US2060356A - Production of unsaturated hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Description

Patented Nov. 10, 1936 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE PRODUCTION -OF UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS No Drawing. Application March 1, 1933, Serial No. 659,174. In Germany March 8, 1932 1 Claim.

1 The present invention relates to improvements in the production of unsaturated hydrocarbons,

in particular by heat-treatment of saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of steam.

5 The conversion of saturated gaseous or vaporous hydrocarbons (hereinafter referred to as saturated vaporized hydrocarbons) into unsaturated hydrocarbons in the presence of steam, which is carried out at temperatures between 600 and 900 C. is an endothermic reaction. For this conversion usually from 0.5 to 2 volumes, preferably about 1 volume, of steam are allowed to react with one volume of hydrocarbons. In order to carry the reaction out continuously on a technical scale it is necessary to employ reaction vessels, as for example tubes, which are heated externally, as for example by combustion gases. In order to obtain the greatest possible efiiciency and in order to utilize the heat content 20 of the reacted gases to the greatest possible extent for the preheating of fresh gases it is very important to have a wall material which has a good heat conductivity, which is readily worked and which is not fragile. Furthermore, this wall 25 material should not cause undesirable side reactions, as for example the formation of carbon black.

We have now found that in carrying out the said reaction practically, readily accessible and 30 readily worked wall materials answer the purpose by carrying out the reaction in externally heated apparatus constructed of iron containing less than 2 per cent of nickel (by which term for the purpose of the present invention also steels con- 35 taining less than 2 per cent of nickel are meant) of which the heated sides are whollyor partly provided with a coating of very heat-resisting steels, i. e. steels which are stable to oxidizing heating gases having a temperature of up to 900 40 or 1000 (3., especially chromium nickel steels.

For example ordinary iron tubes, contrary to expectation, are only slightly attacked at temperatures of about 750 C. by the mixtures of the vaporized hydrocarbons and steam. The

45 commercial chromium steels or steels containing aluminium, in so far as they contain less than 2 per cent of nickel behave even more satisfactorily. Since-iron and also the said steels are not sufficlently stable to oxidizing heating gases at high 50 temperatures, they are provided according to the present invention on their heated sides, in so far as is necessary, with a coating of steels stable at high temperatures, as for example chromium nickel steels with a high .content of nickel (as 56 for example the steel known as "NOT 3" and containing 20 per cent of nickel). The employment of such steelsas the inner wall material for the reaction vessels is objectionable, however, because steels containing large amounts of nickel readily give rise to the deposition of carbon black 5 and occasionally promote catalytically other undesirable side reactions such as the formation of carbon monoxide and hydrogen from hydrocarbons. The coating of steels stable at high temperatures may be produced for example by inserting in a tube of Nicrotherm steel a tube of iron or chromium steel (containing less than 2 per cent of nickel) care being taken by pressing or rolling that the junction is as tight as pos sible. A tube of chromium steel may also be provided externally with a coating of nickel, a diffusion of the nickel into the outer layers of the tube being brought about by heating to high temperatures so that a. high percentage nickel steel is formed at the outside. Other known methods may also be employed.

' The apparatus for the preheating of the mix-. ture of gas and steam (preferably with the aid of the heat content of the reacted gas) may be constructed for example of iron or chromium steel containing little or no nickel and without any protective coating.

According to the present invention, olefines may be producedcontinuously from paraflinic hydrocarbons, as for example from waste hydrogenation gases and cracking gases. The employment of steam causes no appreciable additional expenditure because the heat necessary for the heating of the steam may be recovered toa great extent by heat-exchange and the heatexchanger may consist of relatively cheap material. When large amounts of hydrogen sulphide are present in the gases to be converted, it is preferable to remove them before the reaction. The stability of the apparatus is thus increased and furthermore no undesirable by-products con taining sulphur are formed.

The following example will further illustrate the nature of this invention but the invention is not restricted to this example.

Example 40 liters of gas containing about 95 per cent of saturated hydrocarbons (30 per cent of CzHs.

. 60 per cent of Cam and 5 per cent of 041110) as of so centimeters the said tube being surrounded u by a heat-resistant chromium nickel steel tube 2 millimeters in thickness. The tube is heated externally by heating gases so that in the neighbourhood of the gas outlet the temperature in the interior is 770 C. A gas is obtained which contains from 30 to 35 per cent of olefines (from 20 to 25 per cent of C2H4 and 10 per cent of CaHs) l5 per cent of methane and from 20 to 25 per cent of hydrogen and also higher paraffin hydrocarbons. After .using the tube for 8- days no deposition or carbon or attack on the tube can be detected.

What we claim is:-

In the conversion of a saturated gaseous hydrocarbon into unsaturated hydrocarbons by heat-treatment at a temperature between 600 and 900 C. in the presence of steam, the step of heating the said saturated gaseous hydrocarbons together with steam to the said temperature in a space confined by a chromium steel containing less than 2 per cent of nickel.

GUSTAV WIE'IZEL. GEORG SCHILLER.