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US20030140365A1 - Method of improving crop yields - Google Patents

Method of improving crop yields Download PDF

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US20030140365A1
US20030140365A1 US10/268,621 US26862102A US2003140365A1 US 20030140365 A1 US20030140365 A1 US 20030140365A1 US 26862102 A US26862102 A US 26862102A US 2003140365 A1 US2003140365 A1 US 2003140365A1
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plants
plant
auxin
ala
leu
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Abner Becton
Leo Namken
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United Agri Products Inc
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Publication of US20030140365A1 publication Critical patent/US20030140365A1/en
Priority to US10/976,016 priority patent/US7230163B2/en
Priority to US11/761,984 priority patent/US20070225171A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
    • A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N39/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing aryloxy- or arylthio-aliphatic or cycloaliphatic compounds, containing the group or, e.g. phenoxyethylamine, phenylthio-acetonitrile, phenoxyacetone
    • A01N39/02—Aryloxy-carboxylic acids; Derivatives thereof
    • A01N39/04—Aryloxy-acetic acids; Derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
    • C12N15/8274—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for herbicide resistance
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
    • C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
    • C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
    • C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
    • C12N15/8291—Hormone-influenced development
    • C12N15/8294—Auxins
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
    • Y02A40/146—Genetically Modified [GMO] plants, e.g. transgenic plants

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to increasing crop yields.
  • the present invention relates to increasing crop yields by applying an auxin herbicide to transgenic plants capable of metabolizing the applied auxin herbicide.
  • 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is a herbicide used primarily to control dicotyledonous weeds. 2,4-D is broken down in soil by a variety of microorganisms, including Alcaligenes eutrophus .
  • a gene (tfdA) has been isolated from strains of A. eutrophus which encodes the first enzyme in the 2,4-D degradation pathway of these bacteria. This enzyme is a dioxygenase which catalyzes the conversion of 2,4-D to 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP).
  • the invention provides a method of improving the yield of a crop.
  • the method comprises growing transgenic plants to produce a crop, the transgenic plants being able to metabolize at least one synthetic auxin.
  • a synthetic auxin is applied to the plants at least once during their growth, the synthetic auxin being one that can be metabolized by the transgenic plants. Finally, the crop is harvested.
  • FIG. 1 Diagram of pProPClSV-SAD.
  • FIG. 2 Diagram of pPZP21-PNPT-311g7.
  • FIG. 3 Diagram of pPZP21-PNPT-512g7.
  • FIG. 4 Diagram of pPZP21-PNPT-311-SAD.
  • FIG. 5 Diagram of pPZP21-PNPT-512-SAD.
  • “Synthetic auxins” are compounds generally used as herbicides. Thus, they are also referred to as “auxin herbicides.”
  • Preferred synthetic auxins (auxin herbicides) for use in the present invention are the phenoxy auxins (phenoxy herbicides), which include 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-CPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid (2,4-DB), 4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid, 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propionic acid, 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid, and salts and esters of these acids.
  • 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and esters thereof are preferred.
  • Auxin herbicides including phenoxy herbicides, are available commercially. See Crop Protection Reference (Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 11th ed., 1995).
  • a transgenic plant according to the invention is a plant which is tolerant to at least one synthetic auxin to which the corresponding nontransgenic plant is sensitive.
  • “Tolerant” means that the transgenic plant can grow in the presence of an amount of an auxin herbicide which inhibits the growth of the corresponding nontransgenic plant and/or that the transgenic plant is not injured by an amount of auxin herbicide which injures the nontransgenic plant.
  • “Sensitive” means that the nontransgenic plant is injured or killed by one or more auxin herbicides. In particular, nontransgenic dicotyledonous plants are severely injured or killed by auxin herbicides.
  • Nontransgenic monocotyledonous plants are much less sensitive to auxin herbicides than dicotyledonous plants, but monocotyledonous plants can be injured by auxin herbicides applied to them at particular developmental stages (e.g., grain fill) or during times of stress.
  • the transgenic plants of the invention are tolerant because they are able to metabolize one or more synthetic auxins as a result of the expression of heterologous DNA coding for one or more enzymes which metabolize the synthetic auxin(s) so that the synthetic auxin(s) are no longer harmful to plants.
  • “Heterologous DNA” is used herein to mean DNA not found in the plant, such as DNA from a microorganism or another species or strain of plant.
  • a DNA molecule comprising DNA coding for an enzyme or enzymes which metabolize(s) at least one synthetic auxin is used.
  • the DNA molecule may be a cDNA clone or a genomic clone isolated from a natural source.
  • phenoxy herbicides are broken down in soil by a variety of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and fungi from several taxonomic groups. See, e.g., Llwellyn and Last, in Herbicide - Resistant Crops, Chapter 10 (Stephen O. Duke, ed.) (CRC Lewis Publishers, New York, N.Y., (1996)); Bayley et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 83, 645-649 (1992), Lyon et al., Plant Molec. Biol., 13, 533-540 (1989); Streber et al., J. Bacteriology, 169,2950-2955 (1987); Han and New, Soil Biol.
  • Additional strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi that metabolize phenoxy herbicides can be obtained by methods well known in the art (e.g., by isolation from soils where the phenoxy herbicides are used or manufactured by the enrichment culture technique (see, e.g., Loos, in Degradation Of Herbicides, pages 1-49 (Kearney and Kaufman, eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1969); Han and New, Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 1689-1695 (1994)).
  • the most well-characterized organisms are strains of Alcaligenes eutrophus , and it is from strains of A. eutrophus that the tfdA gene used to produce 2,4-D-tolerant transgenic plants was isolated. Additional cDNA and genomic clones coding for phenoxy-herbicide-metabolizing enzymes can be obtained from microorganisms that metabolize one or more phenoxy herbicides by methods well known in the art (e.g., in a manner similar to those used to isolate and identify the known tfdA clones). See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.
  • DNA molecules comprising DNA encoding an enzyme or enzymes which metabolize(s) at least one synthetic auxin can also be fully or partially chemically synthesized using the sequences of isolated clones.
  • a cDNA or genomic clone obtained as described in the previous paragraph, is sequenced by methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).
  • a synthetic DNA sequence comprising the coding sequence of the cDNA or genomic clone can be fully or partially chemically synthesized using methods well known in the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989). For instance, DNA sequences may be synthesized by phosphoamidite chemistry in an automated DNA synthesizer. Also, the sequence of the tfdA gene from A. eutrophus JMP134 is publically available (see Streber et al., J.
  • Chemical synthesis has a number of advantages. For instance, using chemical synthesis, the sequence of the DNA molecule or its encoded protein can be readily changed to, e.g., optimize expression (e.g., eliminate mRNA secondary structures that interfere with transcription or translation, eliminate undesired potential polyadenylation sequences, and alter the A+T and G+C content), add unique restriction sites at convenient points, delete protease cleavage sites, etc.
  • chemical synthesis is desirable because codons preferred by the plant in which the DNA sequence will be expressed can be used to optimize expression. Not all of the codons need to be changed to obtain improved expression, but preferably at least the codons least preferred by the plant are changed to plant-preferred codons.
  • Codons least preferred by the plant are those codons in the heterologous DNA sequence that are used least by the plant in question to encode a particular amino acid.
  • Plant-preferred codons are codons which are used more frequently by a plant to encode a particular amino acid than is the codon encoding that amino acid in the heterologous DNA sequence.
  • the plant-preferred codon is the codon used most frequently by the plant to encode the amino acid.
  • the plant codon usage may be that of plants in general, a class of plants (e.g., dicotyledonous plants), a specific type of plant (e.g., tobacco, soybeans, cotton or tomatoes), etc.
  • codon usage or preferences of a plant or plants can be deduced by methods known in the art. See, e.g., Maximizing Gene Expression, pages 225-85 (Reznikoff & Gold, eds., 1986), Perlak, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 3324-3328 (1991), PCT WO 97/31115, PCT WO 97/11086, EP 646643, EP 553494, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,689,052, 5,567,862, 5,567,600, 5,552,299 and 5,017,692.
  • the codons used by the plant or plants to encode all of the different amino acids in a selection of proteins expressed by the plant or plants, preferably those proteins which are highly expressed, are tabulated. This can be done manually or using software designed for this purpose (see PCT application WO 97/11086). Preferably, greater than about 50%, most preferably at least about 80%, of the codons of the heterologous DNA sequence are changed to plant-preferred codons.
  • DNA molecules comprising DNA coding for mutant enzymes that metabolize auxin herbicides can be used.
  • Such mutant enzymes would have an amino acid sequence which is the same as that of a naturally-occurring enzyme, such as the dioxygenases produced by the A. eutrophus tfdA clones, except that one or more amino acids is added, deleted, or substituted for the amino acids of the naturally-occurring enzyme.
  • DNA coding for such mutant enzymes can be prepared using, for example, oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis, linker-scanning mutagenesis, mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction, chemical synthesis, and the like. See Ausubel et al. (eds.), Current Protocols In Molecular Biology (Wiley Interscience 1990) and McPherson (ed.), Directed Mutagenesis: A Practical Approach (IRL Press 1991).
  • DNA constructs are defined herein to be constructed (non-naturally occurring) DNA molecules useful for introducing DNA into host cells, and the term includes chimeric genes, expression cassettes, and vectors.
  • DNA constructs for use in the present invention comprise DNA coding for an auxin herbicide-metabolizing enzyme or enzymes operatively linked to expression control sequences.
  • operatively linked refers to the linking of DNA sequences (including the order of the sequences, the orientation of the sequences, and the relative spacing of the various sequences) in such a manner that the encoded proteins are expressed.
  • Methods of operatively linking expression control sequences to coding sequences are well known in the art. See, e.g., Maniatis et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1982), Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989).
  • “Expression control sequences” are DNA sequences involved in any way in the control of transcription or translation. Suitable expression control sequences and methods of making and using them are well known in the art.
  • the expression control sequences must include a promoter.
  • the promoter may be any DNA sequence which shows transcriptional activity in the chosen plant(s).
  • the promoter may be inducible or constitutive. It may be naturally-occurring, may be composed of portions of various naturally-occuring promoters, or may be partially or totally synthetic.
  • Guidance for the design of promoters is provided by studies of promoter structure, such as that of Harley and Reynolds, Nucleic Acids Res., 15, 2343-61 (1987). Also, the location of the promoter relative to the transcription start may be optimized. See, e.g., Roberts, et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 760-4 (1979). Many suitable promoters are well known in the art.
  • suitable constitutive promoters for use in plants include: the promoters from plant viruses, such as the full-length transcript promoter from peanut chlorotic streak virus (U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,019), the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (Odell et al., Nature 313:810-812 (1985), promoters of Chlorella virus methyltransferase genes (U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,328), and the full-length transcript promoter from figwort mosaic virus (U.S. Pat. No.
  • Suitable inducible promoters for use in plants include: the promoter from the ACE1 system which responds to copper (Mett et al. PNAS 90:4567-4571 (1993)); the promoter of the maize In2 gene which responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (Hershey et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 227:229-237 (1991) and Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genetics 243:32-38 (1994)), and the promoter of the Tet repressor from Tn10 (Gatz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 227:229-237(1991).
  • a particularly preferred inducible promoterforuse in plants is one that responds to an inducing agent to which plants do not normally respond.
  • An exemplary inducible promoter of this type is the inducible promoter from a steroid hormone gene, the transcriptional activity of which is induced by a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Schena et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10421 (1991).
  • Other inducible promoters for use in plants are described in EP 332104, PCT WO 93/21334 and PCT WO 97/06269.
  • promoters composed of portions of other promoters and partially or totally synthetic promoters can be used. See, e.g., Ni et al., Plant J., 7:661-676 (1995) and PCT WO 95/14098 describing such promoters for use in plants.
  • the promoter may include, or be modified to include, one or more enhancer elements.
  • the promoter will include a plurality of enhancer elements. Promoters containing enhancer elements provide for higher levels of transcription as compared to promoters which do not include them.
  • Suitable enhancer elements for use in plants include the enhancer element from the full-length transcript promoter of peanut chlorotic streak virus (U.S. Pat. No. 5,850,019), the 35S enhancer element from cauliflower mosaic virus (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,106,739 and 5,164,316) and the enhancer element from figwort mosaic virus (Maiti et al., Transgenic Res., 6, 143-156 (1997)).
  • Other suitable enhancers for use in other cells are known. See PCT WO 96/23898 and Enhancers And Eukaryotic Expression (Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1983).
  • the coding sequences are preferably also operatively linked to a 3′ untranslated sequence.
  • the 3′ untranslated sequence will include a transcription termination sequence and a polyadenylation sequence.
  • the 3′ untranslated region can be obtained from the flanking regions of genes from Agrobacterium spp., plant viruses, plants or other eukaryotic cells.
  • Suitable 3′ untranslated sequences for use in plants include those of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S gene, the phaseolin seed storage protein gene, the pea ribulose biphosphate carboxylase small subunit E9 gene, the soybean 7S storage protein genes, the octopine synthase gene, and the nopaline synthase gene.
  • a 5′ untranslated sequence is also employed.
  • the 5′ untranslated sequence is the portion of an mRNA which extends from the 5′ CAP site to the translation initiation codon. This region of the mRNA is necessary for translation initiation in eukaryotes and plays a role in the regulation of gene expression.
  • Suitable 5′ untranslated regions for use in plants include those of alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus coat protein gene, and tobacco mosaic virus.
  • the DNA construct may be a vector.
  • the vector may contain one or more replication systems which allow it to replicate in host cells.
  • Self-replicating vectors include plasmids, cosmids and viral vectors.
  • the vector may be an integrating vector which allows the integration into the host cell's chromosome of the sequence coding for an auxin herbicide-degrading enzyme.
  • the vector desirably also has unique restriction sites for the insertion of DNA sequences. If a vector does not have unique restriction sites, it may be modified to introduce or eliminate restriction sites to make it more suitable for further manipulations.
  • the DNA constructs of the invention can be used to transform any type of plant cells (see below).
  • a genetic marker must be used for selecting transformed plant cells (“a selection marker”). Selection markers typically allow transformed cells to be recovered by negative selection (i.e., inhibiting growth of cells that do not contain the selection marker) or by screening for a product encoded by the selection marker.
  • nptII neomycin phosphotransferase II
  • Tn5 neomycin phosphotransferase II
  • hygromycin phosphotransferase gene which confers resistance to the antibiotic hygromycin. Vanden Elzen et al., Plant Mol. Biol., 5:299 (1985).
  • Additional selectable marker genes of bacterial origin that confer resistance to antibiotics include gentamycin acetyl transferase, streptomycin phosphotransferase, aminoglycoside-3′-adenyl transferase, and the bleomycin resistance determinant. Hayford et al., Plant Physiol. 86:1216 (1988), Jones et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 210:86 (1987), Svab et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 14:197 (1990), Hille et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 7:171 (1986).
  • Other selectable marker genes confer resistance to herbicides such as glyphosate, glufosinate or bromoxynil.
  • selectable marker genes for plant transformation are not of bacterial origin. These genes include, for example, mouse dihydrofolate reductase, plant 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase and plant acetolactate synthase. Eichholtz et al., Somatic Cell Mol. Genet. 13:67 (1987), Shah et al., Science 233:478 (1986), Charest et al., Plant Cell Rep. 8:643 (1990).
  • GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
  • ⁇ -galactosidase ⁇ -galactosidase
  • luciferase luciferase
  • chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ⁇ -glucuronidase (GUS)
  • GUS ⁇ -glucuronidase
  • luciferase luciferase
  • chloramphenicol acetyltransferase chloramphenicol acetyltransferase.
  • GFP green fluorescent protein
  • auxin herbicide tolerance or auxin herbicide metabolism can be used in the production of auxin herbicide-tolerant plants, in which case the use of another selection marker may not be necessary.
  • the preferred auxin herbicides are 2,4-D and its salts (including amine salts) and esters.
  • “Tolerance” in this context means that transformed plant cells are able to grow (survive, proliferate and regenerate into plants) when placed in culture medium containing a level of the auxin herbicide that prevents untransformed cells from doing so. “Tolerance” also means that transformed plants are able to grow after application of an amount of an auxin herbicide that inhibits the growth of untransformed plants.
  • Methods of selecting transformed plant cells are well known in the art. Briefly, at least some of the plant cells in a population of plant cells (e.g., an explant or an embryonic suspension culture) are transformed with a DNA construct according to the invention providing for auxin herbicide metabolism (see below for transformation methods). The resulting population of plant cells is placed in culture medium containing the auxin herbicide at a concentration selected so that transformed plant cells will grow, whereas untransformed plant cells will not. Suitable concentrations of auxin herbicide can be determined empirically as is known in the art. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,147. See also the Examples below.
  • this amount may further need to be an amount which inhibits adventitious shoot formation from untransformed plant cells and allows adventitious shoot formation from transformed plant cells. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,608,147 and PCT application WO 95/18862.
  • 2,4-D should be present in an amount ranging from about 0.001 mg/l to about 5 mg/l culture medium, preferably from about 0.01 mg/l to 0.2 mg/l culture medium.
  • auxin herbicide is applied to a population of plants which may comprise one or more transgenic plants comprising a DNA construct according to the invention providing for auxin herbicide metabolism.
  • the amount of auxin herbicide is selected so that transformed plants will grow, and the growth of untransformed plants will be inhibited.
  • the level of inhibition must be sufficient so that transformed and untransformed plants can be readily distinguished (i.e., inhibition must be statistically significant).
  • Such amounts can be determined empirically as is known in the art. See also Crop Protection Reference (Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 11 th ed., 1995) and the Examples below.
  • the DNA constructs of the invention can be used to transform a variety of plant cells (see below).
  • the synthetic DNA sequence coding for the auxin herbicide-metabolizing enzyme and the selection marker, if a separate selection marker is used, may be on the same or different DNA constructs. Preferably, they are arranged on a single DNA construct as a transcription unit so that all of the coding sequences are expressed together.
  • Suitable host cells include plant cells of any kind (see below).
  • the plant cell is one that does not normally metabolize auxin herbicides.
  • the present invention can also be used to increase the level of metabolism of auxin herbicides in plants that normally metabolize such herbicides.
  • Methods of transforming plants are well known in the art and include biological and physical transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pp. 67-88.
  • vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pp. 89-119.
  • A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes are plant pathogenic soil bacteria which genetically transform plant cells.
  • the Ti and Ri plasmids of A. tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes carry genes responsible for genetic transformation of the plant. See, for example, Kado, C. I., Crit. Rev. Plant. Sci. 10:1 (1991). Descriptions of Agrobacterium vector systems and methods for Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer are provided by numerous references.
  • a generally applicable method of plant transformation is microprojectile-mediated transformation wherein DNA is carried on the surface of microprojectiles.
  • the expression vector is introduced into plant tissues with a biolistic device that accelerates the microprojectiles to speeds sufficient to penetrate plant cell walls and membranes.
  • transformed plant cells are regenerated into transgenic plants.
  • Plant regeneration techniques are well known in the art and include those set forth in the Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Volumes 1-3, Evans et al., eds. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York, N.Y. (1983, 1984,1984, respectively); Predieri and Malavasi, Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 17:133-142 (1989); James, D. J., et al., J. Plant Physiol.
  • Transgenic auxin herbicide-tolerant plants of any type may be produced.
  • dicotyledonous crop plants including beans, soybeans, cotton, peas, potatoes, sunflowers, tomatoes, tobacco, and fruit trees, that are currently known to be injured or killed by auxin herbicides, can be transformed so that they become tolerant to these herbicides and produce greater yields of their crops.
  • Monocotyledonous crop plants such as corn, sorghum, small grains, sugarcane, asparagus, and grasses, which are less sensitive to auxin herbicides than dicotyledonous plants can also be transformed to increase their tolerance to these herbicides and to increase the yields of their crops.
  • crop plants e.g., soybeans, cotton, tobacco and tomatoes
  • crops are annuals, by which it is meant that they typically grow and produce their crops in a single growing season.
  • Other crop plants e.g., fruit trees and grasses
  • plants are perennials, by which is it meant that the plants grow and produce crops for more than a single growing season, generally several years.
  • transgenic crop plants tolerant to at least one auxin herbicide are grown in the normal manner to produce the crop.
  • an effective amount of an auxin herbicide to which the transgenic plants are tolerant is applied to the transgenic plants.
  • the auxin herbicides are applied by methods well known in the art (see Crop Protection Reference (Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 11 th ed., 1995)).
  • the timing of the application(s) of the herbicide, the number of applications of the herbicide per growing season, and adequate and optimal amounts of the herbicide to be applied can be determined empirically, and doing so is within the skill in the art.
  • auxin herbicides can be applied multiple times. It has further been found that an amount of a phenoxy herbicide up to the amounts normally applied to control dicotyledonous weeds (see Crop Protection Reference (Chemical & Pharmaceutical Press, Inc., New York, N.Y., 11th ed., 1995)) can be used without harm to, and with increased yields of, transgenic tobacco and tomato plants (see the Examples below). Thus, the present method can also provide for weed control during the growth of crops from which increased yields will be obtained.
  • increased yield is meant that transgenic plants to which an auxin herbicide is applied produce an increased yield of a crop as compared to non-transgenic plants of the same type treated in the same manner (i.e., having the same auxin herbicide applied the same number of times and at the same times, etc.).
  • the transgenic plants comprise DNA encoding an enzyme that metabolizes 2,4-D.
  • the DNA encodes the dioxygenase encoded by the tfdA gene which has been isolated from strains of A. eutrophus . It has been found that at least the bacterial start codon of the tfdA coding sequence must be replaced by a plant-preferred codon. See, e.g., Llewellyn and Last, in Herbicide - Resistant Crops Chapter 10, pages 159-174 (Duke, ed., CRC Lewis Publishers 1996).
  • additional bacterial codons of the tfdA coding sequence are replaced by plant-preferred codons to obtain better expression of the encoded dioxygenase.
  • Plants expressing the dioxygenase encoded by the tfdI gene have been found to be tolerant to 2,4-D; they have also been found to be tolerant to 2,4-DB and MCPA, although at lower levels of herbicide than for 2,4-D (data not shown). Plants expressing this enzyme have also been reported to be tolerant to 4-CPA, but not to be tolerant to 2,4,5-T and phenoxypropionic acid herbicides.
  • the overall experimental design was comprised of three parallel completely randomized designs with spray rate and genotype as the main factors. Three replications were performed for each treatment within each experiment. Each replication was the average measurement of six plants. The tobacco lines were allowed to advance to the 6-8 leaf stage. Upon reaching this stage, the primary meristem was removed along with lower leaves so that only 4 leaves remained. Plants were then sprayed with herbicide and permitted to grow for an additional 21 days. At the end of this period, dry matter yields for both leaf and the whole plant were measured.
  • the DNA sequence of a 2,4-D dioxygenase (also often referred to as a monooxygenase) gene isolated from Alcaligenes eutrophus was obtained from the sequence database GenBank (accession number M16730). From this DNA sequence, the amino acid sequence of the protein coded for by the single open-reading frame (ORF) was determined [SEQ ID NO:1].
  • a codon usage table reflecting dicotyledonous ORFs was derived from a composite selection of random cDNA sequences from cotton, Arabidopsis and tobacco extracted from the GenBank database. Using the plant-specific codon usage table, the derived primary amino acid sequence of the bacterial 2,4-D dioxygenase was converted into DNA coding sequences that reflected the codon preferences of dicotyledonous plants [SEQ ID NO:2].
  • the synthetic plant-optimized 2,4-D dioxygenase ORF [SEQ ID NO:2] was then used to design a 2,4-D dioxygenase gene capable of efficient expression in transgenic plants.
  • This synthetic gene was designated as SAD (Synthetic gene Adapted for Dicots).
  • SAD Synthetic gene Adapted for Dicots.
  • AMV alfalfa mosaic virus
  • each sequence was dissected into overlapping oligonucleotides, twelve oligonucleotides for each of the two strands resulting in a total of twenty-four oligonucleotides.
  • the oligonucleotides were synthesized using standard phosphoramidite chemistry by Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc., Coralville, Iowa.
  • the synthetic DNA molecules were assembled using a procedure based upon the protocol described by Sutton et al. 1995 published on the World Wide Web (www.epicentre.com) using AmpliligaseTM thermostable ligase (Epicentre Technologies Inc., Madison, Wis.).
  • Oligonucleotides were first phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.) as mixtures of upper and lower strand oligonucleotides. Each mixture contained 10 pmoles of each oligonucleotide, 70 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.6, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), 0.1 mM ATP, and 10 units of T4 polynucleotide kinase, for a total volume of 25 ⁇ l. Phosphorylation was achieved by incubation of the mixtures at 37° C.
  • each reaction mixture was retreated at 70° C. for 10 minutes in a thermocycler and subsequently cooled to 65° C. over a 10-minute period.
  • 65 ⁇ l of water, 10 ⁇ l of 10 ⁇ Ampliligase buffer (Epicentre Technologies), and 2 ⁇ l of Ampliligase (5 units/ ⁇ l) were added sequentially, and the temperature was reduced to 40° C. over a three hour period.
  • the complete synthetic DNA sequence for SAD was recovered from its annealing/ligation reactions by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in an MJ Research Inc. (Waltham, Mass.) Model PTC-100 Thermocycler using Amplitaq GoldTM DNA polymerase under conditions supplied by the manufacturer, Perkin Elmer Life Sciences (Boston, Mass.).
  • the PCR primers used for the recovery of each sequence were a 28mer representing the 5′ end of the AMV leader sequence and a 25mer specific for the 3′ end of the SAD sequence.
  • PCR fragments corresponding to the appropriate size of 918 bp were gel purified as described in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols In Molecular Biology (Green/Wiley Interscience, New York, 1989) and cloned between two XcmI restriction sites in pUCR19, a modified pUC19 vector designed for rapid cloning of PCR fragments using T overhangs generated by XcmI digestion (described in O'Mahony and Oliver, Plant Molecular Biology, 39:809-821 (1999)) to generate the plasmid pUCRsynSAD. Once cloned into this vector, the insert was sequenced to verify the sequence integrity of the designed synthetic portion of the SAD gene.
  • DNA sequencing was performed by use of a dRhodamine Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Sequence reactions were analyzed using a Perkin Elmer/ABI Prism 310 automated sequencer.
  • the synthetic portions of the SAD gene contained in pUCRsynSAD were removed by first releasing the 5′ end of the synthetic sequence by digestion with XbaI and filling in the overhang with DNA polymerase I (Klenow large fragment) followed by digestion with KpnI.
  • This fragment was ligated into the plasmid pProPClSV, a pUC19 plasmid containing an enhanced Peanut Chlorotic Streak Virus (PClSV) promoter derived from pKLP36 (described by Maiti and Shepherd, Biochem. Biophys. Res.
  • PClSV Peanut Chlorotic Streak Virus
  • pPZP211-PNPT-311 g7 (FIG. 2) and pPZP211-PNPT-512g7 (FIG. 3). These two vectors are based on the pPZP family of vectors described by Hajdukiewicz et al., Plant Molec. Biol., 25:989-994 (1994) and are pPZP211 derivatives in which the neomycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) gene for kanamycin resistance is driven by the PClSV promoter and a g7 polyA termination sequence is placed adjacent to a multicloning site (MCS, FIGS. 2 and 3).
  • NPTII neomycin phosphotransferase II
  • the g7 polyA termination sequence is the 3′ polyA termination signal from gene 7 within the octopine T-Left region of an octopine Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid and was isolated as an EcoRI-SalI fragment from pAP2034 (Velten and Schell, Nucleic Acids, 13:6981-6998 (1985)).
  • the complete SAD gene was constructed by removal of the PClSV-SAD sequence from pProPClSV-SAD as a HindIII-SmaI fragment and insertion into both pPZP211-PNPT-311 g7 and pPZP211-PNPT-512g7 that were first cut with BamHI, treated with DNA polymerase I (Klenow large fragment) to fill in the overhanging sequence, and subsequently digested with HindIII. These reactions generated the two vectors, pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD (FIG. 4) and pPZP211-PNPT-512-SAD (FIG.
  • Plasmids pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD1 and pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD2 were each transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA 105 by electroporation (Dulk-Ras and Hooykaas, in Plant Cell Electroporation and Electrofusion Protocols (Nickloff, ed., Humana Press, Inc., Totowa, N.J.).
  • Nicotiana tabacum cultivar KY 160 (University of Kentucky Experiment Station) was used for all experiments. Seeds were surface sterilized and germinated on minimal medium [MS salts (Murashige and Skoog, Physiol. Plant, 15:473-497 (1962)); B5 vitamins (Gamborg et al., Experimental Cell Research, 50:151-158 (1968)), 3% sucrose, pH 5.8, solidified with 0.8% agar]. Leaves from 3-4 week old seedlings were excised, wounded with a number II scalpel blade, and exposed to A. tumefacicens carrying either pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD1 or pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD2.
  • explants were co-cultured on shooting medium [MS salts, B5 vitamins, 3% sucrose, 2.5 ⁇ g/l 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.0 ⁇ g/l indole-3-acetic acid, pH 5.8, solidified with 0.8% agar] overnight at 27° C. Following co-cultivation, explants were transferred to shooting medium amended with 300 mg/l kanamycinmonosulfate and 500 mg/l cefatoxim. Putative transgenic shoots began to appear after 21 days, and at 30-50 days, shoots were excised and placed on minimal medium containing kanamycin monosulfate (300 mg/l) and cefatoxim (500 mg/l) for root development. Once roots were established, the plantlets were transferred into soil in the greenhouse and allowed to flower. Plants were bagged to ensure self-pollination.
  • T1 seed seed was germinated on minimal medium containing 300 mg/l kanamycin monosulfate to select for kanamycin-resistant (Kan R ) plants. Kan R seedlings were transferred to soil for generational advance. Again, plants were bagged to ensure self-pollination. Seed from T1 plants (T2 seed) was germinated as above, and homozygous transgenic lines (lines in which all of the T2 seedlings were Kan R ) were selected for spray assays and yield evaluation.
  • the tobacco seedlings were sprayed as described below, except using a 2 ⁇ rate (equivalent of 32 ounces of 2,4-D, isooctyl ester formulation, per acre) only.
  • a 2 ⁇ rate equivalent of 32 ounces of 2,4-D, isooctyl ester formulation, per acre
  • Seed of non-transgenic tobacco lines were germinated on MS03 (MS salts, B5 vitamins, 3% sucrose) medium.
  • Transgenic seeds were germinated on the same medium augmented with 300 mg/L kanamycin monosulfate to allow detection of any seedlings failing to carry the transgene.
  • Thirty days after germination seedlings were transplanted to the greenhouse into flats holding 8 trays of 6 plants each for a total of 48 plants. Plants were permitted to grow for approximately 45 days, at which time 6-8 leaves had developed. Prior to spraying, the top of the plant retaining the uppermost two leaves was removed (decapitated) resulting in the retention of 4 fully-extended leaves for each plant.
  • This 50 ml was dispensed at a rate of 358.5 ml per minute in a 15′′ band applied by a 8001 EVS nozzle at 29 pounds per square inch (PSI). This is equivalent to 25 gallons per acre being applied at a ground speed of 1.5 MPH.
  • PSI pounds per square inch
  • Table 1 demonstrates the yield effects attributable to genotype and spray rate. This is possible because the analyses of variance (Table 2) for vegetative yield components in tobacco clearly demonstrated a genotype by spray rate interaction for all yield response variables measured, except for uncorrected plant yield. This interaction was expected, since susceptible non-transgenic control material should show a significant decrease in yield when treated with a herbicide that the control material has no tolerance to.
  • Table 1 note the positive yield increase in the transgenic materials. Whenever transgenic material was sprayed with either the 1 ⁇ 4 ⁇ or 1 ⁇ rate of 2,4-D, a significant increase in yield was produced.
  • Tomato was utilized to model fruit retention (fruit set) and fruit yield.
  • the transgenic tomato line was utilized in the T2 generation with the transgene fixed in a homozygous fashion.
  • the tomato genotype UC82L was utilized as the control, as well as the background for tranformation with the pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD2 binary plasmid. This genotype was chosen because it is more likely to closely approximate the behavior of field-grown tomatoes than some short-life-cycle laboratory strains of tomato.
  • the binary plasmid pPZP211-PNPT-311-SAD2 used for transformation was the same as that used in Example 1, and tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) cultivar UC82B (a cultivar nearly identical to UC82L) was transformed by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of leaf tissue with the binary plasmid as described in Example 1. Transgenic plants were produced from the transformed leaf tissue as described in Example 1.
  • Non-transgenic and transgenic seed were germinated and grown as described in Example 1 for tobacco.
  • the transgenic tomato line was utilized in the T2 generation with the transgene fixed in a homozygous fashion.
  • Examples 1 and 2 show that 2,4-D metabolizing genes provide tolerance to 2,4-D in both tobacco and tomato and, in combination with application of phenoxy herbicide, give yield increases.
  • the efficacy of these genes in two distinctly different crops also demonstrates the potential for use in other crops to increase forage yield (such as alfalfa) or fruit yield (such as melons). Not only will transgenic crops expressing these genes benefit from potential increases in yield, these transgenic crops will be applied to capitalize on the benefits of weed control provided by phenoxy herbicides.
  • Transgenic cotton plants (transformed as described in Bayley et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 83:645-649 (1992)) were grown from transgenic seed obtained from USDA, Lubbock, Tex. The cotton plants were sprayed with 2,4-D amine at 1 lb of active ingredient per acre. It was found that the 2,4-D amine application significantly increased the yield of cotton. The results are presented in Table 5 below.

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WO2010046422A3 (fr) * 2008-10-22 2011-04-28 Basf Se Utilisation d'herbicides de type auxine sur des plantes cultivées
JP2014501783A (ja) * 2011-01-07 2014-01-23 ダウ アグロサイエンシィズ エルエルシー オーキシン除草剤の分子構造における部分的な差異によるオーキシン除草剤に対するｄｈｔを使用可能な植物の向上された耐性

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US7855326B2 (en) * 2006-06-06 2010-12-21 Monsanto Technology Llc Methods for weed control using plants having dicamba-degrading enzymatic activity
MX2008015742A (es) * 2006-06-06 2008-12-19 Monsanto Technology Llc Metodo de seleccion de celulas transformadas.
US8207092B2 (en) 2006-10-16 2012-06-26 Monsanto Technology Llc Methods and compositions for improving plant health
CN101522023B (zh) * 2006-10-16 2014-03-12 孟山都技术公司 改善植物健康的方法和组合物
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US5004863B2 (en) * 1986-12-03 2000-10-17 Agracetus Genetic engineering of cotton plants and lines
US6489541B1 (en) * 1994-06-24 2002-12-03 Michigan State University Board Of Trustees Genetic control of plant hormone levels and plant growth
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US6528703B1 (en) * 1998-09-11 2003-03-04 Ball Horticultural Company Production of transgenic impatiens
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WO2010046422A3 (fr) * 2008-10-22 2011-04-28 Basf Se Utilisation d'herbicides de type auxine sur des plantes cultivées
JP2014501783A (ja) * 2011-01-07 2014-01-23 ダウ アグロサイエンシィズ エルエルシー オーキシン除草剤の分子構造における部分的な差異によるオーキシン除草剤に対するｄｈｔを使用可能な植物の向上された耐性

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