US20030106425A1 - Swash plate-type compressor - Google Patents
Swash plate-type compressor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20030106425A1 US20030106425A1 US10/309,892 US30989202A US2003106425A1 US 20030106425 A1 US20030106425 A1 US 20030106425A1 US 30989202 A US30989202 A US 30989202A US 2003106425 A1 US2003106425 A1 US 2003106425A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- swash plate
- shoe
- alloy
- sliding against
- copper
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdenum disulfide Chemical compound S=[Mo]=S CWQXQMHSOZUFJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052982 molybdenum disulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940058401 polytetrafluoroethylene Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 description 10
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000005461 lubrication Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B27/00—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders
- F04B27/08—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis
- F04B27/10—Multi-cylinder pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by number or arrangement of cylinders having cylinders coaxial with, or parallel or inclined to, main shaft axis having stationary cylinders
- F04B27/1036—Component parts, details, e.g. sealings, lubrication
- F04B27/1054—Actuating elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/04—Heavy metals
- F05C2201/0469—Other heavy metals
- F05C2201/0475—Copper or alloys thereof
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2203/00—Non-metallic inorganic materials
- F05C2203/08—Ceramics; Oxides
- F05C2203/0804—Non-oxide ceramics
- F05C2203/083—Nitrides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a swash plate-type compressor in an automobile air conditioning system.
- a known swash plate-type compressor in an automobile air conditioning system includes a rotatable swash plate and a piston connected to the swash plate via a shoe, such that the piston reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- the swash plate secures efficient lubrication to prevent seizure between swash plate surfaces sliding against a pair of shoes when the compressor is working under a heavy load.
- the swash plate may be made from an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and high strength brass
- the swash plate may be made from ferrous alloy or aluminum alloy and swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes may be treated by spraying on an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and high strength brass.
- the above-described alloys of copper may secure efficient lubrication and prevent seizure between swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes because both of the above-described alloys of copper comprise plumbum.
- the plumbum alloy may deteriorate to secure efficient lubrication and to prevent seizure between swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes. Nevertheless, plumbum may pollute the environment.
- a technical advantage of the present invention is that it makes it possible to secure efficient lubrication and to prevent seizure between the swash plate surface sliding against at least one shoe, without using materials that may pollute the environment.
- a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from an alloy of copper comprising bismuth.
- the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- a piston is connected to the swash plate via at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from a ferrous alloy, and is surface-treated on at least a swash plate surface sliding against at least one shoe by spraying an alloy of copper comprising bismuth.
- the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- the piston is connected to the swash plate via the at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from an aluminum alloy, and is surface-treated on at least a swash plate surface sliding against at least one shoe by spraying an alloy of copper comprising bismuth.
- the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- the piston is connected to the swash plate via the at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- a method for manufacturing a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from an alloy of copper comprising bismuth.
- the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- the piston is connected to the swash plate via at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- the method comprises the step of applying a layer of a lubricant comprising a solid lubricant on at least a swash plate surface sliding against the at least one shoe.
- a method for manufacturing a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from a ferrous alloy.
- the piston is connected to the swash plate via at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- the method comprises the steps of surface-treating the ferrous alloy with an alloy of copper comprising bismuth on at least a swash plate surface sliding against the at least one shoe, such that the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %, and applying a layer of a lubricant comprising a solid lubricant on at least the swash plate surface sliding against the at least one shoe.
- a method for manufacturing a swash plate-type compressor comprises a rotatable swash plate and a piston.
- the swash plate is made from an aluminum alloy.
- the piston is connected to the swash plate via at least one shoe and reciprocates in company with each rotation of the swash plate.
- the method comprises the steps of surface-treating the aluminum alloy with an alloy of copper comprising bismuth on at least a swash plate surface sliding against the at least one shoe, such that the alloy of copper comprises bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %, and applying a layer of a lubricant comprising a solid lubricant on at least the swash plate surface sliding against the at least one shoe.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a swash plate-type compressor, according to embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a swash plate for a swash plate-type compressor that includes peripheral parts, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a swash plate for a swash plate-type compressor that includes peripheral parts, according to another embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a front view of a swash plate for a swash plate-type compressor, according to still another embodiment of the present invention.
- a compressor 100 comprises a cylinder block 2 having a plurality of cylinder bores 1 a and a center bore 1 b , and a front housing 4 forming a crank chamber 3 in cooperation with cylinder block 2 .
- a cylinder head 5 encloses a suction valve 6 , a valve plate 7 and a discharge valve 8 in cooperation with cylinder block 2 .
- Cylinder head 5 has a suction chamber 9 and a discharge chamber 10 within its interior. Suction chamber 9 is connected to a suction port (not shown), and discharge chamber 10 also is connected to a discharge port (not shown).
- Compressor 100 comprises a drive shaft 11 extending across crank chamber 3 and penetrating through crank chamber 3 .
- Drive shaft 11 is supported rotatably by front housing 4 and center bore 1 b of cylinder block 2 .
- a swash plate 12 is fixed rotatably to drive shaft 11 within crank chamber 3 .
- a plurality of pairs of shoes 13 slidably abut peripheral portions of swash plate 12 and are positioned to leave a space between each other.
- Each of the pairs of shoes 13 are held in place by a holding portion (not shown) formed at a tail portion 14 a of a piston 14 .
- a head portion 14 b of piston 14 is inserted slidably into cylinder bore 1 a.
- Swash plate 12 is made from an alloy of copper comprising bismuth and phosphor bronze or an alloy of copper comprising bismuth and high strength brass.
- the alloy may comprise bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- Such alloys replace an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and high strength brass. As shown in FIG.
- swash plate 12 comprises layers 15 of a lubricant on swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , and layers 15 comprise a solid lubricant comprising a material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, and combinations therewith, e.g., combinations of molybdenum disulfide or poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene with stannum, graphite, and the like.
- compressor 100 In compressor 100 , drive shaft 11 is driven by an external power source (not shown), swash plate 12 also is rotated by rotating of drive shaft 11 . Piston 14 is connected to swash plate 12 via shoes 13 and reciprocates in company with each rotation of swash plate 12 . Refrigerant returned into compressor 100 from an external refrigeration circuit (not shown) is absorbed into cylinder bore 1 a via the suction port, suction chamber 9 , suction hole of valve plate 7 and suction valve 6 , and is returned again into the external refrigeration circuit as a result of compression in compressor 100 via discharge hole of valve plate 7 , discharge valve 8 , discharge chamber 10 and the discharge port.
- Alloys of copper comprising bismuth and phosphor bronze or bismuth and high strength brass, which comprise bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %, may secure efficient lubrication of swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 and may prevent seizure of swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , as an alternative to alloys of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or plumbum and high strength brass. Moreover, alloys comprising bismuth may be less or nonpolluting of the environment than those comprising plumbum.
- swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may be made to achieve efficient lubrication and to prevent seizure of shoes 13 on swash plate 12 , without using materials that pollute the environment.
- swash plate 12 comprises layers 15 of the lubricant material on swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , and layers 15 comprise a solid lubricant comprising a material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, and combinations therewith. Therefore, swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may achieve efficient lubrication and prevent seizure of shoes 13 on swash plate 12 .
- swash plate 12 is made from ferrous alloy or aluminum alloy, and comprises layers 16 , such that swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 are treated by spraying alloys of copper comprising bismuth and phosphor bronze or bismuth and high strength brass.
- the alloy may comprise bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %.
- Such alloys replace an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or an alloy of copper comprising plumbum and high strength brass.
- Alloys of copper comprising bismuth and phosphor bronze or bismuth and high strength brass, which comprise bismuth in a range of about 0.5 wt % to about 20.0 wt %, may achieve efficient lubrication of swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , and may prevent seizure of swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , as an alternative to alloys of copper comprising plumbum and phosphor bronze or plumbum and high strength brass. Moreover, alloys comprising bismuth may be less or nonpolluting of the environment than those comprising plumbum.
- swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may be made to achieve efficient lubrication and to prevent seizure of shoes 13 on swash plate 12 , without using materials that pollute the environment.
- swash plate 12 comprises layers 15 of the lubricant material on layers 16 formed at swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 , and layers 15 comprise solid lubricant comprising material selected from the group consisting of molybdenum disulfide, poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene, and combinations therewith. Therefore, swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may achieve efficient lubrication and prevent seizure of shoes 13 on swash plate 12 .
- swash plate surfaces of swash plate 12 sliding against shoes 13 have a plurality of annular slits 17 , such that each of annular slits 17 may have a depth of less than or equal to about five microns.
- swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may be formed smoothly to achieve efficient sliding. Nevertheless, swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may dry up when such swash plate surfaces formed smoothly may repel lubricating oil.
- Annular slits 17 may retain a certain amount of lubricating oil on swash plate surface. Therefore, swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may not dry up. Nevertheless, swash plate surfaces sliding against shoes 13 may not achieve efficient sliding, when the depth of annular slits 17 exceeds about five microns.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compressors, Vaccum Pumps And Other Relevant Systems (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JPP2001-372187 | 2001-12-06 | ||
| JP2001372187A JP2003172254A (ja) | 2001-12-06 | 2001-12-06 | 斜板式圧縮機 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20030106425A1 true US20030106425A1 (en) | 2003-06-12 |
Family
ID=19181122
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/309,892 Abandoned US20030106425A1 (en) | 2001-12-06 | 2002-12-05 | Swash plate-type compressor |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20030106425A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2003172254A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE10256983B4 (de) |
| FR (1) | FR2833318B1 (de) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20070272076A1 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2007-11-29 | Feng Bin | Copper alloy piston shoe |
| EP1876352A4 (de) * | 2005-04-27 | 2013-02-27 | Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd | Schiebevorrichtung |
| EP3165768A1 (de) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-05-10 | Hyundai Motor Company | Taumelscheibe und verfahren zur herstellung der taumelscheibe |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP4955412B2 (ja) * | 2006-02-06 | 2012-06-20 | Ｎｔｎ株式会社 | 斜板式コンプレッサの斜板および斜板式コンプレッサ |
| JP2008075628A (ja) * | 2006-09-25 | 2008-04-03 | Naito:Kk | 斜板式圧縮機用の斜板および斜板式圧縮機 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4781539A (en) * | 1986-06-13 | 1988-11-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jikoshokki Seisakusho | Shoe and swash plate lubricator for a swash plate type compressor |
| US5413756A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1995-05-09 | Magnolia Metal Corporation | Lead-free bearing bronze |
| US5495789A (en) * | 1993-03-10 | 1996-03-05 | Sanden Corporation | Swash plate type compressor with lubricating mechanism between the shoe and swash plate |
| US6189434B1 (en) * | 1997-12-26 | 2001-02-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Single-headed piston type swash-plate-operated compressor and a method of producing a swash plate |
| US6192784B1 (en) * | 1997-02-14 | 2001-02-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Swash plate compressor |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0224619B1 (de) * | 1985-11-04 | 1990-03-28 | JPI Transportation Products, Inc. | Werkstoffe für Lager |
| US5938864A (en) * | 1995-03-03 | 1999-08-17 | Taiho Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Sliding material and surface treating method thereof |
| JPH10153169A (ja) * | 1996-11-21 | 1998-06-09 | Sanden Corp | 斜板式可変容量圧縮機 |
| JP4023872B2 (ja) * | 1997-06-26 | 2007-12-19 | 大豊工業株式会社 | 斜板式コンプレッサー用斜板 |
| US6129996A (en) * | 1999-08-16 | 2000-10-10 | Ford Motor Company | Conversion coatings of tin with cobalt and bismuth for aluminum sliding surfaces |
| US6926779B1 (en) * | 1999-12-01 | 2005-08-09 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Lead-free copper-based coatings with bismuth for swashplate compressors |
| JP2001263227A (ja) * | 2000-03-21 | 2001-09-26 | Toyota Autom Loom Works Ltd | 斜板式圧縮機の斜板における皮膜形成方法及びその斜板 |
| JP2002257041A (ja) * | 2001-02-28 | 2002-09-11 | Toyota Industries Corp | 圧縮機における潤滑面形成対象部品 |
-
2001
- 2001-12-06 JP JP2001372187A patent/JP2003172254A/ja active Pending
-
2002
- 2002-12-05 FR FR0215346A patent/FR2833318B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-05 DE DE10256983.5A patent/DE10256983B4/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-12-05 US US10/309,892 patent/US20030106425A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4781539A (en) * | 1986-06-13 | 1988-11-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jikoshokki Seisakusho | Shoe and swash plate lubricator for a swash plate type compressor |
| US5495789A (en) * | 1993-03-10 | 1996-03-05 | Sanden Corporation | Swash plate type compressor with lubricating mechanism between the shoe and swash plate |
| US5413756A (en) * | 1994-06-17 | 1995-05-09 | Magnolia Metal Corporation | Lead-free bearing bronze |
| US6192784B1 (en) * | 1997-02-14 | 2001-02-27 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Swash plate compressor |
| US6189434B1 (en) * | 1997-12-26 | 2001-02-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyoda Jidoshokki Seisakusho | Single-headed piston type swash-plate-operated compressor and a method of producing a swash plate |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1876352A4 (de) * | 2005-04-27 | 2013-02-27 | Taiho Kogyo Co Ltd | Schiebevorrichtung |
| US20070272076A1 (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2007-11-29 | Feng Bin | Copper alloy piston shoe |
| US7313997B2 (en) | 2006-05-26 | 2008-01-01 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Copper alloy piston shoe |
| EP3165768A1 (de) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-05-10 | Hyundai Motor Company | Taumelscheibe und verfahren zur herstellung der taumelscheibe |
| CN106676349A (zh) * | 2015-11-05 | 2017-05-17 | 现代自动车株式会社 | 斜盘及其制造方法 |
| US10408202B2 (en) | 2015-11-05 | 2019-09-10 | Hyundai Motor Company | Swash plate and method of manufacturing swash plate |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2003172254A (ja) | 2003-06-20 |
| FR2833318A1 (fr) | 2003-06-13 |
| FR2833318B1 (fr) | 2009-10-09 |
| DE10256983A1 (de) | 2003-06-26 |
| DE10256983B4 (de) | 2017-02-02 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AS | Assignment |
Owner name: SANDEN CORPORATION, JAPAN Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:KURIBARA, MASAYUKI;REEL/FRAME:013754/0087 Effective date: 20021205 |
|
| STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |