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US20010019800A1 - A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell usable at low temperature - Google Patents

A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell usable at low temperature Download PDF

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Publication number
US20010019800A1
US20010019800A1 US09/222,699 US22269998A US2001019800A1 US 20010019800 A1 US20010019800 A1 US 20010019800A1 US 22269998 A US22269998 A US 22269998A US 2001019800 A1 US2001019800 A1 US 2001019800A1
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cell according
carbonate
binder
proportion
lies
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US6399255B2 (en
Inventor
Sylvie Herreyre
Philippe Biensan
Francoise Perton
Sylvie Barusseau
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Saft Finance SARL
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Alcatel SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
    • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
    • H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell that is usable at low temperature.
  • a lithium electrochemical cell possesses an electrochemical stack including a positive electrode comprising electrochemically active material capable of inserting lithium into its structure (generally an oxide of a transition metal, usually lithiated), and a negative electrode that supplies the lithium ions.
  • the electrodes are placed on either side of a separator membrane that is generally made of polyolefin.
  • the electrochemical stack is impregnated in a non-aqueous electrolyte that is solid or liquid.
  • the electrolyte contains a lithium salt dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents.
  • low temperature ( ⁇ 20° C.) conductivity is increased when the solvent is made up of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, an acetic ester, and at least one compound selected from diethyl or dimethyl carbonate, and dimethoxyethane.
  • the volume fraction of the acetic ester is not more than 50%.
  • a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell including an anode of metallic lithium or of lithium alloy, and a cathode whose active material is an electrically-conductive organic polymer, is described in document FR-2 641 130.
  • the electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent, which salt is a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a non-cyclic carbonate. That cell retains sufficient discharge capacity at a temperature of less than 0° C.
  • Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,056,663 describes a rechargeable electrochemical cell having a metallic lithium anode and a metal oxide cathode, in which the electrolyte comprises a solvent that does not contain ether.
  • the solvent is a mixture of carbonates or a mixture of at least one carbonate and at least one ester.
  • the electrolyte comprises an aprotic organic solvent such as methyl formate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof.
  • the most recent rechargeable lithium electrochemical cells possess a negative electrode of the paste type having a conductive support that acts as a current collector on which there is placed a paste containing a binder and an electrochemically active material which is a material that is capable of inserting lithium into its structure.
  • the greater safety of such cells makes them suitable for a wider range of applications.
  • such cells For use in particular in an electric vehicle or in radiocommunications, such cells must be capable of operating at low temperature, and in particular at below ⁇ 20° C.
  • document EP-0 482 287 suggests using a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell possessing a compressed anode containing carbon, a cathode comprising a lithiated oxide, and an electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent comprising a cyclic ester and a linear ester.
  • a rechargeable electrochemical cell having a carbon anode as described in document JP-09 022 738 contains an electrolyte whose solvent comprises a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate, and up to 44% by volume ethyl acetate.
  • the binder of the electrodes is polyvinylidene fluoride, and the active material of the cathode is a lithium cobalt oxide. That cell has improved performance at low temperature.
  • the discharged capacity of a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell in accordance with document EP-0-531 617 can be increased.
  • the cell comprises a carbon anode and a lithiated oxide cathode.
  • the electrolyte solvent is a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate, and a compound of formula RCOOR1, where R is an ethyl radical and R1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
  • the respective volume fractions thereof are preferably 20% to 50%, 10% to 70%, and 10% to 70%.
  • Document EP-0 614 240 describes a rechargeable lithium electro-chemical cell having a carbon anode and a metal oxide cathode, with improved discharge at a high discharge rate, particularly at low temperature.
  • the cell contains an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and a mixture of aprotic solvents made up by volume of 10% to 20% ethylene carbonate, 5% to 40% propylene carbonate, and 50% to 85% dimethyl carbonate.
  • document EP-0 766 332 proposes an electrochemical cell comprising paste electrodes in which the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It has an anode comprising an electrochemically active material based on carbon, and a cobalt oxide cathode.
  • the solvent of the electrolyte is, by volume, made up of 50% to 60% of a mixture of cyclic carbonate and of cyclic ester, such as ⁇ -butyrolactone or ⁇ -valerolactone, 20% to 40% of a linear carbonate, and 10% to 25% of a linear ester.
  • the electrolyte solvent is a mixture of three components which are an aliphatic carboxylate, a cyclic carbonate, and a linear carbonate. The respective volume proportions thereof are preferably 10% to 80%, 20% to 50%, and not more than 70%.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell having a carbon anode in which performance during low temperature operation is better than that of known cells.
  • the present invention provides a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, at least one positive electrode, and at least one negative electrode of the paste type containing an electrochemically active material which is a carbon compound suitable for inserting lithium ions and a binder.
  • the invention is characterized in that said solvent contains at least one saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and in that said binder is a polymer having no fluorine.
  • linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid and “saturated aliphatic carboxylate” are used to mean a compound of formula RC—O—OR′ in which R is H or an alkyl group, and R′ is an alkyl group such as CH 3 (methyl), CH 3 —CH 2 (ethyl), etc. . . .
  • Said linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid is, for example, a formiate if R is H, an acetate if R is CH 3 , a propionate if R is CH 3 —CH 2 , a butyrate if R is CH 3 — (CH 2 ) 2 , a valeriate if R is CH 3 —(CH 2 ) 3 , etc. . . .
  • the volume proportion of said saturated cyclic carbonate lies in the range 5% to 60% of said solvent, and the volume proportion of said linear ester lies in the range 20% to 85% of said solvent, the proportion of said linear ester is preferably not less than 50% of said solvent.
  • Said saturated cyclic carbonate is selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • said saturated cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate.
  • said saturated cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate.
  • said saturated cyclic carbonate is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and of propylene carbonate.
  • Said linear ester is selected from an acetate, a butyrate, a propionate, and mixtures thereof.
  • acetate a butyrate
  • a propionate a butyrate
  • a propionate a propionate
  • mixtures thereof it is possible to select an ethyl acetate, a methyl acetate, a propyl acetate, an ethyl butyrate, a methyl butyrate, a propyle butyrate, an ethyl propionate, a methyl propionate, a propyl propionate.
  • said linear ester is ethyl acetate.
  • said linear ester is methyl butyrate.
  • said solvent further comprises a saturated linear carbonate.
  • Said saturated linear carbonate is selected from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • Said saturated linear carbonate is preferably dimethyl carbonate.
  • the volume proportion of said linear carbonate is not more than 40% of said solvent.
  • the volume proportion of said linear carbonate preferably lies in the range 5% to 40% of said solvent.
  • said solvent further comprises an unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
  • Said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is selected from vinylene carbonate and derivatives thereof, in particular propylidene carbonate, ethylidene ethylene carbonate, isopropylidene ethylene carbonate.
  • Said unsaturated linear carbonate is preferably vinylene carbonate.
  • the term “derivatives of vinylene carbonate” is used to cover compounds possessing at least one unsaturated bond connected to a carbon atom of the cycle, for example propylidene carbonate, ethylidene ethylene carbonate (or 4-ethylidene 1-3 dioxolane 2 one), or isopropylidene ethylene carbonate (or 4-isopropylidene 1-3 dioxolane 2 one).
  • the volume proportion of said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is no more than 60% of said solvent.
  • the volume proportion of said unsaturated cyclic carbonate preferably lies in the range 0.5% to 10% of said solvent.
  • said binder contains an elastomer.
  • said elastomer is selected from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene.
  • the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
  • said binder contains a cellulose compound.
  • said cellulose compound is a carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000.
  • the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and of a cellulose compound.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and of carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight of greater than about 200,000.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene and carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000.
  • the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
  • the proportion by weight of said elastomer preferably lies in the range 50% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound preferably lies in the range 30% to 50% of said binder.
  • said binder contains an acrylic polymer.
  • Said polymer is preferably a homopolymer of acrylic acid.
  • the proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and of an acrylic polymer.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and a homopolymer of acrylic acid.
  • said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene, and of a homopolymer of acrylic acid.
  • the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 40% to 80% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder.
  • the cell of the invention has a paste negative electrode comprising a conductive support and an active layer containing the active material and the binder.
  • the conductive support can be a two-dimensional support, such as a solid or perforated foil, an expanded metal, a grid, or a cloth, or it can be a three-dimensional support such as a felt or a foam having fibers that are metallic, metal-plated, or made of carbon.
  • the active material is a material suitable for inserting lithium ions at low potential (i.e. not exceeding 1.5 V).
  • the material is preferably selected from carbon in crystal form, such as graphite powder or fibers, graphitizable carbon compounds of low crystal content, such as coke, non-graphitizable carbon compounds of low crystal content, such as vitreous carbon and carbon black, and mixtures thereof.
  • the cell of the invention has a positive electrode whose active material is a material suitable for inserting lithium ions at high potential (i.e. not less than 2.5 V).
  • This material is preferably selected from a lithiated oxide of a transition metal, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, vanadium, and iron, a sulfide, a sulfate, and mixtures thereof.
  • the cell of the invention contains a liquid or solid electrolyte containing a lithium salt.
  • the lithium salt is preferably selected from lithium perchlorate LiClO 4 , lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsF 6 , lithium hexafluorophoshate LiPF 6 , lithium tetrafluoroborate LiBF 4 , lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate LiCF 3 SO 3 , lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 (LiTFSI), or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonemethide LiC(CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 (LiTFSM).
  • the present invention also provides the use of a cell of the invention at very low temperatures, i.e. temperatures less than or equal to ⁇ 20° C.
  • Non-aqueous electrolytes were prepared, constituted by lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF 6 at a concentration of 1 M dissolved in organic solvents that were mixtures of solvents selected from ethylene carbonate EC, propylene carbonate PC, dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, methyl and ethyl carbonate EMC, ethyl acetate EA, methyl acetate MA, methyl butyrate MB, ethyl propionate EP, and methyl propionate MP.
  • organic solvents selected from ethylene carbonate EC, propylene carbonate PC, dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, methyl and ethyl carbonate EMC, ethyl acetate EA, methyl acetate MA, methyl butyrate MB, ethyl propionate EP, and methyl propionate MP.
  • Viscosity is given in mm 2 /sec. TABLE 1 Viscosity Electrolyte ⁇ 40° C. ⁇ 20° C. ° C. +20° C. EC/PC/DMC solid 4.0 2.4 20/20/60 EC/PC/EMC 35 11 5.3 3.2 20/20/60 EC/DMC/EMC 16 6.8 3.4 2.1 25/15/60 EC/EA 17 6.0 3.6 2.5 50/50 EC/PC/EA 12 5.4 3.2 2.1 15/25/60 EC/PC/MA 7.4 3.7 2.3 1.6 15/25/60 EC/PC/MP 9.6 4.6 2.8 1.9 15/20/65 EC/DMC/MP 7.4 3.8 2.3 1.6 15/35/50
  • a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared in 4/5A format, having a nickel positive electrode, a carbon negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
  • the positive electrode was of the paste type on an aluminum foil.
  • the paste contained the electrochemically active material which was a substituted lithium nickel oxide LiNiMO 2 (where M is at least one doping element), a binder which was polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and a carbon-based conductive material.
  • the negative electrode was of the paste type on a copper foil.
  • the paste contained 85% by weight of electrochemically active material constituted by a mixture of graphitized carbon compounds and/or graphites, and 15% by weight of a binder which was polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
  • PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
  • a microporous polyolefin separator was placed between the electrodes to form an electrochemical stack.
  • the stack was spiral-wound and a spool was obtained which was inserted into a metal can.
  • the electrochemical stack was impregnated with one of the above-described electrolytes.
  • a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell analogous to the cell of Example 2 was prepared except that it had a carbon negative electrode of the type comprising paste on a copper foil.
  • the paste contained 96% by weight of electrochemically active material constituted by a mixture of graphitized carbon compounds and/or of graphites, and 4% by weight of a binder constituted by an equal-weight mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene (2% by weight of NBR) and of carboxymethyl cellulose (2% by weight of CMC) having a mean molecular weight of not less than 200,000.
  • a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared analogous to the cell in Example 3, with the exception that the binder of the negative electrode was an equal-weight mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene (2% by weight of SBR) and of carboxymethyl cellulose (2% by weight of CMC) having a mean molecular weight of not less than 200,000.
  • the binder of the negative electrode was an equal-weight mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene (2% by weight of SBR) and of carboxymethyl cellulose (2% by weight of CMC) having a mean molecular weight of not less than 200,000.
  • a first cycle was performed at a normal rate in order to determine the characteristics of the cells:
  • the initially discharged capacity C i was measured in milliAmpere-hours per gram of positive active material during the initial discharge at normal rates at25° C.
  • the binder of the negative electrode was PVDF
  • the cells whose electrolyte solvent contained EA presented losses of capacity in cycling at ambient temperature and in storage that were greater than those for cells in which the electrolyte contained no EA.
  • cells containing EA and having a negative electrode binder made up of elastomer+CMC in accordance with the invention presented initial capacity, and stability during cycling and storage that were considerably better than those of prior art cells in which the negative binder was PVDF.
  • a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared analogous to the cell of Example 2 except that the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode was a lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO 2 .

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Abstract

The present invention provides a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, at least one positive electrode, and at least one negative electrode of the paste type containing an electrochemically active material which is a carbon compound suitable for inserting lithium ions and a binder, the cell being characterized in that said solvent contains at least one saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and in that said binder is a polymer having no fluorine.

Description

  • The present invention relates to a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell that is usable at low temperature. [0001]
  • A lithium electrochemical cell possesses an electrochemical stack including a positive electrode comprising electrochemically active material capable of inserting lithium into its structure (generally an oxide of a transition metal, usually lithiated), and a negative electrode that supplies the lithium ions. The electrodes are placed on either side of a separator membrane that is generally made of polyolefin. The electrochemical stack is impregnated in a non-aqueous electrolyte that is solid or liquid. The electrolyte contains a lithium salt dissolved in a mixture of organic solvents. [0002]
  • The low temperature operation of such cells has frequently been investigated. Attention has been given mainly to the composition of the electrolyte. [0003]
  • According to document JP-08 195 221, low temperature (−20° C.) conductivity is increased when the solvent is made up of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, an acetic ester, and at least one compound selected from diethyl or dimethyl carbonate, and dimethoxyethane. The volume fraction of the acetic ester is not more than 50%. [0004]
  • A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell including an anode of metallic lithium or of lithium alloy, and a cathode whose active material is an electrically-conductive organic polymer, is described in document FR-2 641 130. The electrolyte is a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent, which salt is a combination of a cyclic carbonate and a non-cyclic carbonate. That cell retains sufficient discharge capacity at a temperature of less than 0° C. [0005]
  • Document U.S. Pat. No. 4,056,663 describes a rechargeable electrochemical cell having a metallic lithium anode and a metal oxide cathode, in which the electrolyte comprises a solvent that does not contain ether. The solvent is a mixture of carbonates or a mixture of at least one carbonate and at least one ester. [0006]
  • According to document U.S. Pat. No. 4,983,476, improved low temperature performance is obtained by replacing the metallic lithium of the anode with a transition metal sulfide. The electrolyte comprises an aprotic organic solvent such as methyl formate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and mixtures thereof. [0007]
  • The most recent rechargeable lithium electrochemical cells possess a negative electrode of the paste type having a conductive support that acts as a current collector on which there is placed a paste containing a binder and an electrochemically active material which is a material that is capable of inserting lithium into its structure. The greater safety of such cells makes them suitable for a wider range of applications. For use in particular in an electric vehicle or in radiocommunications, such cells must be capable of operating at low temperature, and in particular at below −20° C. [0008]
  • To this end, document EP-0 482 287 suggests using a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell possessing a compressed anode containing carbon, a cathode comprising a lithiated oxide, and an electrolyte including a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent comprising a cyclic ester and a linear ester. [0009]
  • A rechargeable electrochemical cell having a carbon anode as described in document JP-09 022 738 contains an electrolyte whose solvent comprises a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate, and up to 44% by volume ethyl acetate. The binder of the electrodes is polyvinylidene fluoride, and the active material of the cathode is a lithium cobalt oxide. That cell has improved performance at low temperature. The document mentions a drop in performance at low temperature when methyl propionate or ethyl propionate is used as the solvent. [0010]
  • The discharged capacity of a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell in accordance with document EP-0-531 617 can be increased. The cell comprises a carbon anode and a lithiated oxide cathode. The electrolyte solvent is a mixture of a cyclic carbonate, a linear carbonate, and a compound of formula RCOOR1, where R is an ethyl radical and R1 is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. The respective volume fractions thereof are preferably 20% to 50%, 10% to 70%, and 10% to 70%. [0011]
  • Document EP-0 614 240 describes a rechargeable lithium electro-chemical cell having a carbon anode and a metal oxide cathode, with improved discharge at a high discharge rate, particularly at low temperature. The cell contains an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt and a mixture of aprotic solvents made up by volume of 10% to 20% ethylene carbonate, 5% to 40% propylene carbonate, and 50% to 85% dimethyl carbonate. [0012]
  • To improve high-rate discharge at low temperature, document EP-0 766 332 proposes an electrochemical cell comprising paste electrodes in which the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). It has an anode comprising an electrochemically active material based on carbon, and a cobalt oxide cathode. The solvent of the electrolyte is, by volume, made up of 50% to 60% of a mixture of cyclic carbonate and of cyclic ester, such as γ-butyrolactone or γ-valerolactone, 20% to 40% of a linear carbonate, and 10% to 25% of a linear ester. [0013]
  • Self-discharge during storage at low temperature is decreased in a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell having a carbon anode, and a lithiated oxide cathode, in accordance with EP-0 548 449. The electrolyte solvent is a mixture of three components which are an aliphatic carboxylate, a cyclic carbonate, and a linear carbonate. The respective volume proportions thereof are preferably 10% to 80%, 20% to 50%, and not more than 70%. [0014]
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell having a carbon anode in which performance during low temperature operation is better than that of known cells. [0015]
  • The present invention provides a rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, at least one positive electrode, and at least one negative electrode of the paste type containing an electrochemically active material which is a carbon compound suitable for inserting lithium ions and a binder. The invention is characterized in that said solvent contains at least one saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and in that said binder is a polymer having no fluorine. [0016]
  • The terms “linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid” and “saturated aliphatic carboxylate” are used to mean a compound of formula RC—O—OR′ in which R is H or an alkyl group, and R′ is an alkyl group such as CH[0017] 3 (methyl), CH3—CH2 (ethyl), etc. . . . Said linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid is, for example, a formiate if R is H, an acetate if R is CH3, a propionate if R is CH3—CH2, a butyrate if R is CH3— (CH2)2, a valeriate if R is CH3—(CH2)3, etc. . . .
  • In the solvent, the volume proportion of said saturated cyclic carbonate lies in the range 5% to 60% of said solvent, and the volume proportion of said linear ester lies in the range 20% to 85% of said solvent, the proportion of said linear ester is preferably not less than 50% of said solvent. [0018]
  • Said saturated cyclic carbonate is selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof. [0019]
  • In a first variant, said saturated cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate. [0020]
  • In a second variant, said saturated cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate. [0021]
  • In a third variant, said saturated cyclic carbonate is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and of propylene carbonate. [0022]
  • Said linear ester is selected from an acetate, a butyrate, a propionate, and mixtures thereof. By way of example, it is possible to select an ethyl acetate, a methyl acetate, a propyl acetate, an ethyl butyrate, a methyl butyrate, a propyle butyrate, an ethyl propionate, a methyl propionate, a propyl propionate. [0023]
  • In a first variant, said linear ester is ethyl acetate. [0024]
  • In a second variant, said linear ester is methyl butyrate. [0025]
  • In another implementation of the invention, said solvent further comprises a saturated linear carbonate. [0026]
  • Said saturated linear carbonate is selected from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof. Said saturated linear carbonate is preferably dimethyl carbonate. [0027]
  • The volume proportion of said linear carbonate is not more than 40% of said solvent. When the solvent contains any, the volume proportion of said linear carbonate preferably lies in the range 5% to 40% of said solvent. [0028]
  • In another embodiment of the invention, said solvent further comprises an unsaturated cyclic carbonate. [0029]
  • Said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is selected from vinylene carbonate and derivatives thereof, in particular propylidene carbonate, ethylidene ethylene carbonate, isopropylidene ethylene carbonate. Said unsaturated linear carbonate is preferably vinylene carbonate. [0030]
  • The term “derivatives of vinylene carbonate” is used to cover compounds possessing at least one unsaturated bond connected to a carbon atom of the cycle, for example propylidene carbonate, ethylidene ethylene carbonate (or 4-ethylidene 1-3 dioxolane 2 one), or isopropylidene ethylene carbonate (or 4-isopropylidene 1-3 dioxolane 2 one). [0031]
  • The volume proportion of said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is no more than 60% of said solvent. When the solvent contains any, the volume proportion of said unsaturated cyclic carbonate preferably lies in the range 0.5% to 10% of said solvent. [0032]
  • In a first embodiment of the invention, said binder contains an elastomer. [0033]
  • Preferably, said elastomer is selected from a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene. [0034]
  • The proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder. [0035]
  • In a second embodiment of the invention, said binder contains a cellulose compound. [0036]
  • Preferably, said cellulose compound is a carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000. [0037]
  • The proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder. [0038]
  • In a third embodiment of the invention, said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and of a cellulose compound. [0039]
  • In a first variant, said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and of carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight of greater than about 200,000. [0040]
  • In a second variant, said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene and carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000. [0041]
  • In the binder, the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder. [0042]
  • The proportion by weight of said elastomer preferably lies in the range 50% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound preferably lies in the range 30% to 50% of said binder. [0043]
  • In a fourth embodiment of the invention, said binder contains an acrylic polymer. [0044]
  • Said polymer is preferably a homopolymer of acrylic acid. [0045]
  • The proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder. [0046]
  • In a fifth embodiment of the invention, said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and of an acrylic polymer. [0047]
  • In a first variant, said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene, and a homopolymer of acrylic acid. [0048]
  • In a second variant, said binder is made up of a mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene, and of a homopolymer of acrylic acid. [0049]
  • In the binder, the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 40% to 80% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder. [0050]
  • The cell of the invention has a paste negative electrode comprising a conductive support and an active layer containing the active material and the binder. [0051]
  • The conductive support can be a two-dimensional support, such as a solid or perforated foil, an expanded metal, a grid, or a cloth, or it can be a three-dimensional support such as a felt or a foam having fibers that are metallic, metal-plated, or made of carbon. [0052]
  • The active material is a material suitable for inserting lithium ions at low potential (i.e. not exceeding 1.5 V). The material is preferably selected from carbon in crystal form, such as graphite powder or fibers, graphitizable carbon compounds of low crystal content, such as coke, non-graphitizable carbon compounds of low crystal content, such as vitreous carbon and carbon black, and mixtures thereof. [0053]
  • The cell of the invention has a positive electrode whose active material is a material suitable for inserting lithium ions at high potential (i.e. not less than 2.5 V). This material is preferably selected from a lithiated oxide of a transition metal, such as nickel, cobalt, manganese, vanadium, and iron, a sulfide, a sulfate, and mixtures thereof. [0054]
  • The cell of the invention contains a liquid or solid electrolyte containing a lithium salt. The lithium salt is preferably selected from lithium perchlorate LiClO[0055] 4, lithium hexafluoroarsenate LiAsF6, lithium hexafluorophoshate LiPF6, lithium tetrafluoroborate LiBF4, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate LiCF3SO3, lithium trifluoromethanesulfonimide LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTFSI), or lithium trifluoromethanesulfonemethide LiC(CF3SO2)3 (LiTFSM).
  • The present invention also provides the use of a cell of the invention at very low temperatures, i.e. temperatures less than or equal to −20° C. [0056]
  • Other characteristics and advantages of the present invention appear from the following examples, naturally given as non-limiting illustrations. [0057]
    • EXAMPLE 1
  • Non-aqueous electrolytes were prepared, constituted by lithium hexafluorophosphate LiPF[0058] 6 at a concentration of 1 M dissolved in organic solvents that were mixtures of solvents selected from ethylene carbonate EC, propylene carbonate PC, dimethyl carbonate DMC, diethyl carbonate DEC, methyl and ethyl carbonate EMC, ethyl acetate EA, methyl acetate MA, methyl butyrate MB, ethyl propionate EP, and methyl propionate MP.
  • The viscosities of the electrolytes were measured as a function of temperature. [0059]
  • The results are given in Table 1 below. Viscosity is given in mm[0060] 2/sec.
    TABLE 1
    Viscosity
    Electrolyte −40° C. −20° C. ° C. +20° C.
    EC/PC/DMC solid 4.0 2.4
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/EMC 35 11 5.3 3.2
    20/20/60
    EC/DMC/EMC 16 6.8 3.4 2.1
    25/15/60
    EC/EA 17 6.0 3.6 2.5
    50/50
    EC/PC/EA 12 5.4 3.2 2.1
    15/25/60
    EC/PC/MA 7.4 3.7 2.3 1.6
    15/25/60
    EC/PC/MP 9.6 4.6 2.8 1.9
    15/20/65
    EC/DMC/MP 7.4 3.8 2.3 1.6
    15/35/50
  • At lower temperatures, the lowest viscosities were given by electrolytes containing a methyl acetate or propionate (the EC/PC/MA and EC/DMC/MP mixtures). As for the EC/PC/DMC mixture which does not contain a linear ester of a monocarboxylic acid, it was solid at that temperature. [0061]
  • Measurements of conductivity as a function of temperature were performed for the above-prepared electrolytes. The results are given in Table 2 below. Conductivity is expressed in mS/cm. [0062]
    TABLE 2
    Conductivity
    Electrolyte −40° C. −30° C. −20° C. −10° C. 0° C. +20° C.
    EC/PC/DMC solid solid 4.2 4.8 7.5 11
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/DEC solid 1.2 1.9 2.8 3.9 6.4
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/EMC 1 1.5 2.3 3.5 4.8 7.8
    20/20/60
    EC/DMC/EMC 1.4 2.0 3.2 4.0 5.3 7.6
    25/15/60
    EC/EA 1.1 3.2 5.3 7.1 9.1 13
    50/50
    EC/PC/EA 2.3 2.7 4.9 5.5 7.3 11.2
    20/20/60
    EC/DMC/EA 4 5.6 7.1 8.6 10.2 13.3
    15/25/60
    EC/PC/MA 3.2 5.3 7.4 9.6 12 16.6
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/MB 1.6 2.3 3.4 5.0 6.5 9.9
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/MB/VC 1.6 2.3 3.5 4.9 6.3 9.5
    19/19/57/5
    EC/PC/EP 2.0 2.5 3.6 4.8 6.5 9.6
    20/20/60
    EC/PC/MP 2.3 3.4 4.3 5.7 7.2 10.4
    20/20/60
    EC/DMC/MP 3.5 4.7 6.2 7.7 9.0 11.7
    15/32/20
  • Only the following mixtures EC/PC/EA, EC/DMC/EA, EC/PC/MA, EC/PC/EP, EC/PC/MP, and EC/DMC/MP still had conductivity greater than 2 milliSiemens/cm at a temperature of −40° C. [0063]
    • EXAMPLE 2
  • A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared in 4/5A format, having a nickel positive electrode, a carbon negative electrode, a separator, and a non-aqueous electrolyte. [0064]
  • The positive electrode was of the paste type on an aluminum foil. The paste contained the electrochemically active material which was a substituted lithium nickel oxide LiNiMO[0065] 2 (where M is at least one doping element), a binder which was polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and a carbon-based conductive material.
  • The negative electrode was of the paste type on a copper foil. The paste contained 85% by weight of electrochemically active material constituted by a mixture of graphitized carbon compounds and/or graphites, and 15% by weight of a binder which was polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). [0066]
  • A microporous polyolefin separator was placed between the electrodes to form an electrochemical stack. The stack was spiral-wound and a spool was obtained which was inserted into a metal can. The electrochemical stack was impregnated with one of the above-described electrolytes. [0067]
    • EXAMPLE 3
  • A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell analogous to the cell of Example 2 was prepared except that it had a carbon negative electrode of the type comprising paste on a copper foil. The paste contained 96% by weight of electrochemically active material constituted by a mixture of graphitized carbon compounds and/or of graphites, and 4% by weight of a binder constituted by an equal-weight mixture of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and of butadiene (2% by weight of NBR) and of carboxymethyl cellulose (2% by weight of CMC) having a mean molecular weight of not less than 200,000. [0068]
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared analogous to the cell in Example 3, with the exception that the binder of the negative electrode was an equal-weight mixture of a copolymer of styrene and of butadiene (2% by weight of SBR) and of carboxymethyl cellulose (2% by weight of CMC) having a mean molecular weight of not less than 200,000. [0069]
  • The cells of Examples 2 to 4 were evaluated electrochemically by means of the following tests. [0070]
  • Cycling test at ambient temperature (25° C.) and at high discharge rates: [0071]
  • A first cycle was performed at a normal rate in order to determine the characteristics of the cells: [0072]
  • initial charging at a rate of 0.5 I[0073] c (where Ic is the current required for discharging the nominal capacity Cn of said cell in one hour) for a period of 3 hours; and
  • an initial discharge at 0.2 I[0074] c down to a voltage of 2.7 volts.
  • The initially discharged capacity C[0075] i was measured in milliAmpere-hours per gram of positive active material during the initial discharge at normal rates at25° C.
  • Thereafter the following cycling was performed at a high discharge rate: [0076]
  • charging at a rate of 0.5 I[0077] c for 3 hours; and
  • discharging at I[0078] c down to 2.7 V.
  • The capacities discharged during the discharges of cycles 50 and 200 were measured. These measurements make it possible to determined the loss of capacity F[0079] 50 and F200 in % per cycle, respectively after 50 cycles and after 200 cycles.
  • Storage test: [0080]
  • An initial test was performed in order to measure the initially discharged capacity C[0081] i in mAh/g of the positive active material:
  • charging at 0.5 I[0082] c for 3 hours; and
  • discharging at 0.2 I[0083] c down to 2.7 V.
  • Then the following succession of operations was performed four times over prior to taking measurements: [0084]
  • charging at a rate of I[0085] c for 3 hours;
  • storing for 8 days at 40° 0C.; and [0086]
  • discharging at 0.2 I[0087] c down to 2.7 V.
  • The loss of capacity S expressed in % of C[0088] i was measured during the discharge following the fourth period of storage.
  • The results of the above tests are given in Table 3 below. [0089]
    TABLE 3
    Electrolyte Binder Ci F50 F200 S
    EC/PC/DMC PVDF 139 0.3 01.2 10.9
    20/20/60
    EO/EA PVDF 149 0.45 0.31 25
    50/50
    EC/PC/EA PVDF 150 1 0.36 30.8
    15/25/60
    EC/DMC/EA PVDF 137 15.4
    15/25/60
    EC/PC/DMC/VC NBR + 144 0.10 0.03 1
    19/19/57/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EA/VC NBR + 144 0.09 0.03 1
    14/24/57/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EA/VC SBR + 145 0.10
    14/24/57/5 CMC
  • When the binder of the negative electrode was PVDF, the cells whose electrolyte solvent contained EA presented losses of capacity in cycling at ambient temperature and in storage that were greater than those for cells in which the electrolyte contained no EA. [0090]
  • At ambient temperature, cells containing EA and having a negative electrode binder made up of elastomer+CMC in accordance with the invention presented initial capacity, and stability during cycling and storage that were considerably better than those of prior art cells in which the negative binder was PVDF. [0091]
  • Cycling test at low temperature: [0092]
  • This test was performed as follows: [0093]
  • charging at a rate of 0.5 I[0094] c for 3 hours; and
  • discharging at 0.2 I[0095] c, 0.5 Ic, Ic or 2 Ic down to a voltage of 2 volts.
  • The initially discharged capacity C[0096] i in mAh/g during the first discharge was measured. Thereafter the discharged capacities C−20° C. and C−30° C. were measured respectively at −20° C. and at −30° C., being expressed in % of Ci at ambient temperature, for the various discharge rates.
  • The results are given in Table 4 below. [0097]
    TABLE 4
    C−20°C. (% Ci) C−30°C. (% Ci)
    Electrolyte Binder Ci 0.21C 0.51C IC 21C 0.21C 0.51C IC 21C
    EC/PC/DMC/VC PVDF 140 64 18 0 20 0 0
    19/19/57/5
    EC/PC/EA PVDF 142 42 24 2 29 2 0
    15/25/60
    EC/DMC/EA PVDF 145 49 28 10 57 18 0
    15/25/60
    EC/PC/DMC/VC NBR/ 145 71 46 10 38 0 0
    19/19/57/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EA/VC NBR 144 75 77 62 57 71 47
    14/24/57/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EA/VC SBR 145 58 68
    14/24/57/5 CMC
  • When the binder of the negative electrode was PVDF, the cells whose electrolyte contained EA had a higher discharged capacity at low temperature, particularly at a high discharge rate, than did the cells which did not contain any EA. Under difficult conditions (−30° C., I[0098] c), the discharged capacity was 18% in the best of cases.
  • When the binder of the negative electrode was a mixture of elastomer+CMC, it can be seen that the results were of the same order of magnitude as before when the cell had an electrolyte which did not contain acetate. [0099]
  • Surprisingly, when an electrode containing a negative binder of elastomer+CMC is associated with an electrolyte containing ethyl acetate in a cell of the invention, very much better results are obtained. Under the most extreme conditions (−30° C., 2I[0100] c), nearly half the capacity of that cell was still usable.
    • EXAMPLE 4
  • A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell was prepared analogous to the cell of Example 2 except that the electrochemically active material of the positive electrode was a lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO[0101] 2.
  • The cell was evaluated electrochemically using the tests described above. [0102]
  • For the cycling test at ambient temperature (25° C.) at a high discharge rate, and for the storage test, the results are given in Table 5 below. [0103]
    TABLE 5
    Electrolyte Binder Ci F50 F200 S
    EC/DMC/DEC/VC NBR + 128 0.04 0.03 10
    38/38/19/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EA/VC NBR + 129 0.05 0.05 10
    14/24/57/5 CMC
    EC/PC/MB/VC NBR + 128 0.05 0.05  7
    19/19/57/5 CMC
  • It can be seen that the cycling performance at ambient temperature and the storage performance were of the same order for all of the cells tested. [0104]
  • The results of the low temperature cycling test are given in Table 6 below. [0105]
    TABLE 6
    C−20°C. C−30°C. C−30°C.
    Electrolyte Binder Ci 0.21C 0.21C IC 0.21C IC
    EC/DMC/DEC/VC NBR + 129 86 0 0 0 0
    38/38/19/5 CMC
    EC/DMC/EANC NBR + 129 100 94 99.7 76 0
    14/24/57/5 CMC
    EC/PC/MB/VC NBR + 128 100 94 99 77 0
    19/19/57/5 CMC
  • Cells with electrolytes containing EA or MB gave better results from −20° C., than cells whose electrolytes did not contain any; at −40° C. they still gave more than three-fourths of their initial ambient temperature capacity. [0106]

Claims (37)

1. A rechargeable lithium electrochemical cell comprising an electrolyte containing a lithium salt dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent, at least one positive electrode, and at least one negative electrode of the paste type containing an electrochemically active material which is a carbon compound suitable for inserting lithium ions and a binder, the cell being characterized in that said solvent contains at least one saturated cyclic carbonate and at least one linear ester of a saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acid, and in that said binder is a polymer having no fluorine.
2. A cell according to
claim 1
 or
2
, in which the volume proportion of said saturated cyclic carbonate lies in the range 5% to 60% of said solvent, and the volume proportion of said linear ester lies in the range 20% to 85% of said solvent.
3. A cell according to
claim 1
 or
2
, in which the volume proportion of said linear ester is not less than 50% of said solvent.
4. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said saturated cyclic carbonate is selected from propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
5. A cell according to
claim 4
, in which said saturated cyclic carbonate is ethylene carbonate.
6. A cell according to
claim 4
, in which said saturated cyclic carbonate is propylene carbonate.
7. A cell according to
claim 4
, in which said saturated cyclic carbonate is a mixture of ethylene carbonate and of propylene carbonate.
8. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said linear ester is selected from acetate, a butyrate, a propionate, and a mixture thereof.
9. A cell according to
claim 8
, in which said linear ester is ethyl acetate.
10. A cell according to
claim 8
, in which said linear ester is methyl butyrate.
11. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said solvent further comprises a saturated linear carbonate.
12. A cell according to
claim 11
, in which said saturated linear carbonate is selected from dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propyl methyl carbonate, and mixtures thereof.
13. A cell according to
claim 11
 or
12
, in which said saturated linear carbonate is dimethyl carbonate.
14. A cell according to any one of
claims 11
 to
13
, in which the volume proportion of said linear carbonate is no more than 40% of said solvent.
15. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said solvent further comprises an unsaturated cyclic carbonate.
16. A cell according to
claim 15
, in which said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is selected from vinylene carbonate, propylidene carbonate, ethylene ethylidene carbonate, ethylene isopropylidene carbonate.
17. A cell according to
claim 15
 or
16
, in which said unsaturated linear carbonate is vinylene carbonate.
18. A cell according to any one of
claims 15
 to
17
, in which the volume proportion of said unsaturated cyclic carbonate is no more than 60% of said solvent.
19. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said binder contains an elastomer.
20. A cell according to
claim 19
, in which said elastomer is selected from acrylonitrile and butadiene copolymer and styrene and butadiene copolymer.
21. A cell according to
claim 19
 or
20
, in which the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
22. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said binder contains a cellulose compound.
23. A cell according to
claim 22
, in which said cellulose compound is a carboxymethyl cellulose of mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000.
24. A cell according to
claim 22
 or
23
, in which the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
25. A cell according to any preceding claim, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and a cellulose compound.
26. A cell according to
claim 25
, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of an acrylonitrile and butadiene copolymer and carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000.
27. A cell according to
claim 25
, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of styrene and butadiene copolymer and carboxymethyl cellulose having a mean molecular weight greater than about 200,000.
28. A cell according to any one of
claims 25
 to
27
, in which the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 70% of said binder.
29. A cell according to
claim 28
, in which the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 50% to 70% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said cellulose compound lies in the range 30% to 50% of said binder.
30. A cell according to any one of
claims 1
 to
21
, in which said binder contains an acrylic polymer.
31. A cell according to
claim 30
, in which said polymer is an acrylic acid homopolymer.
32. A cell according to
claim 29
 or
30
, in which the proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder.
33. A cell according to any one of
claims 1
 to
21
, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of an elastomer and of an acrylic polymer.
34. A cell according to
claim 33
, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of an acrylonitrile and butadiene copolymer and an acrylic acid homopolymer.
35. A cell according to
claim 33
, in which said binder is made up of a mixture of styrene and butadiene copolymer and an acrylic acid homopolymer.
36. A cell according to any one of
claims 33
 to
35
, in which the proportion by weight of said elastomer lies in the range 40% to 80% of said binder and the proportion by weight of said acrylic polymer lies in the range 20% to 60% of said binder.
37. The use of a cell according to any preceding claim, at temperatures less than or equal to −20° C.
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