotton seed oil, coconuts oil, linseed oil, with stirring to form O/O emulsion.
  • a surfactant may be added to the disperse medium.
  • the water insoluble polymer can be solidified by cooling the emulsion or evaporating the solvent in the organic phase by heating.
  • a hardening agent such as hexane, cyclohexane, methyl ethyl ketone, octamethyl-cyclotetrasiloxane or the like can be added gently to emulsion with stirring, or vice versa, to separate out the water insoluble polymer from emulsion thereby forming microspheres.
  • the resultant microspheres are recovered by centrifugation, filtration or sieving, washed with hexane or purified water to remove solvents, additives, etc. attached on its surface, and optionally subjected to air-drying, vacuum-drying, or lyophilization. Alternatively, it can be lyophilized after adding an aggregation inhibitor in a manner similar to that used in the above-mentioned in-water-drying method.
  • Examples of internal organic phase in the phase separation method include the following embodiments.
  • An organic phase which is O/O emulsion which uses two or more water-insoluble, biocompatible and biodegradable polymers, wherein a drug or a solution thereof is dissolved or dispersed in a polymer solution that is dispersed in the other(s).
  • microspheres by “Spray Drying Method” is conducted using the same organic solvent as the above-mentioned phase separation method.
  • a water insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer To an organic solvent is dissolved a water insoluble biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, and a PDE4 inhibitor and optionally one or more additional ingredients, or a solution thereof, are dissolved or dispersed in the solution, and sprayed via a nozzle into a drying chamber of a spray drier to volatilize the organic solvent to form microspheres.
  • any commercially available spray dryers for example, such as Pulvis Mini Spray GS31 (YAMATO Scientific Co., Ltd.), Mini Spray Dryer (Shibata Scientific Technology Ltd.), can be used.
  • the resultant microspheres are then worked-up in a manner similar to that used in the in-water drying method to yield the desired microsphere preparation.
  • Examples of colloid protective agent include polyvinyl alcohol.
  • microsphere preparation of the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease which comprises a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient
  • a vicinity of affected region especially, in the articular cartilage
  • it can be preferably applied locally, more preferably, into articular cartilage as injection or implant.
  • An injectable preparation of microspheres can be prepared by dispersing/suspending microspheres obtained by the present invention at a concentration of 0.0001-1000 mg/ml, preferably 0.0005-800 mg/ml, more preferably 0.001-500 mg/ml into an aqueous solution containing a dispersant.
  • dispersant examples include nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester (Tween80, Tween60, Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.), polyethylene castor oil (HCO-60, HCO-50, Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.), cellulose-derived dispersants such as carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, sodium alginate, dextran, sodium hyaluronate, and the like. These dispersants can serve to improve the dispersibility of microspheres and stabilize the elution of an active ingredient.
  • a dispersant can generally be added to a composition at a concentration of 0.01-2 % by weight preferably 0.05-1 % by weight.
  • the injectable preparation above may optionally contain a preservative (methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, sorbic acid, boric acid, amino acid, polyethylene glycol, etc.), an isotonizing agent (sodium chloride, glycerin, sorbitol, glucose, mannitol, etc.), a pH modifier (sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, oxalic acid, carbonic acid, acetic acid, arginine, lysine, etc.), a buffer (sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, etc.) or the like.
  • a preservative methylparaben, propylparaben, benzyl alcohol, chlorobutanol, sorbic acid, boric acid, amino acid, polyethylene glycol, etc.
  • an isotonizing agent sodium chloride, glycerin,
  • a steroid antiinflammatory analgesic or non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic may be dissolved or dispersed in the injectable preparation.
  • steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic include dexamethasone, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, halopredone, paramethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, and the like.
  • non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic include ibuprofen, ketoprofen, indomethacin, naproxen, piroxicam, and the like.
  • the microsphere injection containing PDE4 inhibitor can be in the form of a kit for preparing an injectable preparation at the time of use, which kit comprises a solid preparation of an aggregation inhibitor and microspheres, a dispersant and injectable distilled water.
  • the solid preparation used in a kit can be prepared by suspending microspheres in an aqueous solution containing an aggregation inhibitor, and subjecting the suspension to lyophilization, vacuum drying, spray drying, and/or the like.
  • the lyophilization is especially preferred.
  • a dispersant When preparing a solid preparation, a dispersant can be added to an aqueous solution containing aggregation inhibitor (mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, glucose, xylitol, maltose, galactose, sucrose, etc.) in order to improve the re-dispersibility into injectable distilled water, thereby yielding a solid preparation of good dispersibility. If necessary, it can be formulated into a kit for preparing an injectable preparation, in which a steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic and/or a non-steroidal antiinflammatory analgesic as well as a dispersant are combined.
  • aggregation inhibitor mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, glucose, xylitol, maltose, galactose, sucrose, etc.
  • the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease which comprises a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient, can be used in treatment of various warm blood mammals such as human, a domestic animal (a horse, a bull, a sheep, a pig), a pet (a dog, a cat), and the like.
  • the composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease can be used in regenerative treatment of various cartilage diseases such as osteoarthrosis, chondrodystrophy, degenerative discopathy, meniscus injury or the like, and be preferably used in regenerative treatment of osteoarthrosis.
  • Test Compounds Compound(1) (10 ⁇ 5 M or 10 ⁇ 4 M); Compound(2) (10 ⁇ 6 M or 10 ⁇ 5 M); Compound(9) (10 ⁇ 6 M or 10 ⁇ 5 M); Compound(11) (10 ⁇ 6 M); Compound(21) (10 ⁇ 6 M or 10 ⁇ 5 M); Compound(27) (10 ⁇ 6 M or 10 ⁇ 5 M); Compound(44) (10 ⁇ 5 M or 10 ⁇ 4 M);
  • the precipitates were washed with 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM medium twice, suspended in appropriate volume of the same medium and the resultant suspension was seeded into collagen type II (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 033-13901)-coated plates (48 well) at 20,000 cells/well. On the next day, the medium was replaced with 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM medium.
  • test compound-containing medium including 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide as a vehicle.
  • 10% FCS- ⁇ MEM medium containing 0.2 mM ascorbic acid was used as a medium to which a test compound is added.
  • the day on which test compound-containing medium was added for the first time was defined as “day 1”.
  • the medium exchange with the same medium was again conducted at day 3 and the cultivation continued until day 5.
  • the control group the medium was exchanged at the same time using the same medium as the test group except that it is free of test compound (containing vehicle only), and the cultivation was carried out in the same manner. After completion of cultivation, the supernatant was removed from the culture medium.
  • Cells were fixed by addition of 0.25 ml of neutral buffer containing 4% paraformaldehyde and incubation for 2 hours. Cells were washed three times with 1 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and then stained for 4 hours with 0.1% Alcian blue 8GX (Sigma; A3157) dissolved in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid, which Alcian blue selectively stains cartilage matrix proteoglycan. After staining, the cells were washed 3 times with 1 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.2).
  • Alcian blue which had stained cartilage matrix was dissolved with 0.25 ml of aqueous 6 M guanidine hydrochloride solution and a portion of the solution was used to determine the absorbance at 620 nm.
  • the amounts of Alcian blue used for staining was calculated from the absorbance, which in turn was used for the estimation of the amount of matrix (proteoglycan). The results are shown in Table 1.
  • the collected knee joint cortical layer was cut into as small sections as possible on a dish with a razor, washed with ice-cold phosphate buffer and homogenized with a homogenizer (Polytron: Kinematica A.G.) in homogenization buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 2 mM magnesium acetate, 0.3 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 40 ⁇ M leupeptin, 1.3 mM benzamidine, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and 1 mM sodium azide). The resultant homogenate was centrifuged (100,000 ⁇ g, 60 minutes) to separate supernatant.
  • a homogenizer Polytron: Kinematica A.G.
  • the supernatant was subjected to Mono Q Sepharose High Performance column (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) previously equilibrated with an elution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 1 mM calcium chloride, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 2 ⁇ M leupeptin, 5 mM benzamidine). After washing the column with 20 ml of elution buffer, proteins were eluted into 1 ml fractions by sodium chloride gradient under ice-cooling. Each fraction was subjected to the determination of cAMP hydrolyzing activity (PDE activity) on as a substrate.
  • PDE activity cAMP hydrolyzing activity
  • the determination of PDE activity was performed by a radio-labeled nucleic acid assay. That is, the reaction was initiated by adding from 10 to 30 ⁇ l of elution fraction to 500 ⁇ l of assay buffer [50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.33 mg/ml fetal bovine albumin (fatty acid-free, Sigma), 1 mM ethyleneglycol bis( ⁇ -aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid] containing 1 ⁇ M of unlabeled cAMP and 22 ⁇ M of [ 3 H]-cAMP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 0.33 mg/ml fetal bovine albumin (fatty acid-free, Sigma), 1 mM ethyleneglycol bis(
  • FIG. 1 shows that there are four peaks showing strong cAMP hydrolyzing activity. These four peaks fulfill the features of: (1) having hydrolytic activity selective to cAMP; (2) said cAMP hydrolyzing activity being free from the influence of cGMP; and (3) said activity being strongly inhibited by Compound(44) that is a selective PDE4 inhibitor, and hence were considered to be PDE4-related peaks. It was reported that PDE4 includes four subtypes, that is, PDE4A, PDE4B, PDE4C and PDE4D (Saldou et. al., Cellular Signaling, Vol.10, 427-440, 1998), and these four peaks were assumed to be such subtypes or splicing variants originated therefrom.
  • RNA was extracted with ISOGEN (Nippon Gene Co., Ltd.) from rabbit knee articular chondrocytes cultured for 4 days according to the same manner as Experimental Example 1 in the presence of Compound (1). at a final concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 M or 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 5 M, and 15 ⁇ g of the total RNA was dissolved in 4.5 ⁇ l of a sterilized water. This solution was combined with 2 ⁇ l of 5 ⁇ MOPS buffer, 3.5 ⁇ l of formaldehyde and 10 ⁇ l of formamide, and denatured at 90° C. for 15 minutes. The mixture was then electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel in the presence of formaldehyde.
  • RNA was transferred to a nylon membrane (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) overnight by capillary method.
  • the RNA was fixed to the nylon membrane by UV crosslinking and subjected to prehybridization at 60° C. for 2 hours in 50 ml of hybridization solution (6 ⁇ SSC, 5 ⁇ Denhart's solution, 0.5% SDS, 100 pg/ml heat-denatured salmon sperm DNA, free of 50% formamide).
  • DNA probes of mouse type II collagen gene and human aggrecan (typical protein consisting proteoglycan) gene were respectively radio-labeled with ⁇ [ 32 P]dCTP using Random-Prime Labeling Kit Ver.2 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). Each probe (1 ⁇ 10 8 dpm) and 5 ml of hybridization solution were added to a prehybridized nylon membrane and sealed, and allowed to hybridize at 60° C. overnight. The nylon membrane was washed with a solution containing 0.2 ⁇ SSC and 0.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate at 60° C. for 40 minutes three times.
  • the nylon membrane was subjected to an autoradiography and exposed to X-ray film using LAS-1000 (Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) A relative amount of each RNA was measured using Image Gause(Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd.) and corrected with 28S RNA (internal RNA: internal control). The gene expression rate in test group was calculated by assuming that in control group as 10.0%. The results are shown in Table 2. TABLE 2 Expression of Type II Expression of collagen gene (%) aggrecan gene (%) Control 100 100 Compound(1) 278 2693 10 ⁇ 5 M Compound(1) 406 4262 10 ⁇ 4 M
  • Old JW line rabbits (Kitayama Labes., Co Ltd.; male; 37-week-old) were housed at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) and is 50 ⁇ 20% humidity. During the housing period, the rabbits were free to access commercially available food (Oriental Bio; CE-2)
  • the rabbits were anesthetized by an intravenous injection of Nembutal (Dainabot Co., Ltd.; 50 mg/kg/ml) into an ear vein.
  • the left knee articular cartilage portion was shaved and sterilized with 70% aqueous ethanol.
  • 250 ⁇ l of the test compound-containing microsphere dispersion (drug content: 2.5 mg) prepared in Example 2-(3) was injected intra-articularly with a 18 gage needle (Terumo Corporation).
  • 250 ⁇ l of test compound-free microsphere dispersion prepared in Control Example 1-(2) was injected intra-articularly. At 14 days after administration, rabbits were sacrificed with bleeding under Nembutal anesthesia.
  • the knee joints were isolated, fixed in neutral buffer containing 10% formaldehyde and decalcified with aqueous 0.5 M EDTA-4Na solution to obtain sections.
  • the sections were stained with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid containing 0.10% Alcian blue 8GX (Sigma; A3157) which selectively stains cartilage matrix (proteoglycan) and the stainability between the test and control groups was compared microscopically.
  • the thickness of the matrix layer (proteoglycan) which was stained with Alcian blue, was more than three times in test groups compared with the control groups.
  • Old JW line rabbits (Kitayama Labes., Co Ltd.; male; 37-week-old) were housed at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) and 50 ⁇ 20% humidity in a rabbit cage (C type: W370 ⁇ D520 ⁇ H330). During the housing period, the rabbits were free to access commercially available food (Oriental Bio; CE-2).
  • the rabbits were anesthetized by an intravenous injection of Nembutal (Abbott Laboratories; 50 mg/kg/ml) into an ear vein.
  • the left knee articular cartilage portion was shaved and sterilized with 70% aqueous ethanol.
  • the median ligament of left knee was incised to expose the femur head and meniscus, and the bleeding from neighbor tissue was stopped with sterilized cotton.
  • a hole (2 mm diameter and 3 mm depth) was bored in the hollow at the middle of femoral head (un-loaded portion) with a drill (TOYO Associates LTD.: Mr. Meister). The hole was washed with sterilized saline to remove bone scraps etc. generated during boring.
  • the articular capsule and median ligament were sutured with silk thread and hemostasis and disinfection were conducted with sterilized cotton.
  • 250 ⁇ l of the test compound-containing microsphere dispersion (drug content: 2.5 mg) prepared in Example 2-(3) was injected intra-articularly with a 18 gage needle (Terumo Corporation).
  • 250 ul of test compound-free microsphere dispersion prepared in Control Example 1-(2) was injected intra-articularly.
  • Rabbits were sacrificed 14 days after administration with bleeding under Nembutal anesthesia.
  • the knee joints were isolated, fixed in neutral buffer containing 10% formaldehyde and decalcified with aqueous 0.5 M EDTA-4Na solution to obtain sections.
  • the degree of regeneration at the hole was observed microscopically.
  • the results are shown in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, an advanced regeneration of hole was confirmed clearly in the test groups compared with the control group.
  • Japanese White rabbits (Kitayama Labes., Co Ltd.; male; 13-week-old) were housed for 8 days at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) and 50 ⁇ 20% humidity. During the housing period, the rabbits were fed with commercially available food (RC4, Oriental Yeast, Co., Ltd.) at the rate of about 140 g/day.
  • the rabbits were anesthetized by an intravenous injection of Nembutal (Abbott Laboratories; Lot. 791102) into an ear vein. The both knee portions were shaved and sterilized with 70% aqueous ethanol. The rabbits received injections of 0.5 ml of aqueous saline solution containing 0.8% papain (Merck EC 3.4.22.2 lot 587644 019) twice into both knee joints at an interval of five days. One week after the second injection, for the test group, the microsphere dispersion prepared in Example 2-(3) (containing 0.2 or 2 mg of Compound(1)) was injected intra-articularly (left knee; 4-6 rabbits/group).
  • Example 1-(2) compound-free microsphere dispersion prepared in Control Example 1-(2) was injected intra-articularly (right knee; 4-6 rabbits/group) in the same amount as the dispersion used in test group. Furthermore, for the Artz-treated group, 0.3 ml of 1% aqueous hyaluronic acid sodium salt solution (Artz, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) was injected intra-articularly (left knee; 2 rabbits per group). For the non-Artz treated group, 0.3 ml of saline was injected intra-articularly (right knee; 2 rabbits per group). To both of the Artz-treated and non-Artz-treated group, the same intra-articular injection as the above was conducted weekly four times in total.
  • homogenizer Kermana A.G., Polytron
  • homogenization buffer 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 1 mM ethylene glycol bis( ⁇ -aminoethylether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 10 ⁇ g/ml leupeptin, 5 mM benzamidine, 0.2 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 1 mM sodium azide and 5 mM mercaptoethanol).
  • the resultant homogenate was centrifuged (100,000 ⁇ g; 30 minutes) to separate supernatant.
  • the determination of PDE activity was performed by a radio-labeled nucleic acid assay. That is, the reaction was initiated by adding from 10 to 50 ⁇ l of elution fraction to 500 ⁇ l of assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) containing 1 ⁇ M of unlabeled cAMP and 22 nM of [ 3 H]-cAMP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech).
  • assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 5 mM magnesium chloride, 4 mM 2-mercaptoethanol
  • the inhibitory activity of PDE4 inhibitor on fraction Nos. 28-30 containing potent cAMP hydrolyzing activity was measured according to the above-mentioned radio-labeled nucleic acid assay.
  • the test compounds are Compound(1), Compound(2), Compound(11), Compound(44) and Compound (27).
  • Human articular cartilage (articular cartilage of degenerative malum coxae patient) was soaked in phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) and only the cortical layer of the joint portion was scrapped with a knife into a 50 ml tube containing same buffer. The collected knee joint cortical layer was cut into as small sections as possible on a dish with a razor and transferred to a centrifuge tube.
  • phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 1 mg/ml of hyaluronidase SIGMA: Cat. No. H-3506
  • SIGMA hyaluronidase
  • the precipitates were separated by centrifugation (2,000 rpm, 5 minutes) and added to Hank's balanced salt solution (GIBCO; Cat. No. 15050-065) containing 0.25% trypsin and shaken at 37° C. for 30 minutes.
  • GIBCO Hank's balanced salt solution
  • a-minimum essential medium (GIBCO; Cat. No. 12571-063) containing 0.25% collagenase for cell diffusion (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 034-10533) and 10% fetal calf serum (GIBCO; Cat. No. 10099-141) were added to the precipitates and shaken at 37° C. overnight.
  • Cartilage fragments were removed using a 40 ⁇ m Cell Strainer (FALCON; Cat. No.2340), and ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum was added to the collagenase-treated cells and centrifuged (1,400 rpm, 10 minutes).
  • FALCON Cell Strainer
  • ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum was added to the collagenase-treated cells and centrifuged (1,400 rpm, 10 minutes).
  • the precipitates were washed three times with ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and suspended in the same medium to an appropriate volume and seeded into 48-well plates (50,000 cells/well). On the next day, the medium was replaced with ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum.
  • the ⁇ -minimum essential medium used contained antibiotics (100 U/ml penicillin G and 100 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin sulfate) and an antifungal (0.25 ⁇ g/ml amphotericin B) (GIBCO; Cat. No. 15240-062).
  • the medium for test group was replaced with ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum (including 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide) supplied with 1 ⁇ M PGE 2 (SIGMA, Cat. No. P-0409) and 10 ⁇ 6 M or 10 ⁇ 5 M test compound.
  • the medium was replaced with ⁇ -minimum essential medium (including 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide) containing 10% fetal calf serum supplied with 1 ⁇ M PGE 2 (SIGMA, Cat. No. P-0409).
  • the collected knee joint cortical layer was cut into as small sections as possible on a dish with a razor, combined with 50 ml of phosphate buffer (100 mg trypsin, 40 mg EDTA ⁇ 4 Na; pH 7.2) containing 0.2% glucose, supplied with 10 ⁇ trypsin-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetra sodium salt (EDTA ⁇ 4Na: GIBCO; Cat. No.15400-054) and shaken at 37° C. for 15 minutes.
  • phosphate buffer 100 mg trypsin, 40 mg EDTA ⁇ 4 Na; pH 7.2
  • glucose supplied with 10 ⁇ trypsin-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid tetra sodium salt (EDTA ⁇ 4Na: GIBCO; Cat. No.15400-054)
  • MEM ⁇ -minimum essential medium
  • MEM ⁇ -minimum essential medium
  • antibiotics 200 U/ml penicillin G and 200 ug/ml streptomycin sulfate
  • the incubation was conducted in a CO 2 incubator at 37° C. for 30 minutes under stirring with a stirrer bar.
  • Deoxyribonuclease I (Takara Shuzo Co., LTD.; Cat. No. 2210A) was then added at a concentration of 70 U/ml.
  • the cultivation was conducted under the same condition for another 30 minutes.
  • the supernatant of the culture was collected in another vessel and the remaining cartilage slips were then cultured again for about 30 minutes in freshly prepared a-minimum essential medium containing 60 mg of collagenase and 70 U/ml deoxyribonuclease I.
  • the precipitates were washed twice with ⁇ -minimum essential medium containing 10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics, suspended with an appropriate volume of the same medium, and seeded into 48-well plates (20,000 cells/well). On the next day, the medium was replaced with the same medium.
  • the medium of test group was replaced with a medium (including 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide) supplied with 1 ng/ml recombinant human IL-1 ⁇ (PEPRO TECH; Cat. No. 200-01B) and a test compound.
  • a medium including 0.1% dimethylsulfoxide
  • the medium was replaced with the same medium as the test group except that a test compound was not added.
  • day 1 The day when IL-1 ⁇ containing medium was added was defined as “day 1” and the cultivation was continued until day 3.
  • IL-1 plays a important role in cartilage matrix degradation, because IL-1 is expressed in synovial fluid and cartilage cells of osteoarthrosis patients, and induces the production and synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), which is matrix (such as cartilage matrix, proteoglycan) catabolic enzyme (The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, vol 277, pp. 1672-1675, 1966; Journal of Biochemistry, vol 123, pp. 431-439, 1998; Arthritis & Rheumatism, vol 44, pp. 585-594, 2001). Therefore, the results described above suggested that a PDE4 inhibitor, which is an active ingredient of the present invention, has inhibitory activity against IL-1-related cartilage matrix degradation.
  • MMP matrix metalloproteinase
  • Japanese White rabbits male; 10-week-old; 7 rabbits/group were housed for 16 days at room temperature (23 ⁇ 2° C.) and 55 ⁇ 15% humidity. During the housing period, the rabbits were free to access commercially available food (Oriental Bio Service; LRC4).
  • LRC4 Oriental Bio Service
  • each rabbit of the test group (7 rabbits/group) was administered intra-articularly the drug-containing microsphere prepared in Example 7-(1), which contains 1 ⁇ g of Compound (2).
  • the rabbit of the control group (7 rabbits/group) received the same amount of drug-free microsphere prepared in Control Example 2.
  • the above-mentioned drug-containing or -free microsphere was again administered.
  • microsphere obtained in (4) above was added to physiological saline (dispersion medium) containing 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium (Nichirin Chemical Industries) and 0.1% polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester (Tween 80: Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.) at final drug concentration of 2.5 mg/ml, and the mixture was stirred with a mixer (Touch mixer MT-51: YAMATO Scientific Co., Ltd.) thoroughly to yield microsphere dispersion.
  • physiological saline dispersion medium
  • carboxymethyl cellulose sodium Nachirin Chemical Industries
  • polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester Teween 80: Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd.
  • the drug content and the average particle size of microsphere were measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(4) and proved to be 3.70% and 47.7 ⁇ m, respectively.
  • microsphere obtained in (1) above was treated in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(5) to give microsphere dispersion (drug rate: 2.5 mg/ml).
  • microsphere obtained in (1) above was treated in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(5) to give microsphere dispersion (drug rate: 10.0 mg/ml).
  • Microsphere (1.5 g) was prepared in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(1) to (4) except that lactic acid polymer (average molecular weight 20,000; PLA0020: Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was used.
  • the drug content and the average particle size of microsphere were measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(4) and proved to be 3.73% and 52.2 ⁇ m, respectively.
  • microsphere obtained in (1) above was treated in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(5) to give microsphere dispersion (drug rate: 2.5 mg/ml).
  • microsphere suspension was filtered through 150 ⁇ m filter to remove aggregates and filtered under reduced pressure through 20 ⁇ m filter to remove water phase.
  • the resultant microsphere was combined with a little amount of distilled water and lyophilized to give microsphere.
  • the drug content and the average particle size of microsphere were measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(4) and proved to be 39.6% and 33.4 ⁇ m, respectively.
  • Emulsion was poured into a cylindrical airtight container (inside diameter: 110 mm; volume 1,000 ml) containing 400 ml of purified water, and methylene chloride was removed from the container by stirring at 25° C. and 400 rpm using 4-bladed propeller (diameter: 50 mm, propeller R type: HEIDON) equipped with Three-one motor (BL-600; HEIDON) while supplying nitrogen gas into hollow fibers of cylinder-type hollow fiber membrane module made of silicone rubber (NAGAYANAGI Co., Ltd.) inserted in the container (gas flow rate is 2 L/minute). This procedure was conducted for 1 hour.
  • 4-bladed propeller (diameter: 50 mm, propeller R type: HEIDON) equipped with Three-one motor (BL-600; HEIDON) while supplying nitrogen gas into hollow fibers of cylinder-type hollow fiber membrane module made of silicone rubber (NAGAYANAGI Co., Ltd.) inserted in the container (gas flow rate is 2 L/
  • the cylindrical hollow fiber membrane module made of silicone rubber used in this procedure is cylinder type NAGASEP M60-1800 of the following specification. Cylinder diameter 100 mm Cylinder length 120 mm ⁇ 120 mm Membrane thickness of hollow fiber 60 ⁇ m membrane Inside diameter of hollow fiber 200 ⁇ m membrane Outside diameter of hollow fiber 320 ⁇ m membrane Number of hollow fiber 1800 Effective membrane area of hollow 0.15 m 2 fiber membrane
  • microsphere suspension was filtered through 150 ⁇ m filter to remove aggregates and filtered under reduced pressure through 20 ⁇ m filter to remove water phase.
  • the resultant microsphere was combined with a little amount of distilled water and lyophilized to give 0.26 g of microsphere.
  • the drug content and the average particle size of microsphere were measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(4) and proved to be 3.07% and 71.7 ⁇ m, respectively.
  • the drug content in microsphere was estimated. Further, the average particle size was measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 1-(4). As a result, the drug content was 9.9% and the average particle size was 26.4 ⁇ m.
  • microsphere dispersion drug rate: 0.1 mg/ml
  • the drug content and the average particle size of microsphere were measured in a manner similar to that described in Example 6-(4) and proved to be 10.1% and 27.0 ⁇ m, respectively.
  • microsphere obtained in (1) above was treated in a manner similar to that described in Example 6-(5) to give microsphere dispersion (drug rate: 0.1 mg/ml).
  • microsphere obtained in (1) above was treated in a same procedures described in Example 1-(5) to prepare microsphere dispersion, wherein the dispersed microsphere concentration in the dispersion is the same as that of Example 2-(3).
  • test tube was centrifuged (2000 rpm, 5 min) and of stirring, test tube was centrifuged (2000 rpm, 5 min) and 9 ml of supernatant was sampled and loaded on FL-HPLC (column; Hypersil 5-ODS, diameter: 4 mm, length: 300 mm, GL Sciences, Inc., excitation wavelength: 315 nm, fluorescence wavelength: 465 nm) and the drug content was determined by comparing with a standard curve prepared separately with a drug solution. On the basis of the result and the sampling volume, the elution amount of drug was estimated.
  • the elution rate was calculated based on the assumption that the sum of drug eluted from and remained in the microsphere being 100%.
  • microspheres were collected from the sites of administration.
  • 5 ml of acetonitrile containing internal control substance was added and dissolved with homogenizer (Polytron: Kinematica A.G.) After centrifugation at 3,000 rpm, 5 minutes, 3 ml of supernatant was collected, combined with 7 ml of 0.5 M aqueous sodium chloride solution, stirred with a mixer (Touch mixer MT-51: YAMATO Scientific Co., Ltd.) and then centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 5 minutes to separate supernatant.
  • homogenizer Polytron: Kinematica A.G.
  • Microspheres were collected at regular time intervals from the administration site. To the collected microspheres, 10 ml of acetonitrile was added and dissolved with homogenizer (Polytron: Kinematica A.G.) After centrifugation at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes, 3 ml of supernatant was collected, combined with 6 ml of 0.5 M aqueous sodium chloride, stirred with a mixer (Touch mixer MT-51: YAMATO Scientific Co., Ltd.) and then centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes to separate supernatant.
  • homogenizer Polytron: Kinematica A.G.
  • the present composition for regenerative treatment of cartilage disease which comprises a PDE4 inhibitor as an active ingredient, especially when administered locally to the affected cartilage region, makes it possible to regenerate the cartilage without producing side effects due to systemic action of PDE4 inhibitor, whereby exerts regenerative therapeutic effects on cartilage diseases especially osteoarthrosis.
  • Still higher effect can be achieved by formulating a composition containing a PDE4 inhibitor and a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer into a depot preparation, especially into an injectable microsphere preparation, administering the same locally to an affected cartilage region thereby allowing efficacy to last.

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US20090069307A1 (en) * 2004-10-29 2009-03-12 Tamotsu Takagi Use of a pyridine compound for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of skin lesions
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