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US20040060623A1 - Method of fabricating metal parts of different ductilities - Google Patents

Method of fabricating metal parts of different ductilities Download PDF

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Publication number
US20040060623A1
US20040060623A1 US10/374,674 US37467403A US2004060623A1 US 20040060623 A1 US20040060623 A1 US 20040060623A1 US 37467403 A US37467403 A US 37467403A US 2004060623 A1 US2004060623 A1 US 2004060623A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
region
workpiece
temperature
regions
ductility
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/374,674
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English (en)
Inventor
Johannes Boke
Jurgen Krogmeier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH
Original Assignee
Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH filed Critical Benteler Automobiltechnik GmbH
Assigned to BENTELER AUTOMOBILTECHNIK GMBH reassignment BENTELER AUTOMOBILTECHNIK GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BOKE, JOHANNES, KROGMEIER, JURGEN
Publication of US20040060623A1 publication Critical patent/US20040060623A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
    • C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
    • C21D1/62—Quenching devices
    • C21D1/673—Quenching devices for die quenching
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
    • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/008—Martensite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
    • C21D2211/009—Pearlite
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article

Definitions

  • Our present invention relates to a method of making hardened metal parts, especially motor vehicle components, having regions of different ductility. More particularly, the invention relates to a method whereby a workpiece, such as a slab, a plate or a preformed metal part, usually of an alloy steel, is subjected to heating to an austenitization temperature and then subjected to a hardening process while being passed along a transport path and such that the end product will have at least one region of higher ductility and at least one region of lower ductility.
  • a workpiece such as a slab, a plate or a preformed metal part, usually of an alloy steel
  • the components may be deformable in the case of a crash and thereby dissipate the crash energy as deformation energy.
  • the shaped articles are required to have certain regions of high strength and low deformability and other regions which should be of greater ductility.
  • the column foot should be relatively ductile while the upper part of the column should have greater strength and lower ductility.
  • a component to such heating treatment it is also known to subject a component to such heating treatment that it will have local regions of higher strength and thus lower ductility and regions of higher ductility or deformability.
  • German patent document DE 197 43 802 C2 describes a method of making a shaped structural component for a motor vehicle with regions of different ductility in which a starting Blab or billet prior to or after pressing is only partially heated or is, after a prior homogeneous heating, is heated further in regions in which the desired higher ductility is to be produced.
  • the subsequent heating to generate ductile regions can result in distortion of the article.
  • German Patent document DE 197 23 655 A1 describes a method of partially hardening a shaped structural component whereby the starting slab is homogeneously heated in a furnace and then is hardened in a cooled pair of dies whereby partial regions of the workpiece are subjected to hardening with slow cooling in that, at these locations in the tools, recesses or thermally insulating inserts are arranged or inductive heating is effected at these regions.
  • the purpose of this process is to enable a workpiece to be machined additionally in the partially nonhardened regions, for example by boring.
  • the method of DE 197 23 655 A1 however has problems in the case of hot-forming processes since the shaping cannot occur in the regions in which recesses are provided in the tools and in which greater ductility is to be provided by preventing or limiting the hardening. As a consequence breakage can occur.
  • the inductive hardening is only possible for the finally shaped parts and requires a separate process step. As a consequence the subsequent inductive hardening is expensive and can involve the danger of distortion.
  • European Patent EP 0 816 520 B1 describes a shaped article and a method for creating defined strength and hardness characteristics thereof over its length whereby the article after shaping is inductively heated and then quenched to produce hardened regions.
  • DE 200 14 361 U1 describes a B column which also has regions of different strength.
  • the production of the B column is effected by a hot forming process in which a steel blank or preformed elongated section is austenitized in a furnace and then shaped and hardened in a cooled die.
  • a hot forming process in which a steel blank or preformed elongated section is austenitized in a furnace and then shaped and hardened in a cooled die.
  • large-area regions of the workpiece can be shielded against the effect of the temperature by insulation so that in the shielded regions the austenitization temperature is not reached and as a consequence in the workpiece there is no martensitic structure upon hardening.
  • the principal object of the present invention to provide a method of making metal products, especially vehicle structural components, with at least two regions of different ductility, which is suitable for mass production.
  • Another object is to provide a method for the purposes described which avoids the problems hitherto encountered in fabricating steel articles with regions of different ductivity.
  • T stop a predetermined cooling stop temperature
  • step (c) during step (b) maintaining the second region at a hardening temperature (T H ) at least sufficient for martensite formation in the second region;
  • step (a) therefore, the metal slab or preformed metal parts is brought in a heating device to a defined austenitization temperature for a predetermined austentitization time and thus is homogeneously heated to a temperature which can correspond to the cooling start temperature.
  • the invention provides in its first step for a rapid quenching of the first regions to a cooling stop temperature or transformation temperature and then a substantially isothermal transformation into a ferritic/perlitic structure.
  • This has the advantage that an exact setting of the transformation temperature parameter and the retention time parameter for the ferritic/perlitic structure component can be readily set and controlled and thus that the mechanical characteristics are controllable in a highly reliable manner.
  • the parallel processes for creating the ductile characteristics of the first regions and the process for creating the low ductility high strength second regions have identical process commencement and the same terminations and hence the same process times. The method can thus be integrated in a problem-free manner in already existing hot-forming processes.
  • the quenching step can commence at a higher cooling speed which is greater than the critical cooling speed, i.e. the cooling speed at which a ferritic/perlitic structure is formed and which can be halted at a precisely determined temperature.
  • This temperature is so chosen that it is a maximum for the ferritic/perlitic transformation at the highest possible rate and simultaneously is a compromise.
  • the transformation of the austenite is greater but the increasing diffusion inertia of the carbon atoms delays the process. In contrast thereto the diffusion of the carbon atoms is significantly greater at higher temperatures but the transformation of the austenite is much less.
  • the duration of the retention time required for structure transformation also has the direct influence on the amount of the remaining residual austenite content in the first regions.
  • the second regions are predominantly or completely maintained in the austenitic range.
  • the hardening temperature is especially advantageous and an optimal match for the hardening temperature to be so high that a martensite formation in this region occurs during the hardening process.
  • an excessive temperature drop in the second region can be counteracted by a supply of heat thereto during the transformation of the first region. It can be sufficient, in this case, to avoid radiation loss from the second region or to minimize radiation loss, for example by reflecting radiation back onto the second regions.
  • the first regions are cooled, in accordance with the invention, with a cooling medium dispensed from nozzles conforming to the geometry of the first regions of the workpiece.
  • the cooling medium is preferably an air stream.
  • the hardening process can be carried out in any optional hardening device, for example, in a quenching vessel. It is however especially advantageous to effect the quenching using a cooled tool, for example, a shaping die in conjunction with a shaping operation. This mode of operation has been found to be especially effective when the process is part of a hot-forming process.
  • the hardening step which involves quenching below the martensitic starting temperature or forming martensite in the austenitic structure of the second regions, is effected in contact with the cooled die. Additional steps such as tempering or annealing can follow. The result is a continuous rather than an abrupt transition from the more ductile structure to the harder structure between the first and second regions.
  • a precipitous transition from ductile to the high strength over a small transition region can thus be obtained if desired or a transition region which is wide and gradual can be created with the material characteristics running from ductile to high strength or vice versa depending upon the desire of the operator.
  • the method is particularly suitable for use with steel alloys containing manganese and boron.
  • the critical cooling speed i.e. the cooling speed which a martensitic structure arises is significantly reduced.
  • the boron addition results, during the cooling of steel in a delay of the transformation into softer structural types like ferrite and perlite starting from the austenitic range. This means that slower cooling speeds can produce a hardening in the material like that which can be achieved with a continuous air stream.
  • These steel types have been hardened in according with the German patent document DE 200 14 361 U1 using an air stream over the entire structure of the workpiece and will not yield ductile regions.
  • the invention is preferably applied to a slab of a steel alloy having, in weight percent, carbon between 0.18% and 0.3%, silicon between 0.1% and 0.7%, manganese between 1.0% and 2.5%, phosphorus to a maximum of 0.025%, chromium from 0.1% to 0.8%, molybdenum between 0.1% and 0.5%, sulfur to a maximum of 0.01%, titanium between 0.02% and 0.05%, boron between 0.002% and 0.005% and aluminum between 0,01% and 0.06%, the balance being certain unavoidable smelting impurities.
  • the steel alloy can have a niobium content (Nb) between 0.03% and 0.05% to minimize intercrystalline corrosion and resistance to heat.
  • the method of the invention with the described interrupted quenching step and the isothermal retention at a temperature above the martensitic start temperature in the case of boron and manganese-containing steel ensures ferrite/perlite transformation for a softer structure in the first regions of the workpiece. Because of the presence of boron, it is possible to provide a reduced hardening temperature in the second regions so that during the retention time a harder structure is ensured with the requisite higher strength.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the method of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of temperature vs. time illustrating the transformation start and end points and the times at which they occur.
  • FIG. 3 is a positive view illustrating aspects of the invention and in particular the cooling of the workpiece with a partition or shielding between process zones.
  • FIG. 1 shows the process sequence in the production of structural components for a motor vehicle having regions of different ductility.
  • the fabrication line comprises a heating unit 1 or furnace in which the slab, plate or sheet 2 , or a preformed component, is homogeneously heated over a certain austenitization time t a to a predetermined austenitization temperature T A .
  • a hardening unit 3 for example, a reshaping die and press, in which the slab is then subjected to shaping under uniform cooling, the process is subdivided into two process stages P 1 and P 2 in which the local processing of different regions of the workpiece enables the creation of different deformation properties in the workpiece which will remain in the finished product.
  • a heating bed wherein, for instance, in case the intrinsic heat of the component is not sufficient, hot air is blown therein.
  • the zone for maintaining the austenitic region 6 of the second or less ductile part in the second process line P 2 is preferably provided with an additional heating device 7 , for example, having induction coils. The radiant heat from this second part of the workpiece can also be reflected back onto the workpiece by means of a mirror or other reflective unit 8 .
  • the column after heating in the furnace is displaced with its longitudinal axis traverse to the transport direction on a conveyer belt which is represented by the paths P 1 and P 2 between the furnace 1 and the die 3 .
  • the column foot is initially rapidly cooled (quenched) at 4 and then over the stretch 5 held isothermally while the structure of the workpiece in the upper column part by transport through the zone 6 is maintained in the austenitic range. Then, the component is subjected to hardening and shaping in the cooled dies 3 .
  • the temperature course of the two partial process lines P 1 and P 2 has been represented in FIG. 2.
  • T start which here corresponds to the austenitization temperature
  • Tstop the cooling stop temperature
  • the first regions are then subjected to isothermal transformation approximately at this temperature to the time t 3 .
  • the second regions which are to have a structure with reduced ductility in the final product are maintained in the austenitic range until the transformation of the structure of the first regions has been concluded or is nearly concluded.
  • the hardening process occurs in which both regions are quenched.
  • the first regions are quenched from the temperature T stop while the second regions are quenched from the hardening temperature T H .
  • FIG. 3 shows, in a perspective view, a shaped component 9 with a ductal region 10 , referred to herein as the first region, and a low ductility high strength region 11 , referred to as the second region.
  • the transport direction is represented by the arrow A.
  • the two regions 10 and 11 can be separated by a sheet or plate 12 forming a partition between the process zones of the workpiece as it passes along the transport path through the process stages P 1 and P 2 .
  • the partition 12 matches the shape of the workpiece 9 .
  • the region 10 which is to be more ductile in the finished product is juxtaposed above and below with nozzles 13 , 13 a , 13 b , 13 c , 13 d and 13 e which are shaped to conform to the contour of the workpiece and inform which air is directed at the workpiece to effect the quenching or rapid cooling defined in FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the cooling medium may be air. During this cooling part 11 which is to be less ductile and of higher strength in the finished product is not subjected to cooling and indeed is protected by the partition 12 from cooling.
  • the resulting part when finally hardened, has regions with two different structures and ductility and the corresponding different mechanical properties.
  • the particular temperatures and times used can be matched to the different alloying elements and compositions employed and the method has been found to be applicable to components having large regions of high ductility while avoiding problems hitherto encountered like distortion and the requirements for extra steps.
  • a suitable composition in accordance with the invention and provided as an example is a manganese-boron steel alloy of the following composition (in weight %):

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
US10/374,674 2002-02-26 2003-02-26 Method of fabricating metal parts of different ductilities Abandoned US20040060623A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10208216A DE10208216C1 (de) 2002-02-26 2002-02-26 Verfahren zur Herstellung eines metallischen Bauteils
DE10208216.2 2002-02-26

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DE (1) DE10208216C1 (de)
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