US20030014775A1 - Compositions and method for modulation of gene expression in plants - Google Patents

Abstract

An enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity, wherein said nucleic acid molecule modulates the expression of an gene in a plant. A transgenic plant comprising nucleic acids encoding for an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity, wherein said nucleic acid molecule modulates the expression of a gene in said plant.

Description

• This application is a continuation-in-part of: 1) a Non-Provisional application by Edington, entitled “Method for the production of transgenic plants deficient in starch granule bound glucose starch glycosyl transferase activity” filed on Sep. 2, 1994 as U.S. Ser. No. of 08/300,726; and 2) a Provisional application by Zwick et al., entitled “Composition and method for modification of fatty acid saturation profile in plants” filed on Jul. 13, 1995, as U.S. Ser. No. 60/001,135. Both of these applications in their entirety, including drawings, are hereby incorporated by reference herein.[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention concerns compositions and methods for the modulation of gene expression in plants, specifically using enzymatic nucleic acid molecules. [0002]
• The following is a brief description of regulation of gene expression in plants. The discussion is not meant to be complete and is provided only for understanding of the invention that follows. This summary is not an admission that any of the work described below is prior art to the claimed invention. [0003]
• There are a variety of strategies for modulating gene expression in plants. Traditionally, antisense RNA (reviewed in Bourque, 1995 [0004] Plant Sci 105, 125-149) and co-suppression (reviewed in Jorgensen, 1995 Science 268, 686-691) approaches have been used to modulate gene expression. Insertion mutagenesis of genes have also been used to silence gene expression. This approach, however, cannot be designed to specifically inactivate the gene of interest. Applicant believes that ribozyme technology offers an attractive new means to alter gene expression in plants.
• Naturally occurring antisense RNA was first discovered in bacteria over a decade ago (Simons and Kleckner, 1983 [0005] Cell 34, 683-691). It is thought to be one way in which bacteria can regulate their gene expression (Green et al., 1986 Ann. Rev. Biochem. 55: 567-597; Simons 1988 Gene 72: 35-44). The first demonstration of antisense-mediated inhibition of gene expression was reported in mammalian cells (Izant and Weintraub 1984 Cell 36: 1007-1015). There are many examples in the literature for the use of antisense RNA to modulate gene expression in plants. Following are a few examples:
• Shewmaker et al., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,107,065 and 5, 453,566 disclose methods for regulating gene expression in plants using antisense RNA. [0006]
• It has been shown that an antisense gene expressed in plants can act as a dominant suppressor gene. Transgenic potato plants have been produced which express RNA antisense to potato or cassava granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). In both of these cases, transgenic plants have been constructed which have reduced or no GBSS activity or protein. These transgenic plants give rise to potatoes containing starch with dramatically reduced amylose levels (Visser et al. 1991, [0007] Mol. Gen. Genet. 225: 2889-296; Salehuzzaman et al. 1993, Plant Mol. Biol. 23: 947-962).
• Kull et al., 1995, [0008] J Genet. & Breed. 49, 69-76 reported inhibition of amylose biosynthesis in tubers from transgenic potato lines mediated by the expression of antisense sequences of the gene for granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS). The authors, however, indicated a failure to see any in vivo activity of ribozymes targeted against the GBSS RNA.
• Antisense RNA constructs targeted against Δ-9 desaturase enzyme in canola have been shown to increase the level of stearic acid (C18:0) from 2% to 40% (Knutzon et. al., 1992 [0009] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 2624). There was no decrease in total oil content or germination efficiency in one of the high stearate lines. Several recent reviews are available which illustrate the utility of plants with modified oil composition (Ohlrogge, J. B. 1994 Plant Physiol. 104, 821; Kinney, A. J. 1994 Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5, 144; Gibson et al. 1994 Plant Cell Envir. 17, 627).
• Homologous transgene inactivation was first documented in plants as an unexpected result of inserting a transgene in the sense orientation and finding that both the gene and the transgene were down-regulated (Napoli et al., 1990 [0010] Plant Cell 2: 279-289). There appears to be at least two mechanisms for inactivation of homologous genetic sequences. One appears to be transcriptional inactivation via methylation, where duplicated DNA regions signal endogenous mechanisms for gene silencing. This approach of gene modulation involves either the introduction of multiple copies of transgenes or transformation of plants with transgenes with homology to the gene of interest (Ronchi et al 1995 EMBO J. 14: 5318-5328). The other mechanism of co-suppression is post-transcriptional, where the combined levels of expression from both the gene and the transgene is thought to produce high levels of transcript which triggers threshold-induced degradation of both messages (van Bokland et al., 1994 Plant J. 6: 861-877). The exact molecular basis for co-suppression is unknown.
• Unfortunately, both antisense and co-suppression technologies are subject to problems in heritability of the desired trait (Finnegan and McElroy 1994 [0011] Bio/Technology 12: 883-888). Currently, there is no easy way to specifically inactivate a gene of interest at the DNA level in plants (Pazkowski et al., 1988 EMBO J. 7: 4021-4026). Transposon mutagenesis is inefficient and not a stable event, while chemical mutagenesis is highly non-specific.
• Applicant believes that ribozymes present an attractive alternative and because of their catalytic mechanism of action, have advantages over competing technologies. However, there have been difficulties in demonstrating the effectiveness of ribozymes in modulating gene expression in plant systems (Mazzolini et al., 1992 [0012] Plant Mol. Biol. 20: 715-731; Kull et al., 1995 J. Genet. & Breed. 49: 69-76). Although there are reports in the literature of ribozyme activity in plants cells, almost all of them involve down regulation of exogenously introduced genes, such as reporter genes in transient assays (Steinecke et al., 1992 EMBO J. 11:1525-1530; Perriman et al., 1993 Antisense Res. Dev. 3: 253-263; Perriman et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92, 6165).
• There are also several publications, [e.g., Lamb and Hay, 1990, [0013] J. Gen. Virol. 71, 2257-2264; Gerlach et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 91/13994; Xu et al., 1992, Science in China (Ser. B) 35, 1434-1443; Edington and Nelson, 1992, in Gene Regulation: Biology of antisense RNA and DNA, eds. R. P. Erickson and J. G. Izant, pp 209-221, Raven Press, NY.; Atkins et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 94/00012; Lenee et al., International PCT Publication Nos. WO 94/19476 and WO 9503404, Atkins et al., 1995, J. Gen. Virol. 76, 1781-1790; Gruber et al., 1994, J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 18A, 110 (X1-406) and Feyter et al., 1996, Mol. Gen. Genet. 250, 329-338], that propose using hammerhead ribozymes to modulate: virus replication, expression of viral genes and/or reporter genes. None of these publications report the use of ribozymes to modulate the expression of plant genes.
• Mazzolini et al., 1992, [0014] Plant. Mol. Bio. 20, 715-731; Steinecke et al., 1992, EMBO. J. 11, 1525-1530; Perriman et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 92, 6175-6179; Wegener et al., 1994, Mol. Gen. Genet. 245, 465-470; and Steinecke et al., 1994, Gene, 149, 47-54, describe the use of hammerhead ribozymes to inhibit expression of reporter genes in plant cells.
• Bennett and Cullimore, 1992 [0015] Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 831-837 demonstrate hammerhead ribozyme-mediated in vitro cleavage of glna, glnb, glng and glnd RNA, coding for glutamine synthetase enzyme in Phaseolus vulgaris.
• Hitz et al., (WO 91/18985) describe a method for using the soybean Δ-9 desaturase enzyme to modify plant oil composition. The application describes the use of soybean Δ-9 desaturase sequence to isolate Δ-9 desaturase genes from other species. [0016]
• The references cited above are distinct from the presently claimed invention since they do not disclose and/or contemplate the use of ribozymes in maize. Furthermore, Applicant believes that the references do not disclose and/or enable the use of ribozymes to down regulate genes in plant cells, let alone plants. [0017]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The invention features modulation of gene expression in plants specifically using enzymatic nucleic acid molecules. Preferably, the gene is an endogenous gene. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity may be in the form of, but not limited to, a hammerhead, hairpin, hepatitis delta virus, group I intron, group II intron, RNaseP RNA, Neurospora VS RNA and the like. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity may be encoded as a monomer or a multimer, preferably a multimer. The nucleic acids encoding for the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity may be operably linked to an open reading frame. Gene expression in any plant species may be modified by transformation of the plant with the nucleic acid encoding the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules with RNA cleaving activity. There are also numerous technologies for transforming a plant: such technologies include but are not limited to transformation with Agrobacterium, bombarding with DNA coated microprojectiles, whiskers, or electroporation. Any target gene may be modified with the nucleic acids encoding the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules with RNA cleaving activity. Two targets which are exemplified herein are [0018] delta 9 desaturase and granule bound starch synthase (GBSS).
• Until the discovery of the inventions herein, nucleic acid-based reagents, such as enzymatic nucleic acids (ribozymes), had yet to be demonstrated to modulate and/or inhibit gene expression in plants such as monocot plants (e.g., corn). Ribozymes can be used to modulate a specific trait of a plant cell, for example, by modulating the activity of an enzyme involved in a biochemical pathway. It may be desirable, in some instances, to decrease the level of expression of a particular gene, rather than shutting down expression completely: ribozymes can be used to achieve this. Enzymatic nucleic acid-based techniques were developed herein to allow directed modulation of gene expression to generate plant cells, plant tissues or plants with altered phenotype. [0019]
• Ribozymes (i.e., enzymatic nucleic acids) are nucleic acid molecules having an enzymatic activity which is able to repeatedly cleave other separate RNA molecules in a nucleotide base sequence-specific manner. Such enzymatic RNA molecules can be targeted to virtually any RNA transcript, and efficient cleavage has been achieved in vitro and in vivo (Zaug et al., 1986, [0020] Nature 324, 429; Kim et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84, 8788; Dreyfus, 1988, Einstein Quarterly J. Bio. Med., 6, 92; Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988, Nature 334 585; Cech, 1988, JAMA 260, 3030; Murphy and Cech, 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 86, 9218; Jefferies et al., 1989, Nucleic Acids Research 17, 1371).
• Because of their sequence-specificity, trans-cleaving ribozymes may be used as efficient tools to modulate gene expression in a variety of organisms including plants, animals and humans (Bennett et al, supra; Edington et al, supra; Usman & McSwiggen, 1995 [0021] Ann. Rep. Med. Chem. 30, 285-294; Christoffersen and Marr, 1995 J. Med. Chem. 38, 2023-2037). Ribozymes can be designed to cleave specific RNA targets within the background of cellular RNA. Such a cleavage event renders the mRNA non-functional and abrogates protein expression from that RNA. In this manner, synthesis of a protein associated with a particular phenotype and/or disease state can be selectively inhibited.
• Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof, and from the claims.[0022]
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
• FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme domain known in the art. Stem II can be 2 base-pairs long. Each N is any nucleotide and each • represents a base pair. [0023]
• FIG. 2[0024] a is a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme domain known in the art;
• FIG. 2[0025] b is a diagrammatic representation of the hammerhead ribozyme as divided by Uhlenbeck (1987, Nature, 327, 596-600) into a substrate and enzyme portion;
• FIG. 2[0026] c is a similar diagram showing the hammerhead divided by Haseloff and Gerlach (1988, Nature, 334, 585-591) into two portions; and
• FIG. 2[0027] d is a similar diagram showing the hammerhead divided by Jeffries and Symons (1989, Nucl. Acids. Res., 17, 1371-1371) into two portions.
• FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the general structure of a hairpin ribozyme. Helix 2 (H2) is provided with a least 4 base pairs (i.e., n is 1, 2, 3 or 4) and [0028] helix 5 can be optionally provided of length 2 or more bases (preferably 3-20 bases, i.e., m is from 1-20 or more). Helix 2 and helix 5 may be covalently linked by one or more bases (i.e., r is 1 base). Helix 1, 4 or 5 may also be extended by 2 or more base pairs (e.g., 4-20 base pairs) to stabilize the ribozyme structure, and preferably is a protein binding site. In each instance, each N and N′ independently is any normal or modified base and each dash represents a potential base-pairing interaction. These nucleotides may be modified at the sugar, base or phosphate. Complete base-pairing is not required in the helices, but is preferred. Helix 1 and 4 can be of any size (i.e., o and p is each independently from 0 to any number, e.g., 20) as long as some base-pairing is maintained. Essential bases are shown as specific bases in the structure, but those in the art will recognize that one or more may be modified chemically (abasic, base, sugar and/or phosphate modifications) or replaced with another base without significant effect. Helix 4 can be formed from two separate molecules, i.e., without a connecting loop. The connecting loop when present may be a ribonucleotide with or without modifications to its base, sugar or phosphate. “q” is 2 bases. The connecting loop can also be replaced with a non-nucleotide linker molecule. H refers to bases A, U, or C. Y refers to pyrimidine bases. “______” refers to a covalent bond.
• FIG. 4 is a representation of the general structure of the hepatitis Δ virus ribozyme domain known in the art. [0029]
• FIG. 5 is a representation of the general structure of the self-cleaving VS RNA ribozyme domain. [0030]
• FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an RNaseH accessibility assay. Specifically, the left side of FIG. 6 is a diagram of complementary DNA oligonucleotides bound to accessible sites on the target RNA. Complementary DNA oligonucleotides are represented by broad lines labeled A, B, and C. Target RNA is represented by the thin, twisted line. The right side of FIG. 6 is a schematic of a gel separation of uncut target RNA from a cleaved target RNA. Detection of target RNA is by autoradiography of body-labeled, T7 transcript. The bands common to each lane represent uncleaved target RNA; the bands unique to each lane represent the cleaved products. [0031]
• FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of RNaseH accessibility of GBSS RNA. [0032]
• FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of GBSS RNA cleavage by ribozymes at different temperatures. [0033]
• FIG. 9 is a graphical representation of GBSS RNA cleavage by multiple ribozymes. [0034]
• FIG. 10 lists the nucleotide sequence of Δ-9 desaturase cDNA isolated from [0035] Zea mays.
• FIGS. 11 and 12 are diagrammatic representations of fatty acid biosynthesis in plants. FIG. 11 has been adapted from Gibson et al., 1994, [0036] Plant Cell Envir. 17, 627.
• FIGS. 13 and 14 are graphical representations of RNaseH accessibility of Δ-9 desaturase RNA. [0037]
• FIG. 15 shows cleavage of Δ-9 desaturase RNA by ribozymes in vitro. 10/10 represents the length of the binding arms of a hammerhead (HH) ribozyme. 10/10 means [0038] helix 1 and helix 3 each form 10 base-pairs with the target RNA (FIG. 1). 4/6 and 6/6, represent helix2/helix1 interaction between a hairpin ribozyme and its target. 4/6 means the hairpin (HP) ribozyme forms four base-paired helix 2 and a six base-paired helix 1 complex with the target (see FIG. 3). 6/6 means, the hairpin ribozyme forms a 6 base-paired helix 2 and a six base-paired helix 1 complex with the target. The cleavage reactions were carried out for 120 min at 26° C.
• FIG. 16 shows the effect of arm-length variation on the activity of HH and HP ribozymes in vitro. 7/7, 10/10 and 12/12 are essentially as described above for the HH ribozyme. 6/6, 6/8, 6/12 represents varying [0039] helix 1 length and a constant (6 bp) helix 2 for a hairpin ribozyme. The cleavage reactions were carried out essentially as described above.
• FIGS. 17, 18, [0040] 19 and 23 are diagrammatic representations of non-limiting strategies to construct a transcript comprising multiple ribozyme motifs that are the same or different, targeting various sites within Δ-9 desaturase RNA.
• FIGS. 20 and 21 show in vitro cleavage of Δ-9 desaturase RNA by ribozymes that are transcribed from DNA templates using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase enzyme. [0041]
• FIG. 22 diagrammatic representation of a non-limiting strategy to construct a transcript comprising multiple ribozyme motifs that are the same or different targeting various sites within GBSS RNA. [0042]
• FIG. 24 shows cleavage of Δ-9 desaturase RNA by ribozymes. 453 Multimer, represents a multimer ribozyme construct targeted against [0043] hammerhead ribozyme sites 453, 464, 475 and 484. 252 Multimer, represents a multimer ribozyme construct targeted against hammerhead ribozyme sites 252, 271, 313 and 326. 238 Multimer, represents a multimer ribozyme construct targeted against three hammerhead ribozyme sites 252, 259 and 271 and one hairpin ribozyme site 238 (HP). 259 Multimer, represents a multimer ribozyme construct targeted against two hammerhead ribozyme sites 271 and 313 and one hairpin ribozyme site 259 (HP).
• FIG. 25 illustrates GBSS mRNA levels in Ribozyme minus Controls (C, F, I, J, N, P, Q) and Active Ribozyme RPA63 Transformants (AA, DD, EE, FF, GG, HH, JJ, KK). [0044]
• FIG. 26 illustrates Δ9 desaturase mRNA levels in Non-transformed plants (NT), 85-06 High Stearate Plants (1, 3, 5, 8, 12, 14), and Transformed (irrelevant ribozyme) Control Plants (RPA63-33, RPA63-51, RPA63-65). [0045]
• FIG. 27 illustrates Δ9 desaturase mRNA levels in Non-transformed plants (NTO), 85-15 High Stearate Plants (01, 06, 07, 10, 11, 12), and 85-15 Normal Stearate Plants (02, 05, 09, 14). [0046]
• FIG. 28 illustrates Δ9 desaturase mRNA levels in Non-transformed plants (NTY), 113-06 Inactive Ribozyme Plants (02, 04, 07, 10, 11). [0047]
• FIGS. 29[0048] a and 29 b illustrate Δ9 desaturase protein levels in maize leaves (R0). (a) Line Hill, plants a-e nontransformed and ribozyme inactive line RPA113-17, plants 1-6. (b) Ribozyme active line RPA85-15, plants 1-15.
• FIG. 30 illustrates stearic acid in leaves of RPA85-06 plants. [0049]
• FIG. 31 illustrates stearic acid in leaves of RPA85-15 plants, results of three assays. [0050]
• FIG. 32 illustrates stearic acid in leaves of RPA113-06 plants. [0051]
• FIG. 33 illustrates stearic acid in leaves of RPA113-17 plants. [0052]
• FIG. 34 illustrates stearic acid in leaves of control plants. [0053]
• FIG. 35 illustrates leaf stearate in R1 plants from a high stearate plant cross (RPA85-15.07 self). [0054]
• FIG. 36 illustrates Δ9 desaturase levels in next generation maize leaves (R1). * indicates those plants that showed a high stearate content. [0055]
• FIG. 37 illustrates stearic acid in individual somatic embryos from a culture (308/430-012) transformed with antisense Δ9 desaturase. [0056]
• FIG. 38 illustrates stearic acid in individual somatic embryos from a culture (308/430-015) transformed with antisense Δ9 desaturase. [0057]
• FIG. 39 illustrates stearic acid in individual leaves from plants regenerated from a culture (308/430-012) transformed with antisense Δ9 desaturase. [0058]
• FIG. 40 illustrates amylose content in a single kernel of untransformed control line (Q806 and [0059] antisense line 308/425-12.2.1.
• FIG. 41 illustrates GBSS activity in single kernels of a southern negative line (RPA63-0306) and Southern positive line RPA63-0218. [0060]
• FIG. 42 illustrates a transformation vector that can be used to express the enzymatic nucleic acid of the present invention.[0061]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• The present invention concerns compositions and methods for the modulation of gene expression in plants specifically using enzymatic nucleic acid molecules. [0062]
• The following phrases and terms are defined below: [0063]
• By “inhibit” or “modulate” is meant that the activity of enzymes such as GBSS and Δ-9 desaturase or level of mRNAs encoded by these genes is reduced below that observed in the absence of an enzymatic nucleic acid and preferably is below that level observed in the presence of an inactive RNA molecule able to bind to the same site on the mRNA, but unable to cleave that RNA. [0064]
• By “enzymatic nucleic acid molecule” it is meant a nucleic acid molecule which has complementarity in a substrate binding region to a specified gene target, and also has an enzymatic activity which is active to specifically cleave that target. That is, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is able to intermolecularly cleave RNA (or DNA) and thereby inactivate a target RNA molecule. This complementarity functions to allow sufficient hybridization of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule to the target RNA to allow the cleavage to occur. One hundred percent complementarity is preferred, but complementarity as low as 50-75% may also be useful in this invention. The nucleic acids may be modified at the base, sugar, and/or phosphate groups. The term enzymatic nucleic acid is used interchangeably with phrases such as ribozymes, catalytic RNA, enzymatic RNA, catalytic DNA, nucleozyme, DNAzyme, RNA enzyme, RNAzyme, polyribozymes, molecular scissors, self-splicing RNA, self-cleaving RNA, cis-cleaving RNA, autolytic RNA, endoribonuclease, minizyme, leadzyme or DNA enzyme. All of these terminologies describe nucleic acid molecules with enzymatic activity. The term encompasses enzymatic RNA molecule which include one or more ribonucleotides and may include a majority of other types of nucleotides or abasic moieties, as described below. [0065]
• By “complementarity” is meant a nucleic acid that can form hydrogen bond(s) with other RNA sequences by either traditional Watson-Crick or other non-traditional types (for example, Hoogsteen type) of base-paired interactions. [0066]
• By “vectors” is meant any nucleic acid- and/or viral-based technique used to deliver and/or express a desired nucleic acid. [0067]
• By “gene” is meant a nucleic acid that encodes an RNA. [0068]
• By “plant gene” is meant a gene encoded by a plant. [0069]
• By “endogenous” gene is meant a gene normally found in a plant cell in its natural location in the genome. [0070]
• By “foreign” or “heterologous” gene is meant a gene not normally found in the host plant cell, but that is introduced by standard gene transfer techniques. [0071]
• By “nucleic acid” is meant a molecule which can be single-stranded or double-stranded, composed of nucleotides containing a sugar, a phosphate and either a purine or pyrimidine base which may be same or different, and may be modified or unmodified. [0072]
• By “genome” is meant genetic material contained in each cell of an organism and/or a virus. [0073]
• By “mRNA” is meant RNA that can be translated into protein by a cell. [0074]
• By “cDNA” is meant DNA that is complementary to and derived from a mRNA. [0075]
• By “dsDNA” is meant a double stranded cDNA. [0076]
• By “sense” RNA is meant RNA transcript that comprises the mRNA sequence. [0077]
• By “antisense RNA” is meant an RNA transcript that comprises sequences complementary to all or part of a target RNA and/or mRNA and that blocks the expression of a target gene by interfering with the processing, transport and/or translation of its primary transcript and/or mRNA. The complementarity may exist with any part of the target RNA, i.e., at the 5′ non-coding sequence, 3′ non-coding sequence, introns, or the coding sequence. Antisense RNA is normally a mirror image of the sense RNA. [0078]
• By “expression”, as used herein, is meant the transcription and stable accumulation of the enzymatic nucleic acid molecules, mRNA and/or the antisense RNA inside a plant cell. Expression of genes involves transcription of the gene and translation of the mRNA into precursor or mature proteins. [0079]
• By “cosuppression” is meant the expression of a foreign gene, which has substantial homology to an gene, and in a plant cell causes the reduction in activity in of the foreign and/or the endogenous protein product. [0080]
• By “altered levels” is meant the level of production of a gene product in a transgenic organism is different from that of a normal or non-transgenic organism. [0081]
• By “promoter” is meant nucleotide sequence element within a gene which controls the expression of that gene. Promoter sequence provides the recognition for RNA polymerase and other transcription factors required for efficient transcription. Promoters from a variety of sources can be used efficiently in plant cells to express ribozymes. For example, promoters of bacterial origin, such as the octopine synthetase promoter, the nopaline synthase promoter, the manopine synthetase promoter; promoters of viral origin, such as the cauliflower mosaic virus (35S); plant promoters, such as the ribulose-1,6-biphosphate (RUBP) carboxylase small subunit (ssu), the beta-conglycinin promoter, the phaseolin promoter, the ADH promoter, heat-shock promoters, and tissue specific promoters. Promoter may also contain certain enhancer sequence elements that may improve the transcription efficiency. [0082]
• By “enhancer” is meant nucleotide sequence element which can stimulate promoter activity (Adh). [0083]
• By “constitutive promoter” is meant promoter element that directs continuous gene expression in all cells types and at all times (actin, ubiquitin, [0084] CaMV 35S).
• By “tissue-specific” promoter is meant promoter element responsible for gene expression in specific cell or tissue types, such as the leaves or seeds (zein, oleosin, napin, ACP). [0085]
• By “development-specific” promoter is meant promoter element responsible for gene expression at specific plant developmental stage, such as in early or late embryogenesis. [0086]
• By “inducible promoter” is meant promoter element which is responsible for expression of genes in response to a specific signal, such as: physical stimulus (heat shock genes); light (RUBP carboxylase); hormone (Em); metabolites; and stress. [0087]
• By a “plant” is meant a photosynthetic organism, either eukaryotic and prokaryotic. [0088]
• By “angiosperm” is meant a plant having its seed enclosed in an ovary (e.g., coffee, tobacco, bean, pea). [0089]
• By “gymnosperm” is meant a plant having its seed exposed and not enclosed in an ovary (e.g., pine, spruce). [0090]
• By “monocotyledon” is meant a plant characterized by the presence of only one seed leaf (primary leaf of the embryo). For example, maize, wheat, rice and others. [0091]
• By “dicotyledon” is meant a plant producing seeds with two cotyledons (primary leaf of the embryo). For example, coffee, canola, peas and others. [0092]
• By “transgenic plant” is meant a plant expressing a foreign gene. [0093]
• By “open reading frame” is meant a nucleotide sequence, without introns, encoding an amino acid sequence, with a defined translation initiation and termination region. [0094]
• The invention provides a method for producing a class of enzymatic cleaving agents which exhibit a high degree of specificity for the RNA of a desired target. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule may be targeted to a highly specific sequence region of a target such that specific gene inhibition can be achieved. Alternatively, enzymatic nucleic acid can be targeted to a highly conserved region of a gene family to inhibit gene expression of a family of related enzymes. The ribozymes can be expressed in plants that have been transformed with vectors which express the nucleic acid of the present invention. [0095]
• The enzymatic nature of a ribozyme is advantageous over other technologies, since the concentration of ribozyme necessary to affect a therapeutic treatment is lower. This advantage reflects the ability of the ribozyme to act enzymatically. Thus, a single ribozyme molecule is able to cleave many molecules of target RNA. In addition, the ribozyme is a highly specific inhibitor, with the specificity of inhibition depending not only on the base-pairing mechanism of binding to the target RNA, but also on the mechanism of target RNA cleavage. Single mismatches, or base-substitutions, near the site of cleavage can completely eliminate catalytic activity of a ribozyme. [0096]
• Six basic varieties of naturally-occurring enzymatic RNAs are known presently. Each can catalyze the hydrolysis of RNA phosphodiester bonds in trans (and thus can cleave other RNA molecules) under physiological conditions. Table I summarizes some of the characteristics of these ribozymes. In general, enzymatic nucleic acids act by first binding to a target RNA. Such binding occurs through the target binding portion of an enzymatic nucleic acid which is held in close proximity to an enzymatic portion of the molecule that acts to cleave the target RNA. Thus, the enzymatic nucleic acid first recognizes and then binds a target RNA through complementary base-pairing, and once bound to the correct site, acts enzymatically to cut the target RNA. Strategic cleavage of such a target RNA will destroy its ability to direct synthesis of an encoded protein. After an enzymatic nucleic acid has bound and cleaved its RNA target, it is released from that RNA to search for another target and can repeatedly bind and cleave new targets. [0097]
• In one of the preferred embodiments of the inventions herein, the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is formed in a hammerhead or hairpin motif, but may also be formed in the motif of a hepatitis Δ virus, group I intron, group II intron or RNaseP RNA (in association with an RNA guide sequence) or Neurospora VS RNA. Examples of such hammerhead motifs are described by Dreyfus, supra, Rossi et al., 1992, [0098] AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 8, 183; of hairpin motifs by Hampel et al., EP0360257, Hampel and Tritz, 1989 Biochemistry 28, 4929, Feldstein et al., 1989, Gene 82, 53, Haseloff and Gerlach, 1989, Gene, 82, 43, and Hampel et al., 1990 Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 299; of the hepatitis Δ virus motif is described by Perrotta and Been, 1992 Biochemistry 31, 16; of the RNaseP motif by Guerrier-Takada et al., 1983 Cell 35, 849; Forster and Altman, 1990, Science 249, 783; Li and Altman, 1996, Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 835; Neurospora VS RNA ribozyme motif is described by Collins (Saville and Collins, 1990 Cell 61, 685-696; Saville and Collins, 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 8826-8830; Collins and Olive, 1993 Biochemistry 32, 2795-2799; Guo and Collins, 1995, EMBO. J. 14, 363); Group II introns are described by Griffin et al., 1995, Chem. Biol. 2, 761; Michels and Pyle, 1995, Biochemistry 34, 2965; and of the Group I intron by Cech et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,071. These specific motifs are not limiting in the invention and those skilled in the art will recognize that all that is important in an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of this invention is that it has a specific substrate binding site which is complementary to one or more of the target gene RNA regions, and that it have nucleotide sequences within or surrounding that substrate binding site which impart an RNA cleaving activity to the molecule.
• The enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of the instant invention will be expressed within cells from eukaryotic promoters [e.g., Gerlach et al, International PCT Publication No. WO 91/13994; Edington and Nelson, 1992, in [0099] Gene Regulation: Biology of Antisense RNA and DNA, eds. R. P. Erickson and J. G. Izant, pp 209-221, Raven Press, NY.; Atkins et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 94/00012; Lenee et al., International PCT Publication Nos. WO 94/19476 and WO 9503404, Atkins et al., 1995, J. Gen. Virol. 76, 1781-1790; McElroy and Brettell, 1994, TIBTECH 12, 62; Gruber et al, 1994, J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. 18A, 110 (X1-406)and Feyter et al., 1996, Mol. Gen. Genet. 250, 329-338; all of these are incorporated by reference herein]. Those skilled in the art will realize from the teachings herein that any ribozyme can be expressed in eukaryotic plant cells from an appropriate promoter The ribozymes expression is under the control of a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter or an inducible promoter.
• To obtain the ribozyme mediated modulation, the ribozyme RNA is introduced into the plant. Although examples are provided below for the construction of the plasmids used in the transformation experiments illustrated herein, it is well within the skill of an artisan to design numerous different types of plasmids which can be used in the transformation of plants,_see Bevan, 1984 , [0100] Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 8711-8721, which is incorporated by reference. There are also numerous ways to transform plants. In the examples below embryogenic maize cultures were helium blasted. In addition to using the gene gun (U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050 to Cornell and 5,141,131 to DowElanco), plants may be transformed using Agrobacterium technology, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,010 to University of Toledo, U.S. Pat. No. 5,104,310 to Texas A&M, European Patent Application 0131624B1, European Patent Applications 120516, 159418B1 and 176,112 to Schilperoot, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,149,645, 5,469,976, 5,464,763 and 4,940,838 and 4,693,976 to Schilperoot, European Patent Applications 116718, 290799, 320500 all to MaxPlanck, European Patent Applications 604662 and 627752 to Japan Tobacco, European Patent Applications 0267159, and 0292435 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,231,019 all to Ciba Geigy, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,463,174 and 4,762,785 both to Calgene, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,863 and 5,159,135 both to Agracetus; whiskers technology, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,302,523 and 5,464,765 both to Zeneca; electroporation technology, see WO 87/06614 to Boyce Thompson Institute, 5,472,869 and 5,384,253 both to Dekalb, WO9209696 and WO9321335 both to PGS; all of which are incorporated by reference herein in totality. In addition to numerous technologies for transforming plants, the type of tissue which is contacted with the foreign material (typically plasmids containing RNA or DNA) may vary as well. Such tissue would include but would not be limited to embryogenic tissue, callus tissue type I and II, and any tissue which is receptive to transformation and subsequent regeneration into a transgenic plant. Another variable is the choice of a selectable marker. The preference for a particular marker is at the discretion of the artisan, but any of the following selectable markers may be used along with any other gene not listed herein which could function as a selectable marker. Such selectable markers include but are not limited to chlorosulfuron, hygromyacin, PAT and/or bar, bromoxynil, kanamycin and the like. The bar gene may be isolated from Strptomuces, particularly from the hygroscopicus or viridochromogenes species. The bar gene codes for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) that inactivates the active ingradient in the herbicide bialaphos phosphinothricin (PPT). Thus, numerous combinations of technologies may be used in employing ribozyme mediated modulation.
• The ribozymes may be expressed individually as monomers, i.e., one ribozyme targeted against one site is expressed per transcript. Alternatively, two or more ribozymes targeted against more than one target site are expressed as part of a single RNA transcript. A single RNA transcript comprising more than one ribozyme targeted against more than one cleavage site are readily generated to achieve efficient modulation of gene expression. Ribozymes within these multimer constructs are the same or different. For example, the multimer construct may comprise a plurality of hammerhead ribozymes or hairpin ribozymes or other ribozyme motifs. Alternatively, the multimer construct may be designed to include a plurality of different ribozyme motifs, such as hammerhead and hairpin ribozymes. More specifically, multimer ribozyme constructs are designed, wherein a series of ribozyme motifs are linked together in tandem in a single RNA transcript. The ribozymes are linked to each other by nucleotide linker sequence, wherein the linker sequence may or may not be complementary to the target RNA. Multimer ribozyme constructs (polyribozymes) are likely to improve the effectiveness of ribozyme-mediated modulation of gene expression. [0101]
• The activity of ribozymes can also be augmented by their release from the primary transcript by a second ribozyme (Draper et al., PCT WO 93/23569, and Sullivan et al., PCT WO 94/02595, both hereby incorporated in their totality by reference herein; Ohkawa, J., et al., 1992, [0102] Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser., 27, 15-6; Taira, K., et al., 1991, Nucleic Acids Res., 19, 5125-30; Ventura, M., et al., 1993, Nucleic Acids Res., 21, 3249-55; Chowrira et al., 1994 J. Biol. Chem. 269, 25856).
• Ribozyme-mediated modulation of gene expression can be practiced in a wide variety of plants including angiosperms, gymnosperms, monocotyledons, and dicotyledons. Plants of interest include but are not limited to: cereals, such as rice, wheat, barley, maize; oil-producing crops, such as soybean, canola, sunflower, cotton, maize, cocoa, safflower, oil palm, coconut palm, flax, castor, peanut; plantation crops, such as coffee and tea; fruits, such as pineapple, papaya, mango, banana, grapes, oranges, apples; vegetables, such as cauliflower, cabbage, melon, green pepper, tomatoes, carrots, lettuce, celery, potatoes, broccoli; legumes, such as soybean, beans, peas; flowers, such as carnations, chrysanthemum, daisy, tulip, gypsophila, alstromeria, marigold, petunia, rose; trees such as olive, cork, poplar, pine; nuts, such as walnut, pistachio, and others. Following are a few non-limiting examples that describe the general utility of ribozymes in modulation of gene expression. [0103]
• Ribozyme-mediated down regulation of the expression of genes involved in caffeine synthesis can be used to significantly change caffeine concentration in coffee beans. Expression of genes, such as 7-methylxanthosine and/or 3-methyl transferase in coffee plants can be readily modulated using ribozymes to decrease caffeine synthesis (Adams and Zarowitz, U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,529; incorporated by reference herein). [0104]
• Transgenic tobacco plants expressing ribozymes targeted against genes involved in nicotine production, such as N-methylputrescine oxidase or putrescine N-methyl transferase (Shewmaker et al., supra), would produce leaves with altered nicotine concentration. [0105]
• Transgenic plants expressing ribozymes targeted against genes involved in ripening of fruits, such as ethylene-forming enzyme, pectin methyltransferase, pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, ACC oxidase genes (Smith et al., 1988, [0106] Nature, 334, 724; Gray et al., 1992, Pl. Mol. Biol., 19, 69; Tieman et al., 1992, Plant Cell, 4, 667; Picton et al, 1993, The Plant J. 3, 469; Shewmaker et al., supra; James et al., 1996, Bio/Technology, 14, 56), would delay the ripening of fruits, such as tomato and apple.
• Transgenic plants expressing ribozymes targeted against genes involved in flower pigmentation, such as chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone flavanone isomerase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia lyase, or dehydroflavonol (DF) hydroxylases, DF reductase (Krol van der, et al., 1988, [0107] Nature, 333, 866; Krol van der, et al., 1990, Pl. Mol. Biol., 14, 457; Shewmaker et al., supra; Jorgensen, 1996, Science, 268, 686), would produce flowers, such as roses, petunia, with altered colors.
• Lignins are organic compounds essential for maintaining mechanical strength of cell walls in plants. Although essential, lignins have some disadvantages. They cause indigestibility of sillage crops and are undesirable to paper production from wood pulp and others. Transgenic plants expressing ribozymes targeted against genes involved in lignin production such as, O-methyltransferase, cinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH reductase or cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase (Doorsselaere et al., 1995, [0108] The Plant J. 8, 855; Atanassova et al., 1995, The Plant J. 8, 465; Shewmaker et al., supra; Dwivedi et al., 1994, Pl. Mol. Biol., 26, 61), would have altered levels of lignin.
• Other useful targets for useful ribozymes are disclosed in Draper et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 93/23569, Sullivan et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 94/02595, as well as by Stinchcomb et al., International PCT Publication No. WO 95/31541, and hereby incorporated by reference herein in totality. [0109]
• Modulation of Granule Bound Starch Synthase Gene Expression in Plants: [0110]
• In plants, starch biosynthesis occurs in both chloroplasts (short term starch storage) and in the amyloplast (long term starch storage). Starch granules normally consist of a linear chain of α(1-4)-linked α-D-glucose units (amylose) and a branched form of amylose cross-linked by α(1-6) bonds (amylopectin). An enzyme involved in the synthesis of starch in plants is starch synthase which produces linear chains of a (1-4)-glucose using ADP-glucose. Two main forms of starch synthase are found in plants: granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) and a soluble form located in the stroma of chloroplasts and in amyloplasts (soluble starch synthase). Both forms of this enzyme utilize ADP-D-glucose while the granular bound form also utilizes UDP-D-glucose, with a preference for the former. The GBSS, known as waxy protein, has a molecular mass of between 55 to about 70 kDa in a variety of plants in which it has been characterized. Mutations affecting the GBSS gene in several plant species has resulted in the loss of amylose, while the total amount of starch has remained relatively unchanged. In addition to a loss of GBSS activity, these mutants also contain altered, reduced levels, or no GBSS protein (Mac Donald and Preiss, Plant Physiol. 78: 849-852 (1985), Sano, Theor. Appl. Genet. 68: 467-473 (1984), Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75: 217-221 91987), Shure et al. [0111] Cell 35, 225-233 (1983), Echt and Schwartz Genetics 99: 275-284 (1981) ). The presence of a branching enzyme as well as a soluble ADP-glucose starch glycosyl transferase in both GBSS mutants and wild type plants indicates the existence of independent pathways for the formation of the branched chain polymer amylopectin and the straight chain polymer amylose.
• The Wx (waxy) locus encodes a granule bound glucosyl transferase involved in starch biosynthesis. Expression of this enzyme is limited to endosperm, pollen and the embryo sac in maize. Mutations in this locus have been termed waxy due to the appearance of mutant kernels, which is the phenotype resulting from an reduction in amylose composition in the kernels. In maize, this enzyme is transported into the amyloplast of the developing endosperm where it catalyses production of amylose. Corn kernels are about 70% starch, of which 27% is linear amylose and 73% is amylopectin. Waxy is a recessive mutation in the gene encoding granule bound starch synthase (GBSS). Plants homozygous for this recessive mutation produce kernels that contain 100% of their starch in the form of amylopectin. [0112]
• Ribozymes, with their catalytic activity and increased site specificity (as described below), represent more potent and perhaps more specific inhibitory molecules than antisense oligonucleotides. Moreover, these ribozymes are able to inhibit GBSS activity and the catalytic activity of the ribozymes is required for their inhibitory effect. For those of ordinary skill in the art, it is clear from the examples that other ribozymes may be designed that cleave target mRNAs required for GBSS activity in plant species other than maize. [0113]
• Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the invention features ribozymes that inhibit enzymes involved in amylose production, e.g., by reducing GBSS activity. These endogenously expressed RNA molecules contain substrate binding domains that bind to accessible regions of the target mRNA. The RNA molecules also contain domains that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. The RNA molecules are preferably ribozymes of the hammerhead or hairpin motif. Upon binding, the ribozymes cleave the target mRNAs, preventing translation and protein accumulation. In the absence of the expression of the target gene, amylose production is reduced or inhibited. Specific examples are provided below infra. [0114]
• Preferred embodiments include the ribozymes having binding arms which are complementary to the binding sequences in Tables IIIA, VA and VB. Examples of such ribozymes are shown in Tables IIIB-V. Those in the art will recognize that while such examples are designed to one plant's (e.g., maize) mRNA, similar ribozymes can be made complementary to other plant species' mRNA. By complementary is thus meant that the binding arms enable ribozymes to interact with the target RNA in a sequence-specific manner to cause cleavage of a plant mRNA target. Examples of such ribozymes consist essentially of sequences shown in Tables IIIB-V. [0115]
• Preferred embodiments are the ribozymes and methods for their use in the inhibition of starch granule bound ADP (UDP)-glucose: α-1,4-D-glucan 4-α-glucosyl transferase i.e., granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) activity in plants. This is accomplished through the inhibition of genetic expression, with ribozymes, which results in the reduction or elimination of GBSS activity in plants. [0116]
• In another aspect of the invention, ribozymes that cleave target molecules and inhibit amylose production are expressed from transcription units inserted into the plant genome. Preferably, the recombinant vectors capable of stable integration into the plant genome and selection of transformed plant lines expressing the ribozymes are expressed either by constitutive or inducible promoters in the plant cells. Once expressed, the ribozymes cleave their target mRNAs and reduce amylose production of their host cells. The ribozymes expressed in plant cells are under the control of a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter or an inducible promoter. [0117]
• Modification of corn starch is an important application of ribozyme technology which is capable of reducing specific gene expression. A high level of amylopectin is desirable for the wet milling process of corn and there is also some evidence that high amylopectin corn leads to increased digestibility and therefore energy availability in feed. Nearly 10% of wet-milled corn has the waxy phenotype, but because of its recessive nature the traditional waxy varieties are very difficult for the grower to handle. Ribozymes targeted to cleave the GBSS mRNA and thus reduce GBSS activity in plants, and in particular, corn endosperm will act as a dominant trait and produce corn plants with the waxy phenotype that will be easier for the grower to handle. [0118]
• Modification of Fatty Acid Saturation Profile in Plants: [0119]
• Fatty acid biosynthesis in plant tissues is initiated in the chloroplast. Fatty acids are synthesized as thioesters of acyl carrier protein (ACP) by the fatty acid synthase complex (FAS). Fatty acids with chain lengths of 16 carbons follow one of three paths: 1) they are released, immediately after synthesis, and transferred to glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) by a chloroplast acyl transferase for further modification within the chloroplast; 2) they are released and transferred to Co-enzyme A (CoA) upon export from the plastid by thioesterases; or 3) they are further elongated to C18 chain lengths. The C18 chains are rapidly desaturated at the C9 position by stearoyl-ACP desaturase. This is followed by immediate transfer of the oleic acid (18:1) group to G3P within the chloroplast, or by export from the chloroplast and conversion to oleoyl-CoA by thioesterases (Somerville and Browse, 1991 [0120] Science 252: 80-87). The majority of C16 fatty acids follow the third pathway.
• In corn seed oil the predominant triglycerides are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum. Most oleic acids (18:1) and some palmitic acids (16:0) are transferred to G3P from phosphatidic acids, which are then converted to diacyl glycerides and phosphatidyl choline. Further desaturation of the acyl chains on phosphatidyl choline by membrane bound desaturases takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Di- and tri-unsaturated chains are then released into the acyl-CoA pool and transferred to the C3 position of the glycerol backbone in diacyl glycerol in the production of triglycerides (Frentzen, 1993 in [0121] Lipid Metabolism in Plants., p.195-230, (ed. Moore, T. S.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.). A schematic of the plant fatty acid biosynthesis pathway is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12. The three predominant fatty acids in corn seed oil are linoleic acid (18:2, ˜59%), oleic acid (18:1, ˜26%), and palmitic acid (16:0, ˜11%). These are average values and maybe somewhat different depending on the genotype; however, composite samples of US Corn Belt produced oil analyzed over the past ten years have consistently had this composition (Glover and Mertz, 1987 in: Nutritional Quality of Cereal Grains: genetic and agronomic improvement., p.183-336, (eds. Olson, R. A. and Frey, K. J.) Am. Soc. Agronomy. Inc. Madison, Wis.; Fitch-Haumann, 1985 J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 62: 1524-1531; Strecker et al., 1990 in Edible fats and oils processing: basic principles and modern practices (ed. Erickson, D. R.) Am. Oil Chemists Soc. Champaign, Ill.). This predominance of C18 chain lengths may reflect the abundance and activity of several key enzymes, such as the fatty acid synthase responsible for production of C18 carbon chains, the stearoyl-ACP desaturase (Δ-9 desaturase) for production of 18:1 and a microsomal Δ-12 desaturase for conversion of 18:1 to 18:2.
• Δ-9 desaturase (also called stearoyl-ACP desaturase) of plants is a soluble cbloroplast enzyme which uses C18 and occasionally C16-acyl chains linked to acyl carrier protein (ACP) as a substrate (McKeon, T. A. and Stumpf, P. K., 1982 [0122] J. Biol. Chem. 257: 12141-12147). This contrasts to the mammalian, lower eukaryotic and cyanobacterial Δ-9 desaturases. Rat and yeast Δ-9 desaturases are membrane bound microsomal enzymes using acyl-CoA chains as substrates, whereas cyanobacterial Δ-9 desaturase uses acyl chains on diacyl glycerol as substrate. To date several Δ-9 desaturase cDNA clones from dicotelydenous plants have been isolated and characterized (Shanklin and Somerville, 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 2510-2514; Knutzon et al., 1991 Plant Physiol. 96: 344-345; Sato et al., 1992 Plant Physiol. 99: 362-363; Shanklin et al., 1991 Plant Physiol. 97: 467-468; Slocombe et al., 1992 Plant. Mol. Biol. 20: 151-155; Taylor et al., 1992 Plant Physiol. 100: 533-534; Thompson et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 2578-2582). Comparison of the different plant Δ-9 desaturase sequences suggests that this is a highly conserved enzyme, with high levels of identity both at the amino acid level (˜90%) and at the nucleotide level (˜80%). However, as might be expected from its very different physical and enzymological properties, no sequence similarity exists between plant and other Δ-9 desaturases (Shanklin and Somerville, supra).
• Purification and characterization of the castor bean desaturase (and others) indicates that the Δ-9 desaturase is active as a homodimer; the subunit molecular weight is ˜41 kDa. The enzyme requires molecular oxygen, NADPH, NADPH ferredoxin oxidoreductase and ferredoxin for activity in vitro. Fox et al. , 1993 ([0123] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 2486-2490) showed that upon expression in E. coli the castor bean enzyme contains four catalytically active ferrous atoms per homodimer. The oxidized enzyme contains two identical diferric clusters, which in the presence of dithionite are reduced to the diferrous state. In the presence of stearoyl-CoA and O₂ the clusters return to the diferric state. This suggests that the desaturase belongs to a group of O₂ activating proteins containing diiron-oxo clusters. Other members of this group are ribonucleotide reductase and methane monooxygenase hydroxylase. Comparison of the predicted primary structure for these catalytically diverse proteins shows that all contain a conserved pair of amino acid sequences (Asp/Glu)-Glu-Xaa-Arg-His separated by ˜80-100 amino acids.
• Traditional plant breeding programs have shown that increased stearate levels can be achieved without deleterious consequences to the plant. In safflower (Ladd and Knowles, 1970 [0124] Crop Sci. 10: 525-527) and in soybean (Hammond and Fehr, 1984 J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 61: 1713-1716; Graef et al., 1985 Crop Sci. 25: 1076-1079) stearate levels have been increased significantly. This demonstrates the flexibility in fatty acid composition of seed oil.
• Increases in Δ-9 desaturase activity have been achieved by the transformation of tobacco with the Δ-9 desaturase genes from yeast (Polashock et al., 1992 [0125] Plant Physiol. 100, 894) or rat (Grayburn et. al., 1992 BioTechnology 10, 675). Both sets of transgenic plants had significant changes in fatty acid composition, yet were phenotypically identical to control plants.
• Corn (maize) has been used minimally for the production of margarine products because it has traditionally not been utilized as an oil crop and because of the relatively low seed oil content when compared with soybean and canola. However, corn oil has low levels of linolenic acid (18:3) and relatively high levels of palmitic (16:0) acid (desirable in margarine). Applicant believes that reduction in oleic and linoleic acid levels by down-regulation of Δ-9 desaturase activity will make corn a viable alternative to soybean and canola in the saturated oil market. [0126]
• Margarine and confectionary fats are produced by chemical hydrogenation of oil from plants such as soybean. This process adds cost to the production of the margarine and also causes both cis and trans isomers of the fatty acids. Trans isomers are not naturally found in plant derived oils and have raised a concern for potential health risks. Applicant believes that one way to eliminate the need for chemical hydrogenation is to genetically engineer the plants so that desaturation enzymes are down-regulated. Δ-9 desaturase introduces the first double bond into 18 carbon fatty acids and is the key step effecting the extent of desaturation of fatty acids. [0127]
• Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the invention concerns compositions (and methods for their use) for the modification of fatty acid composition in plants. This is accomplished through the inhibition of genetic expression, with ribozymes, antisense nucleic acid, cosuppression or triplex DNA, which results in the reduction or elimination of certain enzyme activities in plants, such as Δ-9 desaturase. Such activity is reduced in monocotyledon plants, such as maize, wheat, rice, palm, coconut and others. Δ-9 desaturase activity may also be reduced in dicotyledon plants such as sunflower, safflower, cotton, peanut, olive, sesame, cuphea, flax, jojoba, grape and others. [0128]
• Thus, in one aspect, the invention features ribozymes that inhibit enzymes involved in fatty acid unsaturation, e.g., by reducing Δ-9 desaturase activity. These endogenously expressed RNA molecules contain substrate binding domains that bind to accessible regions of the target mRNA. The RNA molecules also contain domains that catalyze the cleavage of RNA. The RNA molecules are preferably ribozymes of the hammerhead or hairpin motif. Upon binding, the ribozymes cleave the target mRNAs, preventing translation and protein accumulation. In the absence of the expression of the target gene, stearate levels are increased and unsaturated fatty acid production is reduced or inhibited. Specific examples are provided below in the Tables listed directly below. [0129]
• In preferred embodiments, the ribozymes have binding arms which are complementary to the sequences in the Tables VI and VIII. Those in the art will recognize that while such examples are designed to one plant's (e.g., corn) mRNA, similar ribozymes can be made complementary to other plant's mRNA. By complementary is thus meant that the binding arms of the ribozymes are able to interact with the target RNA in a sequence-specific manner and enable the ribozyme to cause cleavage of a plant mRNA target. Examples of such ribozymes are typically sequences defined in Tables VII and VIII. The active ribozyme typically contains an enzymatic center equivalent to those in the examples, and binding arms able to bind plant mRNA such that cleavage at the target site occurs. Other sequences may be present which do not interfere with such binding and/or cleavage. [0130]
• The sequences of the ribozymes that are particularly useful in this study, are shown in Tables VII and VIII. [0131]
• Those in the art will recognize that ribozyme sequences listed in the Tables are representative only of many more such sequences where the enzymatic portion of the ribozyme (all but the binding arms) is altered to affect activity. For example, stem-loop II sequence of hammerhead ribozymes listed in Table IV (5′-GGCGAAAGCC-3′) can be altered (substitution, deletion, and/or insertion) to contain any sequences, preferably provided that a minimum of a two base-paired stem structure can form. Similarly, stem-loop IV sequence of hairpin ribozymes listed in Tables V and VIII (5′-CACGUUGUG-3′) can be altered (substitution, deletion, and/or insertion) to contain any sequence, preferably provided that a minimum of a two base-paired stem structure can form. Such ribozymes are equivalent to the ribozymes described specifically in the Tables. [0132]
• In another aspect of the invention, ribozymes that cleave target molecules and reduce unsaturated fatty acid content in plants are expressed from transcription units inserted into the plant genome. Preferably, the recombinant vectors capable of stable integration into the plant genome and selection of transformed plant lines expressing the ribozymes are expressed either by constitutive or inducible promoters in the plant cells. Once expressed, the ribozymes cleave their target mRNAs and reduce unsaturated fatty acid production of their host cells. The ribozymes expressed in plant cells are under the control of a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter or an inducible promoter. [0133]
• Modification of fatty acid profile is an important application of nucleic acid-based technologies which are capable of reducing specific gene expression. A high level of saturated fatty acid is desirable in plants that produce oils of commercial importance. [0134]
• In a related aspect, this invention features the isolation of the cDNA sequence encoding Δ-9 desaturase in maize. [0135]
• In preferred embodiments, hairpin and hammerhead ribozymes that cleave Δ-9 desaturase mRNA are also described. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand from the examples described below that other ribozymes that cleave target mRNAs required for Δ-9 desaturase activity may now be readily designed and are within the scope of the invention. [0136]
• While specific examples to corn RNA are provided, those in the art will recognize that the teachings are not limited to corn. Furthermore, the same target may be used in other plant species. The complementary arms suitable for targeting the specific plant RNA sequences are utilized in the ribozyme targeted to that specific RNA. The examples and teachings herein are meant to be non-limiting, and those skilled in the art will recognize that similar embodiments can be readily generated in a variety of different plants to modulate expression of a variety of different genes, using the teachings herein, and are within the scope of the inventions. [0137]
• Standard molecular biology techniques were followed in the examples herein. Additional information may be found in Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989), Molecular Cloning a Laboratory Manual, second edition, Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, which is incorporated herein by reference. [0138]
EXAMPLES Example 1 Isolation of Δ9 Desaturase cDNA from Zea mays
• Degenerate PCR primers were designed and synthesized to two conserved peptides involved in diiron-oxo group binding of plant Δ-9 desaturases. A 276 bp DNA fragment was PCR amplified from maize embryo cDNA and was cloned in to a vector. The predicted amino acid sequence of this fragment was similar to the sequence of the region separated by the two conserved peptides of dicot Δ-9 desaturase proteins. This was used to screen a maize embryo cDNA library. A total of 16 clones were isolated; further restriction mapping and hybridization identified one clone which was sequenced. Features of the cDNA insert are: a 1621 nt cDNA; 145 nt 5′ and 294 nt 3′ untranslated regions including a 18 nt poly A tail; a 394 amino acid open reading frame encoding a 44.7 kD polypeptide; and 85% amino acid identity with castor bean Δ-9 desaturase gene for the predicted mature protein. The complete sequence is presented in FIG. 10. [0139]
Example 2 Identification of Potential Ribozyme Cleavage Sites for Δ9 Desaturase
• Approximately two hundred and fifty HH ribozyme sites and approximately forty three HP sites were identified in the corn Δ-9 desaturase mRNA. A HH site consists of a uridine and any nucleotide except guanosine (UH). Tables VI and VIII have a list of HH and HP ribozyme cleavage sites. The numbering system starts with 1 at the 5′ end of a Δ-9 desaturase cDNA clone having the sequence shown in FIG. 10. [0140]
• Ribozymes, such as those listed in Tables VII and VIII, can be readily designed and synthesized to such cleavage sites with between 5 and 100 or more bases as substrate binding arms (see FIGS. [0141] 1-5). These substrate binding arms within a ribozyme allow the ribozyme to interact with their target in a sequence-specific manner.
Example 3 Selection of Ribozyme Cleavage Sites for Δ9 Desaturase
• The secondary structure of Δ-9 desaturase mRNA was assessed by computer analysis using algorithms, such as those developed by M. Zuker (Zuker, M., 1989 [0142] Science, 244, 48-52). Regions of the mRNA that did not form secondary folding structures with RNA/RNA stems of over eight nucleotides and contained potential hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites were identified.
• These sites were assessed for oligonucleotide accessibility by RNase H assays (see Example 4 infra). [0143]
Example 4 RNaseH Assays for Δ9 Desaturase
• Forty nine DNA oligonucleotides, each twenty one nucleotides long were used in RNase H assays. These oligonucleotides covered 108 sites within Δ-9 desaturase RNA. RNase H assays (FIG. 6) were performed using a full length transcript of the Δ-9 desaturase cDNA. RNA was screened for accessible cleavage sites by the method described generally in Draper et al., supra. Briefly, DNA oligonucleotides representing ribozyme cleavage sites were synthesized. A polymerase chain reaction was used to generate a substrate for T7 RNA polymerase transcription from corn cDNA clones. Labeled RNA transcripts were synthesized in vitro from these templates. The oligonucleotides and the labeled transcripts were annealed, RNAseH was added and the mixtures were incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. Reactions were stopped and RNA separated on sequencing polyacrylamide gels. The percentage of the substrate cleaved was determined by autoradiographic quantitation using a Molecular Dynamics phosphor imaging system (FIGS. 13 and 14). [0144]
Example 5 Hammerhead and Hairpin Ribozymes for Δ9 Desaturase
• Hammerhead (HH) and hairpin (HP) ribozymes were designed to the sites covered by the oligos which cleaved best in the RNase H assays. These ribozymes were then subjected to analysis by computer folding and the ribozymes that had significant secondary structure were rejected. [0145]
• The ribozymes were chemically synthesized. The general procedures for RNA synthesis have been described previously (Usman et al., 1987, [0146] J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 7845-7854 and in Scaringe et al., 1990, Nucl. Acids Res., 18, 5433-5341; Wincott et al., 1995, Nucleic Acids Res. 23, 2677). Small scale syntheses were conducted on a 394 Applied Biosystems, Inc. synthesizer using a modified 2.5 μmol scale protocol with a 5 min coupling step for alkylsilyl protected nucleotides and 2.5 min coupling step for 2′-O-methylated nucleotides. Table II outlines the amounts, and the contact times, of the reagents used in the synthesis cycle. A 6.5-fold excess (163 μL of 0.1 M=16.3 μmol) of phosphoramidite and a 24-fold excess of S-ethyl tetrazole (238 μL of 0.25 M =59.5 μmol) relative to polymer-bound 5′-hydroxyl was used in each coupling cycle. Average coupling yields on the 394, determined by colorimetric quantitation of the trityl fractions, was 97.5-99%. Other oligonucleotide synthesis reagents for the 394: Detritylation solution was 2% TCA in methylene chloride (ABI); capping was performed with 16% N-Methyl imidazole in THF (ABI) and 10% acetic anhydride/10% 2,6-lutidine in THF (ABI); oxidation solution was 16.9 mM I₂, 49 mM pyridine, 9% water in THF (Millipore). B & J Synthesis Grade acetonitrile was used directly from the reagent bottle. S-Ethyl tetrazole solution (0.25 M in acetonitrile) was made up from the solid obtained from American International Chemical, Inc.
• Deprotection of the RNA was performed as follows. The polymer-bound oligoribonucleotide, trityl-off, was transferred from the synthesis column to a 4 mL glass screw top vial and suspended in a solution of methylamine (MA) at 65° C. for 10 min. After cooling to −20° C., the supernatant was removed from the polymer support. The support was washed three times with 1.0 mL of EtOH:MeCN:H[0147] ₂O/3:1:1, vortexed and the supernatant was then added to the first supernatant. The combined supernatants, containing the oligoribonucleotide, were dried to a white powder.
• The base-deprotected oligoribonucleotide was resuspended in anhydrous TEA.HF/NMP solution (250 μL of a solution of 1.5 mL N-methylpyrrolidinone, 750 μL TEA and 1.0 mL TEA.3HF to provide a 1.4 M HF concentration) and heated to 65° C. for 1.5 h. The resulting, fully deprotected, oligomer was quenched with 50 mM TEAB (9 mL) prior to anion exchange desalting. [0148]
• For anion exchange desalting of the deprotected oligomer, the TEAB solution was loaded onto a [0149] Qiagen 500® anion exchange cartridge (Qiagen Inc.) that was prewashed with 50 mM TEAB (10 mL). After washing the loaded cartridge with 50 mM TEAB (10 mL), the RNA was eluted with 2 M TEAB (10 mL) and dried down to a white powder.
• Inactive hammerhead ribozymes were synthesized by substituting a U for G[0150] ₅ and a U for A₁₄ (numbering from (Hertel, K. J., et al., 1992, Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 3252).
• The hairpin ribozymes were synthesized as described above for the hammerhead RNAs. [0151]
• Ribozymes were also synthesized from DNA templates using bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase (Milligan and Uhlenbeck, 1989, [0152] Methods Enzymol. 180, 51). Ribozymes were purified by gel electrophoresis using general methods or were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC; See Wincott et al., 1996, supra, the totality of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference) and were resuspended in water. The sequences of the chemically synthesized ribozymes used in this study are shown below in Tables VII and VII.
Example 6 Long Substrate Tests for Δ9 Desaturase Ribozymes
• Target RNA used in this study was 1621 nt long and contained cleavage sites for all the HH and HP ribozymes targeted against Δ-9 desaturase RNA. A template containing T7 RNA polymerase promoter upstream of Δ-9 desaturase target sequence, was PCR amplified from a cDNA clone. Target RNA was transcribed from this PCR amplified template using T7 RNA polymerase. The transcript was internally labeled during transcription by including [α-[0153] ³²P] CTP as one of the four ribonucleotide triphosphates. The transcription mixture was treated with DNase-I, following transcription at 37° C. for 2 hours, to digest away the DNA template used in the transcription. The transcription mixture was resolved on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Bands corresponding to full-length RNA was isolated from a gel slice and the RNA was precipitated with isopropanol and the pellet was stored at 4° C.
• Ribozyme cleavage reactions were carried out under ribozyme excess (kcat/KM) conditions (Herschlag and Cech, 1990, [0154] Biochemistry 29, 10159-10171). Briefly, 1 mM ribozyme and <10 nM internally labeled target RNA were denatured separately by heating to 65° C. for 2 min in the presence of 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 mM MgCl₂. The RNAs were renatured by cooling to the reaction temperature (37° C., 26° C. or 20° C.) for 10-20 min. Cleavage reaction was initiated by mixing the ribozyme and target RNA at appropriate reaction temperatures. Aliquots were taken at regular intervals of time and the reaction was quenched by adding equal volume of stop buffer. The samples were resolved on 4% sequencing gel.
• The results from ribozyme cleavage reactions, at 26° C. or 20° C., are summarized in Table IX and FIGS. 15 and 16. Of the ribozymes tested, seven hammerheads and two hairpins showed significant cleavage of Δ-9 desaturase RNA (FIGS. 15 and 16). Ribozymes to other sites showed varied levels of activity. [0155]
Example 7 Cleavage of the Target RNA Using Multiple Ribozyme Combinations for Δ9 Desaturase
• Several of the above ribozymes were incorporated into a multimer ribozyme construct which contains two or more ribozymes embedded in a contiguous stretch of complementary RNA sequence. Non-limiting examples of multimer ribozymes are shown in FIGS. 17, 18, [0156] 19 and 23. The ribozymes were made by annealling complementary oligonucleotides and cloning into an expression vector containing the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S enhanced promoter (Franck et al., 1985 Cell 21, 285), the maize Adh 1 intron (Dennis et al., 1984 Nucl. Acids Res. 12, 3983) and the Nos polyadenylation signal (DePicker et al., 1982 J. Molec. Appl. Genet. 1, 561). Cleavage assays with T7 transcripts made from these multimer-containing transcription units are shown in FIGS. 20 and 21. These are non-limiting examples; those skilled in the art will recognize that similar embodiments, consisting of other ribozyme combinations, introns and promoter elements, can be readily generated using techniques known in the art and are within the scope of this invention.
Example 8 Construction of Ribozyme Expressing Transcription Units for Δ9 Desaturase
• Ribozymes targeted to cleave Δ-9 desaturase mRNA are endogenously expressed in plants, either from genes inserted into the plant genome (stable transformation) or from episomal transcription units (transient expression) which are part of plasmid vectors or viral sequences. These ribozymes can be expressed via RNA polymerase I, II, or III plant or plant virus promoters (such as CaMV). Promoters can be either constitutive, tissue specific, or developmentally expressed. [0157]
• [0158] Δ9 259 Monomer Ribozyme Constructs (RPA 114, 115)
• These are the Δ-9 [0159] desaturase 259 monomer hammerhead ribozyme clones. The ribozymes were designed with 3 bp long stem II and 20 bp (total) long substrate binding arms targeted against site 259. The active version is RPA 114, the inactive is RPA 115. The parent plasmid, pDAB367, was digested with Not I and filled in with Klenow to make a blunt acceptor site. The vector was then digested with Hind III restriction enzyme. The ribozyme containing plasmids were cut with Eco RI, filled-in with Klenow and recut with Hind III. The insert containing the entire ribozyme transcription unit was gel-purified and ligated into the pDAB 367 vector. The constructs are checked by digestion with Sgf I/Hind III and Xba I/Sst I and confirmed by sequencing.
• [0160] Δ9 453 Multimer Ribozyme Constructs (RPA 118, 119)
• These are the Δ-9 [0161] desaturase 453 Multimer hammerhead ribozyme clones (see FIG. 17). The ribozymes were designed with 3 bp long stem II regions. Total length of the substrate binding arms of the multimer construct was 42 bp. The active version is RPA 118, the inactive is 119. The constructs were made as described above for the 259 monomer. The multimer construct was designed with four hammerhead ribozymes targeted against sites 453, 464, 475 and 484 within Δ-9 desaturase RNA.
• [0162] Δ9 252 Multimer Ribozyme Constructs (RPA 85, 113)
• These are the Δ-9 [0163] desaturase 252 multimer ribozyme clones placed at the 3′ end of bar (phosphoinothricin acetyl transferase; Thompson et al., 1987 EMBO J. 6: 2519-2523) open reading frame. The multimer contructs were designed with 3 bp long stem II regions. Total length of the substrate binding arms of the multimer construct was 91 bp. RPA 85 is the active ribozyme, RPA 113 is the inactive. The vector was constructed as follows: The parent plasmid pDAB 367 was partially digested with Bgl II and the single cut plasmid was gel-purified. This was recut with Eco RI and again gel-purified to isolate the correct Bgl II/Eco RI cut fragment. The Bam HI/Eco RI inserts from the ribozyme constructs were gel-isolated (this contains the ribozyme and the NOS poly A region) and ligated into the 367 vector. The identitiy of positive plasmids were confirmed by performing a Nco I/Sst I digest and sequencing.
• Useful transgenic plants can be identified by standard assays. The transgenic plants can be evaluated for reduction in Δ-9 desaturase expression and Δ-9 desaturase activity as discussed in the examples infra. [0164]
Example 9 Identification of Potential Ribozyme Cleavage Sites in GBSS RNA
• Two hundred and forty one hammer-head ribozyme sites were identified in the corn GBSS mRNA polypeptide coding region (see table IIIA). A hammer-head site consists of a uridine and any nucleotide except guanine (UH). Following is the sequence of GBSS coding region for corn (SEQ. I.D. No. 25). The numbering system starts with 1 at the 5′ end of a GBSS cDNA clone having the following sequence (5′ to 3′): [0165]

  1                                                   72
  GACCGATCGATCGCCACAGCCAACACCACCCGCCGAGGCGACGCGACAGCCGCCAGGAGGAAGGAATAAACT
  73                                                   144
  CACTGCCAGCCAGTGAAGGGGGAGAAGTGTACTGCTCCGTCCACCAGTGCGCGCACCGCCCGGCAGGGCTGC
  145                                                  216
  TCATCTCGTCGACGACCAGTGGATTAATCGGCATGGCGGCTCTAGCCACGTCGCAGCTCGTCGCAACGCGCG
  217                                                  288
  CCGGCCTGGGCGTCCCGGACGCGTCCACGTTCCGCCGCGGCGCCGCGCAGGGCCTGAGGGGGGGCCGGACGG
  289                                                  360
  CGTCGGCGGCGGACACGCTCAGCATTCGGACCAGCGCGCGCGCGGCGCCCAGGCTCCAGCACCAGCAGCAGC
  361                                                  432
  AGCAGGCGCGCCGCGGGGCCAGGTTCCCGTCGCTCGTCGTGTGCGCCAGCGCCGGCATGAACGTCGTCTTCG
  433                                                 504
  TCGGCGCCGAGATGGCGCCGTGGAGCAAGACCGGCGGCCTCGGCGACGTCCTCGGCGGCCTGCCGCCGGCCA
  505                                                  576
  TGGCCGCGAATGGGCACCGTGTCATGGTCGTCTCTCCCCGCTACGACCAGTACAAGGACGCCTGGGACACCA
  577                                                  648
  GCGTCGTGTCCGAGATCAAGATGGGAGACAGGTACGAGACGGTCAGGTTCTTCCACTGCTACAAGCGCGGAG
  649                                                  720
  TGGACCGCGTGTTCGTTGACCACCCACTGTTCCTGGAGAGGGTTTGGGGAAAGACCGAGGAGAAGATCTACG
  721                                                  792
  GGCCTGACGCTGGAACGGACTACAGGGACAACCAGCTGCGGTTCAGCCTGCTATGCCAGGCAGCACTTGAAG
  793                                                  864
  CTCCAAGGATCCTGAGCCTCAACAACAACCCATACTTCTCCGGACCATACGGGGAGGACGTCGTGTTCGTCT
  865                                                   936
  GCAACGACTGGCACACCGGCCCTCTCTCGTGCTACCTCAAGAGCAACTACCAGTCCCACGGCATCTACAGGG
  937                                                   1008
  ACGCAAAGACCGCTTTCTGCATCCACAACATCTCCTACCAGGGCCGGTTCGCCTTCTCCGACTACCCGGAGC
  1009                                                 1080
  TGAACCTCCCGGAGAGATTCAAGTCGTCCTTCGATTTCATCGACGGCTACGAGAAGCCCGTGGAAGGCCGGA
  1081                                                 1152
  AGATCAACTGGATGAAGGCCGGGATCCTCGAGGCCGACAGGGTCCTCACCGTCAGCCCCTACTACGCCGAGG
  1153                                                 1224
  AGCTCATCTCCGGCATCGCCAGGGGCTGCGAGCTCGACAACATCATGCGCCTCACCGGCATCACCGGCATCG
  1225                                                1296
  TCAACGGCATGGACGTCAGCGAGTGGGACCCCAGCAGGGACAAGTACATCGCCGTGAAGTACGACGTGTCGA
  1297                                                1368
  CGGCCGTGGAGGCCAAGGCGCTGAACAAGGAGGCGCTGCAGGCGGAGGTCGGGCTCCCGGTGGACCGGAACA
  1369                                                 1440
  TCCCGCTGGTGGCGTTCATCGGCAGGCTGGAAGAGCAGAAGGGACCCGACGTCATGGCGGCCGCCATCCCGC
  1441                                                1512
  AGCTCATGGAGATGGTGGAGGACGTGCAGATCGTTCTGCTGGGCACGGGCAAGAAGAAGTTCGAGCGCATGC
  1513                                                 1584
  TCATGAGCGCCGAGGAGAAGTTCCCAGGCAAGGTGCGCGCCGTGGTCAAGTTCAACCGGCGCTGGCGCACC
  1585                                                 1656
  ACATCATGGCCGGCGCCGACGTGCTCGCCGTCACCAGCCGCTTCGAGCCCTGCGGCCTCATCCAGCTGCAGG
  1657                                                 1728
  GGATGCGATACGGAACGCCCTGCGCCTGCGCGTCCACCGGTGGACTCGTCGACACCATCATCGAAGGCAAGA
  1729                                                 1800
  CCGGGTTCCACATGGGCCGCCTCAGCGTCGACTGCAACGTCGTGGAGCCGGCGGACGTCAAGAAGGTGGCCA
  1801                                                 1872
  CCACCTTGCAGCGCGCCATCAAGGTGGTCGGCACGCCGGCGTACGAGGAGATGGTGAGGAACTGCATGATCC
  1873                                                 1944
  AGGATCTCTCCTGGAAGGGCCCTGCCAAGAACTGGGAGAACGTGCTGCTCAGCCTCGGGGTCGCCGGCGGCG
  1945                                                2016
  AGCCAGGGGTCGAAGGCGAGGAGATCGCGCCGCTCGCCAAGGAGAACGTGGCCGCGCCCTGAAGAGTTCGGC
  2017                                                  2088
  CTGCAGGCCCCCTGATCTCGCGCGTGGTGCAAACATGTTGGGACATCTTCTTATATATGCTGTTTCGTTTAT
  2089                                                  2160
  GTGATATGGACAAGTATGTGTAGCTGCTTGCTTGTGCTAGTGTAATATAGTGTAGTGGTGGCCAGTGGCACA
  2161                                                  2232
  ACCTAATAAGCGCATGAACTAATTGCTTGCGTGTGTAGTTAAGTACCGATCGGTAATTTTATATTGCGAGTA
  2233
  AATAAATGGACCTGTAGTGGTGGAAAAAAAAAAAA (SEQ I.D. NO. 25).

• There are approximately 53 potential hairpin ribozyme sites in the GBSS mRNA. The ribozyme and target sequences are listed in Table V. [0166]
• Ribozymes can be readily designed and synthesized to such sites with between 5 and 100 or more bases as substrate binding arms (see FIGS. [0167] 1-5) as described above.
Example 10 Selection of Ribozyme Cleavage Sites for GBSS
• The secondary structure of GBSS mRNA was assessed by computer analysis using folding algorithms, such as the ones developed by M. Zuker (Zuker, M., 1989 [0168] Science, 244, 48-52. Regions of the mRNA that did not form secondary folding structures with RNA/RNA stems of over eight nucleotides and contained potential hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites were identified.
• These sites which were then assessed for oligonucleotide accessibility with RNase H assays (see FIG. 6). Fifty-eight DNA oligonucleotides, each twenty one nucleotides long were used in these assays. These oligonucleotides covered 85 sites. The position and designation of these oligonucleotides were 195, 205, 240, 307, 390, 424, 472, 481, 539, 592, 625, 636, 678, 725, 741, 811, 859, 891, 897, 912, 918, 928, 951, 958, 969, 993, 999, 1015, 1027, 1032, 1056, 1084, 1105, 1156, 1168, 1186, 1195, 1204, 1213, 1222, 1240, 1269, 1284, 1293, 1345, 1351, 1420, 1471, 1533, 1563, 1714, 1750, 1786, 1806, 1819, 1921, 1954, and 1978. Secondary sites were also covered and included 202, 394, 384, 385, 484, 624, 627, 628, 679, 862, 901, 930, 950, 952, 967, 990, 991, 1026, 1035, 1108, 1159, 1225,1273, 1534, 1564, 1558, and 1717. [0169]
Example 11 RNaseH Assays for GBSS
• RNase H assays (FIG. 7) were performed using a full length transcript of the GBSS coding region, 3′ noncoding region, and part of the 5′ noncoding region. The GBSS RNA was screened for accessible cleavage sites by the method described generally in Draper et al., supra. hereby incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, DNA oligonucleotides representing hammerhead ribozyme cleavage sites were synthesized. A polymerase chain reaction was used to generate a substrate for T7 RNA polymerase transcription from corn cDNA clones. Labeled RNA transcripts were synthesized in vitro from these templates. The oligonucleotides and the labeled transcripts were annealed, RNAseH was added and the mixtures were incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. Reactions were stopped and RNA separated on sequencing polyacrylamide gels. The percentage of the substrate cleaved was determined by autoradiographic quantitation using a phosphor imaging system (FIG. 7). [0170]
Example 12 Hammerhead Ribozymes for GBSS
• Hammerhead ribozymes with 10/10 (i.e., able to form 10 base pairs on each arm of the ribozyme) nucleotide binding arms were designed to the sites covered by the oligos which cleaved best in the RNase H assays. These ribozymes were then subjected to analysis by computer folding and the ribozymes that had significant secondary structure were rejected. As a result of this [0171] screening procedure 23 ribozymes were designed to the most open regions in the GBSS mRNA, the sequences of these ribozymes are shown in Table IV.
• The ribozymes were chemically synthesized. The method of synthesis used follows the procedure for normal RNA synthesis as described above (and in Usman et al., supra, Scaringe et al., and Wincott et al., supra) and are incorporated by reference herein, and makes use of common nucleic acid protecting and coupling groups, such as dimethoxytrityl at the 5′-end, and phosphoramidites at the 3′-end. The average stepwise coupling yields were >98%. Inactive ribozymes were synthesized by substituting a U for G[0172] ₅ and a U for A₁₄ (numbering from (Hertel et al., supra). Hairpin ribozymes were synthesized in two parts and annealed to reconstruct the active ribozyme (Chowrira and Burke, 1992, Nucleic Acids Res., 20, 2835-). All ribozymes were modified to enhance stability by modification of five ribonucleotides at both the 5′ and 3′ ends with 2′-O-methyl groups. Ribozymes were purified by gel electrophoresis using general methods. (Ausubel et al., 1990 Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Wiley & Sons, NY) or were purified by high pressure liquid chromatography, as described above and were resuspended in water.
Example 13 Long Substrate Tests for GBSS
• Target RNA used in this study was 900 nt long and contained cleavage sites for all the 23 HH ribozymes targeted against GBSS RNA. A template containing T7 RNA polymerase promoter upstream of GBSS target sequence, was PCR amplified from a cDNA clone. Target RNA was transcribed from this PCR amplified template using T7 RNA polymerase. The transcript was internally labeled during transcription by including [α-[0173] ³²P] CTP as one of the four ribonucleotide triphosphates. The transcription mixture was treated with DNase-1, following transcription at 37° C. for 2 hours, to digest away the DNA template used in the transcription. The transcription mixture was resolved on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel. Bands corresponding to full-length RNA was isolated from a gel slice and the RNA was precipitated with isopropanol and the pellet was stored at 4° C.
• Ribozyme cleavage reactions were carried out under ribozyme excess (kcat/KM) conditions (Herschlag and Cech, supra). Briefly, 1000 nM ribozyme and <10 nM internally labeled target RNA were denatured separately by heating to 90° C. for 2 min. in the presence of 50 mM Tris.HCl, pH 7.5 and 10 mM MgCl[0174] ₂. The RNAs were renatured by cooling to the reaction temperature (37° C., 26° C. and 20° C.) for 10-20 min. Cleavage reaction was initiated by mixing the ribozyme and target RNA at appropriate reaction temperatures. Alquots were taken at regular intervals of time and the reaction was quenched by adding equal volume of stop buffer. The samples were resolved on 4% sequencing gel.
• The results from ribozyme cleavage reactions, at the three different temperatures, are summarized in FIG. 8. Seven lead ribozymes were chosen (425, 892, 919, 959, 968, 1241, and 1787). One of the active ribozymes (811) produced a strange pattern of cleavage products; as a result, it was not chosen as one of our lead ribozymes. [0175]
Example 14 Cleavage of the GBSS RNA Using Multiple Ribozyme Combinations
• Four of the lead ribozymes (892, 919, 959, 1241) were incubated with internally labeled target RNA in the following combinations: 892 alone; 892+919; 892+919+959; 892+919+959+1241. The fraction of RNA cleavage increased in an additive manner with an increase in the number of ribozymes used in the cleavage reaction (FIG. 9). Ribozyme cleavage reactions were carried out at 20° C. as described above. These data suggest that multiple ribozymes targeted to different sites on the same mRNA will increase the reduction of target RNA in an additive manner. [0176]
Example 15 Construction of Ribozyme Expressing Transcription Units for GBSS
• Cloning of GBSS Multimer Ribozymes RPA 63 (active) and RPA64 (inactive) A multimer ribozyme was constructed which contained four hammerhead [0177] ribozymes targeting sites 892, 919, 959 and 968 of the GBSS mRNA. Two DNA oligonucleotides (Macromolecular Resourses, Fort Collins, Colo.) were ordered which overlap by 18 nucleotides. The sequences were as follows:

  Oligo 1: CGC GGA TCC TGG TAG GAC TGA TGA GGC CGA

  AAG GCC GAA ATG TTG TGC TGA TGA GGC CGA AAG GCC

  GAA ATG CAG AAA GCG GTC TTT GCG TCC CTG TAG ATG

  CCG TGG C

• [0178]

  Oligo 2: CGC GAG CTC GGC CCT CTC TTT CGG CCT TTC

  GGC CTC ATC AGG TGC TAC CTC AAG AGC AAC TAC CAG

  TTT CGG CCT TTC GGC CTC ATC AGC CAC GGC ATC TAG

  AGG G

• Inactive versions of the above were made by substituting T for G5 and T for A14 within the catalytic core of each ribozyme motif. [0179]
• These were annealed in 1× Klenow Buffer (Gibco/BRL) at 90° C. for 5 minutes and slow cooled to room temperature (22° C.). NTPs were added to 0.2 mM and the oligos extended with Klenow enzyme at 1 unit/ul for one hour at 37° C. This was phenol/chloroform extracted and ethanol precipitated, then resuspended in 1× [0180] React 3 buffer (Gibco/BRL) and digested with Bam HI and Sst I for 1 hour at 37° C. The DNA was gel purified on a 2% agarose gel using the Qiagen gel extraction kit.
• The DNA fragments were ligated into BamHI/Sst I digested pDAB 353. The ligation was transformed into competent DH5α F′ bacteria (Gibco/BRL). Potential clones were screened by digestion with Bam HI/Eco RI. Clones were confirmed by sequencing. The total length of homology with the target sequence is 96 nucleotides. [0181]
• 919 Monomer Ribozyme (RPA66) [0182]
• A single ribozyme to [0183] site 919 of the GBSS mRNA was constructed with 10/10 arms as follows. Two DNA oligos were ordered:

  Oligo 1: GAT CCG ATG CCG TGG CTG ATG AGG CCG AAA

  GGC CGA AAC TGG TAG TT

  Oligo 2: AAC TAC CAG TTT CGG CCT TTC GGC CTC ATC

  AGC CAC GGC ATC G

• The oligos are phosphorylated individually in 1× kinase buffer (Gibco/BRL) and heat denatured and annealed by combining at 90° C. for 10 min, then slow cooled to room temperature (22° C.). The vector was prepared by digestion of pDAB 353 with Sst I and blunting the ends with T4 DNA polymerase. The vector was redigested with Bam HI and gel purified as above. The annealed oligos are ligated to the vector in 1× ligation buffer (Gibco/BRL) at 16° C. overnight. Potential clones were digested with Bam HI/Eco RI and confirmed by sequencing. [0184]
Example 16 Plant Transformation Plasmids PDAB 367, Used in the Δ9 Ribozyme Experiments, and pDAB353 used in the GBSS Ribozyme Experiments
• Part A pDAB367 [0185]
• Plasmid pDAB367 has the following DNA structure: beginning with the base after the final C residue of the Sph I site of pUC[0186] ₁₉ (base 441; Ref. 1), and reading on the strand contiguous to the LacZ gene coding strand, the linker sequence

  CTGCAGGCCGGCCTTAATTAAGCGGCCGCGTTTAAACGCCCGGGCATTTA

  AATGGCGCGCCGCGATCGCTTGCAGATCTGCATGGGTG,

• nucleotides 7093 to 7344 of CaMV DNA (2), the linker sequence CATCGATG, nucleotides 7093 to 7439 of CaMV, the linker sequence GGGGACTCTAGAGGATCCAG, nucleotides 167 to 186 of MSV (3), nucleotides 188 to 277 of MSV (3), a C residue followed by nucleotides 119 to 209 of maize Adh 1S containing parts of [0187] exon 1 and intron 1 (4), nucleotides 555 to 672 containing parts of Adh 1S intron 1 and exon 2 (4), the linker sequence GACGGATCTG, and nucleotides 278 to 317 of MSV. This is followed by a modified BAR coding region from pIJ4104 (5) having the AGC serine codon in the second position replaced by a GCC alanine codon, and nucleotide 546 of the coding region changed from G to A to eliminate a Bgl II site. Next, the linker sequence TGAGATCTGAGCTCGAATTTCCCC, nucleotides 1298 to 1554 of Nos (6), and a G residue followed by the rest of the pUC₁₉ sequence (including the Eco RI site).
• PartB pDAB353 [0188]
• Plasmid pDAB353 has the following DNA structure: beginning with the base after the final C residue of the Sph I site of pUC[0189] ₁₉ (base 441; Ref. 1), and reading on the strand contiguous to the LacZ gene coding strand, the linker sequence CTGCAGATCTGCATGGGTG, nucleotides 7093 to 7344 of CaMV DNA (2), the linker sequence CATCGATG, nucleotides 7093 to 7439 of CaMV, the linker sequence GGGGACTCTAGAG, nucleotides 119 to 209 of maize Adh 1S containing parts of exon 1 and intron 1 (4), nucleotides 555 to 672 containing parts of Adh 1S intron 1 and exon 2 (4), and the linker sequence GACGGATCCGTCGACC, where GGATCC represents the recognition sequence for BamH I restriction enzyme. This is followed by the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene from pRAJ275 (7), cloned as an Nco I/Sac I fragment, the linker sequence GAATTTCCCC, the poly A region in nucleotides 1298 to 1554 of Nos (6), and a G residue followed by the rest of the pUC₁₉ sequence (including the Eco RI site).
• The following are herein incorporated by reference: [0190]
• 1. Messing, J. (1983) in “Methods in Enzymology” (Wu, R. et al., Eds) 101:20-78. [0191]
• 2. Franck, A., H. Guilley, G. Jonard, K. Richards, and L. Hirth (1980) Nucleotide sequence of Cauliflower Mosaic Virus DNA. Cell 21:285-294. [0192]
• 3. Mullineaux, P. M., J. Donson, B. A. M. Morris-Krsinich, M. I. Boulton, and J. W. Davies (1984) The nucleotide sequence of Maize Streak Virus DNA. EMBO J. 3:3063-3068. [0193]
• 4. Dennis, E. S., W. L. Gerlach, A. J. Pryor, J. L. Bennetzen, A. Inglis, D. Llewellyn, M. M. Sachs, R. J. Ferl, and W. J. Peacock (1984) Molecular analysis of the alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhI) gene of maize. Nucl. Acids Res. 12:3983-4000. [0194]
• 5. White, J., S-Y Chang, M. J. Bibb, and M. J. Bibb (1990) A cassette containing the bar gene of [0195] Streptomyces hygroscopicus: a selectable marker for plant transformation. Nucl. Acids. Res. 18:1062.
• 6. DePicker, A., S. Stachel, P. Dhaese, P. Zambryski, and H. M. Goodman (1982) Nopaline Synthase: Transcript mapping and DNA sequence. J. Molec. Appl. Genet. 1:561-573. [0196]
• 7. Jefferson, R. A. (1987) Assaying chimeric genes in plants: The GUS gene fusion system. Plant Molec. Biol. Reporter 5:387-405. [0197]
Example 17 Plasmid pDAB359 a Plant Transformation Plasmid which Contains the Gamma-zein Promoter, the Antisense GBSS, and a the Nos Polyadenylation Sequence
• Plasmid pDAB359 is a 6702 bp double-stranded, circular DNA that contains the following sequence elements: nucleotides 1-404 from pUC[0198] ₁₈ which include lac operon sequence from base 238 to base 404 and ends with the HindIII site of the M13mp18 polylinker (1,2); the Nos polyadenylation sequence from nucleotides 412 to 668 (3); a synthetic adapter sequence from nucleotides 679-690 which converts a Sac I site to an Xho I site by changing GAGCTC to GAGCTT and adding CTCGAG; maize granule bound starch synthase cDNA from bases 691 to 2953, corresponding to nucleotides 1-2255 of SEQ. I.D. No. 25. The GBSS sequence in plasmid pDAB359 was modified from the original cDNA by the addition of a 5′ Xho I and a 3′ Nco I site as well as the deletion of internal Nco I and Xho I sites using Klenow to fill in the enzyme recognition sequences. Bases 2971 to 4453 are 5′ untranslated sequence of the maize 27 kD gamma-zein gene corresponding to nucleotides 1078 to 2565 of the published sequence (4). The gamma-zein sequence was modified to contain a 5′ Kpn I site and 3′ BamH/SalI/Nco I sites. Additional changes in the gamma-zein sequence relative to the published sequence include a T deletion at nucleotide 104, a TACA deletion at nucleotide 613, a C to T conversion at nucleotide 812, an A deletion at nucleotide 1165 and an A insertion at nucleotide 1353. Finally, nucleotides 4454 to 6720 of pDAB359 are identical to puc18 bases 456 to 2686 including the Kpn I/EcoRI/Sac I sites of the M13/mp18 polylinker from 4454 to 4471, a lac operon fragment from 4471 to 4697, and the β-lacatmase gene from 5642 to 6433 (1, 2).
• The following are incorporated by reference herein: [0199]
• pUC18—Norrander, J., Kempe, T., Messing, J. Gene (1983) 26: 101-106; Pouwels, P. H., Enger-Valk, B. E., Brammar, W. J. Cloning Vectors, Elsevier 1985 and supplements [0200]
• NosA—DePicker, A., Stachel, S., Dhaese, P., Zambryski, P., and Goodman, H. M. (1982) Nopaline Synthase: Transcript Mapping and DNA Sequence J. Molec. Appl. Genet. 1:561-573. [0201]
• [0202] Maize 27 kD gamma-zein—Das, O. P., Poliak, E. L., Ward, K., Messing, J. Nucleic Acids Research 19, 3325-3330 (1991).
Example 18 Construction of Plasmid pDAB430, Containing Antisense Δ9 Desaturase, Expressed by the Ubiquitin Promoter/intron (Ubi1)
• Part A Construction of Plasmid pDAB421 [0203]
• Plasmid pDAB421 contains a unique blunt-end SrfI cloning site flanked by the maize Ubiquitin promoter/intron and the nopaline synthase polyadenylation sequences. pDAB421 was prepared as follows: digestion of pDAB355 with restriction enzymes KpnI and BamHI drops out the R coding region on a 2.2 kB fragment. Following gel purification, the vector was ligated to an adapter composed of two annealed oligonucleotides OF235 and OF236. OF235 has the [0204] sequence 5′-GAT CCG CCC GGG GCC CGG GCG GTA C-3′ and OF236 has the sequence 5′-CGC CCG GGC CCC GGG CG-3′. Clones containing this adapter were identified by digestion and linearization of plasmid DNA with the enzymes SrfI and SmaI which cut in the adapter, but not elsewhere in the plasmid. One representative clone was sequenced to verify that only one adapter was inserted into the plasmid. The resulting plasmid pDAB421 was used in subsequent construction of the Δ9 desaturase antisense plasmid pDAB430.
• Part B Construction of Plasmid pDAB430 (Antisense Δ9 Desaturase) [0205]
• The antisense Δ9 desaturase construct present in plasmid pDAB430 was produced by cloning of an amplification product in the blunt-end cloning site of plasmid pDAB421. Two constructs were produced simultaneously from the same experiment. The first construct contains the Δ9 desaturase gene in the sense orientation behind the ubiquitin promoter, and the c-myc tag fused to the C-terminus of the Δ9 desaturase open reading frame for immunological detection of overproduced protein in transgenic lines. This construct was intended for testing of ribozymes in a system which did not express maize Δ9 desaturase. This construct was never used, but the primers used to amplify and construct the Δ9 desaturase antisense gene were the same. The Δ9 desaturase cDNA sequence described herein was amplified with two primers. The N-terminal primer OF279 has the [0206] sequence 5′-GTG CCC ACA ATG GCG CTC CGC CTC AAC GAC-3′. The underlined bases correspond to nucleotides 146-166 of the cDNA sequence. C-terminal primer OF280 has the sequence 5′-TCA TCA CAG GTC CTC CTC GCT GAT CAG CTT CTC CTC CAG TTG GAC CTG CCT ACC GTA-3′ and is the reverse complement of the sequence 5′-TAC GGT AGG GAC GTC CAA CTG GAG GAG AAG CTG ATC AGC GAG GAG GAC CTG TGA TGA-3′. In this sequence the underlined bases correspond to nucleotides 1304-1324 of the cDNA sequence, the bases in italics correspond to the sequence of the c-myc epitope. The 1179 bp of amplification product was purified through a 1.0% agarose gel, and ligated into plasmid pDAB421 which was linearized with the restriction enzyme Srf I. Colony hybridization was used to select clones containing the pDAB421 plasmid with the insert. The orientation of the insert was determined by restriction digestion of plasmid DNA with diagnostic enzymes KpnI and BamHI. A clone containing the Δ9 desaturase coding sequence in the sense orientation relative to the Ubiquitin promoter/intron was recovered and was named pDAB429. An additional clone containing the Δ9 desaturase coding sequence in the anitsense orientation relative to the promoter was named pDAB430. Plasmid pDAB430 was subjected to sequence analysis and it was determined that the sequence contained three PCR induced errors compared to the expected sequence. One error was found in the sequence corresponding to primer OF280 and two nucleotide changes were observed internal to the coding sequence. These errors were not corrected, because antisense downregulation does not require 100% sequence identity between the antisense transcript and the downregulation target.
Example 19 Helium Blasting of Embryogenic Maize Cultures and the Subsequent Regeneration of Transgenic Progeny
• Part A Establishment of embryogenic maize cultures. The tissue cultures employed in transformation experiments were initiated from immature zygotic embryos of the genotype “Hi-II”. Hi-II is a hybrid made by intermating 2 R[0207] ₃ lines derived from a B73xA188 cross (Armstrong et al. 1990). When cultured, this genotype produces callus tissue known as Type II. Type II callus is friable, grows quickly, and exhibits the ability to maintain a high level of embryogenic activity over an extended time period.
• Type II cultures were initiated from 1.5-3.0 mm immature embryos resulting from controlled pollinations of greenhouse grown Hi-II plants. The initiation medium used was N6 (Chu, 1978) which contained 1.0 mg/[0208] L 2,4-D, 25 mM L-proline, 100 mg/L casein hydrolysate, 10 mg/L AgNO₃, 2.5 g/L gelrite and 2% sucrose adjusted to pH 5.8. For approximately 2-8 weeks, selection occurred for Type II callus and against non-embryogenic and/or Type I callus. Once Type II callus was selected, it was transferred to a maintenance medium in which AgNO₃ was omitted and L-proline reduced to 6 mM.
• After approximately 3 months of subculture in which the quantity and quality of embryogenic cultures was increased, the cultures were deemed acceptable for use in transformation experiments. [0209]
• Part B Preparation of plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNA was adsorbed onto the surface of gold particles prior to use in transformation experiments. The experiments for the GBSS target used gold particles which were spherical with diameters ranging from 1.5-3.0 microns (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.). Transfomation experiments for the □9 desaturase target used 1.0 micron spherical gold particles (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). All gold particles were surface-sterilized with ethanol prior to use. Adsorption was accomplished by adding 74 μl of 2.5 M calcium chloride and 30 μl of 0.1 M spermidine to 300 μl of plasmid DNA and sterile H[0210] ₂O. The concentration of plasmid DNA was 140 μg. The DNA-coated gold particles were immediately vortexed and allowed to settle out of suspension. The resulting clear supernatent was removed and the particles were resuspended in 1 ml of 100% ethanol. The final dilution of the suspension ready for use in helium blasting was 7.5 mg DNA/gold per ml of ethanol.
• Part C Preparation and helium blasting of tissue targets. Approximately 600 mg of embryogenic callus tissue per target was spread over the surface of petri plates containing Type II callus maintenance medium plus 0.2 M sorbitol and 0.2 M mannitol as an osmoticum. After an approximately 4 hour pretreatment, all tissue was transferred to petri plates containing 2% agar blasting medium (maintenance medium plus osmoticum plus 2% agar). [0211]
• Helium blasting involved accelerating the suspended DNA-coated gold particles towards and into prepared tissue targets. The device used was an earlier prototype to the one described in a DowElanco U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,131 which is incorporated herein by reference, although both function in a similar manner. The device consisted of a high pressure helium source, a syringe containing the DNA/gold suspension, and a pneumatically-operated multipurpose valve which provided controlled linkage between the helium source and a loop of pre-loaded DNA/gold suspension. [0212]
• Prior to blasting, tissue targets were covered with a sterile 104 micron stainless steel screen, which held the tissue in place during impact. Next, targets were placed under vacuum in the main chamber of the device. The DNA-coated gold particles were accelerated at the [0213] target 4 times using a helium pressure of 1500 psi. Each blast delivered 20 μl of DNA/gold suspension. Immediately post-blasting, the targets were placed back on maintenance medium plus osmoticum for a 16 to 24 hour recovery period.
• Part D Selection of transformed tissue and the regeneration of plants from transgenic cultures. After 16 to 24 hours post-blasting, the tissue was divided into small pieces and transferred to selection medium (maintenance medium plus 30 mg/L Basta™). Every 4 weeks for 3 months, the tissue pieces were non-selectively transferred to fresh selection medium. After 8 weeks and up to 24 weeks, any sectors found proliferating against a background of growth inhibited tissue were removed and isolated. Putatively transformed tissue was subcultured onto fresh selection medium. Transgenic cultures were established after 1 to 3 additional subcultures. [0214]
• Once Basta™ resistant callus was established as a line, plant regeneration was initiated by transferring callus tissue to petri plate containing cytokinin-based induction medium which were then placed in low light (125 ft-candles) for one week followed by one week in high light (325 ft-candles). The induction medium was composed of MS salts and vitamins (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), 30 g/L sucrose, 100 mg/L myo-inositol, 5 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.025 mg/[0215] L 2,4-D, 2.5 g/L gelrite adjusted to pH 5.7. Following the two week induction period, the tissue was non-selectively transferred to hormone-free regeneration medium and kept in high light. The regeneration medium was composed of MS salts and vitamins, 30 g/L sucrose and 2.5 g/L gelrite adjusted to pH 5.7. Both induction and regeneration media contained 30 mg/L Basta™. Tissue began differentiating shoots and roots in 2-4 weeks. Small (1.5-3 cm) plantlets were removed and placed in tubes containing SH medium. SH medium is composed of SH salts and vitamins (Schenk and Hildebrandt, 1972), 10 g/L sucrose, 100 mg/L myo-inositol, 5 mL/L FeEDTA, and either 7 g/L Agar or 2.5 g/L Gelrite adjusted to pH 5.8. Plantlets were transferred to 10 cm pots containing approximately 0.1 kg of Metro-Mix® 360 (The Scotts Co., Marysville, Ohio) in the greenhouse as soon as they exhibited growth and developed a sufficient root system (1-2 weeks). At the 3-5 leaf stage, plants were transferred to 5 gallon pots containing approximately 4 kg Metro-Mix® 360 and grown to maturity. These R₀ plants were self-pollinated and/or cross-pollinated with non-transgenic inbreds to obtain transgenic progeny. In the case of transgenic plants produced for the GBSS target, R₁ seed produced from R₀ pollinations was replanted. The R₁ plants were grown to maturity and pollinated to produce R₂ seed in the quantities needed for the analyses.
Example 20 Production and Regeneration of Δ9 Transgenic Material
• Part A Transformation and isolation of embryogenic callus. Six ribozyme constructs, described previously, targeted to Δ9 desaturase were transformed into regenerable Type II callus cultures as described herein. These 6 constructs consisted of 3 active/inactive pairs; namely, RPA85/RPA113, RPA114/RPA115, and RPA118/RPA119. A total of 1621 tissue targets were prepared, blasted, and placed into selection. From these blasting experiments 334 independent Basta®-resistant transformation events (“lines”) were isolated from selection. Approximately 50% of these lines were analyzed via DNA PCR or GC/FAME as a means of determining which ones to move forward to regeneration and which ones to discard. The remaining 50% were not analyzed either because they had become non-embryogenic or contaminated. [0216]
• Part B Regeneration of Δ9 plants from transgenic callus. Following analyses of the transgenic callus, twelve lines were chosen per ribozyme construct for regeneration, with 15 R[0217] ₀ plants to be produced per line. These lines generally consisted of 10 analysis-positive lines plus 2 negative controls, however, due to the poor regenerability of some of the cultures, plants were produced from less than 12 lines for constructs RPA113, RPA115, RPA118, and RPA119. An overall total of 854 R₀ plants were regenerated from 66 individual lines (see Table X). When the plants reached maturity, self- or sib-pollinations were given the highest priority, however, when this was not possible, cross-pollinations were made using the inbreds CQ806, CS716, OQ414, or HO₁ as pollen donors, and occasionally as pollen recipients. Over 715 controlled pollinations have been made, with the majority (55%) being comprised of self- or sib-pollinations and the minority (45%) being comprised of F₁ crosses. R₁ seed was collected approximately 45 days post-pollination.
Example 21 Production and Regeneration of Transgenic Maize for the GBSS
• Part A Transformation of embryogenic maize callus and the subsequent selection and establishment of transgenic cultures. RPA63 and RPA64, an active/inactive pair of ribozyme multimers targeted to GBSS, were inserted along with bar selection plasmid pDAB308 into Type II callus as described herein. A total of 115 Basta™-resistant independent transformation events were recovered from the selection of 590 blasted tissue targets. Southern analysis was performed on callus samples from established cultures of all events to determine the status of the gene of interest. [0218]
• Part B Regeneration of plants from cultures transformed with ribozymes targeted to GBSS as well as the advancement to the R[0219] ₂ generation. Plants were regenerated from Southern “positive” transgenic cultures and grown to maturity in a greenhouse. The primary regenerates were pollinated to produce R₁ seed. From 30 to 45 days after pollination, seed was harvested, dried to the correct moisture content, and replanted. A total of 752 R₁ plants, representing 16 original lines, were grown to sexual maturity and pollinated. Approximately 19 to 22 days after pollination, ears were harvested and 30 kernels were randomly excised per ear and frozen for later analyses.
Example 22 Testing of GBSS-targeted Ribozymes in Maize Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) Stably Transformed Callus
• Part A Production of BMS callus stably transformed with GBSS and GBSS-targeted ribozymes. BMS does not produce a GBSS mRNA which is homologous to that found endogenously in maize. Therefore, a double transformation system was developed to produce transformants which expressed both target and ribozymes. “ZM” BMS suspensions (obtained from Jack Widholm, University of Illinois, also see W. F. Sheridan, “Black Mexican Sweet Corn: Its Use for Tissue Cultures” in [0220] Maize for Biological Research, W. F. Sheridan, editor. University Press. University of North Dakokta, Grand Forks, N.Dak., 1982, pp. 385-388) were prepared for helium blasting four days after subculture by transfer to a 100×20 mm Petri plate (Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.) and partial removal of liquid medium, forming a thin paste of cells. Targets consisted of 100-125 mg fresh weight of cells on a ½″ antibiotic disc (Schleicher and Schuell, Keene, N.H.) placed on blasting medium, DN6 [N6 salts and vitamins (Chu et al., 1978), 20 g/L sucrose, 1.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 25 mM L-proline; pH=5.8 before autoclaving 20 minutes at 121° C.] solidified with 2% TC agar (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kan.) in 60×20 mm plates. DNA was precipitated onto gold particles. For the first transformation, pDAB 426 (Ubi/GBSS) and pDAB 308 (35T/Bar) were used. Targets were individually shot using DowElanco Helium Blasting Device I. With a vacuum pressure of 650 mm Hg and at a distance of 15.5 cm from target to device nozzle, each sample was blasted once with DNA/gold mixture at 500 psi. Immediately after blasting, the antibiotic discs were transferred to DN6 medium made with 0.8% TC agar for one week of target tissue recovery. After recovery, each target was spread onto a 5.5 cm Whatman #4 filter placed on DN6 medium minus proline with 3 mg/L Basta® (Hoechst, Frankfort, Germany). Two weeks later, the filters were transferred to fresh selection medium with 6 mg/L Basta®. Subsequent transfers were done at two week intervals. Isolates were picked from the filters and placed on AMCF-ARM medium (N6 salts and vitamins, 20 g/L sucrose, 30 g/L mannitol, 100 mg/L acid casein hydrolysate, and 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 24 mM L-proline; pH=5.8 before autoclaving 20 minutes at 121° C.) solidified with 0.8% TC agar containing 6 mg/L Basta®. Isolates were maintained by subculture to fresh medium every two weeks.
• Basta®-resistant isolates which expressed GBSS were subjected to a second transformation. As with BMS suspensions, targets of transgenic callus were prepared 4 days after subculture by spreading tissue onto ½″ filters. However, AMCF-ARM with 2% TC agar was used for blasting, due to maintenance of transformants on AMCF-ARM selection media. Each sample was covered with a sterile 104 μm mesh screen and blasting was done at 1500 psi. Target tissue was co-bombarded with pDAB 319 (35S-ALS; 35T-GUS) and RPA63 (active ribozyme multimer) or pDAB319 and RPA64 (inactive ribozyme multimer), or shot with pDAB 319 alone. Immediately after blasting, all targets were transferred to nonselective medium (AMCF-ARM) for one week of recovery. Subsequently, the targets were placed on AMCF-ARM medium containing two selection agents, 6 mg/L Basta® and 2 μg/L chlorsulfuron (CSN). The level of CSN was increased to 4 ug/L after 2 weeks. Continued transfer of the filters and generation of isolates was done as described in the first transformation, with isolates being maintained on AMCF-ARM medium containing 6 mg/L Basta and 4 μg/L CSN. [0221]
• Part B Analysis of BMS stable transformants expressing GBSS and GBSS-targeted ribozymes. Isolates from the first transformation were evaluated by Northern blot analysis for detection of a functional target gene (GBSS) and to determine relative levels of expression. In 12 of 25 isolates analyzed, GBSS transcript was detected. A range of expression was observed, indicating an independence of transformation events. Isolates generated from the second transformation were evaluated by Northern blot analysis for detection of continued GBSS expression and by RT-PCR to screen for the presence of ribozyme transcript. Of 19 isolates tested from one previously transformed line, 18 expressed the active ribozyme, RPA63, and all expressed GBSS. GBSS was detected in each of 6 vector controls; ribozyme was not expressed in these samples. As described herein, RNase protection assay (RPA) and Northern blot analysis were performed on ribozyme-expressing and vector control tissues to compare levels of GBSS transcript in the presence or absence of active ribozyme. GBSS values were normalized to an internal control (Δ9 desaturase); Northern blot data is shown in FIG.([0222] 25). Northern blot results revealed a significantly lower level of GBSS message in the presence of ribozyme, as compared to vector controls. RPA data showed that some of the individual samples expressing active ribozyme (“L” and “O”) were significantly different from vector controls and similar to a nontransformed control.
Example 23 Analysis of Plant and Callus Materials
• Plant material co-transformed with the pDAB308 and one of the following ribozyme containing vectors, pRPA63, pRPA64, pRPA85, pRPA113, pRPA114, pRPA115, pRPA118 or pRPA119 were analyzed at the callus level, Ro level and select lines analyzed at the F1 level. Leaf material was harvested when the plantlets reached the 6-8 leaf stage. DNA from the plant and callus material was prepared from lyophilized tissue as described by Saghai-Maroof et al. (supra). Eight micrograms of each DNA was digested with the restriction enzymes specific for each construct using conditions suggested by the manufacturer (Bethesda Research Laboratory, Gaithersburg, Md.) and separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA was blotted onto nylon membrane as described by Southern, E. 1975 “Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis,” J. Mol. Biol. 98:503 and Southern, E. 1980 “Gel electrophoresis of restriction fragments” Methods Enzmol. 69:152, which are incorporated by reference herein. [0223]
• Probes specific for the ribozyme coding region were hybridized to the membranes. Probe DNA was prepared by boiling 50 ng of probe DNA for 10 minutes then quick cooling on ice before being added to the Ready-To-Go DNA labeling beads (Pharmacia LKB, Piscataway, N.J.) with 50 microcuries of α[0224] ³²P-dCTP (Amersham Life Science, Arlington Heights, Ill.). Probes were hybridized to the genomic DNA on the nylon membranes. The membranes were washed at 60° C. in 0.25× SSC and 0.2% SDS for 45 minutes, blotted dry and exposed to XAR-5 film overnight with two intensifying screens.
• The DNA from the RPA63 and RPA64 was digested with the restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI and the blots containing these samples were hybridized to the RPA63 probe. The RPA63 probe consists of the RPA63 ribozyme multimer coding region and should produce a single 1.3 kb hybridization product when hybridized to the RPA63 or RPA64 materials. The 1.3 kb hybridization product should contain the enhanced 35S promoter, the AdhI intron, the ribozyme coding region and the nopaline [0225] synthase poly A 3′ end. The DNA from the RPA85 and RPA113 was digested with the restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI and the blots containing these samples were hybridized to the RPA122 probe. RPA 122 is the 252 multimer ribozyme in pDAB 353 replacing the GUS reporter. The RPA122 probe consists of the RPA122 ribozyme multimer coding region and the nopaline synthase 3′ end and should produce a single 2.1 kb hybridization product when hybridized to the RPA85 or RPA113 materials. The 2.1 kb hybridization product should contain the enhanced 35S promoter, the AdhI intron, the bar gene, the ribozyme coding region and the nopaline synthase poly A 3′ end. The DNA from the RPA114 and RPA115 was digested with the restriction enzymes HindIII and SmaI and the blots containing these samples were hybridized to the RPA115 probe. The RPA115 probe consist of the RPA115 ribozyme coding region and should produce a single 1.2 kb hybridization product when hybridized to the RPA114 or RPA115 materials. The 1.2 kb hybridization product should contain the enhanced 35S promoter, the AdhI intron, the ribozyme coding region and the nopaline synthase poly A 3′ end. The DNA from the RPA118 and RPA119 was digested with the restriction enzymes HindIII and SmaI and the blots containing these samples were hybridized to the RPA118 probe. The RPA118 probe consist of the RPA118 ribozyme coding region and should produce a single 1.3 kb hybridization product when hybridized to the RPA118 or RPA119 materials. The 1.3 kb hybridization product should contain the enhanced 35S promoter, the AdhI intron, the ribozyme coding region and the nopaline synthase poly A 3′ end.
Example 24 Extraction of Genomic DNA from Transgenic Callus
• Three hundred mg of actively growing callus were quick frozen on dry ice. It was ground to a fine powder with a chilled Bessman Tissue Pulverizer (Spectrum, Houston, Tex.) and extracted with 400 μl of 2× CTAB buffer (2% Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide, 100 mM Tris pH 8.0, 20 mM EDTA, 1.4 M NaCl, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone). The suspension was lysed at 65° C. for 25 minutes, then extracted with an equal volume of chloroform:isoamyl alcohol. To the aqueous phase was added 0.1 volumes of 10% CTAB buffer (10% Hexadecyltrimethylammonium Bromide, 0.7 M NaCl). Following extraction with an equal volume of chloroform:isoamyl alcohol, 0.6 volumes of cold isopropyl alcohol was added to the aqueous phase, and placed at −20° C. for 30 minutes. After a 5 minute centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, the resulting precipitant was dried for 10 minutes under vacuum. It was resuspended in 200 μl TE (10 mM Tris, 1 mMEDTA, pH 8.0) at 65° C. for 20 minutes. 20% Chelex (Biorad,) was added to the DNA to a final concentration of 5% and incubated at 56° C. for 15-30 minutes to remove impurities. The DNA concentration was measured on a Hoefer Fluorimeter (Hoefer, San Francisco). [0226]
Example 25 PCR Analysis of Genomic Callus DNA
• Use of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to demonstrate the stable insertion of ribozyme genes into the chromosome of transgenic maize calli. [0227]
• Part A Method Used to Detect Ribozyme DNA [0228]
• The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed as described in the suppliers protocol using AmpliTaq DNA Polymerase (GeneAmp PCR kit, Perkin Elmer, Cetus). Aliquots of 300 ng of genomic callus DNA, 1 μl of a 50 μM downstream primer (5′ CGC AAG ACC [0229] GGC AAC AGG 3′), 1 μl of an upstream primer and 1 μl of Perfect Match (Stratagene, Ca) PCR enhancer were mixed with the components of the kit. The PCR reaction was performed for 40 cycles using the following parameters; denaturation at 94° C. for 1 minute, annealing at 55° C. for 2 minutes, and extension at 72° C. for 3 mins. An aliquot of 0.2× vol. of each PCR reaction was electrophoresised on a 2% 3:1 Agarose (FMC) gel using standard TAE agarose gel conditions.
• Part B Upstream Primer Used for Detection of Δ9 Desaturase Ribozyme Genes [0230]
• RPA85/RPA113 251 multimer fused to [0231] BAR 3′ ORF
• RPA114/RPA115 258 ribozyme monomer [0232]
• RPA118/RPA119 452 ribozyme multimer [0233]
• 5′ TGG ATT GAT GTG ATA [0234] TCT CCA C 3′
• This primer is used to amplify across the Eco RV site in the 35S promoter. [0235]
• Primers were prepared using standard oligo synthesis protocols on an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA/RNA synthesizer [0236]
Example 26 Preparation of Total RNA from Transgenic Maize Calli and Plant
• Part A Preparation of total RNA from transgenic non-regenerable and regenerable callus tissue. Three hundred milligrams of actively growing callus was quick frozen on dry ice. The tissue was ground to a fine powder with a chilled Bessman Tissue Pulverizer (Spectrum, Houston, Tex.) and extracted with RNA Extraction Buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 4% para-amino salicylic acid, 1% Tri-iso-propylnapthalenesulfonic acid, 10 mM dithiothreitol, and 10 mM Sodium meta-bisulfite) by vigorous vortexing. The homogenate was then extracted with an equal volume of phenol containing 0.1% 8-hydroxyquinoline. After centrifugation, the aqueous layer was extracted with an equal volume of phenol containing chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (24:1), followed by extraction with chloroform:octanol (24:1). Subsequently, 7.5 M Ammonium acetate was added to a final concentration of 2.5 M, the RNA was precipitated for 1 to 3 hours at 4° C. Following 4° C. centrifugation at 14,000 rpm, RNA was resuspended in sterile water, precipitated with 2.5 M NH[0237] ₄OAc and 2 volumes of 100% ethanol and incubated overnite at −20° C. The harvested RNA pellet was washed with 70% ethanol and dried under vacuum. RNA was resuspended in sterile H₂O and stored at −80° C.
• Part B Preparation of total RNA from transgenic maize plants. A five cm section (˜150 mg) of actively growing maize leaf tissue was excised and quick frozen in dry ice. The leaf was ground to a fine powder in a chilled mortar. Following manufactorers instructions, total RNA was purified from the powder using a Qaigen RNeasy Plant Total RNA kit (Qiagen Inc., Chatsworth, Calif.). Total RNA was released from the RNeasy columns by two sequential elution spins of prewarmed (50° C.) sterile water (30 μl each) and stored at −80° C. [0238]
Example 27 Use of RT-PCR Analysis to Demonstrate Expression of Ribozyme RNA in Transgenic Maize Calli and Plants
• Part A Method used to detect ribozyme RNA. The Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was performed as described in the suppliers protocol using a thermostable rTth DNA Polymerase (rTth DNA Polymerase RNA PCR kit, Perkin Elmer Cetus). Aliquots of 300 ng of total RNA (leaf or callus) and 1 μl of a 15 μM downstream primer (5′ CGC AAG ACC [0239] GGC AAC AGG 3′) were mixed with the RT components of the kit. The reverse transcription reaction was performed in a 3 step ramp up with 5 minute incubations at 60° C., 65° C., and 70° C. For the PCR reaction, 1 μl of upstream primer specific for the ribozyme RNA being analyzed was added to the RT reaction with the PCR components. The PCR reaction was performed for 35 cycles using the following parameters; incubation at 96° C. for 1 minute, denaturation at 94° C. for 30 seconds, annealing at 50° C. for 30 seconds, and extension at 72° C. for 3 mins. An aliquot of 0.2× vol. of each RT-PCR reaction was electrophoresed on a 2% 3:1 Agarose (FMC) gel using standard TAE agarose gel conditions.
• Part B Specific upstream primers used for detection of GBSS ribozymes. [0240]
• GBSS Active and Inactive Multimer [0241]
• 5′ CAG ATC AAG TGC AAA GCT GCG GAC [0242] GGA TCT G 3′
• This primer covers the Adh I intron footprint upstream of the first ribozyme arm. [0243]
• [0244] GBSS 918 Intron (−) Monomer:
• 5′ ATC CGA TGC CGT [0245] GGC TGA TG 3′
• This primer covers the 10 base pair ribozyme arm and the first 6 bases of the ribozyme catalytic domain. [0246]
• GBSS ribozyme expression in transgenic callus and plants was confirmed by RT-PCR. [0247]
• GBSS multimer ribozyme expression in stably transformed callus was also determined by Ribonuclease Protection Assay. [0248]
• Part C Specific upstream primers used for detection of Δ9 desaturase ribozymes. [0249]
• RPA85/[0250] RPA113 252 multimer fused to BAR 3′ ORF
• 5′ GAT GAG ATC CGG [0251] TGG CAT TG 3′
• This primer spans the junction of the BAR gene and the RPA85/113 ribozyme. [0252]
• RPA114/[0253] RPA115 259 ribozyme monomer
• 5′ ATC CCC TTG GTG [0254] GAC TGA TG 3′
• This primer covers the 10 base pair ribozyme arm and the first 6 bases of the ribozyme catalytic domain. [0255]
• RPA118/[0256] RPA119 453 ribozyme multimer
• 5′ CAG ATC AAG TGC AAA GCT GCG GAC [0257] GGA TCT G 3′
• This primer covers the Adh I intron footprint upstream of the first ribozyme arm. [0258]
• Expression of Δ9 desaturase ribozymes in transgenic plant lines 85-06, 113-06 and 85-15 were confirmed by RT-PCR. [0259]
• Primers were prepared using standard oligo synthesis protocols on an Applied Biosystems Model 394 DNA/RNA synthesizer. [0260]
Example 28 Demonstration of Ribozyme Mediated Reduction in Target mRNA Levels in Transgenic Maize Callus and Plants
• Part A Northern analysis method which was used to demonstrated reductions in target mRNA levels. Five μg of total RNA was dried under vacuum, resuspended in loading buffer (20 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8, 5 mM EDTA; 50% formamide: 16% formaldehyde: 10% glycerol) and denatured for 10 minutes at 65° C. Electrophoresis was at 50 volts through 1% agarose gel in 20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) with buffer recirculation. BRL 0.24-9.5 Kb RNA ladder (Gibco/BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) were stained in gels with ethiduim bromide. RNA was transferred to GeneScreen membrane filter (DuPont NEN, Boston Mass.) by capillary transfer with sterile water. Hybridization was performed as described by DeLeon et al. (1983) at 42° C., the filters were washed at 55° C. to remove non-hybridized probe. The blot was probed sequentially with cDNA fragments from the target gene and an internal RNA control gene. The internal RNA standard was utilized to distinguish variation in target mRNA levels due to loading or handling errors from true ribozyme mediated RNA reductions. For each sample the level of target mRNA was compared to the level of control mRNA within that sample. Fragments were purified by Qiaex resin (Qaigen Inc. Chatsworth, Calif.) from 1× TAE agarose gels. They were nick-translated using an Amersham Nick Translation Kit (Amersham Corporation, Arlington Heights , Ill.) with alpha [0261] ³²P dCTP. Autoradiography was at −70° C. with intensifying screens (DuPont, Wilmington Del.) for one to three days. Autoradiogram signals for each probe were measured after a 24 hour exposure by densitometer and a ratio of target/internal control mRNA levels was calculated.
• Ribonuclease protection assays were performed as follows: RNA was prepared using the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Total RNA Kit from either BMS protoplasts or callus material. The probes were made using the Ambion Maxiscript kit and were typically 10[0262] ⁸ cpm/microgram or higher. The probes were made the same day they were used. They were gel purified, resuspended in RNase-free 10 mM Tris (pH 8) and kept on ice. Probes were diluted to 5×10⁵ cpm/ul immediately before use. 5 g of RNA derived from callus or 20 μg of RNA derived from protoplasts was incubated with 5×10 cpm of probe in 4M Guanidine Buffer. [4M Guanidine Buffer: 4M Guanidine Thiocyanate/0.5% Sarcosyl/25 mM Sodium Citrate (pH 7.4)]. 40 ul of PCR mineral oil was added to each tube to prevent evaporation. The samples were heated to 950 for 3 minutes and placed immediately into a 450 water bath. Incubation continued overnight. 600 μl of RNase Treatment Mix was added per sample and incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. (RNase Treatment Mix: 400 mM NaCl, 40 units/ml RNase A and Ti). 12 μl of 20% SDS were added per tube, immediately followed by addition of 12 ul (20 mg/ml) Proteinase K to each tube. The tubes were vortexed gently and incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. 750 ul of room temperature RNase-free isopropanol was added to each tube, and mixed by inverting repeatedly to get the SDS into solution. The samples were then microfuged at top speed at room temperature for 20 minutes. The pellets were air dried for 45 minutes. 15 ul of RNA Running Buffer was added to each tube, and vortexed hard for 30 seconds. (RNA Running Buffer: 95% Formamide/20 mM EDTA/0.1% Bromophenol Blue/0.1% Xylene Cyanol ). The sample was heated to 95° C. for 3 minutes, and loaded onto an 8% denaturing acrylamide gel. The gel was vacuum dried and exposed to a phosphorimager screens for 4 to 12 hours.
• Part B Results demonstrating reductions in GBSS mRNA levels in nongenerable callus expressing both a GBSS and GBSS targeted ribozyme RNA. The production of nonregenerable callus expressing RNAs for the GBSS target gene and an active multimer ribozyme targeted to GBSS mRNA was performed. Also produced were transgenics expressing GBSS and a ribozyme (−) control RNA. Total RNA was prepared from the transgenic lines. Northern analysis was performed on 7 ribozyme (−) control transformants and 8 active RPA63 lines. Probes for this analysis were a full length maize GBSS cDNA and a maize Δ9 cDNA fragment. To distinguish variation in GBSS mRNA levels due to loading or handling errors from true ribozyme mediated RNA reductions, the level of GBSS mRNA was compared to the level of Δ9 mRNA within that sample. The level of full length GBSS transcript was compared between ribozyme expressing and ribozyme minus calli to identify lines with ribozyme mediated target RNA reductions. Blot to blot variation was controlled by performing duplicate analyses. [0263]
• A range in GBSS/Δ9 ratio was observed between ribozyme (−) transgenics. The target mRNA is produced by a transgene and may be subject to more variation in expression then the endogenous Δ9 mRNA. Active lines (RPA 63) AA, EE, KK, and JJ were shown to reduce the level of GBSS/Δ9 most significantly, as much as 10 fold as compared to ribozyme (−) control transgenics this is graphed in FIG. 25. Those active lines were shown to be expressing GBSS targeted ribozyme by RT-PCR as described herein. [0264]
• Reductions in GBSS mRNA compared to Δ9 mRNA were also seen by RNAse protection assay. [0265]
• Part C Demonstration of reductions in Δ9 desaturase levels in transgenic plants expressing ribozymes targeted to Δ9 desaturase mRNA. The high stearate transgenics, RPA85-06 and RPA85-15, each contained an intact copy of the fused ribozyme multimer gene. Within each line, plants were screened by RT-PCR for the presence of ribozyme RNA. Using the protocol described in Example 27. RPA85 ribozyme expression was demonstrated in plants of the 85-06 and 85-15 lines which contained high stearic acid in their leaves. Northern analysis was performed on the six high stearate plants from each line as well as non-transformed (NT) and transformed control (TC) plants. The probes for this analysis were cDNA fragments from a maize Δ9 desaturase cDNA and a maize actin cDNA. To distinguish variation in Δ9 mRNA levels due to loading or handling errors from true ribozyme mediated RNA reductions, the level of Δ9 mRNA was compared to the level of actin mRNA within that sample. Using densitometer readings described above a ratio was calculated for each sample. Δ9/actin ratio values ranging from 0.55 to 0.88 were calculated for the 85-06 plants. The average Δ9/actin value for non-transformed controls was 2.7. There is an apparent 4 fold reduction in Δ9/actin ratios between 85-06 and NT leaves. Comparing Δ9/actin values between 85-06 high stearate and TC plants, on average a 3 fold reduction in Δ9/actin was observed for the 85-06 plants. This data is graphed in FIG. 26. Ranges in Δ9/actin ratios from 0.35 to 0.53, with an average of 0.43 were calculated for the RPA85-15 high stearate transgenics. In this experiment the average Δ9/actin ratio for the NT plants was 1.7. Comparing the average Δ9/actin ratio between NT controls and 85-15 high stearate plants, a 3.9 fold reduction in 85-15 Δ9 mRNA was demonstrated. An apparent 3 fold reduction in Δ9 mRNA level was observed for RPA85-15 high stearate transgenics when Δ9/actin ratios were compared between 85-15 high stearate and normal stearate (TC) plants. These data are graphed in FIG. 27. These data indicate ribozyme-mediated reduction of Δ9-desaturase mRNA in transgenic plants expressing RPA85 ribozyme, and producing increased levels of stearic acid in the leaves. [0266]
Example 29 Evidence of Δ9 Desaturase Down Regulation in Maize Leaves as a Result of Active Ribozyme Activity
• Plants were produced which were transformed with inactive versions of the Δ9 desaturase ribozyme genes. Data was presented demonstrating control levels of leaf stearate in the inactive Δ9 ribozyme transgenic lines RPA113-06 and 113-17. Ribozyme expression and northern analysis was performed for the RPA113-06 line. Δ9 desaturase protein levels were determined in plants of the RPA113-17 line. Ribozyme expression was measured as described herein. Plants 113-06-04, -07, and -10 expressed detectable levels of RPA113 inactive Δ9 ribozyme. Northern analysis was performed on 5 plants of the 113-06 line with leaf stearate ranging from 1.8-3.9%, all of which fall within the range of controls. No reduction in Δ9 desaturase mRNA correlating with ribozyme expression or elevations in leaf stearate were found in the RPA113-06 plants as compared to controls, graphed in FIG. 28. Protein analysis did not indicate any reduction in Δ9 desaturase protein levels correlating with elevated leaf stearate in the RPA 113-17 plants. This data is graphed in FIG. 29([0267] a). Taken together, the data from the two RPA113 inactive transgenic lines indicate ribozyme activity is responsible for the high strearate phenotype observed in the RPA85 lines. The RPA85 ribozyme is the active version of the RPA113 ribozyme.
Example 30 Demonstration of Ribozyme Mediated Reduction in Stearoyl-ACP Δ9 Desaturase Levels in Maize Leaves (RO) Δ9 Desaturase Levels in Maize Leaves (R0)
• Part A Partial purification of stearoyl-ACP Δ9-desaturase from maize leaves. All procedures were performed at 4 C. unless stated otherwise. Maize leaves (50 mg) were harvested and ground to a fine powder in liquid N[0268] ₂ with a mortar and pestle. Proteins were extracted in one equal volume of Buffer A consisting of 25 mM sodium-phosphate pH 6.5, 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 10 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 5 mM leupeptin, and 5 mM antipapin. The crude homogenate was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 10,000× g. The supernatant was assayed for total protein concentration by Bio-Rad protein assay kit (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.). One hundred micrograms of total protein was brought up to a final volume of 500 μl in Buffer A, added to 50 μl of mixed SP-sepharose beads (Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, N.J.), and resuspended by vortexing briefly. Proteins were allowed to bind to sepharose beads for 10 minutes while on ice. After binding, the Δ9 desaturase-sepharose material was centrifuged (10,000× g) for 10 seconds, decanted, washed three times with Buffer A (500 μl), and washed one time with 200 mM sodium chloride (500 μl). Proteins were eluted by boiling in 50 μl of Treatment buffer (125 mM Tris-Cl pH 6.8, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 20% glycerol, and 10% 2-mercaptoethanol) for 5 mintues. Samples were centrifuged (10,000× g) for 5 minutes. The supernatant was saved for Western anaylsis and the pellet consisting of sepharose beads was discarded.
• Part B Western analysis method which was used to demonstrate reductions in stearoyl-ACP Δ9 desaturase. Partially purified proteins were separated on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels (10% PAGE) as described by Laemmli, U. K. (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during assembly of the head of phage T4, [0269] Nature 227, 660-685. To distinguish variation in Δ9 desaturase levels, included on each blot as a reference was purified and quantified overexpressed Δ9 desaturase from E. coli as described hereforth. Proteins were electrophoretically transferred to ECL^□ nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Life Sciences, Arlington Heights, Ill.) using a Pharmacia Semi-Dry Blotter (Pharmacia Biotech Inc., Piscataway, N.J.), using Towbin buffer (Towbin et al. 1979). The nonspecific binding sites were blocked with 10% dry milk in phosphate buffer saline for 1 h. Immunoreactive polypeptides were detected using the ECL^□ Western Blotting Detection Reagent (Amersham Life Sciences, Arlington Heights, Ill.) with rabbit antiserum raised against E. coli expressed maize Δ9 desaturase. The antibody was produced according to standard protocols by Berkeley Antibody Co. The secondary antibody was goat antirabbit serum conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (BioRad). Autoradiograms were scanned with a densitometer and quantified based on the relative amount of purified E. coli Δ9 desaturase. These experiments were duplicated and the mean reduction was recorded.
• Part C Demonstration of Reductions in Δ9 desaturase levels in R0 maize leaves expressing ribozymes targeted to Δ9 desaturase mRNA. The high stearate transgenic line, RPA85-15, contains an intact copy of the fused multimer gene. Δ9 desaturase was partially purified from R0 maize leaves, using the protocol described herein. Western analysis was performed on ribozyme active (RPA85-15) and ribozyme inactive (RPA113-17) plants and nontransformed (Hill) plants as described above in part B. The natural variation of Δ9 desaturase was determined for the nontransformed line (Hill) by Western analysis see FIG. 29A. No reduction in Δ9 desaturase was observed with the ribozyme inactive line RPA113-17, all of which fell within the range as compared to the nontransformed line (Hill). An apparent 50% reduction of Δ9 desaturase was observed in six plants of line RPA85-15 (FIG. 29B) as compared with the controls. Concurrent with this, these same six plants also had increased stearate and reduced Δ9 desaturase mRNA (As described in Examples 28 and 32). However, nine active ribozyme plants from line RPA85-15 did not have any significant reduction as compared with nontransformed line (Hill) and inactive ribozyme line (RPA113-17) (FIGS. 29A and B). Collectively, these results suggest that the ribozyme activity in the six plants from line RPA85-15 is responsible for the reduced Δ9 desaturase. [0270]
Example 31 E. coli Expression and Purification of Maize Δ-9 Desaturase Enzyme
• Part A The mature protein encoding portion of the maize Δ-9 desaturase cDNA was inserted into the bacterial T7 expression vector pET9D (Novagen Inc., Madison, Wis.). The mature protein encoding region was deduced from the mature castor bean polypeptide sequence. The alanine at position 32 (nts 239-241 of cDNA) was designated as the first residue. This is found within the sequence Ala.Val.Ala.Ser.Met.Thr. Restriction endonuclease Nhe I site was engineered into the maize sequence by PCR, modifying GCCTCC to GCTAGC and a BamHI site was added at the 3′ end. This does not change the amino acid sequence of the protein. The cDNA sequence was cloned into pET9d vector using the Nhe I and Bam HI sites. The recombinant plasmid is designated as pDAB428. The maize Δ-9 desaturase protein expressed in bacteria has an additional methionine residue at the 5′ end. This pDAB428 plasmid was transformed into the bacterial strain BL21 (Novagen, Inc., Madison, Wis.) and plated on LB/kanamycin plates (25 mg/ml). Colonies were resuspended in 10 ml LB with kanamycin (25 mg/ml) and IPTG (1 mM) and were grown in a shaker for 3 hours at 37° C. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 1000× g at 4° C. for 10 minutes. The cells were lysed by freezing and thawing the [0271] cell pellet 2×, followed by the addition of 1 ml lysis buffer (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% Triton X100, 100 ug/ml DNAse I, 100 ug/ml RNAse A, and 1 mg/ml lysozyme). The mixture was incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C. and then centrifuged at 1000× g for 10 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant is used as the soluble protein fraction.
• The supernatant, adjusted to 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0), was chilled on ice for 1 hr. Afterwards, the resulting flocculant precipitant was removed by centrifugation. The ice incubation step was repeated twice more after which the solution remained clear. The clarified solution was loaded onto a [0272] Mono S HR 10/10 column (Pharmacia) that had been equilibrated in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0). Basic proteins bound to the column matrix were eluted using a 0-500 mM NaCl gradient over 1 hr (2 ml/min; 2 ml fractions). The putative protein of interest was subjected to SDS-PAGE, blotted onto PVDF membrane, visualized with coomassie blue, excised, and sent to Harvard Microchem for amino-terminal sequence analysis. Comparison of the protein's amino terminal sequence to that encoded by the cDNA clone revealed that the protein was indeed Δ9. Spectrophotometric analysis of the diiron-oxo component associated with the expressed protein (Fox et al., 1993 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90, 2486-2490), as well as identification using a specific nonheme iron stain (Leong et al., 1992 Anal. Biochem. 207, 317-320) confirmed that the purified protein was Δ-9.
• Part B Production of Polyclonal Antiserum [0273]
• The [0274] E. coli produced Δ-9 protein, as determined by amino terminal sequencing, was gel purified via SDS-PAGE, excised, and sent in the gel matrix to Berkeley Antibody Co., Richmond, Calif., for production of polyclonal sera in rabbits. Titers of the antibodies against Δ-9 were performed via western analysis using the ECL Detection system (Amersham, Inc.)
• Part C Purification of Δ9 Desaturase from Corn Kernels [0275]
• Protein Precipitation: [0276]
• Δ9 was purified from corn kernels following homogenization using a Warring blender in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 25 mM sodium bisulfite and a 2.5% polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The crude homogenate was filtered through cheesecloth, centrifuged (10,000× g) for 0.25 h and the resulting supernatant was filtered once more through cheesecloth. In some cases, the supernatant was fractionated via saturated ammonium sulfate precipitation by precipitation at 20% v/v followed by 80% v/v. Extracts obtained from high oil germplasm were fractionated by adding a 50% polyethylene glycol solution (mw=8000) at final concentrations of 5- and 25% v/v. In all cases, the Δ9 protein precipitated at either 80% ammonium sulfate or 25% polyethylene glycol. The resulting pellets were then dialyzed extensively in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0). [0277]
• Cation Exchange Chromotography: [0278]
• The solubilized pellet material described above was clarified via centrifugation and applied to Mono S HR10/10 column equilibrated in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.0). After extensive column washing, basic proteins bound to the column matrix were eluted using a 0-500 mM NaCl gradient over 1 hr (2 ml/min: 2 ml fractions). Typically, the Δ9 protein eluted between 260-and 350 mM NaCl, as determined by enzymatic and western analysis. After dialysis, this material was further fracionated by acyl carrier protein (ACP)- sepharose and phenyl superose chromatography. [0279]
• Acyl Carrier Protein-Sepharose Chromatography: [0280]
• ACP was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company and purified via precipitation at pH 4.1 (Rock and Cronan, 1981 [0281] J. Biol. Chem. 254, 7116-7122) before linkage to the beads. ACP-sepharose was prepared by covalently binding 100 mg of ACP to cyanogen bromide activated sepharose 4B beads, essentially as described by Pharmacia, Inc., in the package insert. After linkage and blocking of the remaining sites with glycine, the ACP-sepharose material was packed into a HR 5/5 column (Pharmacia, Inc.) and equilibrated in 25 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). The dialyzed fractions identified above were then loaded onto the column (McKeon and Stumpf, 1982 J. Biol. Chem. 257, 12141-12147; Thompson et al., 1991 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2578-2582). After extensive column washing, ACP-binding proteins were eluted using 1 M NaCl. Enzymatic and western analysis, followed by amino terminal sequencing, indicated that the eluent contained Δ-9 protein. The Δ-9 protein purified from corn was determined to have a molecular size of approximately 38 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis (Hames, 1981 in Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins: A Practical Approach, eds Hames B D and Rickwood, D. , IRL Press, Oxford).
• Phenyl Sepharose Chromatography: [0282]
• The fractions containing Δ9 obtained from the ACP-Sepharose column were adjusted to 0.4 M ammonium sulfate (25 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0) and loaded onto a Pharmacia Phenyl Superose column ([0283] HR 10/10). Proteins were eluted by running a gradient (0.4-0.0 M ammonium sulfate) at 2 ml/min for 1 hour. The Δ9 protein typically eluted between 60- and 30 mM ammonium sulfate as determined by enzymatic and western analysis.
Example 32 Evidence for the Increase in Stearic Acid in Leaves as a Result of Transformation of Plants with Δ9 Desaturase Ribozymes
• Part A Method used to determine the stearic acid levels in plant tissues. The procedure for extraction and esterification of fatty acids from plant tissue was modified from a described procedure (Browse et. al., 1986, Anal. Biochem. 152, 141-145). One to 20 mg of plant tissue was placed in [0284] Pyrex 13 mm screw top test tubes. After addition of 1 ml of methanolic HCL (Supelco, Bellefonte, Pa.), the tubes were purged with nitrogen gas and sealed. The tubes were heated at 80 C. for 1 hour and allowed to cool. The heating in the presence of the methanolic HCL results in the extraction as well as the esterification of the fatty acids. The fatty acid methyl esters were removed from the reaction mixture by extraction with hexane. One ml of hexane and 1 ml of 0.9% (w/v) NaCl was added followed by vigorous shaking of the test tubes. After centrifugation of the tubes at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes the top hexane layer was removed and used for fatty acid methyl ester analysis. Gas chromatograph analysis was performed by injection of 1 μl of the sample on a Hewlett Packard (Wilmington, Del.) Series II model 5890 gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and a J&W Scientific (Folsom, Calif.) DB-23 column. The oven temperature was 150 C throughout the run and the flow of the carrier gas (helium) was 80 cm/sec. The run time was 20 minutes. The conditions allowed for the separation of the 5 fatty acid methyl esters of interest: C16:0, palmityl methyl ester; C18:0, stearyl methyl ester; C18:1, oleoyl methyl ester; C18:2, linoleoyl methyl ester; and C18:3, linolenyl methyl ester. Data collection and analysis was performed with a Hewlett Packard Series II Model 3396 integrator and a PE Nelson (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.) data collection system. The percentage of each fatty acid in the sample was taken directly from the readouts of the data collection system. Quantitative amounts of each fatty acid were calculated using the peak areas of a standard (Matreya, Pleasant Gap, Pa.) which consisted of a known amount of the five fatty acid methyl esters. The amount calculated was used to estimate the percentage, of total fresh weight, represented by the five fatty acids in the sample. An adjustment was not made for loss of fatty acids during the extraction and esterification procedure. Recovery of the standard sample, after subjecting it to the extraction and esterification procedure (with no tissue present), ranged from 90 to 100% depending on the original amount of the sample. The presence of plant tissue in the extraction mixture had no effect on the recovery of the known amount of standard.
• Part B Demonstration of an increase in stearic acid in leaves due to introduction of Δ9 desaturase ribozymes. Leaf tissue from individual plants was assayed for stearic acid as described in Part A. A total of 428 plants were assayed from 35 lines transformed with active Δ9 desaturase ribozymes (RPA85, RPA114, RPA118) and 406 plants from 31 lines transformed with Δ9 desaturase inactive ribozymes (RPA113, RPA115, RPA119). Table XI summarizes the results obtained for stearic acid levels in these plants. Seven percent of the plants from the active lines had stearic acid levels greater than 3%, and 2% had levels greater than 5%. Only 3% of the plants from the inactive lines had stearic acid levels greater than 3%. Two percent of the control plants had leaves with stearate greater than 3%. The controls included 49 non-transformed plants and 73 plants transformed with a gene not related to Δ9 desaturase. There were no plants from the inactive lines or controls that had leaf stearate greater than 4%. Two of the lines transformed with the active Δ9 desaturase ribozyme RPA85 produced many plants which exhibited increased stearate in their leaves. Line RPA85-06 had 6 out of the 15 plants assayed with stearic acid levels which were between 3 and 4%, about 2-fold greater than the average of the controls (FIG. 30) The average stearic acid content of the control plants (122 plants) was 1.69% (SD+/−0.49%). The average stearic acid content of leaves from line RPA85-06 was 2.86% (+/−0.57%). Line RPA85-15 had 6 out of 15 plants assayed with stearic acid levels which were approximately 4-fold greater than the average of the controls (FIG. 31). The average leaf stearic acid content of line RPA85-15 was 3.83% (+/−2.53%). When the leaf analysis was repeated for RPA85-15 plants, the stearic acid level in leaves from plants previously shown to have normal stearic acid levels remained normal and leaves from plants with high stearic acid were again found to be high (FIG. 31). The stearic acid levels in leaves of plants from two lines which were transformed with an inactive Δ9 desaturase ribozyme, RPA113, is shown in FIGS. 32 and 33. RPA113-06 had three plants with a stearic acid content of 3% or higher. The average stearic acid content of leaves from line RPA113-06 was 2.26% (+/−0.65%). RPA 113-17 had no plants with leaf stearic acid content greater than 3%. The average stearic acid content of leaves from line RPA113-17 was 1.76% (+/−0.29%). The stearic acid content of leaves from 15 control plants is shown in FIG. 34. The average stearic acid content for these 15 control plants was 1.70% (+/−0.6%). When compared to the control and inactive Δ9 desaturase ribozyme data, the results obtained for stearic acid content in RPA85-06 and RPA85-15 demonstrate an increase in stearic acid content due to the introduction of the Δ9 desaturase ribozyme. [0285]
Example 33 Inheritance of the High Stearic Acid Trait in Leaves
• Part A Results obtained with stearic acid levels in leaves from offspring of high stearic acid plants. Plants from line RPA85-15 were pollinated as described herein. Twenty days after pollination zygotic embryos were excised from immature kernels from these RPA85-15 plants and placed in a tube on media as described herein for growth of regenerated plantlets. After the plants were transferred to the greenhouse, fatty acid analysis was performed on the leaf tissue. FIG. 35 shows the stearic acid levels of leaves from 10 different plants for one of the crosses, RPA85-15.07 selfed. Fifty percent of the plants had high leaf stearic acid and 50% had normal leaf stearic acid. Table XII shows the results from 5 different crosses of RPA85-15 plants. The number of plants with high stearic acid ranged from 20 to 50%. [0286]
• Part B Results demonstrating reductions in Δ9 desaturase levels in next generation (R1) maize leaves expressing ribozymes targeted to Δ9 desaturase mRNA. In next generation maize plants that showed a high stearate content (see above Part A), Δ9 desaturase was partially purified from R1 maize leaves, using the protocol described herein. Western analysis was performed on several of the high stearate plants. In leaves of next generation plants, a 40-50% reduction of Δ9 desaturase was observed in those plants that had high stearate content (FIG. 36). The reduction was comparable to RO maize leaves. This reduction was observed in either OQ414 plants crossed with RPA85-15 pollen or RPA85-15 plants crossed with self or siblings. Therefore, this suggests that the gene encoding the ribozyme is heritable. [0287]
Example 34 Increase in Stearic Acid in Plant Tissues Using Antisense-Δ9 Desaturase
• Part A Method for culturing somatic embryos of maize. The production and regeneration of maize embryogenic callus has been described herein. Somatic embryos make up a large part of this embryogenic callus. The somatic embryos continued to form in callus because the callus was transferred every two weeks. The somatic embryos in embryogenic callus continued to proliferate but usually remained in an early stage of embryo development because of the 2,4-D in the culture medium. The somatic embryos regenerated into plantlets because the callus was subjected to a regeneration procedure described herein. During regeneration the somatic embryo formed a root and a shoot, and ceases development as an embryo. Somatic embryos were made to develop as seed embryos, i.e., beyond the early stage of development found in embryogenic callus and no regeneration, by a specific medium treatment. This medium treatment involved transfer of the embryogenic callus to a Murashige and Skoog medium (MS; described by Murashige and Skoog in 1962) which contains 6% (w/v) sucrose and no plant hormones. The callus was grown on the MS medium with 6% sucrose for 7 days and then the somatic embryos were individually transferred to MS medium with 6% sucrose and 10 μM abscisic acid (ABA). The somatic embryos were assayed for fatty acid composition as described herein after 3 to 7 days of growth on the ABA medium. The fatty acid composition of somatic embryos grown on the above media was compared to the fatty acid composition of embryogenic callus and maize [0288] zygotic embryos 12 days after pollination (Table XIII). The fatty acid composition of the somatic embryos was different than that of the embryogenic callus. The embryogenic callus had a higher percentage of C16:0 and C18:3, and a lower percentage of C18:1 and C18:2. The percentage of lipid represented by the fresh weight was different for the embryogenic callus when compared to the somatic embryos; 0.4% versus 4.0%. The fatty acid composition of the zygotic embryos and somatic embryos were very similar and their percentage of lipid represented by the fresh weight were nearly identical. It was concluded that the somatic embryo culture system described above would be an useful in vitro system for testing the effect of certain genes on lipid synthesis in developing embryos of maize.
• Part B Increase in stearic acid in somatic embryos of maize as a result of the introduction of an antisense-Δ9 desaturase gene. Somatic embryos were produced using the method described herein from embryogenic callus transformed with pDAB308/pDAB430. The somatic embryos from 16 different lines were assayed for fatty acid composition. Two lines, 308/430-12 and 308/430-15, were found to produce somatic embryos with high levels of stearic acid. The stearic acid content of somatic embryos from these two lines is compared to the stearic acid content of somatic embryos from their control lines in FIGS. 37 and 38. The control lines were from the same culture that the transformed lines came from except that they were not transformed. For [0289] line 308/430-12, stearic acid in somatic embryos ranged from 1 to 23% while the controls ranged from 0.5 to 3%. For line 308/430-15, stearic acid in somatic embryos ranged from 2 to 15% while the controls ranged from 0.5 to 3%. More than 50% of the somatic embryos had stearic acid levels which were above the range of the controls in both the transformed lines. The above results indicate that an antisense-Δ9 desaturase gene can be used to raise the stearic acid levels in somatic embryos of maize.
• Part C Demonstration of an increase in stearic acid in leaves due to introduction of an antisense-Δ9 desaturase gene. Embryogenic cultures from [0290] lines 308/430-12 and 308/430-15 were used to regenerate plants. Leaves from these plants were analyzed for fatty acid composition using the method previously described. Only 4 plants were obtained from the 308/430-15 culture and the stearic acid level in the leaves of these plants were normal, 1-2%. The stearic acid levels in leaves from plants of line 308/430-12 are shown in FIG. 39. The stearic acid levels in leaves ranged from 1 to 13% in plants from line 308/430-12. About 30% of the plants from line 308/430-12 had stearic acid levels above the range observed in the controls, 1-2%. These results indicate that the stearic acid levels can be raised in leaves of maize by introduction of an antisense-Δ9 desaturase gene.
• By “antisense” is meant a non-enzymatic nucleic acid molecule that binds to a RNA (target RNA) by means of RNA-RNA or RNA-DNA or RNA-PNA (protein nucleic acid; Egholm et al., 1993 [0291] Nature 365, 566) interactions and alters the activity of the target RNA (for a review see Stein and Cheng, 1993 Science 261, 1004).
Example 35 Amylose Content Assay of Maize Pooled Starch Sample and Single Kernel
• The amylose content was assayed by the method of Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al. (Potato Research 31:241-246) with modifications. For pooled starch sample, 10 mg to 100 mg starch was dissolved in 5 [0292] ml 45% perchloric acid in plastic culture tube. The solution was mixed occasionally by vortexing. After one hour, 0.2 ml of the starch solution was diluted to 10 ml by H₂O. 0.4 ml of the diluted solution was then mixed with 0.5 ml diluted Lugol's solution (Sigma) in 1 ml cuvet. Readings at 618 nm and 550 nm were immediately taken and the R ratio (618 nm/550 nm) was calculated. Using standard equation P (percentage of amylose) =(4.5R-2.6)/(7.3-3R) generated from potato amylose and maize amylopectin (Sigma, St. Louis), amylose content was determined. For frozen single kernel sample, same procedure as above was used except it was extracted in 45% perchloric acid for 20 min instead for one hour.
Example 36 Starch Purification and Granular Bound Starch Synthase (GBSS) Assay
• The purification of starch and following GBSS activity assay were modified from the methods of Shure et al. (Cell, 35:225-233, 1983) and Nelson et al. (Plant Physiology, 62:383-386, 1978). Maize kernel was homogenized in 2 volume (v/w) of 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 10 mM EDTA and filtrated through 120 μm nylon membrane. The material was then centrifuged at 5000 g for 2 min and the supernatant was discarded. The pellet was washed three times by resuspending in water and removing supernatant by centrifugation. After washing, the starch was filtrated through 20 μm nylon membrane and centrifuged. Pellet was then lyophilized and stored in −20° C. until used for activity assay. [0293]
• A standard GBSS reaction mixture contained 0.2 M Tricine, pH 8.5, 25 mM Glutathione, 5 mM EDTA, 1 mM [0294] ¹⁴C ADPG (6 nci/μmol), and 10 mg starch in a total volume of 200 μl. Reactions were conducted at 37° C. for 5 min and terminated by adding 200 μl of 70% ethanol (v/v) in 0.1 M KCl. The material was centrifuged and unincorporated ADPG in the supernatant is removed. The pellet was then washed four time with 1 ml water each in the same fashion. After washing, pellet was suspended in 500 μl water, placed into scintillation vial, and the incorporated ADPG was counted by a Beckman (Fullerton, Calif.) scintillation counter. Specific activity was given as pmoles of ADPG incorporated into starch per min per mg starch.
Example 37 Analysis of Antisense-GBSS Plants
• Because of the segregation of R2 seeds, single kernels should therefore be analyzed for amylose content to identify phenotype. Because of the large amount of samples generated in this study, a two-step screening strategy was used. In the first step, 30 kernels were taken randomly from the same ear, freeze-dried and homogenized into starch flour. Amylose assays on the starch flours were carried out. Lines with reduced amylose content were identified by statistical analysis. In the second step, amylose content of the single kernels in the lines with reduced amylose content was further analyzed (25 to 50 kernels per ear). Two sets of controls were used in the screening, one of the sets were untransformed lines with the same genetic background and the other were transformed lines which did not carry transgene due to segregation (Southern analysis negative line). [0295]
• 81 lines representing 16 transformation events were examined at the pooled starch level. Among those lines, six with significant reduction of amylose content by statistical analysis were identified for further single kernel analysis. One line, 308/425-12.2.1, showed significant reduction of amylose content (FIG. 40). [0296]
• Twenty five individual kernels of CQ806, a conventional maize inbred line, were analyzed. The amylose content of CQ806 ranged from 24.4% to 32.2%, averaging 29.1%. The single kernel distribution of amylose content is skewed slightly towards lower amylose contents. Forty nine single kernels of 308/425-12.2.1.1 were analyzed. Given that 308/425-12.2.1.1 resulted from self pollination of a hemizygous individual, the expected distribution would consist of 4 distinct genetic classes present in equal frequencies since endosperm is a triploid tissue. The 4 genetic classes consist of individuals carrying 0, 1, 2, and 3 copies of the antisense construct. If there is a large dosage effect for the transgene, then the distribution of amylose contents would be tetramodal. One of the modes of the resulting distribution should be indistinguishable from the non-transgenic parent. If there is no dosage effect for the transgene (individuals carrying 1, 2 or 3 copies of the transgene are phenotypically equivalent), then the distribution should be bimodal with one of the modes identical to the parent. The number of individuals included in the modes should be 3:1 of transgenic:parental. The distribution for 308/425-12.2.1.1 is distinctly trimodal. The central mode is approximately twice the size of either other mode. The two distal modes are of approximately equal size. Goodness of fit to a 1:2:1 ratio was tested and the fit was excellent. [0297]
• Further evidence was available demonstrating that the mode with the highest amnylose content was identical to the non-transgenic parent. This was done using discriminant analysis. The CQ806 and 308/425-12.2.1.1 data sets were combined for this analysis. The distance metrics used in the analysis were calculated using amylose contents only. The estimates of variance from the individual analyses were used in all tests. No pooled estimate of variance was employed. The original data was tested for reclassification. Based on the discriminant analysis, the entire mode of the 308/425-12.2.1.1 distribution with the highest amylose content would be more appropriately classified as parental. This is strong confirmation that this mode of the distribution is parental. Of the remaining two modes, the central mode is approximately twice the size of the lowest amylose content mode. This would be expected if the central mode includes two genetic classes: individuals with 1 or 2 copies of the antisense construct. The mode with the lowest amylose content thus represents those individuals which are fully homozygous (3 copies) for the antisense construct. The 2:1 ratio was tested and could not be rejected on the basis of the data. [0298]
• This analysis indicates that the antisense GBSS gene as functioning in 308/425-12.2.1.1 demonstrates a dosage dependent reduction in amylose content of maize kernels. [0299]
Example 38 Analysis of Ribozyme-GBSS Plants
• The same two-step screening strategy as in the antisense study (Example 37) was used to analyze ribozyme-GBSS plants. 160 lines representing 11 transformation events were examined in the pooled starch level. Among the control lines (both untransformed line and Southern negative line), the amylose content varied from 28% to 19%. No significant reduction was observed among all lines carrying ribozyme gene (Southern positive line). More than 20 selected lines were further analyzed in the single kernel level, no significant amylose reduction as well as segregation pattern were found. It was apparent that ribozyme did not cause any alternation in the phenotypic level. [0300]
• Transformed lines were further examined by their GBSS activity (as described in Example 36). For each line, 30 kernels were taken from the frozen ear and starch was purified. Table XIV shows the results of 9 plants representing one transformation event of the GBSS activity in the pooled starch samples, amylose content in the pooled starch samples, and Southern analysis results. Three southern negative lines: RPA63.0283, RPA63.0236, and RPA63.0219 were used as control. [0301]
• The GBSS activities of control lines RPA63.0283, RPA63.0236, and RPA63.0219 were around 300 units/mg starch. In lines RPA63.0211, RPA63.0218, RPA63.0209, and RPA63.0210, a reduction of GBSS activity to more than 30% was observed. The correlation of varied GBSS activity to the Southern analysis in this group (from RPA63.0314 to RPA63.0210 of Table XIV) indicated that the reduced GBSS activity was caused by the expression of ribozyme gene incorporated into the maize genome. [0302]
• GBSS activities at the single kernel level of line RPA 63.0218 (Southern positive and reduced GBSS activity in pooled starch) was further examined, using RPA63.0306 (Southern negative and GBSS activity normal in pooled starch) as control. About 30 kernels from each line were taken, and starch samples were purified from each kernel individually. FIG. 41 clearly indicated reduced GBSS activity in line RPA63.0218 compared to RPA63.0306. [0303]
• Other embodiments are within the following claims. [0304]
• 1 1263 1621 base pairs nucleic acid single linear Coding Sequence 146...1324 1 CGCACGCGCC CTCTGCCGCT TGTTCGTTCC TCGCGCTCGC CACCAGGCAC CACCACACA60 ATCCCAATCT CGCGAGGGCA AGCAGCAGGG TCTGCGGCGG CGGCGGCGGC CGCGCTTC120 GCTCCCCTTC CCATTGGCCT CCACG ATG GCG CTC CGC CTC AAC GAC GTC GCG172 Met Ala Leu Arg Leu Asn Asp Val Ala 1 5 CTC TGC CTC TCC CCG CCG CTC GCC GCC CGC CGC CGC CGC CGC AGC AGC220 Leu Cys Leu Ser Pro Pro Leu Ala Ala Arg Arg Arg Arg Arg Ser Ser 10 15 20 25 GGC AGG TTC GTC GCC GTC GCC TCC ATG ACG TCC GCC GTC TCC ACC AAG268 Gly Arg Phe Val Ala Val Ala Ser Met Thr Ser Ala Val Ser Thr Lys 30 35 40 GTC GAG AAT AAG AAG CCA TTT GCT CCT CCA AGG GAG GTA CAT GTC CAG316 Val Glu Asn Lys Lys Pro Phe Ala Pro Pro Arg Glu Val His Val Gln 45 50 55 GTT ACA CAT TCA ATG CCA CCT CAC AAG ATT GAA ATT TTC AAG TCG CTT364 Val Thr His Ser Met Pro Pro His Lys Ile Glu Ile Phe Lys Ser Leu 60 65 70 GAT GAT TGG GCT AGA GAT AAT ATC TTG ACG CAT CTC AAG CCA GTC GAG412 Asp Asp Trp Ala Arg Asp Asn Ile Leu Thr His Leu Lys Pro Val Glu 75 80 85 AAG TGT TGG CAG CCA CAG GAT TTC CTC CCG GAC CCA GCA TCT GAA GGA460 Lys Cys Trp Gln Pro Gln Asp Phe Leu Pro Asp Pro Ala Ser Glu Gly 90 95 100 105 TTT CAT GAT GAA GTT AAG GAG CTC AGA GAA CGT GCC AAG GAA ATC CCT508 Phe His Asp Glu Val Lys Glu Leu Arg Glu Arg Ala Lys Glu Ile Pro 110 115 120 GAT GAT TAT TTT GTT TGT TTG GTG GGA GAC ATG ATT ACC GAG GAA GCT556 Asp Asp Tyr Phe Val Cys Leu Val Gly Asp Met Ile Thr Glu Glu Ala 125 130 135 CTA CCA ACA TAC CAG ACT ATG CTT AAC ACC CTC GAC GGT GTC AGA GAT604 Leu Pro Thr Tyr Gln Thr Met Leu Asn Thr Leu Asp Gly Val Arg Asp 140 145 150 GAG ACA GGT GCA AGC CCC ACT GCC TGG GCT GTT TGG ACG AGG GCA TGG652 Glu Thr Gly Ala Ser Pro Thr Ala Trp Ala Val Trp Thr Arg Ala Trp 155 160 165 ACT GCT GAG GAG AAC AGG CAT GGT GAT CTG CTC AAC AAG TAT ATG TAC700 Thr Ala Glu Glu Asn Arg His Gly Asp Leu Leu Asn Lys Tyr Met Tyr 170 175 180 185 CTC ACT GGG AGG GTG GAT ATG AGG CAG ATT GAG AAG ACA ATT CAG TAT748 Leu Thr Gly Arg Val Asp Met Arg Gln Ile Glu Lys Thr Ile Gln Tyr 190 195 200 CTT ATT GGC TCT GGA ATG GAT CCT AGG ACT GAG AAT AAT CCT TAT CTT796 Leu Ile Gly Ser Gly Met Asp Pro Arg Thr Glu Asn Asn Pro Tyr Leu 205 210 215 GGT TTC ATC TAC ACC TCC TTC CAA GAG CGG GCG ACC TTC ATC TCA CAC844 Gly Phe Ile Tyr Thr Ser Phe Gln Glu Arg Ala Thr Phe Ile Ser His 220 225 230 GGG AAC ACT GCT CGT CAC GCC AAG GAC TTT GGC GAC TTA AAG CTT GCA892 Gly Asn Thr Ala Arg His Ala Lys Asp Phe Gly Asp Leu Lys Leu Ala 235 240 245 CAA ATC TGC GGC ATC ATC GCC TCA GAT GAG AAG CGA CAT GAA ACT GCG940 Gln Ile Cys Gly Ile Ile Ala Ser Asp Glu Lys Arg His Glu Thr Ala 250 255 260 265 TAC ACC AAG ATC GTG GAG AAG CTG TTT GAG ATC GAC CCT GAT GGT ACC988 Tyr Thr Lys Ile Val Glu Lys Leu Phe Glu Ile Asp Pro Asp Gly Thr 270 275 280 GTG GTC GCT CTG GCT GAC ATG ATG AGG AAG AAG ATC TCA ATG CCT GC1036 Val Val Ala Leu Ala Asp Met Met Arg Lys Lys Ile Ser Met Pro Ala 285 290 295 CAC CTG ATG TTT GAC GGG CAG GAC GAC AAG CTG TTC GAG CAC TTC TC1084 His Leu Met Phe Asp Gly Gln Asp Asp Lys Leu Phe Glu His Phe Ser 300 305 310 ATG GTC GCG CAG AGG CTT GGC GTT TAC ACC GCC AGG GAC TAC GCC GA1132 Met Val Ala Gln Arg Leu Gly Val Tyr Thr Ala Arg Asp Tyr Ala Asp 315 320 325 ATC CTC GAG TTC CTC GTC GAC AGG TGG AAG GTG GCG AGC CTG ACT GG1180 Ile Leu Glu Phe Leu Val Asp Arg Trp Lys Val Ala Ser Leu Thr Gly 330 335 340 345 CTG TCG GGT GAA GGG AAC AAG GCG CAG GAC TAC CTT TGC ACC CTT GC1228 Leu Ser Gly Glu Gly Asn Lys Ala Gln Asp Tyr Leu Cys Thr Leu Ala 350 355 360 TCA AGA ATC AGG AGG CTG GAG GAG AGG GCC CAG AGC AGA GCC AAG AA1276 Ser Arg Ile Arg Arg Leu Glu Glu Arg Ala Gln Ser Arg Ala Lys Lys 365 370 375 GCC GGC ACG CTG CCT TTC AGC TGG GTA TAC GGT AGG GAC GTC CAA CT1326 Ala Gly Thr Leu Pro Phe Ser Trp Val Tyr Gly Arg Asp Val Gln Leu 380 385 390 AGATCGGAAA CCTGCTGCGG TCTGCTTAGA CAAGACCTGC TGTGTCTGCG TTACATA1386 CTCCAGGTTT TGATCAAATG GTCCCGTGTC GTCTTATAGA GCGATAGGAG AACGTGT1446 TCTGTGGTGT AGCTTTGTTT TTATTTTGTA TTTTTCTGCT TTGATGTACA ACCTGTG1506 GCATGAACTG GGGCGTGGAG ATGGGAGCGA CCATGCCGTA CTTTGTCTGT CGCTGGC1566 GTGTTTCGGT ATGTTATTTG AGTTGCTCAG ATCTGTTAAA AAAAAAAAAA AAAAA 1621 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 2 CGACGAAGAC CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACGUUCAU GC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 3 CUCCCAUCUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUCUCGGA CA 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 4 GUUGUCCCUG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGUCCGUU CC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 5 GGUUGUUGUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGGCUCAG GA 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 6 GAGGUAGCAC CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGAGAGGG CC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 7 GUGGGACUGG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGUUGCUC UU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 8 GAUGCCGUGG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACUGGUAG UU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 9 UGUGGAUGCA CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAAAGCGGU CU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 10 AGAUGUUGUG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUGCAGAA AG 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 11 CCUGGUAGGA CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUGUUGUG GA 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 12 AUCUCUCCGG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGGUUCAG CU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 13 AGGACGACUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAAUCUCUC CG 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 14 UCAUCCAGUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUCUUCCG GC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 15 UGAUGUUGUC CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGCUCGCA GC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 16 UGAGGCGCAU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUGUUGUC GA 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 17 CCAUGCCGUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACGAUGCC GG 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 18 CCCACUCGCU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACGUCCAU GC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 19 CACGGCGAUG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACUUGUCC CU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 20 GGUCCACCGG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAGCCCGAC CU 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 21 CGGCCGCCAU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACGUCGGG UC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 22 CUUGCCUGGG CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACUUCUCC UC 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 23 UGCCUUCGAU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAAUGGUGUC GA 42 42 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 24 CCACCUUCUU CUGAUGAGGC CGAAAGGCCG AAACGUCCGC CG 42 2267 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 25 GACCGATCGA TCGCCACAGC CAACACCACC CGCCGAGGCG ACGCGACAGC CGCCAGGAG60 AAGGAATAAA CTCACTGCCA GCCAGTGAAG GGGGAGAAGT GTACTGCTCC GTCCACCA120 GCGCGCACCG CCCGGCAGGG CTGCTCATCT CGTCGACGAC CAGTGGATTA ATCGGCAT180 CGGCTCTAGC CACGTCGCAG CTCGTCGCAA CGCGCGCCGG CCTGGGCGTC CCGGACGC240 CCACGTTCCG CCGCGGCGCC GCGCAGGGCC TGAGGGGGGG CCGGACGGCG TCGGCGGC300 ACACGCTCAG CATTCGGACC AGCGCGCGCG CGGCGCCCAG GCTCCAGCAC CAGCAGCA360 AGCAGGCGCG CCGCGGGGCC AGGTTCCCGT CGCTCGTCGT GTGCGCCAGC GCCGGCAT420 ACGTCGTCTT CGTCGGCGCC GAGATGGCGC CGTGGAGCAA GACCGGCGGC CTCGGCGA480 TCCTCGGCGG CCTGCCGCCG GCCATGGCCG CGAATGGGCA CCGTGTCATG GTCGTCTC540 CCCGCTACGA CCAGTACAAG GACGCCTGGG ACACCAGCGT CGTGTCCGAG ATCAAGAT600 GAGACAGGTA CGAGACGGTC AGGTTCTTCC ACTGCTACAA GCGCGGAGTG GACCGCGT660 TCGTTGACCA CCCACTGTTC CTGGAGAGGG TTTGGGGAAA GACCGAGGAG AAGATCTA720 GGCCTGACGC TGGAACGGAC TACAGGGACA ACCAGCTGCG GTTCAGCCTG CTATGCCA780 CAGCACTTGA AGCTCCAAGG ATCCTGAGCC TCAACAACAA CCCATACTTC TCCGGACC840 ACGGGGAGGA CGTCGTGTTC GTCTGCAACG ACTGGCACAC CGGCCCTCTC TCGTGCTA900 TCAAGAGCAA CTACCAGTCC CACGGCATCT ACAGGGACGC AAAGACCGCT TTCTGCAT960 ACAACATCTC CTACCAGGGC CGGTTCGCCT TCTCCGACTA CCCGGAGCTG AACCTCC1020 AGAGATTCAA GTCGTCCTTC GATTTCATCG ACGGCTACGA GAAGCCCGTG GAAGGCC1080 AGATCAACTG GATGAAGGCC GGGATCCTCG AGGCCGACAG GGTCCTCACC GTCAGCC1140 ACTACGCCGA GGAGCTCATC TCCGGCATCG CCAGGGGCTG CGAGCTCGAC AACATCA1200 GCCTCACCGG CATCACCGGC ATCGTCAACG GCATGGACGT CAGCGAGTGG GACCCCA1260 GGGACAAGTA CATCGCCGTG AAGTACGACG TGTCGACGGC CGTGGAGGCC AAGGCGC1320 ACAAGGAGGC GCTGCAGGCG GAGGTCGGGC TCCCGGTGGA CCGGAACATC CCGCTGG1380 CGTTCATCGG CAGGCTGGAA GAGCAGAAGG GACCCGACGT CATGGCGGCC GCCATCC1440 AGCTCATGGA GATGGTGGAG GACGTGCAGA TCGTTCTGCT GGGCACGGGC AAGAAGA1500 TCGAGCGCAT GCTCATGAGC GCCGAGGAGA AGTTCCCAGG CAAGGTGCGC GCCGTGG1560 AGTTCAACGC GGCGCTGGCG CACCACATCA TGGCCGGCGC CGACGTGCTC GCCGTCA1620 GCCGCTTCGA GCCCTGCGGC CTCATCCAGC TGCAGGGGAT GCGATACGGA ACGCCCT1680 CCTGCGCGTC CACCGGTGGA CTCGTCGACA CCATCATCGA AGGCAAGACC GGGTTCC1740 TGGGCCGCCT CAGCGTCGAC TGCAACGTCG TGGAGCCGGC GGACGTCAAG AAGGTGG1800 CCACCTTGCA GCGCGCCATC AAGGTGGTCG GCACGCCGGC GTACGAGGAG ATGGTGA1860 ACTGCATGAT CCAGGATCTC TCCTGGAAGG GCCCTGCCAA GAACTGGGAG AACGTGC1920 TCAGCCTCGG GGTCGCCGGC GGCGAGCCAG GGGTCGAAGG CGAGGAGATC GCGCCGC1980 CCAAGGAGAA CGTGGCCGCG CCCTGAAGAG TTCGGCCTGC AGGCCCCCTG ATCTCGC2040 TGGTGCAAAC ATGTTGGGAC ATCTTCTTAT ATATGCTGTT TCGTTTATGT GATATGG2100 AGTATGTGTA GCTGCTTGCT TGTGCTAGTG TAATATAGTG TAGTGGTGGC CAGTGGC2160 ACCTAATAAG CGCATGAACT AATTGCTTGC GTGTGTAGTT AAGTACCGAT CGGTAAT2220 ATATTGCGAG TAAATAAATG GACCTGTAGT GGTGGAAAAA AAAAAAA 2267 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 26 CGAUCGAUCG CCACAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 27 GGUCGUCUCU CCCCGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 28 GAAGGAAUAA ACUCACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 29 UCGUCUCUCC CCGCUAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 30 AAUAAACUCA CUGCCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 31 UCCCCGCUAC GACCAGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 32 AGAAGUGUAC UGCUCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 33 CGACCAGUAC AAGGACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 34 GUACUGCUCC GUCCACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 35 ACCAGCGUCG UGUCCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 36 UGCUCCGUCC ACCAGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 37 CGUCGUGUCC GAGAUCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 38 GGGCUGCUCA UCUCGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 39 UCCGAGAUCA AGAUGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 40 CUGCUCAUCU CGUCGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 41 AGACAGGUAC GAGACGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 42 GCUCAUCUCG UCGACGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 43 GAGACGGUCA GGUUCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 44 CAUCUCGUCG ACGACCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 45 GGUCAGGUUC UUCCACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 46 CAGUGGAUUA AUCGGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 47 GUCAGGUUCU UCCACUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 48 AGUGGAUUAA UCGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 49 CAGGUUCUUC CACUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 50 GGAUUAAUCG GCAUGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 51 AGGUUCUUCC ACUGCUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 52 UGGCGGCUCU AGCCACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 53 CCACUGCUAC AAGCGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 54 GCGGCUCUAG CCACGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 55 CCGCGUGUUC GUUGACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 56 AGCCACGUCG CAGCUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 57 CGCGUGUUCG UUGACCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 58 UCGCAGCUCG UCGCAAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 59 GUGUUCGUUG ACCACCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 60 CAGCUCGUCG CAACGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 61 CCCACUGUUC CUGGAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 62 CUGGGCGUCC CGGACGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 63 CCACUGUUCC UGGAGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 64 GGACGCGUCC ACGUUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 65 GAGAGGGUUU GGGGAAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 66 GUCCACGUUC CGCCGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 67 AGAGGGUUUG GGGAAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 68 UCCACGUUCC GCCGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 69 GAGAAGAUCU ACGGGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 70 GACGGCGUCG GCGGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 71 GAAGAUCUAC GGGCCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 72 GACACGCUCA GCAUUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 73 AACGGACUAC AGGGACA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 74 CUCAGCAUUC GGACCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 75 GCUGCGGUUC AGCCUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 76 UCAGCAUUCG GACCAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 77 CUGCGGUUCA GCCUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 78 CCCAGGCUCC AGCACCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 79 AGCCUGCUAU GCCAGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 80 GGCCAGGUUC CCGUCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 81 GCAGCACUUG AAGCUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 82 GCCAGGUUCC CGUCGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 83 UUGAAGCUCC AAGGAUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 84 GUUCCCGUCG CUCGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 85 CCAAGGAUCC UGAGCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 86 CCGUCGCUCG UCGUGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 87 CUGAGCCUCA ACAACAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 88 UCGCUCGUCG UGUGCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 89 CAACCCAUAC UUCUCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 90 AUGAACGUCG UCUUCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 91 CCCAUACUUC UCCGGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 92 AACGUCGUCU UCGUCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 93 CCAUACUUCU CCGGACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 94 CGUCGUCUUC GUCGGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 95 AUACUUCUCC GGACCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 96 GUCGUCUUCG UCGGCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 97 CGGACCAUAC GGGGAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 98 GUCUUCGUCG GCGCCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 99 GAGGACGUCG UGUUCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 100 GGCGGCCUCG GCGACGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 101 CGUCGUGUUC GUCUGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 102 GGCGACGUCC UCGGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 103 GUCGUGUUCG UCUGCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 104 GACGUCCUCG GCGGCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 105 GUGUUCGUCU GCAACGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 106 CACCGUGUCA UGGUCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 107 CCGGCCCUCU CUCGUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 108 GUCAUGGUCG UCUCUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 109 GGCCCUCUCU CGUGCUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 110 AUGGUCGUCU CUCCCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 111 CCCUCUCUCG UGCUACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 112 CUCGUGCUAC CUCAAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 113 AUGGACGUCA GCGAGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 114 UGCUACCUCA AGAGCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 115 GGACAAGUAC AUCGCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 116 GAGCAACUAC CAGUCCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 117 AAGUACAUCG CCGUGAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 118 CUACCAGUCC CACGGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 119 CGUGAAGUAC GACGUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 120 CACGGCAUCU ACAGGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 121 CGACGUGUCG ACGGCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 122 CGGCAUCUAC AGGGACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 123 GCGGAGGUCG GGCUCCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 124 AGACCGCUUU CUGCAUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 125 GUCGGGCUCC CGGUGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 126 GACCGCUUUC UGCAUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 127 CGGAACAUCC CGCUGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 128 ACCGCUUUCU GCAUCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 129 GGUGGCGUUC AUCGGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 130 UUCUGCAUCC ACAACAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 131 GUGGCGUUCA UCGGCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 132 CACAACAUCU CCUACCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 133 GCGUUCAUCG GCAGGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 134 CAACAUCUCC UACCAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 135 CCCGACGUCA UGGCGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 136 CAUCUCCUAC CAGGGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 137 GCCGCCAUCC CGCAGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 138 GGGCCGGUUC GCCUUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 139 CCGCAGCUCA UGGAGAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 140 GGCCGGUUCG CCUUCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 141 GUGCAGAUCG UUCUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 142 GUUCGCCUUC UCCGACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 143 CAGAUCGUUC UGCUGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 144 UUCGCCUUCU CCGACUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 145 AGAUCGUUCU GCUGGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 146 CGCCUUCUCC GACUACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 147 GAAGAAGUUC GAGCGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 148 CUCCGACUAC CCGGAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 149 AAGAAGUUCG AGCGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 150 CUGAACCUCC CGGAGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 151 CGCAUGCUCA UGAGCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 152 GGAGAGAUUC AAGUCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 153 GGAGAAGUUC CCAGGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 154 GAGAGAUUCA AGUCGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 155 GAGAAGUUCC CAGGCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 156 AUUCAAGUCG UCCUUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 157 GCCGUGGUCA AGUUCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 158 CAAGUCGUCC UUCGAUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 159 GGUCAAGUUC AACGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 160 GUCGUCCUUC GAUUUCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 161 GUCAAGUUCA ACGCGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 162 UCGUCCUUCG AUUUCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 163 CACCACAUCA UGGCCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 164 CCUUCGAUUU CAUCGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 165 GACGUGCUCG CCGUCAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 166 CUUCGAUUUC AUCGACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 167 CUCGCCGUCA CCAGCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 168 UUCGAUUUCA UCGACGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 169 CAGCCGCUUC GAGCCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 170 GAUUUCAUCG ACGGCUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 171 AGCCGCUUCG AGCCCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 172 CGACGGCUAC GAGAAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 173 UGCGGCCUCA UCCAGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 174 CGGAAGAUCA ACUGGAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 175 GGCCUCAUCC AGCUGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 176 GCCGGGAUCC UCGAGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 177 GAUGCGAUAC GGAACGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 178 GGGAUCCUCG AGGCCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 179 CUGCGCGUCC ACCGGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 180 GACAGGGUCC UCACCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 181 GGUGGACUCG UCGACAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 182 AGGGUCCUCA CCGUCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 183 GGACUCGUCG ACACCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 184 CUCACCGUCA GCCCCUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 185 GACACCAUCA UCGAAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 186 CAGCCCCUAC UACGCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 187 ACCAUCAUCG AAGGCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 188 CCCCUACUAC GCCGAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 189 GACCGGGUUC CACAUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 190 GAGGAGCUCA UCUCCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 191 ACCGGGUUCC ACAUGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 192 GAGCUCAUCU CCGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 193 GGCCGCCUCA GCGUCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 194 GCUCAUCUCC GGCAUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 195 CUCAGCGUCG ACUGCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 196 UCCGGCAUCG CCAGGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 197 UGCAACGUCG UGGAGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 198 UGCGAGCUCG ACAACAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 199 GCGGACGUCA AGAAGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 200 GACAACAUCA UGCGCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 201 CACCACCUUG CAGCGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 202 AUGCGCCUCA CCGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 203 CGCGCCAUCA AGGUGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 204 ACCGGCAUCA CCGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 205 AAGGUGGUCG GCACGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 206 ACCGGCAUCG UCAACGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 207 GCCGGCGUAC GAGGAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 208 GGCAUCGUCA ACGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 209 UGCAUGAUCC AGGAUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 210 UCCAGGAUCU CUCCUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 211 CGGUAAUUUU AUAUUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 212 CAGGAUCUCU CCUGGAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 213 GGUAAUUUUA UAUUGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 214 GGAUCUCUCC UGGAAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 215 GUAAUUUUAU AUUGCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 216 GUGCUGCUCA GCCUCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 217 AAUUUUAUAU UGCGAGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 218 CUCAGCCUCG GGGUCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 219 UUUUAUAUUG CGAGUAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 220 CUCGGGGUCG CCGGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 221 UUGCGAGUAA AUAAAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 222 CCAGGGGUCG AAGGCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 223 GAGUAAAUAA AUGGACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 224 GAGGAGAUCG CGCCGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 225 GGACCUGUAG UGGUGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 226 GCGCCGCUCG CCAAGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 227 UGAAGAGUUC GGCCUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 228 GAAGAGUUCG GCCUGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 229 CCCCUGAUCU CGCGCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 230 CCUGAUCUCG CGCGUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 231 AAACAUGUUG GGACAUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 232 UGGGACAUCU UCUUAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 233 GGACAUCUUC UUAUAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 234 GACAUCUUCU UAUAUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 235 CAUCUUCUUA UAUAUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 236 AUCUUCUUAU AUAUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 237 CUUCUUAUAU AUGCUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 238 UCUUAUAUAU GCUGUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 239 UAUGCUGUUU CGUUUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 240 AUGCUGUUUC GUUUAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 241 UGCUGUUUCG UUUAUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 242 UGUUUCGUUU AUGUGAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 243 GUUUCGUUUA UGUGAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 244 UUUCGUUUAU GUGAUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 245 UAUGUGAUAU GGACAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 246 GGACAAGUAU GUGUAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 247 GUAUGUGUAG CUGCUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 248 UAGCUGCUUG CUUGUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 249 UGCUUGCUUG UGCUAGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 250 CUUGUGCUAG UGUAAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 251 GCUAGUGUAA UAUAGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 252 AGUGUAAUAU AGUGUAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 253 UGUAAUAUAG UGUAGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 254 UAUAGUGUAG UGGUGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 255 CACAACCUAA UAAGCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 256 AACCUAAUAA GCGCAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 257 CAUGAACUAA UUGCUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 258 GAACUAAUUG CUUGCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 259 UAAUUGCUUG CGUGUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 260 GCGUGUGUAG UUAAGUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 261 UGUGUAGUUA AGUACCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 262 GUGUAGUUAA GUACCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 263 AGUUAAGUAC CGAUCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 264 GUACCGAUCG GUAAUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 265 CGAUCGGUAA UUUUAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 266 UCGGUAAUUU UAUAUUG 17 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 267 UGGCUGUGGC CUGAUGANGA AAUCGAUCGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 268 GCAGUGAGUU CUGAUGANGA AAUUCCUUCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 269 GGCUGGCAGU CUGAUGANGA AAGUUUAUUC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 270 GACGGAGCAG CUGAUGANGA AACACUUCUC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 271 CUGGUGGACG CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGUACA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 272 CGCACUGGUG CUGAUGANGA AACGGAGCAG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 273 UCGACGAGAU CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGCCCU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 274 UCGUCGACGA CUGAUGANGA AAUGAGCAGC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 275 GGUCGUCGAC CUGAUGANGA AAGAUGAGCA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 276 ACUGGUCGUC CUGAUGANGA AACGAGAUGA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 277 CAUGCCGAUU CUGAUGANGA AAUCCACUGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 278 CCAUGCCGAU CUGAUGANGA AAAUCCACUG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 279 CCGCCAUGCC CUGAUGANGA AAUUAAUCCA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 280 GACGUGGCUA CUGAUGANGA AAGCCGCCAU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 281 GCGACGUGGC CUGAUGANGA AAGAGCCGCC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 282 GACGAGCUGC CUGAUGANGA AACGUGGCUA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 283 GCGUUGCGAC CUGAUGANGA AAGCUGCGAC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 284 CGCGCGUUGC CUGAUGANGA AACGAGCUGC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 285 ACGCGUCCGG CUGAUGANGA AACGCCCAGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 286 GCGGAACGUG CUGAUGANGA AACGCGUCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 287 GCCGCGGCGG CUGAUGANGA AACGUGGACG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 288 CGCCGCGGCG CUGAUGANGA AAACGUGGAC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 289 GUCCGCCGCC CUGAUGANGA AACGCCGUCC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 290 UCCGAAUGCU CUGAUGANGA AAGCGUGUCC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 291 CGCUGGUCCG CUGAUGANGA AAUGCUGAGC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 292 GCGCUGGUCC CUGAUGANGA AAAUGCUGAG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 293 GCUGGUGCUG CUGAUGANGA AAGCCUGGGC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 294 GAGCGACGGG CUGAUGANGA AACCUGGCCC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 295 CGAGCGACGG CUGAUGANGA AAACCUGGCC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 296 CACGACGAGC CUGAUGANGA AACGGGAACC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 297 CGCACACGAC CUGAUGANGA AAGCGACGGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 298 UGGCGCACAC CUGAUGANGA AACGAGCGAC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 299 CGACGAAGAC CUGAUGANGA AACGUUCAUG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 300 CGCCGACGAA CUGAUGANGA AACGACGUUC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 301 GGCGCCGACG CUGAUGANGA AAGACGACGU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 302 CGGCGCCGAC CUGAUGANGA AAAGACGACG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 303 UCUCGGCGCC CUGAUGANGA AACGAAGACG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 304 GGACGUCGCC CUGAUGANGA AAGGCCGCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 305 GGCCGCCGAG CUGAUGANGA AACGUCGCCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 306 GCAGGCCGCC CUGAUGANGA AAGGACGUCG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 307 AGACGACCAU CUGAUGANGA AACACGGUGC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 308 GGGGAGAGAC CUGAUGANGA AACCAUGACA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 309 AGCGGGGAGA CUGAUGANGA AACGACCAUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 310 GUAGCGGGGA CUGAUGANGA AAGACGACCA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 311 UCGUAGCGGG CUGAUGANGA AAGAGACGAC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 312 GUACUGGUCG CUGAUGANGA AAGCGGGGAG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 313 GGCGUCCUUG CUGAUGANGA AACUGGUCGU A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 314 UCUCGGACAC CUGAUGANGA AACGCUGGUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 315 CUUGAUCUCG CUGAUGANGA AACACGACGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 316 CUCCCAUCUU CUGAUGANGA AAUCUCGGAC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 317 GACCGUCUCG CUGAUGANGA AACCUGUCUC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 318 GGAAGAACCU CUGAUGANGA AACCGUCUCG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 319 GCAGUGGAAG CUGAUGANGA AACCUGACCG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 320 AGCAGUGGAA CUGAUGANGA AAACCUGACC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 321 GUAGCAGUGG CUGAUGANGA AAGAACCUGA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 322 UGUAGCAGUG CUGAUGANGA AAAGAACCUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 323 UCCGCGCUUG CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGUGGA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 324 GUGGUCAACG CUGAUGANGA AACACGCGGU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 325 GGUGGUCAAC CUGAUGANGA AAACACGCGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 326 GUGGGUGGUC CUGAUGANGA AACGAACACG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 327 CCUCUCCAGG CUGAUGANGA AACAGUGGGU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 328 CCCUCUCCAG CUGAUGANGA AAACAGUGGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 329 UCUUUCCCCA CUGAUGANGA AACCCUCUCC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 330 GUCUUUCCCC CUGAUGANGA AAACCCUCUC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 331 CAGGCCCGUA CUGAUGANGA AAUCUUCUCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 332 GUCAGGCCCG CUGAUGANGA AAGAUCUUCU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 333 GUUGUCCCUG CUGAUGANGA AAGUCCGUUC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 334 UAGCAGGCUG CUGAUGANGA AACCGCAGCU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 335 AUAGCAGGCU CUGAUGANGA AAACCGCAGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 336 CUGCCUGGCA CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGGCUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 337 UUGGAGCUUC CUGAUGANGA AAGUGCUGCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 338 AGGAUCCUUG CUGAUGANGA AAGCUUCAAG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 339 UGAGGCUCAG CUGAUGANGA AAUCCUUGGA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 340 GGUUGUUGUU CUGAUGANGA AAGGCUCAGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 341 UCCGGAGAAG CUGAUGANGA AAUGGGUUGU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 342 UGGUCCGGAG CUGAUGANGA AAGUAUGGGU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 343 AUGGUCCGGA CUGAUGANGA AAAGUAUGGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 344 GUAUGGUCCG CUGAUGANGA AAGAAGUAUG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 345 GUCCUCCCCG CUGAUGANGA AAUGGUCCGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 346 AGACGAACAC CUGAUGANGA AACGUCCUCC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 347 GUUGCAGACG CUGAUGANGA AACACGACGU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 348 CGUUGCAGAC CUGAUGANGA AAACACGACG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 349 AGUCGUUGCA CUGAUGANGA AACGAACACG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 350 UAGCACGAGA CUGAUGANGA AAGGGCCGGU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 351 GGUAGCACGA CUGAUGANGA AAGAGGGCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 352 GAGGUAGCAC CUGAUGANGA AAGAGAGGGC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 353 GCUCUUGAGG CUGAUGANGA AAGCACGAGA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 354 AGUUGCUCUU CUGAUGANGA AAGGUAGCAC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 355 GUGGGACUGG CUGAUGANGA AAGUUGCUCU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 356 GAUGCCGUGG CUGAUGANGA AACUGGUAGU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 357 CGUCCCUGUA CUGAUGANGA AAUGCCGUGG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 358 UGCGUCCCUG CUGAUGANGA AAGAUGCCGU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 359 UGGAUGCAGA CUGAUGANGA AAGCGGUCUU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 360 GUGGAUGCAG CUGAUGANGA AAAGCGGUCU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 361 UGUGGAUGCA CUGAUGANGA AAAAGCGGUC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 362 AGAUGUUGUG CUGAUGANGA AAUGCAGAAA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 363 CCUGGUAGGA CUGAUGANGA AAUGUUGUGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 364 GCCCUGGUAG CUGAUGANGA AAGAUGUUGU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 365 CCGGCCCUGG CUGAUGANGA AAGGAGAUGU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 366 GGAGAAGGCG CUGAUGANGA AACCGGCCCU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 367 CGGAGAAGGC CUGAUGANGA AAACCGGCCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 368 GUAGUCGGAG CUGAUGANGA AAGGCGAACC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 369 GGUAGUCGGA CUGAUGANGA AAAGGCGAAC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 370 CGGGUAGUCG CUGAUGANGA AAGAAGGCGA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 371 CAGCUCCGGG CUGAUGANGA AAGUCGGAGA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 372 AUCUCUCCGG CUGAUGANGA AAGGUUCAGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 373 GGACGACUUG CUGAUGANGA AAUCUCUCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 374 AGGACGACUU CUGAUGANGA AAAUCUCUCC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 375 AUCGAAGGAC CUGAUGANGA AACUUGAAUC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 376 GAAAUCGAAG CUGAUGANGA AACGACUUGA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 377 GAUGAAAUCG CUGAUGANGA AAGGACGACU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 378 CGAUGAAAUC CUGAUGANGA AAAGGACGAC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 379 CCGUCGAUGA CUGAUGANGA AAUCGAAGGA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 380 GCCGUCGAUG CUGAUGANGA AAAUCGAAGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 381 AGCCGUCGAU CUGAUGANGA AAAAUCGAAG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 382 CGUAGCCGUC CUGAUGANGA AAUGAAAUCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 383 GGGCUUCUCG CUGAUGANGA AAGCCGUCGA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 384 UCAUCCAGUU CUGAUGANGA AAUCUUCCGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 385 CGGCCUCGAG CUGAUGANGA AAUCCCGGCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 386 UGUCGGCCUC CUGAUGANGA AAGGAUCCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 387 UGACGGUGAG CUGAUGANGA AACCCUGUCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 388 GGCUGACGGU CUGAUGANGA AAGGACCCUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 389 AGUAGGGGCU CUGAUGANGA AACGGUGAGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 390 CUCGGCGUAG CUGAUGANGA AAGGGGCUGA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 391 CUCCUCGGCG CUGAUGANGA AAGUAGGGGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 392 UGCCGGAGAU CUGAUGANGA AAGCUCCUCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 393 CGAUGCCGGA CUGAUGANGA AAUGAGCUCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 394 GGCGAUGCCG CUGAUGANGA AAGAUGAGCU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 395 AGCCCCUGGC CUGAUGANGA AAUGCCGGAG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 396 UGAUGUUGUC CUGAUGANGA AAGCUCGCAG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 397 UGAGGCGCAU CUGAUGANGA AAUGUUGUCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 398 UGAUGCCGGU CUGAUGANGA AAGGCGCAUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 399 CGAUGCCGGU CUGAUGANGA AAUGCCGGUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 400 UGCCGUUGAC CUGAUGANGA AAUGCCGGUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 401 CCAUGCCGUU CUGAUGANGA AACGAUGCCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 402 CCCACUCGCU CUGAUGANGA AACGUCCAUG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 403 CACGGCGAUG CUGAUGANGA AACUUGUCCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 404 ACUUCACGGC CUGAUGANGA AAUGUACUUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 405 CGACACGUCG CUGAUGANGA AACUUCACGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 406 CACGGCCGUC CUGAUGANGA AACACGUCGU A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 407 CCGGGAGCCC CUGAUGANGA AACCUCCGCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 408 GGUCCACCGG CUGAUGANGA AAGCCCGACC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 409 CCACCAGCGG CUGAUGANGA AAUGUUCCGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 410 CCUGCCGAUG CUGAUGANGA AACGCCACCA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 411 GCCUGCCGAU CUGAUGANGA AAACGCCACC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 412 CCAGCCUGCC CUGAUGANGA AAUGAACGCC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 413 CGGCCGCCAU CUGAUGANGA AACGUCGGGU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 414 UGAGCUGCGG CUGAUGANGA AAUGGCGGCC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 415 CCAUCUCCAU CUGAUGANGA AAGCUGCGGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 416 CCAGCAGAAC CUGAUGANGA AAUCUGCACG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 417 UGCCCAGCAG CUGAUGANGA AACGAUCUGC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 418 GUGCCCAGCA CUGAUGANGA AAACGAUCUG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 419 CAUGCGCUCG CUGAUGANGA AACUUCUUCU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 420 GCAUGCGCUC CUGAUGANGA AAACUUCUUC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 421 CGGCGCUCAU CUGAUGANGA AAGCAUGCGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 422 CUUGCCUGGG CUGAUGANGA AACUUCUCCU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 423 CCUUGCCUGG CUGAUGANGA AAACUUCUCC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 424 CGUUGAACUU CUGAUGANGA AACCACGGCG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 425 CGCCGCGUUG CUGAUGANGA AACUUGACCA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 426 GCGCCGCGUU CUGAUGANGA AAACUUGACC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 427 CGCCGGCCAU CUGAUGANGA AAUGUGGUGC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 428 UGGUGACGGC CUGAUGANGA AAGCACGUCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 429 AGCGGCUGGU CUGAUGANGA AACGGCGAGC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 430 GCAGGGCUCG CUGAUGANGA AAGCGGCUGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 431 CGCAGGGCUC CUGAUGANGA AAAGCGGCUG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 432 GCAGCUGGAU CUGAUGANGA AAGGCCGCAG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 433 CCUGCAGCUG CUGAUGANGA AAUGAGGCCG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 434 GGGCGUUCCG CUGAUGANGA AAUCGCAUCC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 435 UCCACCGGUG CUGAUGANGA AACGCGCAGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 436 UGGUGUCGAC CUGAUGANGA AAGUCCACCG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 437 UGAUGGUGUC CUGAUGANGA AACGAGUCCA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 438 UGCCUUCGAU CUGAUGANGA AAUGGUGUCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 439 UCUUGCCUUC CUGAUGANGA AAUGAUGGUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 440 GCCCAUGUGG CUGAUGANGA AACCCGGUCU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 441 GGCCCAUGUG CUGAUGANGA AAACCCGGUC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 442 AGUCGACGCU CUGAUGANGA AAGGCGGCCC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 443 CGUUGCAGUC CUGAUGANGA AACGCUGAGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 444 CCGGCUCCAC CUGAUGANGA AACGUUGCAG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 445 CCACCUUCUU CUGAUGANGA AACGUCCGCC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 446 GGCGCGCUGC CUGAUGANGA AAGGUGGUGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 447 CGACCACCUU CUGAUGANGA AAUGGCGCGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 448 CCGGCGUGCC CUGAUGANGA AACCACCUUG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 449 CAUCUCCUCG CUGAUGANGA AACGCCGGCG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 450 AGAGAUCCUG CUGAUGANGA AAUCAUGCAG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 451 UUCCAGGAGA CUGAUGANGA AAUCCUGGAU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 452 CCUUCCAGGA CUGAUGANGA AAGAUCCUGG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 453 GCCCUUCCAG CUGAUGANGA AAGAGAUCCU G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 454 CCCCGAGGCU CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGCACG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 455 CGGCGACCCC CUGAUGANGA AAGGCUGAGC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 456 CGCCGCCGGC CUGAUGANGA AACCCCGAGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 457 CCUCGCCUUC CUGAUGANGA AACCCCUGGC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 458 CGAGCGGCGC CUGAUGANGA AAUCUCCUCG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 459 UCUCCUUGGC CUGAUGANGA AAGCGGCGCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 460 CUGCAGGCCG CUGAUGANGA AACUCUUCAG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 461 CCUGCAGGCC CUGAUGANGA AAACUCUUCA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 462 CCACGCGCGA CUGAUGANGA AAUCAGGGGG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 463 CACCACGCGC CUGAUGANGA AAGAUCAGGG G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 464 AAGAUGUCCC CUGAUGANGA AACAUGUUUG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 465 UAUAUAAGAA CUGAUGANGA AAUGUCCCAA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 466 CAUAUAUAAG CUGAUGANGA AAGAUGUCCC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 467 GCAUAUAUAA CUGAUGANGA AAAGAUGUCC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 468 CAGCAUAUAU CUGAUGANGA AAGAAGAUGU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 469 ACAGCAUAUA CUGAUGANGA AAAGAAGAUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 470 AAACAGCAUA CUGAUGANGA AAUAAGAAGA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 471 CGAAACAGCA CUGAUGANGA AAUAUAAGAA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 472 ACAUAAACGA CUGAUGANGA AACAGCAUAU A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 473 CACAUAAACG CUGAUGANGA AAACAGCAUA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 474 UCACAUAAAC CUGAUGANGA AAAACAGCAU A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 475 AUAUCACAUA CUGAUGANGA AACGAAACAG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 476 CAUAUCACAU CUGAUGANGA AAACGAAACA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 477 CCAUAUCACA CUGAUGANGA AAAACGAAAC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 478 UACUUGUCCA CUGAUGANGA AAUCACAUAA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 479 CAGCUACACA CUGAUGANGA AACUUGUCCA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 480 AGCAAGCAGC CUGAUGANGA AACACAUACU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 481 UAGCACAAGC CUGAUGANGA AAGCAGCUAC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 482 ACACUAGCAC CUGAUGANGA AAGCAAGCAG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 483 UAUAUUACAC CUGAUGANGA AAGCACAAGC A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 484 UACACUAUAU CUGAUGANGA AACACUAGCA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 485 CACUACACUA CUGAUGANGA AAUUACACUA G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 486 ACCACUACAC CUGAUGANGA AAUAUUACAC U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 487 UGGCCACCAC CUGAUGANGA AACACUAUAU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 488 AUGCGCUUAU CUGAUGANGA AAGGUUGUGC C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 489 UUCAUGCGCU CUGAUGANGA AAUUAGGUUG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 490 CGCAAGCAAU CUGAUGANGA AAGUUCAUGC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 491 ACACGCAAGC CUGAUGANGA AAUUAGUUCA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 492 CUACACACGC CUGAUGANGA AAGCAAUUAG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 493 GGUACUUAAC CUGAUGANGA AACACACGCA A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 494 AUCGGUACUU CUGAUGANGA AACUACACAC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 495 GAUCGGUACU CUGAUGANGA AAACUACACA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 496 UACCGAUCGG CUGAUGANGA AACUUAACUA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 497 UAAAAUUACC CUGAUGANGA AAUCGGUACU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 498 AAUAUAAAAU CUGAUGANGA AACCGAUCGG U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 499 CGCAAUAUAA CUGAUGANGA AAUUACCGAU C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 500 UCGCAAUAUA CUGAUGANGA AAAUUACCGA U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 501 CUCGCAAUAU CUGAUGANGA AAAAUUACCG A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 502 ACUCGCAAUA CUGAUGANGA AAAAAUUACC G 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 503 UUACUCGCAA CUGAUGANGA AAUAAAAUUA C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 504 AUUUACUCGC CUGAUGANGA AAUAUAAAAU U 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 505 UCCAUUUAUU CUGAUGANGA AACUCGCAAU A 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 506 CAGGUCCAUU CUGAUGANGA AAUUUACUCG C 31 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 507 UUUCCACCAC CUGAUGANGA AACAGGUCCA U 31 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 508 CUCCUGGCAG AAGUCGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 509 CGACAGCCGC CAGGAG 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 510 CCCUGCCGAG AAGUGCACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 511 GCACCGCCCG GCAGGG 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 512 GUCGCCGAAG AAGCCGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 513 CGGCGGCCUC GGCGAC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 514 CGGCGGCAAG AAGCCGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 515 CGGCGGCCUG CCGCCG 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 516 CCAUGGCCAG AAGCAGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 517 CUGCCGCCGG CCAUGG 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 518 UCUCCAGGAG AAGUGGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 519 CCACUGUUCC UGGAGA 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 520 UCCCUGUAAG AAGUUCACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 521 GAACGGACUA CAGGGA 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 522 GCAGGCUGAG AAGCAGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 523 CUGCGGUUCA GCCUGC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 524 GCCUCCACAG AAGUCGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 525 CGACGGCCGU GGAGGC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 526 GGGAUGGCAG AAGCCAACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 527 UGGCGGCCGC CAUCCC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 528 GCGAGCACAG AAGCGCACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 529 GCGCCGACGU GCUCGC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 530 CUGGAUGAAG AAGCAGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 531 CUGCGGCCUC AUCCAG 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 532 GACGCUGAAG AAGCCCACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 533 GGGCCGCCUC AGCGUC 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 534 UUCUUGACAG AAGCCGACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 535 CGGCGGACGU CAAGAA 16 52 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 536 AUAAACGAAG AAGCAUACCA GAGAAACACA CGUUGUGGUA CAUUACCUGG UA 52 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 537 AUGCUGUUUC GUUUAU 16 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 538 GUCGCCUCAG AAGGUGGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 539 ACCACCCGCC GAGGCGAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 540 CUCCUGGCAG AAGUCGCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 541 CGCGACAGCC GCCAGGAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 542 GUGGACGGAG AAGUACACAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 543 GUGUACUGCU CCGUCCAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 544 CACUGGUGAG AAGAGCAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 545 CUGCUCCGUC CACCAGUG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 546 CCCUGCCGAG AAGUGCGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 547 GCGCACCGCC CGGCAGGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 548 ACGAGAUGAG AAGCCCUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 549 CAGGGCUGCU CAUCUCGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 550 GUGGCUAGAG AAGCCAUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 551 CAUGGCGGCU CUAGCCAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 552 UUGCGACGAG AAGCGACGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 553 CGUCGCAGCU CGUCGCAA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 554 GACGCCCAAG AAGGCGCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 555 CGCGCCGGCC UGGGCGUC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 556 GUGGACGCAG AAGGGACGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 557 CGUCCCGGAC GCGUCCAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 558 GGCGCCGCAG AAGAACGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 559 ACGUUCCGCC GCGGCGCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 560 CCGACGCCAG AAGGCCCCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 561 GGGGCCGGAC GGCGUCGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 562 GCGCGCUGAG AAGAAUGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 563 GCAUUCGGAC CAGCGCGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 564 CGACGAGCAG AAGGAACCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 565 GGUUCCCGUC GCUCGUCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 566 GUCGCCGAAG AAGCCGGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 567 ACCGGCGGCC UCGGCGAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 568 CGGCGGCAAG AAGCCGAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 569 CUCGGCGGCC UGCCGCCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 570 UGGCCGGCAG AAGGCCGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 571 GCGGCCUGCC GCCGGCCA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 572 CCAUGGCCAG AAGCAGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 573 GCCUGCCGCC GGCCAUGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 574 UCUCCAGGAG AAGUGGGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 575 ACCCACUGUU CCUGGAGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 576 GUUCCAGCAG AAGGCCCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 577 CGGGCCUGAC GCUGGAAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 578 UCCCUGUAAG AAGUUCCAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 579 UGGAACGGAC UACAGGGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 580 UGAACCGCAG AAGGUUGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 581 ACAACCAGCU GCGGUUCA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 582 GCAGGCUGAG AAGCAGCUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 583 AGCUGCGGUU CAGCCUGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 584 GCAUAGCAAG AAGAACCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 585 CGGUUCAGCC UGCUAUGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 586 CCCGUAUGAG AAGGAGAAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 587 UUCUCCGGAC CAUACGGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 588 CGAGAGAGAG AAGGUGUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 589 CACACCGGCC CUCUCUCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 590 UGCCGUGGAG AAGGUAGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 591 ACUACCAGUC CCACGGCA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 592 AUGCAGAAAG AAGUCUUUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 593 AAAGACCGCU UUCUGCAU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 594 AGAAGGCGAG AAGGCCCUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 595 AGGGCCGGUU CGCCUUCU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 596 UCCGGGUAAG AAGAGAAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 597 CUUCUCCGAC UACCCGGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 598 GUAGUAGGAG AAGACGGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 599 ACCGUCAGCC CCUACUAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 600 GCCUCCACAG AAGUCGACAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 601 GUCGACGGCC GUGGAGGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 602 ACGCCACCAG AAGGAUGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 603 ACAUCCCGCU GGUGGCGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 604 GCCAUGACAG AAGGUCCCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 605 GGGACCCGAC GUCAUGGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 606 GGGAUGGCAG AAGCCAUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 607 CAUGGCGGCC GCCAUCCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 608 UCUCCAUGAG AAGCGGGAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 609 UCCCGCAGCU CAUGGAGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 610 GCAGAACGAG AAGCACGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 611 ACGUGCAGAU CGUUCUGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 612 CCGUGCCCAG AAGAACGAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 613 UCGUUCUGCU GGGCACGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 614 GCGAGCACAG AAGCGCCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 615 CGGCGCCGAC GUGCUCGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 616 CUCGAAGCAG AAGGUGACAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 617 GUCACCAGCC GCUUCGAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 618 GGGCUCGAAG AAGCUGGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 619 ACCAGCCGCU UCGAGCCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 620 CUGGAUGAAG AAGCAGGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 621 CCCUGCGGCC UCAUCCAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 622 UCCCCUGCAG AAGGAUGAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 623 UCAUCCAGCU GCAGGGGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 624 GACGCUGAAG AAGCCCAUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 625 AUGGGCCGCC UCAGCGUC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 626 UUCUUGACAG AAGCCGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 627 GCCGGCGGAC GUCAAGAA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 628 CGAGGCUGAG AAGCACGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 629 ACGUGCUGCU CAGCCUCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 630 GACCCCGAAG AAGAGCAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 631 CUGCUCAGCC UCGGGGUC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 632 CCUUGGCGAG AAGCGCGAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 633 UCGCGCCGCU CGCCAAGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 634 GGCCUGCAAG AAGAACUCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 635 GAGUUCGGCC UGCAGGCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 636 CGCGCGAGAG AAGGGGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 637 GCCCCCUGAU CUCGCGCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 638 AUAAACGAAG AAGCAUAUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 639 AUAUGCUGUU UCGUUUAU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 640 CACAAGCAAG AAGCUACAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 641 UGUAGCUGCU UGCUUGUG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 642 AAUUACCGAG AAGUACUUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 643 AAGUACCGAU CGGUAAUU 18 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 644 CGCGCCCUCU GCCGCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 645 GUCCAGGUUA CACAUUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 646 CUGCCGCUUG UUCGUUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 647 UCCAGGUUAC ACAUUCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 648 CCGCUUGUUC GUUCCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 649 UUACACAUUC AAUGCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 650 CGCUUGUUCG UUCCUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 651 UACACAUUCA AUGCCAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 652 UUGUUCGUUC CUCGCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 653 UGCCACCUCA CAAGAUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 654 UGUUCGUUCC UCGCGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 655 CACAAGAUUG AAAUUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 656 UCGUUCCUCG CGCUCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 657 AUUGAAAUUU UCAAGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 658 CUCGCGCUCG CCACCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 659 UUGAAAUUUU CAAGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 660 ACACACAUCC CAAUCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 661 UGAAAUUUUC AAGUCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 662 AUCCCAAUCU CGCGAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 663 GAAAUUUUCA AGUCGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 664 CCCAAUCUCG CGAGGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 665 UUUCAAGUCG CUUGAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 666 AGCAGGGUCU GCGGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 667 AAGUCGCUUG AUGAUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 668 GCCGCGCUUC CGGCUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 669 UUGAUGAUUG GGCUAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 670 CCGCGCUUCC GGCUCCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 671 AUUGGGCUAG AGAUAAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 672 UUCCGGCUCC CCUUCCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 673 CUAGAGAUAA UAUCUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 674 GCUCCCCUUC CCAUUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 675 GAGAUAAUAU CUUGACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 676 CUCCCCUUCC CAUUGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 677 GAUAAUAUCU UGACGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 678 CUUCCCAUUG GCCUCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 679 UAAUAUCUUG ACGCAUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 680 AUUGGCCUCC ACGAUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 681 UGACGCAUCU CAAGCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 682 AUGGCGCUCC GCCUCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 683 ACGCAUCUCA AGCCAGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 684 CUCCGCCUCA ACGACGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 685 AAGCCAGUCG AGAAGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 686 AACGACGUCG CGCUCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 687 AGAAGUGUUG GCAGCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 688 GUCGCGCUCU GCCUCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 689 CACAGGAUUU CCUCCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 690 CUCUGCCUCU CCCCGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 691 ACAGGAUUUC CUCCCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 692 CUGCCUCUCC CCGCCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 693 CAGGAUUUCC UCCCGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 694 CCGCCGCUCG CCGCCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 695 GAUUUCCUCC CGGACCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 696 CGGCAGGUUC GUCGCCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 697 CCCAGCAUCU GAAGGAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 698 GGCAGGUUCG UCGCCGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 699 UGAAGGAUUU CAUGAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 700 AGGUUCGUCG CCGUCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 701 GAAGGAUUUC AUGAUGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 702 GUCGCCGUCG CCUCCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 703 AAGGAUUUCA UGAUGAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 704 CGUCGCCUCC AUGACGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 705 GAUGAAGUUA AGGAGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 706 CAUGACGUCC GCCGUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 707 AUGAAGUUAA GGAGCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 708 UCCGCCGUCU CCACCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 709 AAGGAGCUCA GAGAACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 710 CGCCGUCUCC ACCAAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 711 AAGGAAAUCC CUGAUGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 712 ACCAAGGUCG AGAAUAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 713 CUGAUGAUUA UUUUGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 714 UCGAGAAUAA GAAGCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 715 UGAUGAUUAU UUUGUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 716 GAAGCCAUUU GCUCCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 717 AUGAUUAUUU UGUUUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 718 AAGCCAUUUG CUCCUCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 719 UGAUUAUUUU GUUUGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 720 CAUUUGCUCC UCCAAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 721 GAUUAUUUUG UUUGUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 722 UUGCUCCUCC AAGGGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 723 UAUUUUGUUU GUUUGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 724 AGGGAGGUAC AUGUCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 725 AUUUUGUUUG UUUGGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 726 GUACAUGUCC AGGUUAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 727 UUGUUUGUUU GGUGGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 728 UGUUUGUUUG GUGGGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 729 ACACUGCUCG UCACGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 730 GACAUGAUUA CCGAGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 731 CUGCUCGUCA CGCCAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 732 ACAUGAUUAC CGAGGAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 733 CAAGGACUUU GGCGACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 734 AGGAAGCUCU ACCAACA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 735 AAGGACUUUG GCGACUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 736 GAAGCUCUAC CAACAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 737 UGGCGACUUA AAGCUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 738 ACCAACAUAC CAGACUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 739 GGCGACUUAA AGCUUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 740 ACCAGACUAU GCUUAAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 741 UUAAAGCUUG CACAAAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 742 ACUAUGCUUA ACACCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 743 GCACAAAUCU GCGGCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 744 CUAUGCUUAA CACCCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 745 UGCGGCAUCA UCGCCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 746 AACACCCUCG ACGGUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 747 GGCAUCAUCG CCUCAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 748 GACGGUGUCA GAGAUGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 749 CAUCGCCUCA GAUGAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 750 UGGGCUGUUU GGACGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 751 AACUGCGUAC ACCAAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 752 GGGCUGUUUG GACGAGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 753 ACCAAGAUCG UGGAGAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 754 AUGGUGAUCU GCUCAAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 755 GAAGCUGUUU GAGAUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 756 GAUCUGCUCA ACAAGUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 757 AAGCUGUUUG AGAUCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 758 CAACAAGUAU AUGUACC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 759 UUUGAGAUCG ACCCUGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 760 ACAAGUAUAU GUACCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 761 CUGAUGGUAC CGUGGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 762 GUAUAUGUAC CUCACUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 763 ACCGUGGUCG CUCUGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 764 AUGUACCUCA CUGGGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 765 UGGUCGCUCU GGCUGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 766 GGGUGGAUAU GAGGCAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 767 AAGAAGAUCU CAAUGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 768 AGGCAGAUUG AGAAGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 769 GAAGAUCUCA AUGCCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 770 AAGACAAUUC AGUAUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 771 CCUGAUGUUU GACGGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 772 AGACAAUUCA GUAUCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 773 CUGAUGUUUG ACGGGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 774 AAUUCAGUAU CUUAUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 775 CAAGCUGUUC GAGCACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 776 UUCAGUAUCU UAUUGGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 777 AAGCUGUUCG AGCACUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 778 CAGUAUCUUA UUGGCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 779 CGAGCACUUC UCCAUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 780 AGUAUCUUAU UGGCUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 781 GAGCACUUCU CCAUGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 782 UAUCUUAUUG GCUCUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 783 GCACUUCUCC AUGGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 784 UAUUGGCUCU GGAAUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 785 UCCAUGGUCG CGCAGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 786 GAAUGGAUCC UAGGACU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 787 CAGAGGCUUG GCGUUUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 788 UGGAUCCUAG GACUGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 789 CUUGGCGUUU ACACCGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 790 CUGAGAAUAA UCCUUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 791 UUGGCGUUUA CACCGCC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 792 AGAAUAAUCC UUAUCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 793 UGGCGUUUAC ACCGCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 794 AUAAUCCUUA UCUUGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 795 CAGGGACUAC GCCGACA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 796 UAAUCCUUAU CUUGGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 797 GCCGACAUCC UCGAGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 798 AUCCUUAUCU UGGUUUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 799 GACAUCCUCG AGUUCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 800 CCUUAUCUUG GUUUCAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 801 CCUCGAGUUC CUCGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 802 AUCUUGGUUU CAUCUAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 803 CUCGAGUUCC UCGUCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 804 UCUUGGUUUC AUCUACA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 805 GAGUUCCUCG UCGACAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 806 CUUGGUUUCA UCUACAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 807 UUCCUCGUCG ACAGGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 808 GGUUUCAUCU ACACCUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 809 UGACUGGUCU GUCGGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 810 UUUCAUCUAC ACCUCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 811 UGGUCUGUCG GGUGAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 812 CUACACCUCC UUCCAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 813 GCAGGACUAC CUUUGCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 814 CACCUCCUUC CAAGAGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 815 GACUACCUUU GCACCCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 816 ACCUCCUUCC AAGAGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 817 ACUACCUUUG CACCCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 818 GGCGACCUUC AUCUCAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 819 UGCACCCUUG CUUCAAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 820 GCGACCUUCA UCUCACA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 821 CCCUUGCUUC AAGAAUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 822 ACCUUCAUCU CACACGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 823 CCUUGCUUCA AGAAUCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 824 CUUCAUCUCA CACGGGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 825 UCAAGAAUCA GGAGGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 826 CGCUGCCUUU CAGCUGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 827 UUUGAUGUAC AACCUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 828 GCUGCCUUUC AGCUGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 829 CAUGCCGUAC UUUGUCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 830 CUGCCUUUCA GCUGGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 831 GCCGUACUUU GUCUGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 832 AGCUGGGUAU ACGGUAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 833 CCGUACUUUG UCUGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 834 CUGGGUAUAC GGUAGGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 835 UACUUUGUCU GUCGCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 836 UAUACGGUAG GGACGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 837 UUGUCUGUCG CUGGCGG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 838 AGGGACGUCC AACUGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 839 CGGUGUGUUU CGGUAUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 840 UGUGAGAUCG GAAACCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 841 GGUGUGUUUC GGUAUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 842 GCUGCGGUCU GCUUAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 843 GUGUGUUUCG GUAUGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 844 GGUCUGCUUA GACAAGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 845 GUUUCGGUAU GUUAUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 846 GUCUGCUUAG ACAAGAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 847 CGGUAUGUUA UUUGAGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 848 UGCUGUGUCU GCGUUAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 849 GGUAUGUUAU UUGAGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 850 GUCUGCGUUA CAUAGGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 851 UAUGUUAUUU GAGUUGC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 852 UCUGCGUUAC AUAGGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 853 AUGUUAUUUG AGUUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 854 CGUUACAUAG GUCUCCA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 855 AUUUGAGUUG CUCAGAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 856 ACAUAGGUCU CCAGGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 857 GAGUUGCUCA GAUCUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 858 AUAGGUCUCC AGGUUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 859 GCUCAGAUCU GUUAAAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 860 CUCCAGGUUU UGAUCAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 861 AGAUCUGUUA AAAAAAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 862 UCCAGGUUUU GAUCAAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 863 GAUCUGUUAA AAAAAAA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 864 CCAGGUUUUG AUCAAAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 865 GUUUUGAUCA AAUGGUC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 866 CAAAUGGUCC CGUGUCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 867 UCCCGUGUCG UCUUAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 868 CGUGUCGUCU UAUAGAG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 869 UGUCGUCUUA UAGAGCG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 870 GUCGUCUUAU AGAGCGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 871 CGUCUUAUAG AGCGAUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 872 AGAGCGAUAG GAGAACG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 873 GAACGUGUUG GUCUGUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 874 GUGUUGGUCU GUGGUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 875 UGUGGUGUAG CUUUGUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 876 GUGUAGCUUU GUUUUUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 877 UGUAGCUUUG UUUUUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 878 AGCUUUGUUU UUAUUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 879 GCUUUGUUUU UAUUUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 880 CUUUGUUUUU AUUUUGU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 881 UUUGUUUUUA UUUUGUA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 882 UUGUUUUUAU UUUGUAU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 883 GUUUUUAUUU UGUAUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 884 UUUUUAUUUU GUAUUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 885 UUUUAUUUUG UAUUUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 886 UAUUUUGUAU UUUUCUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 887 UUUUGUAUUU UUCUGCU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 888 UUUGUAUUUU UCUGCUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 889 UUGUAUUUUU CUGCUUU 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 890 UGUAUUUUUC UGCUUUG 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 891 GUAUUUUUCU GCUUUGA 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 892 UUUCUGCUUU GAUGUAC 17 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 893 UUCUGCUUUG AUGUACA 17 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 894 AAGCGGCACU GAUGANGAAA GGGCGCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 895 GAACGAACCU GAUGANGAAA GCGGCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 896 GAGGAACGCU GAUGANGAAA CAAGCGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 897 CGAGGAACCU GAUGANGAAA ACAAGCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 898 GCGCGAGGCU GAUGANGAAA CGAACAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 899 AGCGCGAGCU GAUGANGAAA ACGAACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 900 GCGAGCGCCU GAUGANGAAA GGAACGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 901 CUGGUGGCCU GAUGANGAAA GCGCGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 902 GAGAUUGGCU GAUGANGAAA UGUGUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 903 CCUCGCGACU GAUGANGAAA UUGGGAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 904 GCCCUCGCCU GAUGANGAAA GAUUGGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 905 CCGCCGCACU GAUGANGAAA CCCUGCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 906 GGAGCCGGCU GAUGANGAAA GCGCGGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 907 GGGAGCCGCU GAUGANGAAA AGCGCGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 908 GGGAAGGGCU GAUGANGAAA GCCGGAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 909 CCAAUGGGCU GAUGANGAAA GGGGAGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 910 GCCAAUGGCU GAUGANGAAA AGGGGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 911 UGGAGGCCCU GAUGANGAAA UGGGAAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 912 CCAUCGUGCU GAUGANGAAA GGCCAAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 913 UUGAGGCGCU GAUGANGAAA GCGCCAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 914 ACGUCGUUCU GAUGANGAAA GGCGGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 915 CAGAGCGCCU GAUGANGAAA CGUCGUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 916 GAGAGGCACU GAUGANGAAA GCGCGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 917 GGCGGGGACU GAUGANGAAA GGCAGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 918 GCGGCGGGCU GAUGANGAAA GAGGCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 919 CGGGCGGCCU GAUGANGAAA GCGGCGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 920 CGGCGACGCU GAUGANGAAA CCUGCCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 921 ACGGCGACCU GAUGANGAAA ACCUGCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 922 GCGACGGCCU GAUGANGAAA CGAACCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 923 AUGGAGGCCU GAUGANGAAA CGGCGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 924 ACGUCAUGCU GAUGANGAAA GGCGACG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 925 AGACGGCGCU GAUGANGAAA CGUCAUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 926 UUGGUGGACU GAUGANGAAA CGGCGGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 927 CCUUGGUGCU GAUGANGAAA GACGGCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 928 UUAUUCUCCU GAUGANGAAA CCUUGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 929 UGGCUUCUCU GAUGANGAAA UUCUCGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 930 GAGGAGCACU GAUGANGAAA UGGCUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 931 GGAGGAGCCU GAUGANGAAA AUGGCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 932 CCUUGGAGCU GAUGANGAAA GCAAAUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 933 CUCCCUUGCU GAUGANGAAA GGAGCAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 934 UGGACAUGCU GAUGANGAAA CCUCCCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 935 GUAACCUGCU GAUGANGAAA CAUGUAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 936 GAAUGUGUCU GAUGANGAAA CCUGGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 937 UGAAUGUGCU GAUGANGAAA ACCUGGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 938 UGGCAUUGCU GAUGANGAAA UGUGUAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 939 GUGGCAUUCU GAUGANGAAA AUGUGUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 940 AAUCUUGUCU GAUGANGAAA GGUGGCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 941 AAAAUUUCCU GAUGANGAAA UCUUGUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 942 GACUUGAACU GAUGANGAAA UUUCAAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 943 CGACUUGACU GAUGANGAAA AUUUCAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 944 GCGACUUGCU GAUGANGAAA AAUUUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 945 AGCGACUUCU GAUGANGAAA AAAUUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 946 CAUCAAGCCU GAUGANGAAA CUUGAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 947 CAAUCAUCCU GAUGANGAAA GCGACUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 948 UCUAGCCCCU GAUGANGAAA UCAUCAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 949 AUUAUCUCCU GAUGANGAAA GCCCAAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 950 CAAGAUAUCU GAUGANGAAA UCUCUAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 951 CGUCAAGACU GAUGANGAAA UUAUCUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 952 UGCGUCAACU GAUGANGAAA UAUUAUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 953 GAUGCGUCCU GAUGANGAAA GAUAUUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 954 UGGCUUGACU GAUGANGAAA UGCGUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 955 ACUGGCUUCU GAUGANGAAA GAUGCGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 956 CACUUCUCCU GAUGANGAAA CUGGCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 957 UGGCUGCCCU GAUGANGAAA CACUUCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 958 CGGGAGGACU GAUGANGAAA UCCUGUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 959 CCGGGAGGCU GAUGANGAAA AUCCUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 960 UCCGGGAGCU GAUGANGAAA AAUCCUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 961 GGGUCCGGCU GAUGANGAAA GGAAAUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 962 AUCCUUCACU GAUGANGAAA UGCUGGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 963 CAUCAUGACU GAUGANGAAA UCCUUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 964 UCAUCAUGCU GAUGANGAAA AUCCUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 965 UUCAUCAUCU GAUGANGAAA AAUCCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 966 AGCUCCUUCU GAUGANGAAA CUUCAUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 967 GAGCUCCUCU GAUGANGAAA ACUUCAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 968 CGUUCUCUCU GAUGANGAAA GCUCCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 969 UCAUCAGGCU GAUGANGAAA UUUCCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 970 AACAAAAUCU GAUGANGAAA UCAUCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 971 AAACAAAACU GAUGANGAAA AUCAUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 972 ACAAACAACU GAUGANGAAA UAAUCAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 973 AACAAACACU GAUGANGAAA AUAAUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 974 AAACAAACCU GAUGANGAAA AAUAAUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 975 ACCAAACACU GAUGANGAAA CAAAAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 976 CACCAAACCU GAUGANGAAA ACAAAAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 977 UCCCACCACU GAUGANGAAA CAAACAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 978 CUCCCACCCU GAUGANGAAA ACAAACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 979 UCCUCGGUCU GAUGANGAAA UCAUGUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 980 UUCCUCGGCU GAUGANGAAA AUCAUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 981 UGUUGGUACU GAUGANGAAA GCUUCCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 982 UAUGUUGGCU GAUGANGAAA GAGCUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 983 UAGUCUGGCU GAUGANGAAA UGUUGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 984 GUUAAGCACU GAUGANGAAA GUCUGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 985 AGGGUGUUCU GAUGANGAAA GCAUAGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 986 GAGGGUGUCU GAUGANGAAA AGCAUAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 987 ACACCGUCCU GAUGANGAAA GGGUGUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 988 UCAUCUCUCU GAUGANGAAA CACCGUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 989 CUCGUCCACU GAUGANGAAA CAGCCCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 990 CCUCGUCCCU GAUGANGAAA ACAGCCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 991 GUUGAGCACU GAUGANGAAA UCACCAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 992 UACUUGUUCU GAUGANGAAA GCAGAUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 993 GGUACAUACU GAUGANGAAA CUUGUUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 994 GAGGUACACU GAUGANGAAA UACUUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 995 CAGUGAGGCU GAUGANGAAA CAUAUAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 996 CUCCCAGUCU GAUGANGAAA GGUACAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 997 CUGCCUCACU GAUGANGAAA UCCACCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 998 GUCUUCUCCU GAUGANGAAA UCUGCCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 999 AGAUACUGCU GAUGANGAAA UUGUCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1000 AAGAUACUCU GAUGANGAAA AUUGUCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1001 CAAUAAGACU GAUGANGAAA CUGAAUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1002 GCCAAUAACU GAUGANGAAA UACUGAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1003 GAGCCAAUCU GAUGANGAAA GAUACUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1004 AGAGCCAACU GAUGANGAAA AGAUACU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1005 CCAGAGCCCU GAUGANGAAA UAAGAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1006 CCAUUCCACU GAUGANGAAA GCCAAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1007 AGUCCUAGCU GAUGANGAAA UCCAUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1008 CUCAGUCCCU GAUGANGAAA GGAUCCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1009 AUAAGGAUCU GAUGANGAAA UUCUCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1010 AAGAUAAGCU GAUGANGAAA UUAUUCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1011 ACCAAGAUCU GAUGANGAAA GGAUUAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1012 AACCAAGACU GAUGANGAAA AGGAUUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1013 GAAACCAACU GAUGANGAAA UAAGGAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1014 AUGAAACCCU GAUGANGAAA GAUAAGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1015 GUAGAUGACU GAUGANGAAA CCAAGAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1016 UGUAGAUGCU GAUGANGAAA ACCAAGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1017 GUGUAGAUCU GAUGANGAAA AACCAAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1018 GAGGUGUACU GAUGANGAAA UGAAACC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1019 AGGAGGUGCU GAUGANGAAA GAUGAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1020 CUUGGAAGCU GAUGANGAAA GGUGUAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1021 GCUCUUGGCU GAUGANGAAA GGAGGUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1022 CGCUCUUGCU GAUGANGAAA AGGAGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1023 GUGAGAUGCU GAUGANGAAA GGUCGCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1024 UGUGAGAUCU GAUGANGAAA AGGUCGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1025 CCGUGUGACU GAUGANGAAA UGAAGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1026 UCCCGUGUCU GAUGANGAAA GAUGAAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1027 GGCGUGACCU GAUGANGAAA GCAGUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1028 CUUGGCGUCU GAUGANGAAA CGAGCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1029 AGUCGCCACU GAUGANGAAA GUCCUUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1030 AAGUCGCCCU GAUGANGAAA AGUCCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1031 CAAGCUUUCU GAUGANGAAA GUCGCCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1032 GCAAGCUUCU GAUGANGAAA AGUCGCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1033 AUUUGUGCCU GAUGANGAAA GCUUUAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1034 AUGCCGCACU GAUGANGAAA UUUGUGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1035 GAGGCGAUCU GAUGANGAAA UGCCGCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1036 UCUGAGGCCU GAUGANGAAA UGAUGCC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1037 UCUCAUCUCU GAUGANGAAA GGCGAUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1038 UCUUGGUGCU GAUGANGAAA CGCAGUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1039 UUCUCCACCU GAUGANGAAA UCUUGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1040 CGAUCUCACU GAUGANGAAA CAGCUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1041 UCGAUCUCCU GAUGANGAAA ACAGCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1042 UCAGGGUCCU GAUGANGAAA UCUCAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1043 GACCACGGCU GAUGANGAAA CCAUCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1044 GCCAGAGCCU GAUGANGAAA CCACGGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1045 GUCAGCCACU GAUGANGAAA GCGACCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1046 GGCAUUGACU GAUGANGAAA UCUUCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1047 CAGGCAUUCU GAUGANGAAA GAUCUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1048 GCCCGUCACU GAUGANGAAA CAUCAGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1049 UGCCCGUCCU GAUGANGAAA ACAUCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1050 AGUGCUCGCU GAUGANGAAA CAGCUUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1051 AAGUGCUCCU GAUGANGAAA ACAGCUU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1052 CCAUGGAGCU GAUGANGAAA GUGCUCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1053 ACCAUGGACU GAUGANGAAA AGUGCUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1054 CGACCAUGCU GAUGANGAAA GAAGUGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1055 CUCUGCGCCU GAUGANGAAA CCAUGGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1056 UAAACGCCCU GAUGANGAAA GCCUCUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1057 GCGGUGUACU GAUGANGAAA CGCCAAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1058 GGCGGUGUCU GAUGANGAAA ACGCCAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1059 UGGCGGUGCU GAUGANGAAA AACGCCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1060 UGUCGGCGCU GAUGANGAAA GUCCCUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1061 AACUCGAGCU GAUGANGAAA UGUCGGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1062 AGGAACUCCU GAUGANGAAA GGAUGUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1063 CGACGAGGCU GAUGANGAAA CUCGAGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1064 UCGACGAGCU GAUGANGAAA ACUCGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1065 CUGUCGACCU GAUGANGAAA GGAACUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1066 CACCUGUCCU GAUGANGAAA CGAGGAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1067 ACCCGACACU GAUGANGAAA CCAGUCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1068 CUUCACCCCU GAUGANGAAA CAGACCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1069 UGCAAAGGCU GAUGANGAAA GUCCUGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1070 AGGGUGCACU GAUGANGAAA GGUAGUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1071 AAGGGUGCCU GAUGANGAAA AGGUAGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1072 CUUGAAGCCU GAUGANGAAA GGGUGCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1073 GAUUCUUGCU GAUGANGAAA GCAAGGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1074 UGAUUCUUCU GAUGANGAAA AGCAAGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1075 AGCCUCCUCU GAUGANGAAA UUCUUGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1076 CCAGCUGACU GAUGANGAAA GGCAGCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1077 CCCAGCUGCU GAUGANGAAA AGGCAGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1078 ACCCAGCUCU GAUGANGAAA AAGGCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1079 CUACCGUACU GAUGANGAAA CCCAGCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1080 CCCUACCGCU GAUGANGAAA UACCCAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1081 GACGUCCCCU GAUGANGAAA CCGUAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1082 CACAGUUGCU GAUGANGAAA CGUCCCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1083 AGGUUUCCCU GAUGANGAAA UCUCACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1084 UCUAAGCACU GAUGANGAAA CCGCAGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1085 UCUUGUCUCU GAUGANGAAA GCAGACC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1086 GUCUUGUCCU GAUGANGAAA AGCAGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1087 GUAACGCACU GAUGANGAAA CACAGCA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1088 ACCUAUGUCU GAUGANGAAA CGCAGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1089 GACCUAUGCU GAUGANGAAA ACGCAGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1090 UGGAGACCCU GAUGANGAAA UGUAACG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1091 AACCUGGACU GAUGANGAAA CCUAUGU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1092 AAAACCUGCU GAUGANGAAA GACCUAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1093 UUGAUCAACU GAUGANGAAA CCUGGAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1094 UUUGAUCACU GAUGANGAAA ACCUGGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1095 AUUUGAUCCU GAUGANGAAA AACCUGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1096 GACCAUUUCU GAUGANGAAA UCAAAAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1097 CGACACGGCU GAUGANGAAA CCAUUUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1098 UAUAAGACCU GAUGANGAAA CACGGGA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1099 CUCUAUAACU GAUGANGAAA CGACACG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1100 CGCUCUAUCU GAUGANGAAA GACGACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1101 UCGCUCUACU GAUGANGAAA AGACGAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1102 UAUCGCUCCU GAUGANGAAA UAAGACG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1103 CGUUCUCCCU GAUGANGAAA UCGCUCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1104 CACAGACCCU GAUGANGAAA CACGUUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1105 ACACCACACU GAUGANGAAA CCAACAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1106 AACAAAGCCU GAUGANGAAA CACCACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1107 UAAAAACACU GAUGANGAAA GCUACAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1108 AUAAAAACCU GAUGANGAAA AGCUACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1109 AAAAUAAACU GAUGANGAAA CAAAGCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1110 CAAAAUAACU GAUGANGAAA ACAAAGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1111 ACAAAAUACU GAUGANGAAA AACAAAG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1112 UACAAAAUCU GAUGANGAAA AAACAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1113 AUACAAAACU GAUGANGAAA AAAACAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1114 AAAUACAACU GAUGANGAAA UAAAAAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1115 AAAAUACACU GAUGANGAAA AUAAAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1116 AAAAAUACCU GAUGANGAAA AAUAAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1117 CAGAAAAACU GAUGANGAAA CAAAAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1118 AGCAGAAACU GAUGANGAAA UACAAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1119 AAGCAGAACU GAUGANGAAA AUACAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1120 AAAGCAGACU GAUGANGAAA AAUACAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1121 CAAAGCAGCU GAUGANGAAA AAAUACA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1122 UCAAAGCACU GAUGANGAAA AAAAUAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1123 GUACAUCACU GAUGANGAAA GCAGAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1124 UGUACAUCCU GAUGANGAAA AGCAGAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1125 ACAGGUUGCU GAUGANGAAA CAUCAAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1126 AGACAAAGCU GAUGANGAAA CGGCAUG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1127 GACAGACACU GAUGANGAAA GUACGGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1128 CGACAGACCU GAUGANGAAA AGUACGG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1129 CAGCGACACU GAUGANGAAA CAAAGUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1130 CCGCCAGCCU GAUGANGAAA CAGACAA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1131 CAUACCGACU GAUGANGAAA CACACCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1132 ACAUACCGCU GAUGANGAAA ACACACC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1133 AACAUACCCU GAUGANGAAA AACACAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1134 AAAUAACACU GAUGANGAAA CCGAAAC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1135 ACUCAAAUCU GAUGANGAAA CAUACCG 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1136 AACUCAAACU GAUGANGAAA ACAUACC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1137 GCAACUCACU GAUGANGAAA UAACAUA 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1138 AGCAACUCCU GAUGANGAAA AUAACAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1139 AUCUGAGCCU GAUGANGAAA CUCAAAU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1140 ACAGAUCUCU GAUGANGAAA GCAACUC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1141 UUUUAACACU GAUGANGAAA UCUGAGC 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1142 UUUUUUUUCU GAUGANGAAA CAGAUCU 27 27 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1143 UUUUUUUUCU GAUGANGAAA ACAGAUC 27 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1144 GAACAAGCAG AAGAGGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1145 GCCCUCUGCC GCUUGUUC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1146 AACGAACAAG AAGCAGAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1147 CUCUGCCGCU UGUUCGUU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1148 GGAAGCGCAG AAGCCGCCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1149 GGCGGCGGCC GCGCUUCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1150 GGAAGGGGAG AAGGAAGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1151 GCUUCCGGCU CCCCUUCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1152 GUCGUUGAAG AAGAGCGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1153 GCGCUCCGCC UCAACGAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1154 CGGGGAGAAG AAGAGCGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1155 GCGCUCUGCC UCUCCCCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1156 CGGCGAGCAG AAGGGAGAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1157 UCUCCCCGCC GCUCGCCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1158 GGGCGGCGAG AAGCGGGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1159 CCCCGCCGCU CGCCGCCC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1160 CGGCGGCGAG AAGCGAGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1161 GCUCGCCGCC CGCCGCCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1162 GCGGCGGCAG AAGGCGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1163 GCCGCCCGCC GCCGCCGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1164 GCGGCGGCAG AAGCGGGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1165 GCCCGCCGCC GCCGCCGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1166 GCUGCGGCAG AAGCGGCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1167 CGCCGCCGCC GCCGCAGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1168 GCUGCUGCAG AAGCGGCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1169 CGCCGCCGCC GCAGCAGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1170 AUGGAGGCAG AAGCGACGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1171 CGUCGCCGUC GCCUCCAU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1172 GUGGAGACAG AAGACGUCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1173 GACGUCCGCC GUCUCCAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1174 UUGGUGGAAG AAGCGGACAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1175 GUCCGCCGUC UCCACCAA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1176 CACUUCUCAG AAGGCUUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1177 CAAGCCAGUC GAGAAGUG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1178 GAUGCUGGAG AAGGGAGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1179 CCUCCCGGAC CCAGCAUC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1180 AAAUAAUCAG AAGGGAUUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1181 AAUCCCUGAU GAUUAUUU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1182 UAAGCAUAAG AAGGUAUGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1183 CAUACCAGAC UAUGCUUA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1184 ACAGCCCAAG AAGUGGGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1185 CCCCACUGCC UGGGCUGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1186 CUCGUCCAAG AAGCCCAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1187 CUGGGCUGUU UGGACGAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1188 UUCUCCUCAG AAGUCCAUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1189 AUGGACUGCU GAGGAGAA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1190 ACUUGUUGAG AAGAUCACAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1191 GUGAUCUGCU CAACAAGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1192 UCUUCUCAAG AAGCCUCAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1193 UGAGGCAGAU UGAGAAGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1194 GCGUGACGAG AAGUGUUCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1195 GAACACUGCU CGUCACGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1196 CGCUUCUCAG AAGAGGCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1197 CGCCUCAGAU GAGAAGCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1198 CGAUCUCAAG AAGCUUCUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1199 AGAAGCUGUU UGAGAUCG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1200 ACGGUACCAG AAGGGUCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1201 CGACCCUGAU GGUACCGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1202 AUCAGGUGAG AAGGCAUUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1203 AAUGCCUGCC CACCUGAU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1204 CGUCAAACAG AAGGUGGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1205 CCCACCUGAU GUUUGACG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1206 AGUGCUCGAG AAGCUUGUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1207 ACAAGCUGUU CGAGCACU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1208 ACAGACCAAG AAGGCUCGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1209 CGAGCCUGAC UGGUCUGU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1210 CUUCACCCAG AAGACCAGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1211 CUGGUCUGUC GGGUGAAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1212 AGCUGAAAAG AAGCGUGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1213 GCACGCUGCC UUUCAGCU 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1214 GUAUACCCAG AAGAAAGGAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1215 CCUUUCAGCU GGGUAUAC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1216 CAGACCGCAG AAGGUUUCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1217 GAAACCUGCU GCGGUCUG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1218 UCUAAGCAAG AAGCAGCAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1219 UGCUGCGGUC UGCUUAGA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1220 CUUGUCUAAG AAGACCGCAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1221 GCGGUCUGCU UAGACAAG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1222 GCAGACACAG AAGGUCUUAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1223 AAGACCUGCU GUGUCUGC 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1224 UACAUCAAAG AAGAAAAAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1225 UUUUUCUGCU UUGAUGUA 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1226 CCGCCAGCAG AAGACAAAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1227 UUUGUCUGUC GCUGGCGG 18 54 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1228 UUUAACAGAG AAGAGCAAAC CAGAGAAACA CACGUUGUGG UACAUUACCU GGUA 54 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1229 UUGCUCAGAU CUGUUAAA 18 11 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. The letter “H” stands for A, U or C. 1230 NNNNUHNNNN N 11 28 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1231 NNNNNCUGAN GAGNNNNNNC GAAANNNN 28 15 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. The leter “Y” stands for U or C. The letter “H” stands for A, U or C. 1232 NNNNNNNYNG HYNNN 15 47 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1233 NNNNGAAGNN NNNNNNNNNA AAHANNNNNN NACAUUACNN NNNNNNN 47 49 base pairs nucleic acid single linear The letter “N” stands for any base. 1234 CUCCACCUCC UCGCGGUNNN NNNNGGGCUA CUUCGGUAGG CUAAGGGAG 49 176 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1235 GGGAAAGCUU GCGAAGGGCG UCGUCGCCCC GAGCGGUAGU AAGCAGGGAA CUCACCUCC60 AUUUCAGUAC UGAAAUUGUC GUAGCAGUUG ACUACUGUUA UGUGAUUGGU AGAGGCUA120 UGACGGUAUU GGCGUAAGUC AGUAUUGCAG CACAGCACAA GCCCGCUUGC GAGAAU 176 91 base pairs nucleic acid double linear 1236 AAGCTTGCAT GCCTGCAGGC CGGCCTTAAT TAAGCGGCCG CGTTTAAACG CCCGGGCAT60 TAAATGGCGC GCCGCGATCG CTTGCAGATC T 91 10 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1237 GGCGAAAGCC 10 109 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1238 CGCGGATCCT GGTAGGACTG ATGAGGCCGA AAGGCCGAAA TGTTGTGCTG ATGAGGCCG60 AAGGCCGAAA TGCAGAAAGC GGTCTTTGCG TCCCTGTAGA TGCCGTGGC 109 106 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1239 CGCGAGCTCG GCCCTCTCTT TCGGCCTTTC GGCCTCATCA GGTGCTACCT CAAGAGCAA60 TACCAGTTTC GGCCTTTCGG CCTCATCAGC CACGGCATCT ACAGGG 106 47 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1240 GATCCGATGC CGTGGCTGAT GAGGCCGAAA GGCCGAAACT GGTAGTT 47 43 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1241 AACTACCAGT TTCGGCCTTT CGGCCTCATC AGCCACGGCA TCG 43 88 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1242 CTGCAGGCCG GCCTTAATTA AGCGGCCGCG TTTAAACGCC CGGGCATTTA AATGGCGCG60 CGCGATCGCT TGCAGATCTG CATGGGTG 88 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1243 GGGGACTCTA GAGGATCCAG 20 10 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1244 GACGGATCTG 10 24 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1245 TGAGATCTGA GCTCGAATTT CCCC 24 19 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1246 CTGCAGATCT GCATGGGTG 19 13 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1247 GGGGACTCTA GAG 13 16 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1248 GACGGATCCG TCGACC 16 10 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1249 GAATTTCCCC 10 25 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1250 GATCCGCCCG GGGCCCGGGC GGTAC 25 17 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1251 CGCCCGGGCC CCGGGCG 17 30 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1252 GTGCCCACAA TGGCGCTCCG CCTCAACGAC 30 57 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1253 TCATCACAGG TCCTCCTCGC TGATCAGCTT CTCCTCCAGT TGGACCTGCC TACCGTA 57 57 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1254 TACGGTAGGG ACGTCCAACT GGAGGAGAAG CTGATCAGCG AGGAGGACCT GTGATGA 57 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1255 CGCAAGACCG GCAACAGG 18 22 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1256 TGGATTGATG TGATATCTCC AC 22 18 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1257 CGCAAGACCG GCAACAGG 18 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1258 CAGATCAAGT GCAAAGCTGC GGACGGATCT G 31 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1259 ATCCGATGCC GTGGCTGATG 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1260 GATGAGATCC GGTGGCATTG 20 20 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1261 ATCCCCTTGG TGGACTGATG 20 31 base pairs nucleic acid single linear 1262 CAGATCAAGT GCAAAGCTGC GGACGGATCT G 31 6 amino acids amino acid single linear peptide 1263 Ala Val Ala Ser Met Thr 1 5

Claims (95)

1. An enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity, wherein said nucleic acid molecule modulates the expression of a plant gene.

2. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said plant is a monocotyledon.

3. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said plant is a dicotyledon.

4. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said plant is a gymnosperm.

5. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said plant is an angiosperm.

6. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hammerhead configuration.

7. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hairpin configuration.

8. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hepatitis Δ virus, group I intron, group II intron, VS nucleic acid or RNaseP nucleic acid configuration.

9. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 1-8, wherein said nucleic acid comprises between 12 and 100 bases complementary to RNA of said gene.

10. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 1-8, wherein said nucleic acid comprises between 14 and 24 bases complementary to RNA of said gene.

11. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 6, wherein said hammerhead comprises a stem II region of length greater than on equal to two base-pairs.

12. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said hairpin comprises a stem II region of length between three and seven base-pairs.

13. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein said hairpin comprises a stem IV region of length greater than or equal to two base-pairs.

14. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 2, wherein said monocotyledon plant is selected from a group consisting of maize, rice, wheat, and barley.

15. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 3, wherein said dicotyledon plant is selected from a group consisting of canola, sunflower, safflower, soybean, cotton, peanut, olive, sesame, cuphea, flax, jojoba, and grape.

16. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in said plant.

17. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 16, wherein said gene is Δ-9 desaturase.

18. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 16 or 17, wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of maize, canola, flax, sunflower, cotton, peanuts, safflower, soybean and rice.

19. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in starch biosynthesis in said plant.

20. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 19, wherein said gene is granule bound starch synthase.

21. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 19 or 20, wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of maize, potato, wheat, and cassava.

22. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in caffeine synthesis.

23. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein said gene is selected from a group consisting of 7-methylguanosine and 3-methyl transferase.

24. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 22 or 23, wherein said plant is a coffee plant.

25. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in nicotine production in said plant.

26. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 25, wherein said gene is selected from a group consisting of N-methylputrescine oxidase and putrescine N-methyl transferase.

27. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 25 or 26, wherein said plant is a tobacco plant.

28. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in fruit ripening process in said plant.

29. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 28, wherein said gene is selected from a group consisting of ethylene-forming enzyme, pectin methyltransferase, pectin esterase, polygalacturonase, 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, and ACC oxidase.

30. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 28 or 29, wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of apple, tomato, pear, plum and peach.

31. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in flower pigmentation in said plant.

32. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 31, wherein said gene is selected from a group consisting of chalcone synthase, chalcone flavanone isomerase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, dehydroflavonol hydroxylases, and dehydroflavonol reductase.

33. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 31 or 32, wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of rose, petunia, chrysanthemum, and marigold.

34. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said gene is involved in lignin production in said plant.

35. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 34, wherein said gene is selected from a group consisting of O-methyltransferase, cinnamoyl-CoA:NADPH reductase and cinnamoyl alcohol dehydrogenase.

36. The enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 34 or 35, wherein said plant is selected from a group consisting of tobacco, aspen, poplar, and pine.

37. A nucleic acid fragment comprising a cDNA sequence coding for maize Δ-9 desaturase, wherein said sequence is represented by the sequence I.D. No. 1.

38. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein said nucleic acid specifically cleaves any of sequences defined in Table VI, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hammerhead configuration.

39. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 17, wherein said nucleic acid specifically cleaves any of sequences defined in Table VIII, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hairpin configuration.

40. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 38 or 39, consisting essentially of one or more sequences selected from the group shown in Tables VII and VIII.

41. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 20, wherein said nucleic acid specifically cleaves any of sequences defined in Table IIIA, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hammerhead configuration.

42. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 20, wherein said nucleic acid specifically cleaves any of sequences defined in Tables VA and VB, wherein said nucleic acid is in a hairpin configuration.

43. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 41 or 42, consisting essentially of one or more sequences selected from the group shown in Tables IIIB, IV, VA and VB.

44. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 41, consisting essentially of sequences defined as any of SEQ. I.D. NOS. 2-24.

45. A plant cell comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 1-8, 11-17, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 41-42 or 44.

46. A transgenic plant and the progeny thereof, comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 1-8, 11-17, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 41-42 or 44.

47. An expression vector comprising nucleic acid encoding the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 1-8, 11-17, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 41-42 or 44, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of that enzymatic nucleic acid molecule within a plant cell.

48. An expression vector comprising nucleic acid encoding a plurality of enzymatic nucleic acid molecules of any of claims 1-8, 11-17, 19-20, 22-23, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, 34-35, 37-39, 41-42 or 44, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of said enzymatic nucleic acid molecules within a plant cell.

49. A plant cell comprising the expression vector of claim 47.

50. A plant cell comprising the expression vector of claim 48.

51. A transgenic plant and the progeny thereof, comprising the expression vector of claim 47.

52. A transgenic plant and the progeny thereof, comprising the expression vector of claim 48.

53. A plant cell comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 16 or 17.

54. The plant cell of claim 53, wherein said cell is a maize cell.

55. The plant cell of claim 53, wherein said cell is a canola cell.

56. A transgenic plant and the progeny thereof, comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 16 or 17.

57. The transgenic plant and the progeny thereof of claim 56, wherein said plant is a maize plant.

58. The transgenic plant and the progeny thereof of claim 56, wherein said plant is a canola plant.

59. A plant cell comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 19 or 20.

60. The plant cell of claim 59, wherein said cell is a maize cell.

61. A transgenic plant and the progeny thereof, comprising the enzymatic nucleic acid of any of claims 19 or 20.

62. The transgenic plant and progeny thereof of claim 61, wherein said plant is a maize plant.

63. A method for modulating expression of an gene in a plant by administering to said plant the enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of any of claims 1-8.

64. The method of claim 63, wherein said plant is a monocot plant.

65. The method of claim 63, wherein said plant is a dicot plant.

66. The method of claim 63, wherein said plant is a gymnosperm.

67. The method of claim 63, wherein said plant is an angiosperm.

68. The method of claim 63, wherein said gene is Δ-9 desaturase.

69. The method of claim 68, wherein said plant is a maize plant.

70. The method of claim 68, wherein said plant is a canola plant.

71. The method of claim 63, wherein said gene is granule bound starch synthase.

72. The method of claim 71, wherein said plant is a maize plant.

73. The expression vector of claim 47, wherein said vector comprises:

a) a transcription initiation region,

b) a transcription termination region;

c) a gene encoding at least one said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule; and,

wherein said gene is operably linked to said initiation region and said termination region, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of said enzymatic molecule within said plant cell.

74. The expression vector of claim 47, wherein said vector comprises:

a) a transcription initiation region;

b) a transcription termination region;

c) an open reading frame;

d) a gene encoding at least one said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule, wherein said gene is operably linked to the 3′-end of said open reading frame; and,

wherein said gene is operably linked to said initiation region, said open reading frame and said termination region, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of said enzymatic molecule within said plant cell.

75. The expression vector of claim 47, wherein said vector comprises:

a) a transcription initiation region;

b) a transcription termination region;

c) an intron;

d) a gene encoding at least one said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule; and,

wherein said gene is operably linked to said initiation region, said intron and said termination region, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of said enzymatic molecule within said plant cell.

76. The expression vector of claim 47, wherein said vector comprises:

a) a transcription initiation region;

b) a transcription termination region;

c) an intron;

d) an open reading frame;

e) a gene encoding at least one said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule, wherein said gene is operably linked to the 3′-end of said open reading frame; and, wherein said gene is operably linked to said initiation region, said intron, said open reading frame and said termination region, in a manner which allows expression and/or delivery of said enzymatic molecule within said plant cell.

77. The enzymatic nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of maize, rice, soybeans, canola, alfalfa, cotton, wheat, barley, sunflower, flax and peanuts.

78. A transgenic plant comprising nucleic acids encoding for an enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity, wherein said nucleic acid molecule modulates the expression of a gene in said plant.

79. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein said Plant is selected from the group consisting of maize, rice, soybeans, canola, alfalfa, cotton, wheat, barley, sunflower, flax and peanuts.

80. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein said gene is granule bound starch synthase (GBSS).

81. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein said gene is delta 9 desaturase.

82. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein the plant is transformed with Agrobacteriurn, bombarding with DNA coated microprojectiles, whiskers, or electroporation.

83. The transgenic plant of claim 82, wherein said bombarding with DNA coated microprojectiles is done with the gene gun.

84. The transgenic plant of any of claims 78 or 82, wherein said plant contains a selectable marker selected from the group consisting of chlorosulfuron, hygromycin, bar gene, bromoxynil, and kanamycin and the like.

85. The transgenic plant of any of claims 78 or 82, wherein said nucleic acid is operably linked to a promoter selected from the group consisting of octopine synthetase, the nopaline synthase, the manopine synthetase, cauliflower mosaic virus (35S); ribulose-1, 6-biphosphate (RUBP) carboxylase small subunit (ssu), the beta-conglycinin, the phaseolin promoter, napin, gamma zein, globulin, the ADH promoter, heat-shock, actin, and ubiquitin.

86. The transgenic plant of claim 78, said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule is in a hammerhead, hairpin, hepatitis Δ virus, group I intron, group II intron, VS nucleic acid or RNaseP nucleic acid configuration

87. The transgenic plant of claim 86, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid with RNA cleaving activity encoded as a monomer.

88. The transgenic plant of claim 86, wherein said enzymatic nucleic acid with RNA cleaving activity encoded as a multimer.

89. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein the nucleic acids encoding for said enzymatic nucleic acid molecule with RNA cleaving activity is operably linked to the 3′ end of an open reading frame.

90. The transgenic plant of claim 78, wherein said gene is an endogenous gene.

91. A transgenic maize plant comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription:

a promoter functional in said plant;

a double strand DNA (dsDNA) sequence encoding for a delta 9 gene of SEQ ID. No. 1, wherein transcribed strand of said dsDNA is complementary to RNA endogenous to said plant; and

a termination region functional in said plant.

92. A transgenic maize plant comprising in the 5′ to 3′ direction of transcription,

a promoter functional in said plant;

a double strand DNA (dsDNA) sequence encoding for a granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) gene of SEQ ID NO. 25, wherein transcribed strand of said dsDNA is complementary to RNA endogenous to said plant; and

a termination region functional in said plant.

93. The enzymatic nucleic acid molecule of claim 1, wherein said gene is an endogenous gene.

94. The method of modulating expression of a gene of claim 63, wherein siad gene is an endogenous gene.

95. The vector of FIG. 42, wherein said vector is employed for transformation of a plant cell.

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