US2051630A - Truck - Google Patents

Description

Aug. 18, 1936. F. E; BACAIIE-IMAN 2,05 ,6

TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 8 Sheets-Sheet l Jill/672(2)? flaiibammm V Aug. 13, 1936. E A -H A 2,051,630

TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 s Sheets-Sheet 2 Aug. 18, 1936. F. E. BACHMAN 2,051,630

. TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 Aug. 18; 1936'. RE. BACHMAN TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 s Sheets-Sheet 4 NQN Ill ll llllll Aug. 18; 1936.

F. E. BACHMAN- TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 Aug. 18, 1936. F Ea BACHMAN 2,051,630

TRUCK Filed June 12, 1931 s Sheets-Sheet s Aug. 18, 1936.

- F. E. BACHMAN TRUCK Filed June 12, 1951 s Sheets-Sheet 1 [Each/72a Aug. 18, 1936. BACHMAN 2,051,630

-- TRUCK Filed June 12, 1951 8 Sheets-Shwt 8 Patented Aug. 1936 lean Steel Foul-lea, tion of New Jersey ll-yam Application June 1m. Sci-hi N... was:

This invention pertains to car-true It is an object of this invention to provide iniproved and economical trucks wherein loads are supported by springs of different character.

Another object is to provide -atrucl: construc- 1 tion wherein coil and elliptic springs are used to simultaneously support loads and wherein spring capacity is greatly increased over similar'types of trucks,

m A further object is to provide a truck construction wherein a movable bolster is used supported by coil and elliptic springs on adjacent frame structure. a

With these and various other objects in view,

the invention may consist of certain novel fea turesof construction and operation, as will be more fully described and particularly pointed out in the specification, drawings and claims appended hereto.

20 In the drawings, which illustrate an embodiment ofthe device and wherein like reference characters are used to designate like parts- Flgure 1 is a fragmentary sectional top plan view of a truck construction embodying the in-. vention;

" Figure 2 is a side elevation partly in section of the truck construction shown in Figure l, the section being taken substantially at the longitudinal I center line of the truck;

30 Figure 3 is an end elevation partly in section of the truck construction shown in Figure 1, the section thereof being taken substantially on the transverse center line ofthe truck;

m Figure 4 is a fragmentary sectional top plan view of a truck construction embodying a modifled form of the invention;

the truck construction shown in Figure 4, the section being taken substantially at the longitudinal center line of the truck;

Figure 6 is an end elevation partly in section of the truck construction shown in Figure 4, the section thereof being taken substantially at the 5 transverse center line oi the,tru ck; Figure 7 is a side elevation of another modified form of truck; I

' Figure 8 is an end elevation partly in section of the truck construction shown in Figure 'lQthesec- 50 tionlbeing taken substantially at the transverse center line of the truck: I V

Figure 9 is still another modified form of the truck construction; I

Figure 10 is an end elevation partly in section or the truck construction shown-in Figure the Figure 5 is a side elevation partlyinsection of a: cum. (on. ns-191.1)

section thereof being taken substantially at the transverse center line of the truck;

Figure 11 is a side elevation of yet another I modified form of the truck construction;

Fi ure 412 is amend elevation lyin section 5 of the truck shown in Figurell, section thereof being taken substantially atv the transverse center line of the truck; j

Figure 13 is a side elevation of another modified form of the truck construction; I 1

I Figure 14'is an end elevation partly in section of the truck construction shown in Figure 13, the section thereof'being taken substantially at the transverse center line of the truck.

Referring first of all more particularly to the construction shown in Figures 1 to 3 inclusive, the truck side frame It comprises a tension member I! and a spaced compression member ll, said members merging into each other at It adjacent the integral or removable Journal box It. The journal box is of type, such as the A. R. A. type of journal box, and accommodates the end of the axle 20 of the wheel'and axle assembly 22, which may be of any type, such as the friction or the Simplex. The side frame'is extended beyond the ends of l the wheels, providing a brake hanger bracket 24, and the tension and compression members are integrally connected by means of the vertically extending column guides 25, said column guides being spaced apart to form a window. 1

The transverse bolster 26 is provided, the ends of which are spaced from the. side frame and are provided with stops 28 which, in extreme transverse swinging movement, are limited in this movement by the adjacent portions 30 of the transom 32. The transom 32-is provided with spaced supporting members" integrally connected at their ends by thetransverse connecting members 36, said members being provided.

with the stop" portions 30, supra, and having column guide cooperating portions 38 embracing the column guides 25 for sliding movement with respect thereto. Thebolster 26, which as shown is provided with the integral center-bearing ll, is

also provided with a depending hanger seat 42 disposed adiacent'the ends of the bolster and hraced'by means of the bracket H, the seat being adapted to receive the swing hanger 'saddle It.

The endsof said saddle 46 are supportably en- 50 The bolster is the self-centering type, the links 48 sloping outwardly and downwardly whereby the tendency is to always return the bolsters to normal or center position.

' The connecting member 26 of the spaced members 34 is provided adjacent its center with depending coil spring seats 56 adapted to seat upon the coil springs 5l seated on suitable seat portions SI of the tension member l2, the coil springs being disposed between leaf springs l2, also seated on the tension member between the column guides, the leaf springs seating in a suitable seat il provided in the integral connecting member 36, said seats being disposed adjacent the column guides. The truck frames are connected by means of the spring plank ll rigidly secured to the bracket ll provided on the truck frame adjacent the spring seat il.

In the truck construction shown in Figures 4 to 6 inclusive, the truck side frame" is provided with the tension and compresion members 12 and I4 merging adjacent their ends and being provided with a journal box ll. 'lhe journal boxes accommodate the ends if the axle ll of the wheel and axle assembly II, which may be of any desiredtype such as the friction or the The tension and compression memby the spaced column guides l2 forming a window. of the transversely extending spring plank ll extending within said window, the spring'plank being upwardly flanged as at li providing embracing portions for the spring seats ll. spring seats ll are provided with spaced springs as disposed adjacent the column guides, the opposite ends of the coil springs being seated in cooperating seats 92 inthe spring cap member 94. I

Leaf sprin s 85 adjacently are in he spring seat II and also in a his seat 98 provided in the spring cap anti-friction bearing seats III the anti-friction rollers ll2. The tramverne bolster I, provided with *the integral center bearing I 08, extends through the window and is provided with anti-friction bearing seals Ill seating on the anti-friction rollers 2. The spring cap members ll are provided with spaced members I ll embracing the column guides for guiding cooperation therewith. The ends of the bolster are provided with stop members 2 permitiing limited transverse movements of the bolsters with respect to'the column guides and side frame. The anti-friction bearings also serve to limit this movement and to return the bolster to center position.

' In the truck construction shown in Figures 7 and 8, the side frame I is' providedwith the "frame are integrally connected by the spaced column guides I32 forming a window in theside' frames. The side frames are connected by means of the transversely extendingspring plank Ill extending within" said windo'w, the spring plank being preferably upwardly flanged as at "6..

Y The bolster Ill extends within the windows and is provided withjguide portions lll' cropcrating with the column guides I32. The tension member I22 is provided with raised coil spring seats I42 and the bolster is provided with coil spring seats I between which the coil springs I are disposed. The bolster is provided with-a leaf spring seat Ill disposed inwardly of the side frames and accommodating the leaf or semi-elsite end of theleaf springs is provided with a suitable shoe-I54 pivoted as at Iii to the link lit, the opposite end of the link being pivoted as at I" to the bolster.

In the construction shown inFigures 9 and 10 the side frame Ill is provided with the tension and compression members I62 and Ill merging adjacent their ends and provided with the journal boxes Ill. The tension and compression members are connected by means of the column guides I 68 forming a window, the bottom chord thereof being on one level. journal boxes accommodate the ends of the axle I'll of the wheel and axle assembly I12, and the side frames are connected by the-spring plank I'll preferably flanged as at I18. The bolster Ill extends within the side frame, being provided with guides Ill cooperating with thecolumn guides lit.

Within the opening formed in the side frame there is provided an anti-f1iction bearing seat "2 fixed with respect to the side frame. A movable seat Ill is provided, spaced by means of the antifriction rollers Ill. The member Ill provides spaced coil spring seats Ill adjacent the'column guides adapted'to accommodate the coil springs Ill, the other end of the coil springs seating in coil spring seats I92 provided in the end of the bolster. The bolster is provided with spaced leaf spring seats Ill provided therein and spaced between the side frames for accommodating the leaf or semi-elliptic springs I. The outer end of the springs is provided with a shoe Ill disposed in seat 2" provided in the member III, the opposite ends of the leaf springs being provided with a suitable shoe 2l2 disposed in a seat 2" provided in the bolster.

Tim invention disclosed and described above and as illustratedin Figures 7 to 10 inclusive, are described and claimed in application Serial No. 138,674, illed August 6, 1934, which application is a continuation-in-part of this application.

Referring now to the construction illustrated in Figures 11 and 12, the truck side frame 22l is of the usual truss construction provided with the journal boxes 222-cooperating with the journals of the wheel and axle assembly 224. The side frame includes the compression member 226 and The the tension member 228 merging into each other adjaccnt'thejmirnal boxes and integrally connected by means of the spaced-column guides 2ll forming a side frame opening 232. The bolster Ill provided with the main bearing 2" extends into the opening 232 and is provided with columns 238 cooperating with the column guides. 'Ihe bolsteris :provided with a depending spring seat 2 adjacent the center thereof adapted to 246 disposed on the spring plank 248 connecting the spaced side frames.

- In the construction illustrated in Figures 13 and 14, the side frame 280 is also of the usual truss construction provided with the journal boxes 282 cooperating with the journals of the wheel and axle assembly 284. The truck frame 280 includes the tension member 286 and the compression member 288 merging adjacent the journal boxes and connected by the spaced columns 289 provided with the column guides 290 forming the opening 292. The bolster 294 is provided with the center bearing 296 and extends into the opening, and is provided with columns 288 cooperating with the column guides; the bolster in this case is supported on the spring plank 300 by means of the nests of coil springs 302, the spring plank serving to connect the side frames, it being seen that the coil springs are disposed on the plurality of levels though they may be supported I on one level. The compression member is provided adjacent the journal boxes with the openlng 304 through which leaf springs 306 may be inserted, the leaf springs 386 serving to support the bolster adjacent the center thereof, the ends of the leaf springs being in engagement with seats 308 provided adjacent the colunm guides.

With construction such as shown herein, an economical truckis provided, and one making for ease in riding qualities. The elliptic springs. working together with the coil springs, prevent oscillation or bouncing of the truck and car by virtue of the friction between the leaves of the elliptic springs. Thus increased spring capacity is obtained without requiring additional sets of springs, as would be the case if elliptic springs and coil springs supported the loads independently. The elliptic springs produce a dampening eifect by rebuking'the harmonic action of the coil springs. The movable bolster, in the combination set forth, permits the car to roll or oscillate transversely without a great tendency to force the wheel over the rail, as would be the. case were the bolster rigidly fixed to the truck.

It-is to be understood that I do not wish to be limited by the exact embodiments of the device shown, which are merely by way of illustration and not limitation, as various and other forms of the device will of course be apparent to those skilled .in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention orthe scope of the claims.

I claim:

.. '1. In a truck, the combination of a side frame having-tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently supporting said bolster on said side frame, said spring mounting including a coil springjand a semi-elliptic'spring ing being of different character, one of said springs being semi-elliptic, and vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame for supporting said semi-elliptic spring, said spring seats being spaced apart a distance greater than the length ably supporting said bolster with respect to said frame, the springs'of said mountingbeing of the coil and semi-elliptic type disposed to support said bolster in parallel, said coil springs being disposed in said opening, and vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame spaced apart a distance greater than the length of said opening for supporting said semi-elliptic springs.

4. In a truck, the combination of a side'frame having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently supporting said bolster on said side frame, said mounting movably supporting said bolster with respect to said frame, the springs of said mounting being of the coil and semi-elliptic type, the coil springs being disposed on each side of the semi-elliptic springs and in said opening, and spaced; spring seats on said side frame for supporting said semielliptic spring, said spaced seats being so constructed and arranged that movenient of the bolster causes equal deflection of said coil and semi-elliptic springs.

5. In a truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extendinginto said opening and cooperating with said column guides, coil springs supporting said bolster on said side frame, and a longitudinally disposed leaf spring supporting said bolster in parallel with said coil springs on'flxed seats on said side frame adjacent said column guides, whereby movement of said bolster causes equal deflection of said coil and.

leaf springs.

w 6. In atruck, the combination of a side frame havingv tension and compression members and columns therebetween forming an opening theresupporting said bolster in parallel, said coil spring being disposed in said opening, and vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame spaced apart a distance greater than the length of said opening forsupporting said semi-elliptic spring.

2. In a truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and column guides therbetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently supporting said bo1-' ster on said sideframe, the springs of said mount:

in, said coliunns having column guides,- li. bolster extending into said opening and cooperating with said column guides, coil springs supporting said bolster on said side frame, and'a longitudinally disposed leaf spring supporting said bolster on said side frame in said tension member, said leafspring being so constructed and arranged that the length of said spring is greater than the width of said opening, said leaf spring having a spring band, and mean's'on said bolster for transmitting load from said bolster to said leaf spring through said band.

7. In a side frame the combination of tension and compression members merging adjacent the ends thereof and provided with' journalboxes rigidly mounted thereon, integral connecting colleaf spring seats, said last named seats being" spaced apart a distance substantially greater than the width of said window. l

springs engaging the bolster ends and having.

8. In a truck the combination of spaced side frames having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening in each of said frames, a spring plank disposed between said side frames and extending into said openings and seated on said tension members, a load carryingmember extmding into said openings, sets of coil and saniing member on said tension members in said openings, each leaf and each coil spring of each set being adapted to deflect substantially the same amount upon movement of said load carrying member, one of said sets of springs being seated on means separate from said spring plank.

. 9. In 'a railway car truck, spaced side frames having central bolster openings. central spring seats at the bottom of said openings. auxiliary spring seats between said central seats and the ends of the frames, groups of springs supported on the central spring seats, laminated springs supported on and spanning said auxiliary seats. and a transverse bolster having its ends guided in said central openings and being supported an said groups of springs and additionally supported on said laminated springs.

10. In a railway car truck, spaced side frames having central bolster openings, central load supporting seats at the bottom of said openings, auxiliary load supporting seats between said central seats and the. ends of the frames, groups of --resilient means supported on said central seats. flexible supporting means spanning said auxiliary seats, and a transverse bolster having its ends guided in said central openingsand being supported on said groups of resilient means andsaid flexible supporting means.

11. In' a railway car truck, sp ced side frames having bolster openings therein, a transverse bolster with its ends guided in said openings. each of said side frames having a central spring supporting portion, coil springson said spring supporting portion for supporting the ends of the bolster, inclined tension members extending-from said spring supporting portion, and semi-elliptic springs supporting the bolster ends and having their ends seated on said inclined tension members and intermediate the. ends of said tension members.

12. In a railway car truck, spaced side frames having bolster openings therein, a transverse bolsupporting portion for supporting the. endsaof the bolster, tension members extending from said spring supporting portion, and semi-elliptic their ends seated on said tension members,-ssid semi-elliptic springs being interposed between said coil springs and having their ends supported at .points on said tension members beyond said central spring supporting portion to thereby distribute the load over a material length of said side frame in order to prevent concentration of the load at the central spring supporflng portiori.

13. In a railway car truck, spaced side frames having bolster openings therein, and a transverse bolster having its ends guided in said openings, each of said side frames having a centralsprlng supporting portion, tension members extending from said spring supporting portion, bolster columns rising upwardly from said spring supporting portion and tension members, said temion membersandbolstercolmnnseach havingiplced' side walls integral with the other, semi-elliptic springs extending longitudinally of said side framesbetweenthesidewallsthereofandhaving .their ends supported bysaidtension membersat adistance from saidspring supportingportimn' saidseini-ellipticspringsbeinginloadsupporting cut with said bolster, and coil swings elliptic leaf springs supporting said load carryhaving spacedsidewallsintegral with the other,-

said side walls of said'tension members having transverse spring seats, semi-elliptic springs extending longitudinally of said side frames inter-f mediate the side walls of said bolster columns and tension members and having their ends supported by said seats, and coil springs supported by said central supporting portion on opposite sides of said semi-elliptic springs, all of said springsbeingdisposedtosupportsaidbolster.

15. In a car truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members, spaced struts'integrally-connecting-said tension and compression members, vertically rigid spaced seats provided on said side frame below said spaced struts, said tension member being provided with a spring,supporting portion intermediate saidspacedseats,aloadcarryingmembersupported on said side frame byaglcaf spring supported on said spaced seats and coil springs supported on said spring supporting portion.

16. In a car truck, the combination of a :dde' frame having tension and compression members, spaced 'struts in a y connecting said tension and compression members, vertically rigid spacedseatsprovidedonsaldsideframebelow 'saidspacedstrui'asaid tension memberbein'g provided with a spring supporting portion intermediate said spaced seats, a load carrying member S ported on said side frame by a longitudinally semi-elliptic sp i m po d on slid spaced seats and coil springs spring supporting portion.

17. In a car truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members, spaced struts integrally connecting said tension and compression members, vertically rigid seats provided on said side frame below said spaced struts, said tension member being provided with a spring supporting portion inter-' mediatesaidspacedseatsandadjacentthetransversecenterlineofsaidtruchandaloadcarryin,

member supported on said sidei'rame by a spring supported on said spaced seats and coil V- on said spring; supporting p s supported portion.

18. In a side frame, the combination of journal boxes, spaced seats for a leaf coil spring seatsbetweensaidspacedseataandastrntman her having an interrupted portion for accommodatingtheleafspringbetweensaid -l9.lnacartmck,thecombinationofaslde 'm l-vinatensionandmemberg,

onsaid spaced struts integrally connecting said tension and compression members and forming windows vertically rigid spaced seats .provided on said tension member adjacent said spaced struts, said tension member being provided with a spring supporting portion intermediate said spaced seats, a load carrying member supported on said side frame by a leaf spring supported on said spaced seats and coil springs supported on said spring supporting portion and disposed on each side of said leaf spring.

20. In a car truck, the combinationofa side frame having tension and compression members and spaced connecting struts disposed therebetween, spaced vertically rigid seats on said side frame, a leaf spring supported on said spaced seats, a load carrying member supported on said leaf spring, and a spring of different character from said leaf spring for supporting said load carrying member in parallel with said leaf spring, said last named spring being seated on said side frame below the support of said leaf spring on said side frame.

21. In a cantruck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and spaced connecting struts disposed therebetween and forming a window therewith, space vertically rigid seats on said side frame, a leaf spring of greater length than the width of said window supported on said spaced seats, a load carrying member supported on said leaf spring, and a spring of different character from said leaf spring for supporting said load carrying member in parallel with said leaf spring, one of said springs beingseated on said side frame below the support of the other of said springs on said side frame. a

22. In a car truck,vthe combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and spaced connecting struts disposed therebetween, spaced vertically rigid seats on'said side frame, a leaf spring supported on said spaced seats, a load carrying member supported on said leaf spring, and a spring of different character from said leaf spring for supporting said load carrying member in parallel withsaid leaf spring, said last namedspring being seated on said side frame below the support of said leaf spring'on said side frame.

23. In a car truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and spaced connecting struts disposed therebetween, spaced vertically rigid seats on said sideframe, a longitudinally disposed leaf spring supported on said spaced seats, a load carrying member supported on said leaf spring, and a spring of different character from said leaf spring for,

' and spaced connecting struts disposed therebetween, a spring supported on said side frame, a lcad carrying member supported on said spring,

and a spring of different character from'said' first named spring for supporting-said load carrying member in parallel with said first named spring, said lastnamed spring beingseated on said side frame below the .support of said first named spring on said side frame, one ;of said springs being a leaf spring disposed longitudinally of said truck, each of said springs being adapted to deflect the same amount upon movement of said load carrying member.

25. In a car truck, the combinationof a side Q frame having tension and compression members and spaced connecting struts disposed therebe- 5 tween and forming a window therewith, a spring supported on said side frame,. a load carrying member supported on said spring, and a spring of different character from said first. named spring for supporting said load carrying member in parallel withsaid first named spring, said last named spring being seated on said side frame belowthe support of said first named spring on said side frame, one of said springs being a longitudinally disposed leaf spring of greater .length than the width of said window.

26. In a carjtruck, the combination of a side frame including tension and compression members merging adjacent the ends thereof and provided with journal boxes, spaced integralstruts connecting said tension and compression members, a load carrying member having an end thereof disposed between saidstruts, the end of said load carrying member being recessed to receive a portion of a semi-elliptic springv disposed to be' seated onsaid side frame longitudinally thereof on spaced vertically fixed seats, and resilient means disposed on saidside frame adjacent said spring for supporting said load carrying member in parallel with said semielliptic spring.

27. In a car truck, the combination of a side frame including tension and compression members merging adjacent the ends thereof and provided with journalboxes, spaced integral struts connecting said tension and compression members, a load carrying member having an end thereof disposed between said struts, the end'of frame having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently supporting said bolster on said side frame, said spring mounting including a coil spring and a semielliptic spring supporting said bolster in parallel, said semi-elliptic spring being disposed in the plane of said side frame, said coil spring beingdlsposed in said opening, and spaced vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame spaced apart a distance greater than the length of said opening for supporting said semi-elliptic spring. r v

29. In a truck, the combination -of a side frame having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently support:-

ing said bolster on said side frame, the springs of said mounting being of different character,

' one of said springs being semi-elliptic, said semielliptic spring being disposed in the plane of said side frame, and spaced vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame for supporting aid semi-elliptic spring, said spring seats being 7 spaced apart a distance greater than the length of said opening, the other of said springs being disposed on said side frame between said spaced seats.

30. In a truck, the combination of a side frame having tension and compression members and column guides therebetween forming an opening therein, a bolster extending into said opening, a spring mounting resiliently supporting said bolster on said side frame,said mounting movably supporting said bolster with respect to said frame, the springs of said mounting being of the coil and semi-elliptic type' disposed to support said bolster in parallel, said semi-elliptic spring being disposed in the plane of said side frame, said coil springs being disposed in said opening, and spaced vertically fixed spring seats on said side frame spaced apart a distance greater than the length of said opening for supporting said semi-elliptic springs.

31. In a railway vehicle, spaced side frames having bolster openings therein and a transverse bolster having its ends guided in said openings, each of said side frames having a central spring supporting portion, tension members extending from said spring supporting portion, columns with bolster guiding surfaces rising upwardly from said spring supporting portion and tension members, said tension members and bolster columns each having spaced side walls integral with the other, semi-elliptic springs extending longitudinally of said side frames beyond said guiding surfaces, housed between walls of said tension members, and having their ends supported at a aosnoso tive side frames and interposed between the semiclliptic springs and tension member, said semielliptic springs being in load supporting engage- 5 ment with said bolster, and coil springs supported by said central spring supporting portion on opposite sides of the vertical center line of said semi-eiliptic'springs, said coil springs being disposed to engage said bolster.

32. In a railway vehicle, spaced side frames having bolster openings therein and a transverse bolster having its ends guided in said openings, each of said side frames having a central spring supporting portion, inclined tension members ex- 15 tending from said' spring supporting portion, columns with bolster guiding surfaces rising upwardly from said spring supporting portion and tension members, said tension members and bolster columns each having spaced side walls 20 integral with the other, each of said tension members having means providing spring seats fixed with 'respect thereto, semi-elliptic springs extending longitudinally of said side frames intermediate the side walls of said-bolster columnse 25 and tension members, to beyond .said guiding surfaces, and supported by said seats, and coil springs supported by said central spring supporting portion on opposite sides of the vertical center line of said semi-elliptic springs, all of 30 said springs being disposed to support said bolster.

FRED E. BACHMAN.

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